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      英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

      時(shí)間:2019-05-13 13:10:09下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)》。

      第一篇:英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

      英美文學(xué)這門科目龐大之極,堪稱英本自考之最。自己一個(gè)人看那么厚的一本書,不用說能不能看下來,能記住多少實(shí)在不好說!

      我在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候,總結(jié)了一些規(guī)律,與大家分享,望對你有用,幫你順利通過!1.題型分析:

      一般來講,肯定是這種類型:a.單項(xiàng)選擇題(40道,40分)b.引文簡析(無非就是問問作者是誰,出自哪個(gè)作品,主題意象什么的,4道,16分)c.簡答題(4道,24分)d.論述題(無非就是分析加讀后感,20分)

      經(jīng)驗(yàn):你應(yīng)該可以看出來了,重點(diǎn)當(dāng)然是單選了,分?jǐn)?shù)大,又好得分,實(shí)在不行還可以蒙。建議盡可能把書看一遍,但不要看作者生平,那肯定不會考。有個(gè)印象就可以了,不用去背,如果你漢語文學(xué)功底好,可以省去不少時(shí)間。2.比例分析

      據(jù)本人統(tǒng)計(jì),歷年來英美文學(xué)的國考試卷中英國文學(xué)占52%,美國文學(xué)占48%.(2003年4月例外,其中英國部分58%)其中,可以看出

      單選題:前22題肯定為英國部分,其余為美國部分。

      大題部分:基本上是一人一半,各占50% 經(jīng)驗(yàn):書上共652頁,英國411頁,美國241頁。英國作家共38位,美國15位。其中,美國部分中,詩歌作品也比較少,比較好確認(rèn)。結(jié)論:死學(xué)美國,順帶英國。

      提醒大家注意的是,單選從第23題開始就是美國部分了,這一點(diǎn)可以做為你答題時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換思維的分水嶺!3.內(nèi)容分析

      歷年命題的趨勢逐漸由課文內(nèi)容向選讀作品轉(zhuǎn)移,選讀的比重越來越大。

      經(jīng)驗(yàn):課文內(nèi)容作到大體了解,但要特別重視作家藝術(shù)特色。選讀部分加大力度,多注意書上的注釋及選文大意和某些細(xì)節(jié),盡量作到能用英語復(fù)述。實(shí)在不行,也至少作到能用漢語復(fù)述。4.真題解析及預(yù)測

      自學(xué)考試的一大特點(diǎn)就是重復(fù)率高,所以歷年試題是必憊的復(fù)習(xí)材料,不可缺少。有人說:“一套真題等于3套模擬題!”這話絕對沒錯(cuò)。所以要花大力氣在上面。記得我考那回就有一道10分大題和前一年的一模一樣。

      注:馬克吐溫的《哈克貝里費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》的分析在2000~2002年中,連續(xù)考了三次。

      經(jīng)驗(yàn):注意歷年真題,尤其是去年的。去年的10分大題大致如下:

      a.《傲慢與偏見》中的三種婚姻 b.《白鯨》選文作品復(fù)述幾分析象征意義。

      問:“死看美國?順帶英國?那怎么整?”

      建議對策:

      一。美國部分內(nèi)容較少,我沒記錯(cuò)的話,應(yīng)該是15位作家,13首詩,1幕劇The Hairy Ape,1篇散文Nature,9個(gè)小說節(jié)選。1.先說小說。至少每一個(gè)節(jié)選你都要知道大意,和表達(dá)的主題(包括象征,隱喻,etc)。也就是說,選文你可以不看,但選文前的斜體介紹不能不看,那里集中著考點(diǎn)。記住的越多越好。

      2.再說詩歌。美國部分的詩歌除了“easy”想不出別的來形容,原因是其口語風(fēng)格。你所要做的,就是記住名字,然后把簡介(就是詩歌前面的斜體內(nèi)容)和書上的注釋部分背下來。我敢說你詩歌部分(也就是第二題)基本OK了。3.至于散文和戲劇,不用花大力氣,兩者的方法同小說部分。另:Nature你要注意新英格蘭超驗(yàn)主義,和“The Transparent eyeball”。千萬別去讀《毛猿》,太亂,不易讀懂。

      4.關(guān)于如何對待課文內(nèi)容,千萬別看作者生平,肯定不考。建議略過生平,采取兩遍的方法:第一遍先用筆畫,畫出你認(rèn)為可能出題的地方,第二遍只看你畫的地方,記住關(guān)鍵詞。

      還有,參照書后的大綱,大綱上提到的作品有限,如果時(shí)間緊,就只記住大綱提到的作品便可省去不少時(shí)間。

      二。英國部分的方法同美國,但見于其內(nèi)容太多,所以可以適用時(shí)間充裕的人。此處不再敖述。

      就我對從1999~2003年國考題的分析看,大綱每一章后都有一個(gè)終結(jié),包括一般了解,了解,掌握,應(yīng)用等。最后一道20分的大題一般都是大綱的應(yīng)用部分的內(nèi)容,應(yīng)給予高度重視。English American Literature

      Old English 450-1066

      Medieval English 1066the father of English poetry

      first time to use ‘heroic couplet’?

      The Renaissancethe essence of the Renaissance,the dignity of human being the importance of the present life

      Edmund SpenserUniversity Wits,the pioneer of English drama

      Blank verse,hyperbole夸張

      the human passion for knowledge,power and happiness

      pastoral life

      William ShakespeareHamlet,Othello,King Lear Macbeth

      eternal or immortal beauty

      to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty,wit and loyalty,to expose the insatiable greed and brutality hesitate between fact and fiction,language and action,too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger

      To be,or not to befully reveal the inner conflict of the characters

      Francis Baconstudies serve for delight,for ornament,and for ability.Studies perfect nature,and are perfected by experience.Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studiesto weigh and consider.How studies exert influence over human characterbreak away from love poetry,a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes,and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits,syllogism 三段論

      the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere

      whatever you are,you can not escape from death.When you are living,you are always in the shadow of death.Death only lasts a moment,our life after death is eternal.The more pleasure the death gives people,not only the pleasure of the rest the sleep,because ‘whom the gods love die young’。Though death is usually considered powerful,it actually provides a rest for a man‘s body and a birth for his soul.John Milton

      the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty.In heaven,Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicisma progressive intellectual movement,reason(rationality),equality science

      Gothic novelthe first writer study of the lower-class people,praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒堅(jiān)韌

      Jonathan SwiftLilliput,Brobdingnag,F(xiàn)lying Island Houyhnhnm

      Henry Fieldingfirst combine an English dictionary,last neoclassicist enlightener

      Richard Brinsley Sheridanemotion over reason,spontaneous emotion,a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit,poetry should be free from all rules,imagination,nature,commonplace

      The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‘s

      William Blake-engraver雕刻家

      from a happy and innocence world from children‘s eye

      from a world of misery,poverty,disease,war and repression with a melancholy 憂郁的tone from men eyes Childhood,paradoxes,a pairing of opposites

      William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ‘man speaking to men’,and poetry as ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity‘。

      the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights.In the poem on the beauty of nature,the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙 and poet‘s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London,silent,bright,glittering,smokeless mildly.It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔誠for nature.thanks to poet‘s rich imagination,the mass of associations,this commonplace happening becomes a striking event,the poet succeeds in making the reader’s share his emotion.The poem also shows the poet‘s passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridgethe demonic(supernatural)the conversational

      The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces,,the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暫of human passion,‘Heard melodies are sweet,but those unheard are sweeter’,‘Beauty is truth,truth beauty’

      Jane Austen

      The Victorian Period

      Darwin‘s and shook the traditional faith,everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主義 was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

      Charles DickensCharlotte,Emily AnneEmily,a rather reserved and simple girl,was very much a child of nature.Alfred Tennysonthe most original poet,who improve and mature the dramatic monologue

      his masterpiece

      this dramatic monologue is the duke‘s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage,the duke is a self-conceited,cruel and tyrannical man

      George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience,she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women

      a sharp contrast is set between the cold,lifeless,dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor

      Thomas Hardyfather of the American short stories,the American Goldsmith

      Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced

      First novel

      contains German folk tales,Ralph Waldo Emersonme,my nation(society),F(xiàn)ree verse,Envelope structure,Catalogue(Listing)

      A new ideal,a new world,a new life-style

      how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments

      a scene of the American Civil War,all the movements described in this picture are frozen.Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas,spontaneous expression of his original ideas

      Herman Melvillethe Gilded Age,the poor poorer and the rich richer,people‘s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence

      Local colorism,social Darwinism,bestiality,beyond man‘s control

      Mark Twaininternational theme,psychological realistStream of consciousness,interior monologue,free association

      the narrator is an American expatriate,named Winterbourne.Daisy is the most innocent girl.The clash is between two different cultures.Emily Dickinson

      Based on her own experiences,her sorrows and joys

      express Dickinson‘s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.description of a moment of death

      Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it,like a horse.personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt

      Theodore Dreiser,’who shall cast the first stone?‘

      The modern perioda leading spokesman of the ‘Imagist Movement’

      Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light.To capture the emotions,Pound uses the image of petals on wet,black boughs.agreement with Whitman‘s free verse

      Robert Lee Frostfounder of the American drama,won the Pulitzer Prize four times

      F.Scott Fitzgeraldawarded the Nobel Prize

      Iceberg style,Code hero,the lost generation,grace under pressure

      from birth and death coexist

      William Faulkner-awarded a Nobel Prize

      South,imprisonment in the past

      Stream of consciousness,multiple points of view

      Yoknapatawpha Country

      Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the

      old way of life.Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.

      第二篇:北外英美文學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

      北外英美文學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

      準(zhǔn)備考研的時(shí)間不長,只有三個(gè)月,總結(jié)起來兩大經(jīng)驗(yàn)吧,細(xì)節(jié)和節(jié)奏。細(xì)節(jié)是說考研要做個(gè)有心人,要勤看別人的經(jīng)驗(yàn),即使不是一個(gè)方向的。因?yàn)殡m然準(zhǔn)備的內(nèi)容不同,但過程都是一樣的(講到底也只有專二不同)。學(xué)習(xí)別人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)自己才能避免走別人的彎路,犯別人犯過的錯(cuò)誤。節(jié)奏是說時(shí)間的充分利用,時(shí)間不在長短而在效率的高低,要根據(jù)自己的情況制定合適的復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃。在這里給大家小小的鼓勵(lì)一下:永遠(yuǎn)不要覺得時(shí)間不夠用,也永遠(yuǎn)不要覺得這是不可能完成的的任務(wù)。當(dāng)然要基于自身實(shí)力和現(xiàn)實(shí)的考慮,我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了,你就是那個(gè)“傳說”。

      政治:六十多分沒什么經(jīng)驗(yàn)。。??偟母杏X是過線不拉分就好因?yàn)檫M(jìn)入復(fù)試政治和二外就不算分了,不要給自己太大的壓力,不要浪費(fèi)過多的時(shí)間,節(jié)省下來精力好好看專業(yè)。

      法語:學(xué)校用的是很老的橘黃色皮的《法語》,先復(fù)習(xí)一遍,把忘掉的知識撿回來。然后把歷年真題研究一遍,考察的知識點(diǎn)就那么多,有的題基本沒變隔年又考一次。從圖書館借來新大學(xué)法語1-3,從頭到尾梳理知識點(diǎn)整理筆記。因?yàn)橹揽际裁?,所以看得有重點(diǎn)。借書的好處之一就是“書非借不能讀也”,借來的總要還,有壓力就看得快了,而且借的書都少都有點(diǎn)筆記,看看也是很好的。

      基英:分閱讀,翻譯和寫作三個(gè)部分。像名字一樣就是考察英語的基礎(chǔ),所以投機(jī)取巧是不可取的,要穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打地不間斷復(fù)習(xí)。閱讀--每天精讀一篇1500字左右的新聞,有用的詞句整理出來,有興趣的段落翻一翻,閱讀是最好的輸入方式,擴(kuò)大閱讀量不言而喻,也對寫作和翻譯大有益處。翻譯--練了葉子南里面幾個(gè)靠譜的文章,訂在一起沒事看看,每翻譯一篇都會看到自己逐步的進(jìn)步,翻譯得逐漸成熟。寫作—寫作看的是內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)和語法。雖然在考場上不可能三方面都完美,但是寫的時(shí)候有這樣的意識在腦子里,偏也偏不到哪里去?;A(chǔ)自認(rèn)為還是不錯(cuò)的,所以每天的復(fù)習(xí)就是一個(gè)routine,保持對英語的嫻熟度,主要的精力都集中在復(fù)習(xí)專業(yè)上了。

      專業(yè):文學(xué)選段匹配+小說分析,今年取消了邏輯題。雖然文學(xué)的復(fù)習(xí)范圍沒邊沒沿,文學(xué)著作浩如煙海;但是惡俗的講一句,只要是考試,它就有它的側(cè)重點(diǎn)和一定的規(guī)律。文學(xué)選段匹配--本著上一原則,我把歷年真題找來統(tǒng)計(jì)了一下每年考得上都是誰的作品,集中在哪幾部作品上。統(tǒng)計(jì)過后發(fā)現(xiàn)大概十人左右而且都是大家 Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, Wordsworth…然后就拜讀他們的大作就好了。小說的話要先看看寫作風(fēng)格,像總考的adventures of huckleberry finn,如果沒讀過現(xiàn)讀是來不及的,但只要了解馬克吐溫的寫作風(fēng)格,就會在看到南方方言的第一時(shí)間想到他老人家。詩歌的話,個(gè)人覺得比較沒有辦法,就是看啦,多看而且要多看幾遍。文學(xué)選段也不是隨便抽出一段讓你中彩票似的猜,那幾行字里面一定是有線索或是蛛絲馬跡讓你看出是誰的作品,就看你是否發(fā)現(xiàn)了線索并摸索著找到答案。

      小說分析,就是幾個(gè)essay questions,一共120分。準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)候也有點(diǎn)投機(jī),因?yàn)榘l(fā)現(xiàn)前三年的小說都是從一本《閱讀反應(yīng) 寫作(小說卷)》里出的,所以把那本里所有靠譜的都研究了一遍,從網(wǎng)上找資料主題,人物分析,梗概都爛熟于心。怕面太窄又看了《英語短篇小說導(dǎo)讀—結(jié)構(gòu)與理解》和張?jiān)谛隆队⒄Z短篇小說解讀》剛開始的時(shí)候感覺120分的小說

      分析有點(diǎn)恐怖,后來看多了就會上癮,不好好分析一下都難受。分析的時(shí)候一定要寫下來,一篇一篇扎扎實(shí)實(shí)的寫,練習(xí)的時(shí)候就當(dāng)是考試,練四五篇就會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己巨大的進(jìn)步,語言不斷成熟,思維漸趨縝密,再寫就會有信心了。當(dāng)你“希望”結(jié)果會好的時(shí)候往往不會,你“知道”結(jié)果會好時(shí)才會。文學(xué)解讀從來就是多維的,沒有對與錯(cuò)之分,只有合理和更合理的差別。所以即使沒有寫到“官方”的答案,也不要灰心,因?yàn)椴煞植粌H是what you said 還有how you said it.記得當(dāng)時(shí)的那篇小說我沒有看過,作者也不熟。分析是從女性主義角度入手分析婚姻與家庭,回來一查維基的分析以為死定了,但是分?jǐn)?shù)出來還不錯(cuò),所以什么事都是有可能發(fā)生的,什么時(shí)候都不要放棄。

      再說一下諾頓的問題吧,當(dāng)時(shí)看帖子前輩們都說不要看諾頓,看不完的。但是后來想想考回研連人家的參考書什么樣都沒見過有點(diǎn)過分,考前三周買下來,重點(diǎn)作家看一看,真的編的很好,作家介紹的語言相當(dāng)之值得膜拜,只要有輸入,總會有輸出的。另外看迪金森的詩的時(shí)候,好幾個(gè)文學(xué)選讀的版本都沒有考了幾次的success is counted sweetest, 只有諾頓有。雖然狄詩鑒別度比較高,但是如果其他詩人有相同的情況呢,所以當(dāng)即把諾頓上重點(diǎn)詩人的大作認(rèn)真拜讀。

      最后說說面試。面試抽簽,上來抽了個(gè)2號。面試也沒有感覺很正式,三個(gè)面試官自己排的桌椅,齊齊一排。侯毅凌老師坐在正對面,目光炯炯身上差點(diǎn)被燒出倆窟窿。先是馬海良老師讓做自我介紹,準(zhǔn)備過了,對答如流。第二個(gè)問題,對文學(xué)怎么理解?以前想過說的還成,不小心在結(jié)尾處提了哈姆雷特,此舉真是自尋死路啊。。緊接著就被問像哈這樣的經(jīng)典,為什么穿越了幾百年的時(shí)光仍然可讀性很高呢?給莎翁戴了一下高帽,又說了三個(gè)評論的維度。侯老師一直沒講話,終于問了問題,我就倒了?!肮±锩嬗幸粋€(gè)問題很經(jīng)典啊,哈姆雷特問什么猶豫呢?”當(dāng)時(shí)的感覺是萬里晴空里劈了一道閃,這個(gè)問題是經(jīng)典啊,經(jīng)典得沒有想過為什么。。說了一個(gè)dilemma的解釋(中學(xué)生都知道),老師沒反應(yīng)。。又拽了個(gè)俄狄浦斯情結(jié),想這回該有反應(yīng)了吧,“這個(gè)是經(jīng)典理解啊,你自己有什么理解?”再度被劈,硬著頭皮把前面的說過的揀幾句paraphrase了一下,忽然想起來還有那經(jīng)典的to be or not to be 可以說一說,話說一半當(dāng)即被打斷,“直接回答我的問題”。。旁邊的女老師很同情的笑了笑。心里那個(gè)慌啊,哪還來的新理解,當(dāng)即攤牌,“現(xiàn)在很緊張沒有新的理解,但以后很有興趣研究一下”。面試就這樣很迷離的結(jié)束,當(dāng)時(shí)覺得自己死定了,不過也真的向前輩們說的那樣,面試很dramatic,不要輕易低估自己。

      英美文學(xué):(本人100分,幾乎壓線)考試時(shí)間的分配很重要,我就是吃了這虧,大家不要像我一樣把答案在草稿上完整寫好再抄上去,否則就和我一樣悲劇了(最后兩問只剩十五分鐘,導(dǎo)致最終只得到100分),不過matching部分我是全部都見過的,有把握錯(cuò)誤不超過一個(gè),所以特別推薦以下的matching復(fù)習(xí)方法。

      Matching 詩歌:推薦姜濤主編的《美國詩歌賞析》和蘇煜主編的《英國詩歌賞析》,看完后用《英國文學(xué)名篇選注》補(bǔ)充最重要的幾個(gè)詩人的作品。我個(gè)人分析了七八種詩集和文學(xué)選讀,發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣組合是北外試卷中詩歌命中率最高的。小說、散文:首先是選擇那些書重點(diǎn)了解的問題。有些重要作者書籍繁多,全部了解也很難,在此推薦http:///booknotes/notes1.asp網(wǎng)站,點(diǎn)擊按作者姓氏查詢作品,從A到

      Z查看下來,沒聽說過或在文學(xué)課本中不那么重要的作者可以跳過,重要作者在其中列出的作品是他們最重要的幾部,考試通常不會跳出其范圍。了解一下這些書籍的開頭、結(jié)尾段落、重要任務(wù)姓名、第幾人稱寫的、典型的地名、其他標(biāo)志性的特點(diǎn)。不管是小說散文還是詩歌,開頭結(jié)尾段是經(jīng)常被提出來考的,大家要特別熟悉一下。

      Short story: 推薦http:///library/Notes%20on%20Short%20Stories網(wǎng)站,在列表中找?guī)灼唐≌f,網(wǎng)上找到原文,仔細(xì)閱讀后在answer網(wǎng)站看plot、theme、character等的分析,摘錄有用的句子和段落。每兩天仔細(xì)解決一篇短篇小說,最后一周整理摘錄的東西,提煉最有用的,總結(jié)出答題框架,最后幾天背下提煉的內(nèi)容,就可以胸有成竹地上場了!

      德語:(本人81分)關(guān)于教材,本人只把大學(xué)德語1、2冊學(xué)了一遍。之后通過《德語300小時(shí)》的語法部分完整學(xué)習(xí)語法,邊看邊做筆記。學(xué)完語法后重點(diǎn)攻克詞匯,用的是《德語常用詞匯精解》,四級單詞熟悉到看中文想到德語(德譯漢需要),六級單詞熟悉到看德語知道含義。最后兩個(gè)星期做了真題,讓老師批改,并把整理好的語法再看了一遍。注意:最基礎(chǔ)的語法千萬不要忽視,比如動詞過去式、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、名詞陰陽性、最基本的幾種句式和關(guān)聯(lián)詞用法,這些基礎(chǔ)知識在漢譯德部分就顯示出重要性

      關(guān)于英美文學(xué)的考研經(jīng)驗(yàn)貼實(shí)在太少了,考前我就承諾過考上后要與大家分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)。雖然我的分?jǐn)?shù)不高(384),但是有些方面大家還是可以借鑒下的。英美文學(xué):(本人100分,幾乎壓線)考試時(shí)間的分配很重要,我就是吃了這虧,大家不要像我一樣把答案在草稿上完整寫好再抄上去,否則就和我一樣悲劇了(最后兩問只剩十五分鐘,導(dǎo)致最終只得到100分),不過matching部分我是全部都見過的,有把握錯(cuò)誤不超過一個(gè),所以特別推薦以下的matching復(fù)習(xí)方法。Matching 詩歌:推薦姜濤主編的《美國詩歌賞析》和蘇煜主編的《英國詩歌賞析》,看完后用《英國文學(xué)名篇選注》補(bǔ)充最重要的幾個(gè)詩人的作品。我個(gè)人分析了七八種詩集和文學(xué)選讀,發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣組合是北外試卷中詩歌命中率最高的。小說、散文:首先是選擇那些書重點(diǎn)了解的問題。有些重要作者書籍繁多,全部了解也很難,在此推薦http:///booknotes/notes1.asp網(wǎng)站,點(diǎn)擊按作者姓氏查詢作品,從A到Z查看下來,沒聽說過或在文學(xué)課本中不那么重要的作者可以跳過,重要作者在其中列出的作品是他們最重要的幾部,考試通常不會跳出其范圍。了解一下這些書籍的開頭、結(jié)尾段落、重要任務(wù)姓名、第幾人稱寫的、典型的地名、其他標(biāo)志性的特點(diǎn)。不管是小說散文還是詩歌,開頭結(jié)尾段是經(jīng)常被提出來考的,大家要特別熟悉一下。Short story: 推薦http:///library/Notes%20on%20Short%20Stories網(wǎng)站,在列表中找?guī)灼唐≌f,網(wǎng)上找到原文,仔細(xì)閱讀后在answer網(wǎng)站看plot、theme、character等的分析,摘錄有用的句子和段落。每兩天仔細(xì)解決一篇短篇小說,最后一周整理摘錄的東西,提煉最有用的,總結(jié)出答題框架,最后幾天背下提煉的內(nèi)容,就可以胸有成竹地上場了!政治:(本人74分)一章一章逐步攻克。每一章反復(fù)看兩遍,第一遍重在理解,返回看第二遍,用圈圈或劃線標(biāo)出可能出單選、多選、問答題的內(nèi)容,然后看下一章,重復(fù)同樣的步奏。前三個(gè)部分每個(gè)部分看完再回看一遍,然后再看下一部分。形式與政策和世經(jīng)的選擇題可以買兩三本帶題目的輔導(dǎo)書,記憶答案(所有四項(xiàng)全選的題很多,都別去管,只要記憶剩下不全選的??荚嚂r(shí)遇上不知道的就全選吧,八成沒錯(cuò))最后幾個(gè)月開始背下劃出的可能出單選、多選的內(nèi)容。最后一個(gè)月開始按照兩三套模擬題和任汝芬的《最后沖刺》總結(jié)可能考的問答題及其答案,并背誦(記關(guān)鍵詞,不需要整段地背)。背誦量很大,但是多反復(fù)幾次就記住了。德語:(本人81分)關(guān)于教材,本人只把大學(xué)德語1、2冊學(xué)了一遍。之后通過《德語300小時(shí)》的語法部分完整學(xué)習(xí)語法,邊看邊做筆記。學(xué)完語法后重點(diǎn)攻克詞匯,用的是《德語常用詞匯精解》,四級單詞熟悉到看中文想到德語(德譯漢需要),六級單詞熟悉到看德語知道含義。最后兩個(gè)星期做了真題,讓老師批改,并把整理好的語法再看了一遍。注意:最基礎(chǔ)的語法千萬不要忽視,比如動詞過去式、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、名詞陰陽性、最基本的幾種句式和關(guān)聯(lián)詞用法,這些基礎(chǔ)知識在漢譯德部分就顯示出重要性。基礎(chǔ)英語:(本人129分)這兩年的作文和雅思的很接近,我背了一些雅思模板,臨場很順利。其他的沒什么秘訣,無需針對題型準(zhǔn)備,每天保持一到兩小時(shí)Economists或New York Times之類的閱讀。英譯漢考的其實(shí)還是理解能力。先說這么多,大家有疑問盡管提,我十分樂意解答。

      第三篇:英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)大綱

      英國文學(xué)(詳細(xì)版)

      (一)英國早、中期文學(xué):

      (1)英國的建立

      (2)神話傳說和《貝奧武夫》等(3)封建主義時(shí)期

      (4)英國歌謠和《羅賓漢》

      (5)英詩之父:喬叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》

      (二)英國的文藝復(fù)興

      (1)轉(zhuǎn)型中的英國社會(2)莫爾和他的《烏托邦》

      (3)英國文學(xué)的熾盛時(shí)期:A:詩歌 B:戲劇

      (三)英國資產(chǎn)階級革命

      (1)英國資產(chǎn)階級和王政復(fù)辟(2)革命詩人密爾頓:《失樂園》、《復(fù)樂園》、《力士參孫》等。(3)班揚(yáng)和他的諷喻作品《天路歷程》(4)玄學(xué)派詩人和騎士派詩人

      (5)散文作家洛勃特“巴頓,托馬斯”布朗恩和吉羅米“忒列(6)復(fù)辟時(shí)期的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作:戲劇和德萊頓

      (四)十八世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)(1)啟蒙運(yùn)動和古典主義(2)艾迪森、斯迪爾和蒲柏(3)斯威夫特和《格列佛游記》(4)笛福和小說的興起

      (5)理查森和他的《帕米拉》(6)小說之父菲爾丁

      (7)文學(xué)家斯莫利特和斯坦恩

      (8)十八世紀(jì)的戲劇和劇作家謝立丹(9)約翰生博士及其文學(xué)地位

      (10)哥爾斯密斯和他的代表作《韋克菲爾德的牧士》(11)吉朋和《羅馬帝國興衰史》(12)感傷主義及前浪漫主義(13)詩人兼版畫家布萊克(14)農(nóng)民詩人彭斯

      (五)英國的浪漫主義

      (1)浪漫主義思潮(2)湖畔派詩人

      (3)浪漫主義詩人拜倫、雪萊和濟(jì)慈(4)散文作家蘭姆”哈慈利特和李“享特(5)司各特和他的歷史小說

      (六)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義(1)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的興起

      (2)猶更斯,薩克雷和女性小說家(3)批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作品特色

      (七)十九世紀(jì)中晚期的散文作家和詩人

      (1)卡萊爾,羅斯金等

      (2)丁尼生,布朗寧夫婦,羅塞蒂和斯溫伯恩(3)世紀(jì)末的文學(xué)動向。A:自然主義 B:新浪漫主義 C:唯美主義

      (八)二十世紀(jì)英國文學(xué)

      (1)社會和歷史條件(2)早期小說

      (3)詩人、小說家哈代

      (4)福斯特世家和哥爾斯密斯

      (5)愛爾蘭戲劇運(yùn)動和劇作家蕭伯納(6)現(xiàn)代主義詩歌

      (7)心理分析和D”H“勞倫斯(8)意識流和喬伊斯、沃爾夫(9)工人階級小說

      (10)馬克思主義文學(xué)評論

      英國文學(xué)(精簡版)

      1.盎格魯·撒克遜時(shí)代的民族史詩和貝奧武甫。 2.中世紀(jì)詩歌和浪漫傳奇

      杰弗瑞·喬叟;英格蘭、蘇格蘭民歌和羅賓漢之歌。 3.文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代:

      克利斯托夫.馬洛;艾德蒙.斯賓塞;偉大的戲劇家莎士比亞; 4.資產(chǎn)階級革命和王朝復(fù)辟時(shí)代: 詩人約翰·彌爾頓和小說家約翰·班揚(yáng)。 5.十八世紀(jì):

      現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說家笛福、斯威夫特、菲爾丁、前期浪漫主義詩人羅伯特·彭斯、威廉·布菜克。6.十九世紀(jì)早期:

      浪漫主義詩人華滋華斯、拜倫、雪菜。 7.十九世紀(jì)中期:

      批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說家狄更斯、薩克雷、勃朗特三姐妹。 8.十九世紀(jì)末期: 小說家托馬斯·哈代。

      9.二十世紀(jì)主要代表性作家與現(xiàn)代主義: 蕭伯納、托·斯·艾略特、喬伊斯、英國文學(xué)史上從莎士比亞起至當(dāng)代22位作家以及美國文學(xué)史上從富蘭克林起至當(dāng)代15位作家的作品。在體裁上包括詩歌、戲劇、散文和小說,在時(shí)代上較側(cè)重于近代。其中包括William Shakespeare、Jonathan Swift、William Wordsworth、Jane Austen、Percy Bysshe Shelley、John Keats、Charles Dickens、Thomas Hardy、Oscar Wilde、George Bernard Shaw、John Boynton Priestley;Nathaniel Hawthorne、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow、Edgar Allan Poe、Walt Whitman、Emily Dickinson、Mark Twain、Theodore Dreiser、Jack London、Robert Frost、Eugene O’Neill、Ernest Hemingway和Arthur Miller 等重要作家的代表作或節(jié)選。

      ENGLISH LITERATURE

      1.William Shakespeare … Sonnet 18 / The Merchant of Venice(Act IV, Scene1)2.Henry Fielding………… Joseph Andrews(Chapter 12)3.Robert Burns…………… A Red, Red Rose / Three Satirical Epigrams 4.William Blake………… London / I Heard an Angel Singing 5.William Wordsworth … The Solitary Reaper / Composed upon Westminster Bridge 6.Jane Austen ………… Pride and Prejudice(excerpt)

      7.Percy Bysshe Shelley …Song to the Men of England / Ode to the West Wind 8.John Keats ………… On the Grasshopper and Cricket / To Autumn 9.Charles Dickens ………… David Copperfield(excerpt)10.William Makepeace Thackeray ……… Vanity Fair(Chapter 6)11.Emily Bronte …………………………… Wuthering Heights(Chapter 15)12.Tomas Hardy ……………… Tess of the D’Urbervilles(Chapters 13, 55 & 56)13.Oscar Wilde ………………The Importance of Being Earnest(excerpt from Act I)14.George Bernard Shaw …… Pygmalion 15.Thomas Stearns Eliot …… Morning at the Window / Aunt Helen / Cousin Nancy

      AMERICAN LITERATURE 1.Benjamin Franklin ……………… Autobiography 2.Ralph Waldo Emerson …………..The American Scholar 3.Nathaniel Hawthorne …………… The Minister’s Black Veil 4.Edgar Allan Poe ………………… Annabel Lee / To Helen 5.Walt Whitman …………………… Selections from Leaves of Grass 6.Emily Dickinson ………………… Selected Poems 7.Mark Twain ……………………… The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 8.Theodore Dreiser ……………… An American Tragedy

      9.Robert Frost …………………… The Pasture / Mending Wall / The Road Not Taken 10.Eugene O’Neill ……………… The Hairy Ape 11.Ernest Hemingway …………… A Farewell to Arms 12.Arthur Miller ………………… Death of a Salesman

      美國文學(xué)的歷史距今不過二百來年,和歐洲任何一個(gè)國家的文學(xué)史相比,它是歷時(shí)最短而發(fā)展最快的。從本杰明”富蘭克林到一次世界大戰(zhàn)前的美國作家,為美國文學(xué)贏得了一定的榮譽(yù)。但真正為美國文學(xué)贏得世界榮譽(yù)的則是一戰(zhàn)后崛起的一些作家,因此,本課程講授的重點(diǎn)是一次世界大戰(zhàn)到二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間的美國作家。二次世界大戰(zhàn)后的美國文壇,流派眾多,且一些作家仍在創(chuàng)作之中。因此,對二次世界大戰(zhàn)后的作家的講授只是簡介。

      1、殖民時(shí)代的美國作家 Benjamin Franklin

      美國文學(xué) 生平介紹、作品的流暢、清晰、言簡意賅的文風(fēng),受18世紀(jì)英國作家的影響。作品中清教思想的反映及對后世美國文學(xué)的影響。

      2、浪漫主義文學(xué)時(shí)期的美國作家 1)Washington Irving 生平介紹、對美國文學(xué)的突出貢獻(xiàn)、對歐洲民間故事的移殖,使之成為美國文學(xué)的傳統(tǒng),作品的風(fēng)格。2)James Cooper 生平簡介、美國戰(zhàn)爭歷史小說、海洋冒險(xiǎn)小說以及邊疆小說的開拓者、對小說藝術(shù)形式的貢獻(xiàn)。3)Edgar Allan Poe 生平及創(chuàng)作簡介,對法國象征詩人;對現(xiàn)、當(dāng)代美國南方文學(xué)、對后世偵探作家的影響,文學(xué)理論以及對王爾德“為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”等唯美主義作家的影響。4)Walt Whitman 《草葉集》中歌頌自由、民主、平等、人的創(chuàng)造力以及對美國人民的贊頌和對現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的贊揚(yáng)。對美國詩歌的獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn)以及對威廉斯、龐德、垮掉一代作家等的影響?!恫萑~集》的創(chuàng)新及藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。5)Ralph Emerson 超驗(yàn)主義哲學(xué)思想的核心。愛默生超驗(yàn)主義思想在文學(xué)中的反映及對梭羅、惠特曼、弗羅斯特的影響。6)Henry David Thoreau 對超驗(yàn)主義者運(yùn)動的貢獻(xiàn)及其作品的影響。7)Emily Dickinson 作品的主題、對現(xiàn)代詩人的影響尤其對意象派的影響、作品的藝術(shù)內(nèi)容。8)Nathaniel Hawthorne 介紹加爾文教、清教思想對霍桑的思想及其作品的影響、《紅字》一書的藝術(shù)手法以及霍桑對人類心靈的探討。

      3、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家 1)Mrs.Stowe 介紹廢奴文學(xué)、《湯姆叔叔的小屋》的社會意義以及黑人在美國社會所受不幸遭遇等。2)Mark Twain 介紹馬克“吐溫的生活經(jīng)歷在其文學(xué)作品中的反映,其作品的社會意義,對美國社會各種腐敗現(xiàn)象的揭露,馬克”吐溫代表作的藝術(shù)手法。馬克“吐溫的口語化語言對現(xiàn)、當(dāng)代美國作品的影響。馬克吐溫被譽(yù)為“美國文學(xué)之父”。3)0.Henry 歐”享利小說的社會意義。其短篇小說的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格,既“歐“享利式”的小說藝術(shù)。4)W.Dean Howells 豪威爾斯對現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說的理論貢獻(xiàn)。其作品的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。5)Henry James 詹姆斯對美國小說的貢獻(xiàn):小說敘事角度的轉(zhuǎn)換、對人物內(nèi)心世界的探索,注重作品的哲學(xué)意義和心理意義等。詹姆斯對文藝?yán)碚摰呢暙I(xiàn)等。

      4、美國自然主義作家

      1)Stephen Crane,F(xiàn)rank Norris 對自然主義文學(xué)的理論貢獻(xiàn)以及他們的自然主義小說。2)Jack London 杰克”倫敦的自傳體式小說,作品的意義。3)Theodore Dreiser 德萊塞的自傳體小說。分析代表作《嘉莉妹妹》和《美國的悲劇》。

      5、二十世紀(jì)二十年代的美國作家 1)一戰(zhàn)后的美國文學(xué)背景及文學(xué)傾向。

      簡介一戰(zhàn)對美國作家的影響。他們對傳統(tǒng)道德的摒棄和對傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)形式的擯棄,他們的創(chuàng)作和為美國文學(xué)贏得的世界榮譽(yù)。2)Ernest Hemingway 介紹海明威的生活在其文學(xué)作品中的反映。海明威的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格、小說的主題思想——“硬漢子”以及“重壓下的優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度”簡介。闡述歷久不息的海明威熱及其對美國文學(xué)的杰出貢獻(xiàn)。3)F“Scott Fitzgerald 介紹“二十年代的代言人”菲茨杰拉德。分析其代表作《了不起的蓋茨比》的藝術(shù)成就和社會意義。4)Imagism”Ezra Pound 介紹意象主義產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代背景、意象主義的發(fā)展及其消亡、各個(gè)時(shí)期的發(fā)展情況、意象主義的核心思想及對英美現(xiàn)、當(dāng)代詩的影響。

      介紹龐德對意象主義運(yùn)動的巨大貢獻(xiàn)、龐德漢詩英譯的成就及其對中國古典詩歌和中國文化的不懈追求,重點(diǎn)講授其代表作《In a Station of the Metro》(《地鐵車站》)。5)Sherwood Anderson 介紹安德森對同時(shí)代作家的影響。重點(diǎn)介紹其代表作《Winesbury, Ohio》的藝 術(shù)成就、語言特色以及安德森在二十世紀(jì)20年代美國文壇上的獨(dú)特地位。6)Robert Frost 介紹弗羅斯特簡潔樸素的語言下蘊(yùn)含的深?哲理。介紹弗羅斯特在傳統(tǒng)之路上的詩歌成就、簡潔語言、藝術(shù)風(fēng)格以及歷久不息的弗羅斯特?zé)岬脑颉?)W“Carlos”Williams 介紹威廉斯的詩學(xué)理論。其詩作的語言風(fēng)格和清新、質(zhì)樸的語言。介紹其代表作《紅色手推車》。8)T“S”Eliot 其藝術(shù)手法,對美國詩歌產(chǎn)生的巨大影響等。9)William Faulkner ??思{通過對美國南方四個(gè)大家族的描述,呈現(xiàn)出的一幅復(fù)雜的南方社會的生活圖畫,表現(xiàn)了二百年來美國南方社會的變遷。分析代表作《憤怒與喧囂》的社會意義、藝術(shù)手法、藝術(shù)成就等。10)Sinclair Lewis 劉易斯的小說藝術(shù)成就。其代表作《大街》和《巴比特》對美國中產(chǎn)階級生活的細(xì)膩描述等。11)E“E”Cummings 肯明斯詩歌的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性,詩作的意義。

      6、三十年代的美國文學(xué) 1)30年代的文學(xué)背景

      30年代的文學(xué)背景,進(jìn)步作家介紹。30年代作家與20年代作家的區(qū)別等。2)Dos Passos 帕索斯《美國》三部曲的社會意義、文學(xué)成就。3)John Steinbeck 斯坦貝克的思想傾向介紹以及代表作《憤怒的葡萄》的社會意義和藝術(shù)成就。4)逃亡者——重農(nóng)派——新批評

      介紹崛起20于年代、以蘭色姆為代表的逃亡者到30年代轉(zhuǎn)向文學(xué)批評,即新批評的過程。重點(diǎn)介紹Ransom, Tate, Warren, Brooks 的文學(xué)批評及其偏頗。5)O’ Neill

      奧尼爾的戲劇成就及美國戲劇簡介。分析奧尼爾代表作一至二部。

      7、二戰(zhàn)后的美國文學(xué)

      1)介紹二戰(zhàn)后美國的社會背景,“麥卡錫時(shí)代”,冷戰(zhàn)、對朝鮮等發(fā)動的一系列侵略戰(zhàn)爭的后果和影響。二戰(zhàn)后作家與一戰(zhàn)后作家的不同之處。

      2)簡介二戰(zhàn)后美國詩壇上崛起的“垮掉一代”詩人、“自由派詩人”、“黑山派詩人”、“芝加哥派詩人”等。

      3)介紹猶太小說家、黑人小說家、婦女小說家、南方作家等。

      第四篇:英美文學(xué)

      Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

      2009級師范三班劉靜 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

      failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

      indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

      understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

      remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

      never lose hope.

      第五篇:英美文學(xué)

      術(shù)語解釋:

      Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

      1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

      1591The First part of King Henry VI

      1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors

      1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew

      1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet

      1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream

      ***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V

      1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It

      1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

      In the second period:

      1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well

      160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

      1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens

      1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

      In the third period:

      1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

      1610The Winter’s Tale

      1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII

      7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄學(xué)派詩人)

      John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

      out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻畫人物。

      Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說,作品的主題是通過對主人公魯濱孫的成功刻畫,歌頌資本主義上升時(shí)期那種不畏艱難和困苦,充滿野心和冒險(xiǎn)精神,富有百折不撓,頑強(qiáng)毅力和斗志,依靠自己的雙手改變一切、創(chuàng)造一切的自我奮斗和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨擊當(dāng)時(shí)英國的議會政治和反動的宗教勢力,通過描寫格列佛四次遇險(xiǎn),寫出了作者看透了當(dāng)代的腐敗,以諷刺的方法,抨擊了當(dāng)時(shí)腐敗的社會。Attack the Britain

      parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

      surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express

      Transcendentalism是美國浪漫主義最高潮時(shí)期的體驗(yàn),認(rèn)為世間萬物都是平等的。

      Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

      mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.詩歌鑒賞

      Sonnet 18

      Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否將你比作夏天?

      Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美麗溫婉。

      Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂風(fēng)將五月的蓓蕾凋殘,And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暫。

      Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休戀那麗日當(dāng)空,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,轉(zhuǎn)眼會云霧迷蒙。

      And every fair from fair sometime declines,休嘆那百花飄零,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于無常的天命。

      But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

      Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫發(fā)無損。

      Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也無緣將你幽禁,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的詩中長存。

      So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩篇,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.這詩就將不朽,永葆你的芳顏。

      全詩的基本格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格(iambic pentameter),包括三個(gè)四行組(quatrain)和一個(gè)對偶句(couplet),采用典型的莎氏十四行的韻式,即abab cdcd efef gg。

      二、比喻和描述有時(shí)平淡或離奇,破壞意美

      Sonnet 29

      When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes當(dāng)我受盡命運(yùn)和人們的白眼,I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飄零,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干擾聾瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顧盼著身影,詛咒自己的生辰,Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一個(gè)一樣富于希望,F(xiàn)eatured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似,又和他一樣廣交游,Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求這人的淵博,那人的內(nèi)行,With what I most enjoy contented least最賞心的樂事覺得最不對頭;

      Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是,當(dāng)我正要這樣看輕自己,Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你,于是我的精神,Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破曉從陰霾的大地

      From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升,高唱著圣歌在天門:

      For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的愛使我那么富有,That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王換位我也不屑于屈就。

      賞析:對社會、對自己的命運(yùn)的不滿和無奈。格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格(iambic pentameter).韻式,即abab

      cdcd efef gg。

      To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鳥 》

      -----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡倫·布賴恩特

      Whither, 'midst falling dew,披著滴落的露珠,While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空燦爛,白日的行程就要結(jié)束;

      Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿過玫瑰色的遙遠(yuǎn)空際,Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤單的前程追逐?

      總結(jié):As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are

      going?

      Vainly the fowler's eye看你遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)飛翔而無計(jì)可施,Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鳥人的眼光徒勞眷顧;

      As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,滿天紅霞把你映襯,Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飄飄飛舞。

      總結(jié):the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to

      bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在尋找開闊的大河之濱,Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,還是波浪拍岸的水草之湖?

      Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水沖刷的海灘,On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔騰起伏?

      ? 總結(jié):are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

      There is a Power whose care有上蒼把你關(guān)照,Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在無路的海岸為你指路,The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和無邊的空際,Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤單的飄蕩不致迷途。

      ? 總結(jié):There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕動翅膀,At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空氣稀薄暴風(fēng)寒冷,飛在高處,Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒適的大地,Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即將緊閉它的帷幕。

      總結(jié):you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就會結(jié)束這樣的勞苦,Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即將找到你夏天的住處;

      And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼喚自己的伙伴,Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.蘆葦也會躬身把你的窩巢遮護(hù)。

      ? 總結(jié):you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

      end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身軀全被吞沒,Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深淵里,你蹤影全無;

      Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的啟迪深深留在我的心底,And shall not soon depart.我將久久地久久地把它記住。

      ? 總結(jié):I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,誰,從一個(gè)地方到另一個(gè)地方,Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越無限的天空作必然的飛翔,In the long way that I must tread alone,也會在我必須獨(dú)自跋涉的長途上,Will lead my steps aright.正確地引導(dǎo)我的腳步。

      賞析:There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.

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