第一篇:高中英語必修五第二單元課文及翻譯
-必修5
Unit 2 The United Kingdom Reading
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”.Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas(eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions.For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two!It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There has been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads.The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government.The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.人們可能會奇怪為什么用不同的詞語來描述英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭這四個國家。如果你研究英國的歷史,你就能夠弄明白這個問題。
首先是英格蘭。威爾士于公元13世紀就同英格蘭聯(lián)合起來了。如今只要有人提起英格蘭,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)威爾士總是包
括在內(nèi)的。然后,于17世紀英格蘭、威爾士同蘇格蘭聯(lián)合起來,名字改為大不列顛。令人慶幸的是,當蘇格蘭的詹姆士國王成為英格蘭和威爾士的國王時,這三個國家在無(軍事)沖突的情況下實現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合。最后在20世紀初通過同樣的和平方式,英國政府盡力把愛爾蘭也納入進來,組成了聯(lián)合王國。然而,愛爾蘭的南部卻不情愿這樣并分離出去建立了自己的政府。因此只有北愛爾蘭同英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭聯(lián)合起來組成了聯(lián)合王國,這一點從新的聯(lián)合王國國旗(“聯(lián)合杰克”)上就可以看得出來。
值得稱贊的是:這四個國家在一些方面(比方說在貨幣和國際關系上),它們的確是共同合作的,但是有些制度仍然區(qū)別很大。例如,北愛爾蘭、英格蘭和蘇格蘭在教育體制和立法體制上都存在著差異,并且它們有著各自的足球隊參加像世界杯之類的比賽!
在這四個國家中,英格蘭是最大的。為了方便,它大致可以劃分為三個地區(qū)。最靠近法國的那個地區(qū)叫做英格蘭南部,中部地區(qū)叫英格蘭中部,最靠近蘇格蘭的那個地區(qū)叫英格蘭北部。你會發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分人口居住在南部,但是大部分工業(yè)城市在中部和北部。雖然就全國范圍來說,這些城市都不像中國的城市那樣大,但是它們都有著世界聞名的足球
隊,有的城市甚至還有兩個隊!令人遺憾的是這些建于19世紀的工業(yè)城市并不能吸引游客。要找歷史性的建筑你得去羅馬人建造的更古老的但是比較小的城鎮(zhèn)。在那兒你能找到更多有關英國歷史和文化的東西。
第二篇:高中英語必修五課文
-必修5
Unit 2 The United Kingdom Reading
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY
People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”.Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas(eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions.For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two!It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There has been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads.The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government.The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.Using Language
SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.Her first delight was going to the Tower.It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066.Fancy!This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined.To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666.It looked splendid when first built!Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting.It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare.Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour.She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London.Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time.What interested her most was the longitude line.It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation.It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery.It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum.Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone.But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum.When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle.“Perhaps I will see the Queen?” she wondered as she fell asleep.Task2: Read the passage and answer these questions: 1.Who built the Tower of London? When was it built?
2.Who guarded the Queen’s jewels? What kind of clothes did they wear?
3.When was St Paul’s Cathedral built?
4.What did Westminster Abby contain?
5.Did she visit the Big Ben?
6.How did Zhang Pingyu finish the first day in London?
7.What could Pingyu see in Greenwich?
8.What interested her most in Greenwich? What kind of line is it?
9.Which places did she visit on the third day?
10.What seemed strange to her?
11.What made her thrilled?
Unit 3 Life in the future Reading
FIRST IMPRESSIONS Spacemall: liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceStation.com
15/11/3008(Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad,I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.As a result, I suffered from “Time lag”.This is similar to the “jet lag” you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.However, my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was very understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a lot.Well-known for their expertise, his parents' company, called “Future Tours”, transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening.The seats were comfortable and after a calming drink, we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later, the journey was completed and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future.What would I find? At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate.The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared.“Put on this mask,” he advised.“It'll make you feel much better.” He
handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.These carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat, you can move swiftly.Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.He was swept up into the centre of them.Just at that moment I had a “time lag” flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown!Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room.It had a green wall, a brown floor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall moved-it was made of trees!I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen.Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen, and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.“Why not sit down and eat a little?” he said.“You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip.Just relax, since there is nothing planned on the timetable today.Tomorrow you'll be ready for some visits.” Having said this, he spread some food on the table, and produced a bed from the floor.After he left, I had a brief meal and a hot bath.Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son,Li Qiang
Using Language
I HAVE SEEN AMAZING THINGS
My first visit was to a space station considered the most modem in space.Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth's gravity.Inside was an exhibition of the most up-to-date inventions of the 31 st century.A guide(G)showed us around along a moveable path.G:
Good morning to all our visitors from 2008.First we're going to examine one of the latest forms of
communication among our space citizens.No more typists working on a typewriter or computer!No more postage or postcodes!Messages can now be sent using a “thoughtpad”.You place the metal band over your head, clear your mind, press the sending button, think your message and the next instant it's sent.It's stored on the “thoughtpad” of the receiver.It's quick, efficient and environmentally friendly.The only limitation is if the user does not think his or her message clearly, an unclear message may be sent.But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user, can we? During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called “thoughtpads” on a table.They just looked like metal ribbons.So ordinary but so powerful!While I was observing them, the path moved us on.G:
And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the “environment area”.People used to collect waste in dustbins.Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I fight?(We nodded.)Well, now there's a system where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology.A giant machine, always greedy for more, swallows all the waste available.The rubbish is turned into several grades of useful material, such as “fertilizer” for the fields and “soil” for deserts.Nothing is wasted, and everything, even plastic bags, is
recycled.A great idea, isn't' it? I stared at the moving model of the waste machine, absorbed by its efficiency.But again we moved on.G:
Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices.Manufacturing no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one.A group of engineers programme robots to perform tasks in space.The robots produce goods such as drugs, clothes, furniture, hovering carriages, etc.There is no waste, no pollution and no environmental damage!However, the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements.They have to monitor the robots and the production.When the goods are ready they're transported by industrial spaceship back to earth.My mind began to wander.What job would I do? My motivation increased as I thought of the wonderful world of the future.Unit 4 Making the news Reading
MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT
“Unforgettable”, says new journalist Never will Zhou Yang(ZY)forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin(HX), was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX: Welcome.We're delighted you're coming to work with us.Your first job here will be an assistant journalist.Do you have any questions? ZY:
Can I go out on a story immediately? HX:(laughing)That' s admirable, but I' m afraid it would be unusual!Wait till you' re more experienced.First we'll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.ZY:
Wonderful.What do I need to take with me? I already have a notebook and camera.HX:
No need for a camera.You'll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs.You'll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you' re interested.ZY:
Thank you.Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update
my skills.HX: Good.ZY:
What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story? HX: You need to be curious.Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.We say a good journalist must have a good “nose” for a story.That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole troth and then try to discover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY:
What should I keep in mind? HX:
Here comes my list of dos and don'ts: don't miss your deadline, don't be rode, don't talk too much, but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY:
Why is listening so important? HX: Well, you have to listen for detailed facts.Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY:
But how can I listen carefully while taking notes? HX: This is a trick of the trade, If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.It's also useful if a person wants to challenge you.You have the evidence to support your story.ZY:
I see!Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick? HX: Yes, but it was a long time ago.This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.We went to interview him.He denied taking money but we were sceptical.So we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him.When we saw them together we guessed from the footballer's body language that he was not telling the truth.So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty.It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were proved right.ZY:
Wow!That was a real “scoop”.I'm looking forward to my first assignment now.Perhaps I'll get a scoop too!HX:
Perhaps you will.You never know.Using Language
GETTING THE “SCOOP” “Quick,” said the editor.“Get that story ready.We need it in this edition to be ahead of the other newspapers.This is a scoop.” Zhou Yang had just come back into the office after an interview with a famous film star.“Did he really do that?” asked someone from the International News Department.“Yes, I' m afraid he did,” Zhou Yang answered.He set to work.His first task was to write his story, but he had to do it carefully.Although he realized the man had been lying,Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly.He would have to be accurate.Concise too!He knew how to do that.Months of training had taught him to write with no wasted words or phrases.He sat down at his computer and began to work.The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department.He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor.She began to edit the piece and design the main headline and smaller heading.“This will look very good on the page,” she said.“Where is a good picture of this man?” Then as the article was going to be written in English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style.She was also very happy with Zhou Yang's story.“You are really able to write a good front page article,” she said.Zhou Yang smiled with happiness.Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it.“Well done,” he said to Zhou Yang.“But please show me your evidence so we're sure we've got our facts straight.” “I’ll bring it to you immediately,” said Zhou Yang excitedly.The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all the pages were set.All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives.This was the first stage of the printing process.They needed four negatives, as several colours were going to be used on the story.Each of the main colours had one negative sheet and when they were combined they made a coloured page for the newspaper.After one last check the page was ready to be printed.Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready.“Wait 611 tonight,” his friend whispered.“I expect there will be something about this on the television news.A real scoop!” Unit 5 First aid Reading
FIRST AID FOR BURNS
The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ.You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's harmful rays.The functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool;it prevents your body from losing too much water;it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch.So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious.First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of bums.Causes of burns You can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation(by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun, electricity or chemicals.Types of burns There are three types of burns.Burns are called first, second or third degree burns, depending on which layers of the skin are burned.◎ First degree burns
These affect only the top layer of the skin.These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two.Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a mordent.◎ Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin.These bums are serious and take a few weeks to heal.Examples include severe sunburn and bums caused by hot liquids.◎ Third degree burns
These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires.These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.Characteristics of burns First degree burns
◎ dry, red and mildly swollen
◎ mildly painful
◎ turn white when pressed Second degree burns
◎ rough, red and swollen
◎ blisters
◎ watery surface
◎ extremely painful Third degree burns
◎ black and white and charred
◎ swollen;often tissue under them can be seen
◎ little or no pain if nerves are damaged;may be pain around edge of
injured area.First aid treatment 1
Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn.2
Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water.It is best to place burns under gently running water for about 10 minutes.(The cool water stops the burning process, prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.)Do not put cold water on third degree burns.3
For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad.For second degree burns, keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.4
Dry the burned area gently.Do not rob, as this may break any blisters and the wound may get infected.5
Cover the burned area with a dry, clean bandage that will not stick to the skin.Hold the bandage in place with tape.Never put butter, oil or ointment on bums as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.6
If bums are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible.If bums are on the face, the victim should sit up.If the injuries are second or third degree bums, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.Using Language HEROIC TEENAGER RECEIVES AWARD
Seventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was honoured at the Lifesaver Awards last night in Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the life of another.John was studying in his room when he heard screaming.When he and his father rushed outside, a man ran from the scene.They discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three, had been stabbed repeatedly with a knife.She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily.Her hands had almost been cut off.It was John's quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slade's life.He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but when nobody could put their hands on any, his father got some tea towels and tape from their house.John used these to treat the most severe injuries to Ms Slade's hands.He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.“I'm proud of what I did but I was just doing what I'd been taught,” John said.John had taken part in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school.When congratulating John, Mr Alan Southerton, Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said, “There is no doubt that John's quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade's life.It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.” Before receiving their awards last night, John and the nine other Life Savers attended a special reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.
第三篇:人教版高中英語必修五課文翻譯
第一單元
偉大的科學家 Reading 約翰.斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”
約翰.斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生—他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛,因而成為照料維多利亞女皇的私人醫(yī)生。但當他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時,他就感到很振奮?;魜y在當時是最致命的疾病,人們既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治療方法。每次暴發(fā)霍亂時,就有大批驚恐的老百姓病死。約翰.斯諾想面對這個挑戰(zhàn),解決這個問題。他知道,在找到病源之前,霍亂疫情是無法控制的。
斯諾對霍亂致人死地的兩種推測都很感興趣。一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中腐殖著,像一股危險的氣流到處漂浮,直到找到病毒的受害者為止。第二種看法是在吃飯的時候人們把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。病從胃里發(fā)作而迅速殃及全身,患者就會很快地死去。
斯諾推測第二種說法是正確的,但是他需要證據(jù)。因此,在1854年倫敦再次暴發(fā)霍亂的時候,約翰.斯諾著手準備對此調(diào)研。當霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延的時候,約翰.斯諾就開始收集資料。他發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴重,在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。他決心要查明其原因。
首先,他在一張地圖上標明了所有死者住過的地方。這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價值的線索。許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近(特別是這條街上16、37、38、40號)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住宅(如寬街上20號和21號以及劍橋上的8號和9號)卻無人死亡。他以前沒預料到這種情況,所以他決定深入調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn),這些人都在劍橋街7號的酒館里打工,而酒館為他們免費提供啤酒喝,因此他們沒有喝從寬街水泵抽上來的水??磥硭亲锟準?。
接下來,約翰.斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街的水源情況。他發(fā)現(xiàn),水是從河里來的,而河水被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。他馬上叫寬街上驚慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵上的把手。這樣,水泵就用不成了。不久,疫情就開始得到了緩解。他證明了,霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣團傳播的。
在倫敦的另一個地區(qū),他從兩個與寬街暴發(fā)的霍亂有關聯(lián)的死亡病例中發(fā)現(xiàn)了有力的證據(jù)。有一位婦女是從寬街搬進來的,她特備喜歡那里的水,每天都要派人從水泵打水運到家里來。她和她的女兒喝了這種水,都得了霍亂而死去。有了這個特別的證據(jù),約翰.斯諾就能夠肯定地宣布,這種被污染了的水攜帶著病菌。
為了防止這種情況的再度發(fā)生,約翰.斯諾建議所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測。自來水公司也接到指令,不能再讓人們接觸被污染的水了。最終,“霍亂王”被打敗了。
Using Language 哥白尼的革命性理論
尼古拉.哥白尼被嚇得心煩意亂。雖然他曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)字,然而他所有的數(shù)學計算都得出了一個相同的結(jié)論:地球不是太陽系的中心。只有當你把太陽放在中心位置上,天空中其他行星的運動才能說得清楚。他的這個理論可不能告訴任何人,因為即使他只暗示有這種想法,他都會收到強大的基督教教會勢力的懲罰。教會認為世界是上帝創(chuàng)造的,正因為如此,地球就具有特殊的意義,它必定要成為太陽系的中心。
這樣,問題就來了,因為天文學家以前發(fā)現(xiàn)過,天上有些行星停頓下來,往后移動,然后再成環(huán)狀向前移動,而其他行星看上去有時亮些,有時又不怎么亮。如果地球是太陽系的中心,而所有的行星環(huán)繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)的話,那么這種現(xiàn)象就很奇怪了。
哥白尼曾經(jīng)對這種問題苦苦思索過很久,試圖找出問題的答案。他曾經(jīng)收集過觀測星球的數(shù)據(jù),并且利用他的全部數(shù)學知識來解釋這些數(shù)據(jù)。但是只有他的新理論才能作出解釋。于是,他在1510年至1514年期間從事這項研究,逐步修改他的理論,直到他感到完善時為止。
1514年,他把他的新理論私下里給他的朋友們看。他對舊理論的修改是具有革命性的。他把太陽固定在太陽系的中心位置上,而行星則圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn),只有月球仍然繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。他還提出地球在圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的同時,它自身還自轉(zhuǎn),這樣就說明了行星運動的變化情況以及星球的亮度問題。他的朋友都熱情地鼓勵他把他的想法公諸于世,而他卻小心謹慎,他不想遭到基督教教會勢力的攻擊,所以他只是在1543年臨終之前才把它公布出來。
當然,他小心謹慎是對的。基督教教會拒絕接受他的理論,說這種理論違背了上帝的旨意,而支持這種理論的人都會受到打擊。然而哥白尼的理論卻是我們宇宙觀賴以建立的基礎。他的理論還改變了基督教對地心引力的看法,他們認為物體往地球上掉落是因為上帝創(chuàng)造了地球,而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明這是明顯錯誤的。如今人們可以看到,他的這些想法與艾薩克.牛頓、阿爾伯特.愛因斯坦以及斯蒂芬.霍金等人的研究都有著直接的聯(lián)系。
第二單元
聯(lián)合王國
Reading 地理之謎
人們也許覺得奇怪,為什么用來描述英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭這四個國家的詞語不太一樣。但如果你學過英國歷史,就能弄清楚這個問題。
首先是英格蘭。威爾士于13世紀同英格蘭聯(lián)合起來。如今只要有人提起英格蘭,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)威爾士總是包括在內(nèi)的。接著,英格蘭、威爾士同蘇格蘭于17世紀聯(lián)合了起來,名字就改成了“大不列顛”。令人慶幸的是,當蘇格蘭的詹姆斯國王成為英格蘭和威爾士的國王時,這三個國家和平地實現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合。最后,英國政府打算于20世紀初把愛爾蘭也同另外三個國家和平聯(lián)合起來已形成聯(lián)合王國。然而,愛爾蘭的南部卻不愿意而分離出去,并建立了自己的政府。因而只有北愛爾蘭同英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭聯(lián)合起來,而組成了聯(lián)合王國,這一點從新的聯(lián)合王國國旗就可以看出來。
值得稱贊的是,雖然這四個國家的確在一些方面共同合作,例如在貨幣和在國際關系上,但它們在制度上仍存在著很大的區(qū)別。例如,北愛爾蘭、英格蘭和蘇格蘭在教育體制和立法體制上都存在差異。在參加像世界杯之類的比賽時,它們有著各自的球隊。
在這四個國家中,英格蘭是最大的。為了方便,它大致可以劃分為三個地區(qū)。最靠近法國的那個地區(qū)叫做英格蘭南部,中部地區(qū)叫做英格蘭中部,最靠近蘇格蘭的那個地區(qū)叫做蘇格蘭北部。你可以看到英國的大部分人口聚居在南部,而多數(shù)大工業(yè)城市都位于中部和北部。盡管,英國任何一個城市都不像中國的城市那樣大,但是它們都有著自己的享有威名的足球隊,有的城市甚至還有兩個隊。很遺憾,這些建于19世紀的工業(yè)城市對游客并沒有吸引力。要找歷史性建筑你得去更古老的、比較小些的由古羅馬人建造的城鎮(zhèn)。在那兒你才可能找到更多的有關英國歷史和文化的東西。
最具歷史意義的寶地是倫敦。那兒有博物館,有藝術(shù)珍品、劇院、公園和各種建筑物。它是全國的政治中心。它有公元一世紀由古羅馬人建造的最古老的港口,有由盎格魯-撒克遜人始建于11世紀60年代的最古老的建筑,還有公元1066年由后來的諾曼人統(tǒng)治者建造的最古老的城堡。曾經(jīng)有四批侵略者到過英國。最早的入侵者是古羅馬人,他們留下了他們的城鎮(zhèn)和道路。其次是盎格魯-撒克遜人,他們留下了他們的語言和政體。第三是斯堪的納維亞人,他們對詞匯和北部的地名留下了影響。第四是諾曼人,他們留下了城堡和新的食物名稱的詞語。
如果你到英國鄉(xiāng)間去看看,你就會找到所有這些入侵者的痕跡。如果想使你的英國之旅不虛此行又有意義,你就必須留心觀察。
Using Language 倫敦觀光記
由于擔心時間不夠,張萍玉早就把她想要在倫敦參觀的地點列了一張單子。她最想?yún)⒂^的地方是倫敦塔,它是很久以前由入侵的諾曼人在公元1066年修建的。真是太棒了!這個堅實的用石頭砌的方形塔已經(jīng)屹立在那兒一千年了。盡管在塔的四周擴建了一些建筑,但它仍然是皇宮和監(jiān)獄聯(lián)合體的一個組成部分。讓張玉萍十分驚訝的是,她發(fā)現(xiàn)女王的珠寶由皇家的特別衛(wèi)士守著,而這些衛(wèi)士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿著400年前伊麗莎白一世女王時代的制服。
接著參觀的是圣.保羅大教堂,它是1666年可怕的倫敦大火以后建造的,剛建成的時候,它看起來真是金碧輝煌。倫敦威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方,里面珍藏著一些已故詩人和作家的雕像,例如莎士比亞的雕像。正當萍玉從大教堂往外走的時候,她聽到了著名的大本鐘在整點敲響的鐘聲。她參觀了女王倫敦住所白金漢宮的外景,以此結(jié)束了一天的觀光。啊,她要同朋友們講的實在太多了!
第二天,萍玉姑娘參觀了格林尼治天文臺,看到了古老的輪船和著名的為世界定時的時鐘。她最感興趣的是那條通過天文臺的經(jīng)線。這是一條假想的線,它把世界分為東西兩半球,從而有利于航海。這條線穿過格林尼治,萍玉就跨著這條線拍了一張照片。
最后一天,她參觀了倫敦海格特公墓里的卡爾.馬克思的雕像。這似乎是一件怪事:這位發(fā)展了共產(chǎn)主義的人竟然在倫敦生活過,并且在倫敦去世。不僅如此,他還在著名的大英博物館的圖書館閱覽室里工作過。遺憾的是,這個圖書館已經(jīng)從原來的地方搬到另一座大樓去了,而原來的閱覽室也沒有了。但是她感到最為震驚的卻是博物館里展出的那么多來自不同文化的奇妙寶物。當萍玉看到那么多參觀者用欣賞的目光注視著古老漂亮的中國陶瓷和其他展品時,心里充滿了對祖國的自豪感。
第二天,萍玉就要離開倫敦去溫莎城堡了。她邊睡覺邊想:“或許我能見到女王呢?”
第三單元
未來的生活
Reading 第一印象
太空郵件:
liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceStation.com 15/11/3008(地球時間)親愛的爸爸媽媽:
我仍然不能相信我是在接受去年獲得的這個獎勵。我得不斷提醒自己,我真的已經(jīng)進入到公元3008年了。因為擔心這次旅行,頭幾天我心里總是不踏實,結(jié)果我得了時間滯后癥。這就與你乘坐飛機產(chǎn)生時差反應相似,所不同的是,在你腦子里似乎會不斷閃現(xiàn)以前的時光。因此,我一開始就感到神經(jīng)過敏和心神不定。但是我的朋友兼導游王平很細心體貼,給了我?guī)琢>G色藥片,倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未來之旅”,以其技術(shù)高超而聞名。他們把我裝在一個時間倉里,平安地把我送入了未來。
我仍舊記得我們被太空服務員一起叫到時間倉,爬上去進入一個小門。座位是很舒適的,喝了點鎮(zhèn)靜劑以后,我們的眼睛就閉上了,感到昏昏欲睡似的。時間倉在輕輕左右搖晃,我們放松地躺在那里做夢。幾分鐘以后,旅程結(jié)束,我們就到了。我仍然在地球上,但是進入了未來的一千年。我們會看到什么呢?
一開始新的環(huán)境讓我很難忍受??諝馑坪鹾芟”。孟窕旌系臍怏w中剩下的氧氣很少。由于缺乏新鮮空氣,我感到頭痛。正當我想努力調(diào)整適應新環(huán)境時,王平出現(xiàn)了。他告訴我,“把這個面罩戴上。它會使你感覺好得多?!彼衙嬲诌f給我,敦促我馬上走進附近的一個小房間,叫我休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。沒過多久,我就再次站起來,跟著他去領取了一臺由電腦驅(qū)動的氣墊車。這些氣墊車是在地面上方漂浮著的。只要在座椅上用力打彎或壓下(操作桿),你就可以快速地移動。王平系緊了我的安全帶,教我這樣使用它。不久,我就可以飛得跟王平一樣快了??墒?,當我們到達一個看上去像是大市場的地方時,由于太多車子朝四面八方飛奔,我看不見王平了。他被卷入到這群車隊中去了。就在這個時候我得到了一次“時間滯后”的閃回,這樣我就再次看到了似乎是公元2008年的那個地區(qū)了。我這才懂得我被送到了未來,但卻仍然在自己的家鄉(xiāng)。就在這個時候,我又見到了王平,于是又跟在他后面飛去。
到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子里,他把我?guī)У揭粋€明亮而潔凈的大房間里。墻是綠色的,地板是棕色的,燈光很柔和。突然墻壁移動了—原來是樹形成的!后來我才發(fā)現(xiàn),就是這些樹的葉子為這棟房間提供了最急需的氧氣。然后王平在電腦熒屏上閃了一下開關,于是一個桌子和幾把椅子就像變魔術(shù)那樣從地板下面升了起來?!霸趺床蛔聛沓孕〇|西呢?”他說道,“你第一次作這樣的時間旅行,可能會感到有些困難。你可以好好休息一下。今天沒有任何出行計劃。明天你還要準備參觀幾個地方?!闭f完這些,他把食物擺在桌子上,又從地板下取出一張床來。他離開后,我簡單吃了飯,洗了個熱水澡。實在累壞了,我溜上床很快就睡著了。
以后再談吧!你的兒子 李強
Using Language 我看到了奇妙的東西
我首先參觀的是一個太空站,這個站被認為是太空中最現(xiàn)代化的地方。太空站像一個巨大的圓盤,在太空中緩緩地旋轉(zhuǎn),以仿照出地球重心的引力。太空站里展出了31世紀一些最前沿的發(fā)明。有個導游帶領我們站在一條移動的運送帶上,到各處參觀。
導游:從2008年來訪的朋友們,早上好!首先,我們要查看一種我們太空居民 使用的最新的通訊方式。再也不需要打字員在打字機或電腦上工作了!再也不需要郵費和郵政編碼了!現(xiàn)在用一種“思想儀”就可以傳遞信息。你把這種金屬帶子放在你的頭上,排除雜念,按下發(fā)送鍵,集中精神想著你要傳遞的信息,片刻功夫信息就發(fā)出去了。這個信息會儲存在接受者的“思想儀”里。它快捷有效,而且環(huán)保。唯一的缺點是,如果使用者不能想清楚要傳遞的信息,發(fā)送出去信息可能是模糊不清的。但我們不能因為使用者的使用不當而責備機器,是不是?
在導游解說的時候,我觀看著桌上這付被稱為“思想儀”的小東西。它們看上去像金屬帶子。那么普通,但卻那么神通廣大!正當我還在觀察時,運送帶向前移動了。
導游:女生們先生們,現(xiàn)在我們到了“環(huán)保地帶”。以前人們習慣用垃圾箱收集廢 棄物,然后這些垃圾被送走埋掉或燒掉,我說的對吧?(我們都點頭。)可現(xiàn)在我們有一種裝置,能利用生態(tài)學原理來處理掉廢棄物。一架巨大的機器,能把所有能獲得的廢棄物都吞進去,而且總是貪得無厭。然后垃圾被分解成了幾種有用的物質(zhì),如莊稼地的“肥料”和沙漠中的“土壤”。什么都不浪費,所有的東西,哪怕是塑料袋也回收利用了。偉大的創(chuàng)意,對不對?
我注視著緩緩移動的垃圾分解機器模型,為它的成效所吸引。但是,我們又開始向前移動了。
導游:第三站要展示給我們的是工作實踐方面的一些變化。批量生產(chǎn)不再在地球 上進行,而是轉(zhuǎn)移到了像這樣的太空站里。在太空里,一組工程師給機器人設計了程序讓它們完成工作。機器人生產(chǎn)像藥品、衣服、家具和氣墊車等等東西。沒有廢棄物、沒有污染,也沒有環(huán)境破壞。但是,這些公司必須培訓他們的代表能在太空中生活和工作。他們必須在此監(jiān)控機器人和生產(chǎn)過程。一旦貨物齊備,就用工用太空船運送到地球。
我的思想開始漫游。我能從事什么工作呢?當我想到這個奇妙的未來世界時,我興趣倍增、干勁十足!
第四單元
Reading 我的第一項工作任務
“難以忘懷,” 新聞記者說
周陽永遠不會忘記他在一家暢銷英文報紙的第一項工作任務。他同新上司胡欣的討論對他的記者生涯必將產(chǎn)生強烈的影響。
胡:歡迎你,非常高興你來參加我們的工作,你來這首先就是當助理記者。有什么問題嗎?
周:我可以馬上去采訪嗎?
胡:(笑)真是勇氣可嘉!不過恐怕這不太合乎常規(guī),還是等到你比較有經(jīng)驗以后吧。我們先要派你給有經(jīng)驗的記者作助理。以后,你才能獨自去進行采訪并提交自己的新聞稿。
周:太好了!我需要隨身帶些什么?我已經(jīng)帶了筆記本和照相機。胡:不需要照相機!你們將帶上一名專業(yè)攝像師去拍照。你將發(fā)現(xiàn)你的同事們會熱情地幫助你。如果你對攝影感興趣,以后你可以集中精力去鉆研。
周:謝謝你!對攝影我不僅只是感興趣,在大學里我還專修過業(yè)余攝像課來更新我的技術(shù)。
胡:那很好哇。
周:我出去采訪時還需要記住些什么事呢?
胡:你需要好奇心。你只有提出了許多不同的問題之后才有可能獲得你需要知道的信息。我們說,一個好的記者必須有一個對新聞非常敏感的“嗅覺”。那就是說,在人們沒有說出全部真相時,你必須能夠判斷出,并努力發(fā)現(xiàn)真相。記者必須通過調(diào)查研究,來使自己了解到被遺漏的那部分情況。
周:我應該注意些什么?
胡:下面是我的行為準則:不要延誤任務規(guī)定的期限,不可對人粗魯,不可自己說得太多,務必認真傾聽被采訪人回答問題。
周:為什么聽人家講話這樣重要呢?胡:你得聽清楚事實的細節(jié)。同時,你還要根據(jù)被采訪人所說的話準備提出下一個問題。
周:在我記筆記的同時,怎么能仔細傾聽對方的答話呢?
胡:這就是我們職業(yè)的訣竅了。如果被采訪人允許,你可以使用錄音機,錄下全部事實。如果有人提出質(zhì)疑,這也有用,你就有證據(jù)來支持自己的報道了。
周:我明白了!你有沒有過這樣的情況:別人控告你的記者,說他的報道失實?
胡:有的。不過這是很久以前的事。事情是這樣的:一位足球運動員被指控受賄,故意不進球,好讓對方球隊贏球。我們?nèi)ゲ稍L了他。他否認收了錢,但我們對此表示懷疑。于是,我們安排這名球員和被認為受賄的人一起接受采訪,而當我們看到他們在一起時,我們就從足球運動員的體態(tài)語上猜出他沒有說真話。我們寫了一篇文章,暗示足球隊員有罪。這事有些為難,因為如果我們錯了,他就可以向我們索要賠償。他竭力阻止我們發(fā)表這篇文章,但后來證實我們是正確的。
周:哇!這才是真正的獨家新聞哩!我期盼著即將到來的首次任務。說不定我也會搞到獨家新聞呢!
胡:也許你會的,誰知道呢。
Using Language 搶發(fā)獨家新聞
周陽剛剛采訪了一位著名影星回到辦公室,編輯就說:“快點把那篇報道準備好,我們這一版就要用,這樣我們就搶在其他報紙的前面了,這就是搶先的獨家新聞?!眹H新聞編輯部有人提出問題:“他真的干了那種事嗎?”周陽回答道:“是的,恐怕是這樣的。”接著他便著手準備報道了。他的第一件事就是寫報道稿,他必須認認真真地寫。盡管他認為那個人一直在說謊話,但周陽懂得,他決不能直接指責那個人。他必須做到準確無誤,還要簡明扼要。他知道該怎么做。經(jīng)過幾個月的培訓,他已經(jīng)學會了寫文章,全然沒有廢話。他在電腦前坐下來就開始工作了。
第一個看到這一篇文章的人是他們部里的一位編審。他核查了文中的證據(jù),閱讀了整篇報道,然后遞給技術(shù)編輯。她就開始了編輯工作,設計了主標題和副標題。她說:“在版面上這會很好看。這個人的照片該放在哪兒好呢?”因為這篇文章要用英文來寫,所以周陽拿了一份稿子給一位母語為英語的外國雇員,請她對語言風格進行潤飾。這位雇員對周陽的報道也很滿意。她評價說:“你確實能寫很好的頭版新聞了。”周陽高興地笑了。最后主編審讀了這篇稿子,并且批準發(fā)表了。他對周陽說:“文章寫得很好,不過你還得拿出證據(jù)來表明事實確鑿?!敝荜柵d奮地說:“我馬上拿來?!?/p>
新聞文字編輯取走這篇報道,開始對所有的報道和圖片進行編排,直至把各版面全部編定。此后,所有的報道材料就要被制成膠片。這是印刷過程的第一道工序。由于這篇報道要用好幾種顏色,因此需要四張膠片。每一種主色要用一張底片,四張底片結(jié)合起來就制成了一張報紙的彩頁。經(jīng)過最后一次校對后,這個版面就可以準備印刷了。周陽興奮地等待著第一批報紙的印出?!耙鹊浇裉焱砩?,”他的朋友輕聲地告訴他說:“我期望電視新聞會對這件事作一點報道。真是獨家新聞了!”
第五單元
急救
Reading 燒傷的急救
皮膚是身體必不可少的部分,也是身體最大的器官。皮膚有三層,它們是防病、防毒、抵御太陽有害光線侵害的一道屏障。皮膚的功能十分復雜。皮膚可以保暖或御寒,保持體內(nèi)水分。正是皮膚使你感到冷熱,疼痛,它還使你有觸覺,因此,你可以想象到,如果你的皮膚燒傷了,就可能非常嚴重。在治療燒傷的過程中,緊急處理是非常重要的第一步。
燒傷的原因:
你可能因為各種原因而燒傷:灼熱的液體、水蒸汽、火、輻射(由于靠近高溫或大火等),陽光、電和化學物品。
燒傷的種類:
燒傷有三類,根據(jù)皮膚燒傷的層次分為一度燒傷、二度燒傷和三度燒傷。·一度燒傷:只損傷皮層的最上層。燒傷并不嚴重,應當在一兩天內(nèi)就有好轉(zhuǎn)。例如輕度的曬傷,由于短暫接觸熱鍋、火爐或熨斗而導致的熨傷。
·二度燒傷:既損傷了皮膚的最上層,又損傷了皮質(zhì)的第二層。這類燒傷屬于嚴重的燒傷,需數(shù)星期才能痊愈。例如,嚴重的曬傷和灼熱的液體所造成的燒傷。
·三度燒傷:所有三層皮質(zhì)以及皮下的組織和器官都受到損害。例如由電擊而引起的燒傷,因衣服起火引起的燒傷,或因汽油起火引起的燒傷。這些燒傷都屬于非常嚴重的燒傷,受傷者必須立即送往醫(yī)院。
燒傷的特性:
一度燒傷:·干燥、發(fā)紅、微腫·微痛·受傷時變白 二度燒傷:·粗糙、發(fā)紅、腫脹14
·起水泡 ·表層滲液 ·極其疼痛
三度灼傷:·黑,白和焦炭色相同
·腫脹,可看到皮下組織
·若損壞了神經(jīng),則沒有疼痛或輕微疼痛,或者在創(chuàng)面四周有痛感
急救處理:
1.除非衣服粘貼在燒傷面上,否則都要把它脫掉(必要時可用剪刀幫助)??拷鼊?chuàng)面的其他衣物和首飾也都要取掉。
2.馬上那個用涼水給傷口沖涼,但不能用冰水。最好是把燒傷的部位放在慢速流動的自來水下沖洗大約10分鐘。(涼水可以組織燒傷的進程,可以防止無法忍受的疼痛,還可以減輕腫脹程度)。三度燒傷不可用冷水沖。3.對于一度燒傷的患者,要把清涼干凈的濕布放在燒傷面上,直到疼痛感較輕時為止。對于二度燒傷,要保持濕布清涼,需把濕布放回冷水盆中,擰出水后再放在燒傷面上,這樣要反反復復地做一個小時左右,直到不太痛時為止。
4.輕輕地把燒傷面弄干,但不要擦拭,因為這樣做可能會擦破水泡,導致傷口感染。
5.用干而清潔又不粘皮膚的繃帶蓋住燒傷面,用膠布把繃帶固定,千萬不要在燒傷處涂黃油、油或軟膏,因為這會使里面的熱散不出去,而且還可能導致感染。6.如果燒傷的部位在臂部或腿部,盡可能把手臂或腿部抬高到高于心臟的位置。如果是面部燒傷,傷者應該坐起來。
7.如果屬于二度或三度燒傷,就必須立即把患者送往醫(yī)院或送去看醫(yī)生。
Using Language 英雄青年獲獎記
17歲的青年約翰.詹森昨晚在里弗鎮(zhèn)的救生員頒獎大會上領獎,因為他在一次駭人聽聞的持刀襲擊案件發(fā)生后,為鄰居實施了緊急搶救。
在頒獎大會上,約翰被授予獎賞。大會共表彰了搶救他們生命的十個人的勇敢行為。
(那天)約翰正在房里學習,突然聽到一聲尖叫聲,他和父親趕緊沖出去,發(fā)現(xiàn)一名男子從現(xiàn)場逃跑,而三個孩子的母親安.斯萊德被人連捅了數(shù)刀。她躺在前花園的地上,流血不止。她的雙手幾乎被砍斷了。
正是約翰快捷的動作和急救知識救了斯萊德女士的命。他立即向附近的一些人要繃帶,當他們都找不到繃帶的時候,他的父親就從屋里拿出一些擦杯盤的布和膠帶來。約翰就用這些東西把斯萊德手上最嚴重的傷口包扎起來。他使勁的按住傷口,使血流得慢些,一直等到警察和救護車的到來。
約翰說:“我為自己所做的事感到驕傲,不過,我所做的都是以前別人教會我做的事。”
約翰在讀高中時就參加了青年救生員組織。該組織的主任艾倫.薩瑟頓先生在向約翰表示祝賀時說:“毫無疑問,是約翰敏捷的思維和在學校學到的急救技術(shù),挽救了斯萊德女士的生命。這表明懂得急救知識的確能發(fā)揮重要的作用?!?/p>
約翰和其他九位救生員在昨晚頒獎前,還出席了由首相主持的特殊的招待會。
Reading For Fun
Unit1 重要的是要不停地提出問題。
--阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦
天才是百分之一的靈感加百分之九十九的流汗。因此,天才只不過是一個完成了全部家庭作業(yè)的聰明人。
--托馬斯·愛迪生
如果說我比別人看得遠一些,那只是因為我站在巨人的肩膀上。
--艾薩克·牛頓
Unit2
國外思鄉(xiāng)
--摘自羅伯特·布朗寧(1812-1889)
四月來到了英格蘭,啊,到了英格蘭。早上一覺醒來似乎看到,低矮的樹枝和密集的灌木叢。繞著榆樹干,布滿了小嫩葉。
這時候,燕雀在果園的枝頭上歌唱。啊,現(xiàn)在來到了英格蘭!
Unit3 夢
--雷切爾·伯恩斯夢啊,夢見了明天,明天會怎樣? 夢見了我的未來,未來的生活會怎樣? 夢見了我所愛的人,不知道他們在干什么? 啊,我多么想念他們!夢見了那一天,那一天,我確實找到了自己。
夢見了那一天,我所有的夢想都已實現(xiàn)。夢啊,夢見了明天!
Unit4 那只小鹿仔跟我們不一樣
吉林長春市附近有一個養(yǎng)鹿場,里面養(yǎng)著一群長滿斑點的鹿,它們拒絕跟那頭新生的全身長著白毛的小鹿一起玩,認為小白鹿跟他們不是同類。
養(yǎng)鹿場的主人劉先生說:“起初,就連那頭母鹿也跟她的幼仔小白鹿保持距離,盡管小白鹿追著母鹿要吃食。過了好幾天,它們才接受了小白鹿?!?/p>
長滿斑點的鹿生產(chǎn)出一頭全身白毛的幼仔,這還是頭一次。
--(摘自《中國日報》)
Unit5 防病勝過治病。傷風宜食,發(fā)燒宜餓。健康勝過財富。吃什么,是什么。
一日一蘋果,醫(yī)生不找我。
有健康就有希望,有希望就有一切。早早起,早早睡,聰明、健康又富貴。
一味奔忙不顧健康,猶如技工只顧干活不顧工房。
第四篇:必修一第二單元課文翻譯
At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.Nearly all of them lived in England.Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or foreign language than ever before.在16世紀末,大約有五至七百萬人講英語。幾乎所有這些講英語的人都住在英格蘭。在其后的一個世紀中,英格蘭人為征服世界航海到了世界其他一些地方,結(jié)果世界的其他地方的人們也開始說英語了。今天,把英語作為自己的第一語言、第二語言或外語來使用的人比以往任何時候都多。
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.Look at this example:
British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?
American Amy: Yes, I’d like to come up to your apartment.以英語作為母語的人,即使他們所講不是同一種英語,他們也能彼此聽懂。請看看這個例子:
英國人貝蒂:來看看我的公寓嗎?
美國人艾米:好的,我來看看你的公寓吧。
So why has English changed over time? Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoken first Danish and later French.These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too.English began to be spoken in both countries.那么,隨著時間的推移英語為什么發(fā)生了變化呢?實際上,當不同文化相互交流滲透時,所有的語言都會有所發(fā)展和變化。開始,英格蘭人在大約公元450年到1150年之間所說的英語與我們今天所說的英語很不一樣。當時的英語更多的是以德語為基礎的,不像我們現(xiàn)在說的英語。后來,大約在公元800年至1150年之間,英語慢慢變得不那么像德語,因為統(tǒng)治英格蘭的那些人開始是說丹麥語,后來說法語。這些新來的定居者豐富了英語語言,尤其是豐富了英語詞匯。所以到17世紀初的時候,莎士比亞能夠得以使用比以往任何時候都豐富的詞匯。1620年一些英國定居者來到了美洲,后來到了18世紀的時候,一些英國人還被帶到了澳大利亞。英語也就開始在這兩個國家使用。
Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language.The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.最后到19世紀的時候,英語這種語言就變得穩(wěn)定了。當時,英語的拼寫發(fā)生了兩個很大 的變化:先是塞繆爾?約翰遜編寫了他的英語詞典,后是諾亞?韋伯斯特出版了《美國英語詞典》。后者使得美式英語的拼寫有了其獨特的個性。
English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.During that time English became the language for government and education.English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners.Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.現(xiàn)在英語在南亞地區(qū)也被作為外語或第二語言使用。比如,印度就有很多人說英語說得很流利,因為在1765年到1947年之間英國統(tǒng)治著印度。在此期間,英語成了印度政府和教育所用的語言。在新加坡和馬來西亞以及像非洲的南非,人們現(xiàn)在也說英語。當今,在中國學英語的人數(shù)正在快速增加,事實上,中國可能是學英語人數(shù)最多的國家。中國式英語是否也能發(fā)展成一種具有自己獨特個性的語言?這還有待時間去證明。
第五篇:高中英語必修1_課文翻譯
高中英語必修1 課文翻譯
第一單元 友誼
Reading
安妮最好的朋友
你是不是想有一位無話不談能推心置腹的朋友呢?或者你是不是擔心你的朋友會嘲笑你,會不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮?弗蘭克想要的是第一種類型的朋友,于是她就把日記檔成了她最好的朋友。
安妮在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間住在荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是猶太人,所以他們不得不躲藏起來,否則他們就會被德國納粹抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了兩年之后才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這段時間里,她唯一的忠實朋友就是她的日記了。她說,“我不愿像大多數(shù)人那樣在日記中記流水賬。我要把這本日記當作我的朋友,我要把我這個朋友稱作基蒂”。安妮自從1942年7月起就躲藏在那兒了,現(xiàn)在,來看看她的心情吧。
1944年6月15日星期四
親愛的基蒂:
我不知道這是不是因為我長久無法出門的緣故,我變得對一切與大自然有關的事物都無比狂熱。我記得非常清楚,以前,湛藍的天空、鳥兒的歌唱、月光和鮮花,從未令我心迷神往過。自從我來到這里,這一切都變了。
??比方說,有天晚上天氣很暖和,我熬到11點半故意不睡覺,為的是獨自好好看看月亮。但是因為月光太亮了,我不敢打開窗戶。還有一次,就在五個月以前的一個晚上,我碰巧在樓上,窗戶是開著的。我一直等到非關窗不可的時候才下樓去。漆黑的夜晚,風吹雨打,雷電交加,我全然被這種力量鎮(zhèn)住了。這是我一年半以來第一次目睹夜晚??
??令人傷心的是??我只能透過臟兮兮的窗簾觀看大自然,窗簾懸掛在沾滿灰塵的窗前,但觀看這些已經(jīng)不再是樂趣,因為大自然是你必須親身體驗的。
你的安妮
Using Language
Reading and
親愛的王小姐:
我同班上的同學有件麻煩事。我跟我們班里的一位男同學一直相處很好,我們常常一起做家庭作業(yè),而且很樂意相互幫助。我們成了非常好的朋友。可是,其他同學卻開始在背后議論起來,他們說我和這位男同學在談戀愛,這使我很生氣。我不想中斷這段友誼,但是我又討厭人家背后說閑話。我該怎么辦呢?
莉薩
Reading and writing
尊敬的編輯:
我是湖州高中的一名學生。我有一個難題,我不太善于同人們交際。雖然我的確試著去跟班上的同學交談,但是我還是發(fā)現(xiàn)很難跟他們成為好朋友。因此,有時候我感到十分孤獨。我確實想改變這種現(xiàn)狀,但是我卻不知道該怎么辦。如果您能給我提些建議,我會非常感激的。
曉東
第二單元 世界上的英語Reading通向現(xiàn)代英語之路
通向現(xiàn)代英語之路
16世紀末期大約有5百萬到7百萬人說英語,幾乎所有這些人都生活在英國。后來,在17世紀英國人開始航海征服了世界其它地區(qū)。于是,許多別的國家開始說英語了。如今說英語的人比以往任何時候都多,他們有的是作為第一語言來說,有的是作為第二語言或外語。以英語作為母語的人,即使他們所講的語言不盡相同,也可以互相交流。請看以下例子:
英國人貝蒂:“請到我的公寓(flat)里來看看,好嗎?”
美國人艾米:“好的。我很樂意到你的公寓(apartment)去?!?/p>
那么,英語在一段時間里為什么會起變化呢?事實上,當不同文化互相交流滲透時,所有的語言都會有所發(fā)展,有所變化。首先,在公元450年到1150年間,人們所說的英語跟今天所說的英語就很不一樣。當時的英語更多地是以德語為基礎的,而現(xiàn)代英語不是。然后,漸漸地,大約在公元800年到1150年期間,英語不那么像德語了。因為那時的英國的統(tǒng)治者起初講丹麥語后來講法語。這些新的定居者大大豐富了英語語言,特別是在詞匯方面。所以到17世紀,莎士比亞所用的詞匯量比以前任何時期都大。在1620年,一些英國人搬遷到美洲定居。后來,到了19世紀,有些英國人也被送往澳大利亞,兩個國家的人都開始說英語了。
最后,到20世紀,英語才真正定形。那時,英語在拼寫上發(fā)生了兩大變化:首先,塞繆爾?約翰遜編寫了詞典,后來,諾厄?韋伯斯特編纂了《美國英語詞典》,后者體現(xiàn)了美國英語拼寫的不同特色。
現(xiàn)在,英語在南亞也被當作外語或第二語言來說。比如說,印度擁有眾多講英語很流利的人,這是因為英國于1765年到1947年統(tǒng)治過印度。在那期間,英語成了官方語言和教育用語。在新加坡、馬來西亞和非洲其它國家,比如南非,人們也說英語。目前在中國學習英語的人數(shù)正在迅速增長。事實上,中國可能擁有世界上最多的英語學習者。中國英語會發(fā)展出自己的特色嗎?這只能由時間來回答了。Using Language
Reading and talking
什么是標準英語?是在英國、美國、加拿大、澳大利亞、印度、新西蘭所說的英語嗎?信不信由你,(世界上)沒有什么標準英語。許多人認為,電視和收音機里所說的就是標準英語,這是因為在早期的電臺節(jié)目里,人們期望新聞播音員所說的英語是最好的英語。然而,在電視和收音機里,你也會聽出人們在說話時的差異。
當人們用不同于“標準語言”的詞語時,那就叫做方言。美國英語有許多方言,特別是中西部和南部地區(qū)的方言,以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。在美國有些地區(qū),即使是相鄰城鎮(zhèn)的兩地人所說的語言都可能稍有不同。美國英語之所以有這么多的方言是因為美國人是來自世界各地的緣故。
地理位置對方言的產(chǎn)生也有影響。住在美國東部山區(qū)的某些人說著比較古老的英語方言。當美國人從一個地方搬到另一個地方時,他們也就把他們的方言隨著帶去了。因此,美國東南部山區(qū)的人同美國西北部的人所說的方言就幾乎相同。美國是一個使用多種方言的大國。雖然許多美國人經(jīng)常搬遷,但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌虮鎰e、理解彼此的方言。
第三單元 游記Reading
沿湄公河而下的旅程
第一部分夢想與計劃
我的名字叫王坤。從高中起,我姐姐王薇和我就一直夢想作一次偉大的自行車旅行。兩年前,她買了一輛昂貴的山地自行車,然后還說服我買了一輛(山地車)。去年她去看望了我們的表兄弟——在昆明讀大學的刀衛(wèi)和宇航。他們是傣族人,在云南省西部靠近瀾滄江的地方長大,湄公河在中國境內(nèi)的這一段叫瀾滄江,在其他國家(境內(nèi))叫湄公河。很快,王薇使表兄弟也對騎車旅游產(chǎn)生了興趣。大學畢業(yè)以后,我們終于有了機會騎自行車旅行。我問我姐姐:“我們要去哪兒?”首先想到要沿湄公河從源頭到終點騎車旅游的是我的姐姐?,F(xiàn)在她正在為我們的旅行制定計劃。
我很喜歡我姐姐,但是她有一個很嚴重的缺點。她有時確實很固執(zhí)。盡管她對去某些地方的最佳路線并不清楚,她卻堅持要自己把這次旅游安排得盡善盡美。于是,我就知道這個盡善盡美的方式總是她的方式。我不停地問她,“我們什么時候出發(fā)?什么時候回來?”我還問她是否看過地圖。當然她并沒有看過——我的姐姐是不會考慮細節(jié)的。于是,我告訴她,湄公河的源頭在青海省。她給了我一個堅定的眼神——這種眼神表明她是不會改變主意的。我說,我們的旅行將從5, 000多米的高地出發(fā),這時她似乎顯得很興奮。當我告訴她那里空氣稀薄,呼吸困難,而且天氣很冷時,她卻說這將是一次有趣的經(jīng)歷。我非常了解我的姐姐,她一旦下了決心,什么也不能使她改變。最后,我只好讓步了。
在我們旅行前的幾個月,王薇和我去了圖書館。我們找到一本大型地圖冊,里面有一些世界地理的明細圖。我們從圖上可以看到,湄公河發(fā)源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初,江面很小,河水清澈而冷冽,然后它開始快速流動。它穿過深谷時就變成了急流,流經(jīng)云南西部。
有時,這條江形成瀑布,進入寬闊的峽谷。我們倆驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)這條河有一半是在中國境內(nèi)。當流出中國,流出高地之后,湄公河就變寬了,變暖了,河水也變成了黃褐色。而當它進入東南亞以后,流速減緩,河水蜿蜒緩慢地穿過低谷,流向生長稻谷的平原。最后,湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中國南海。
Using Language
Reading and speaking
沿湄公河而下的旅程
第二部分 山中一宿
雖然是秋天,但是西藏已經(jīng)開始下雪了。我們的腿又沉又冷,感覺就像大冰塊。你看到過雪人騎自行車嗎?像往常一樣,王薇在我的前面,我知道我用不著給她鼓勁兒。上山很艱難,而下山卻很好玩。等我們到達山谷,天氣就暖和多了,我們不得不把帽子、外衣、手套和長褲換成T恤衫和短褲。然后,當我們到達較冷的高地時,我們又得換衣服。剛到傍晚,我們就停下來宿營,先把帳篷支起來,然后吃飯。晚飯后,王薇就去睡覺了,而我卻睡不著。半夜里,天空變得清朗了,星星很亮。山里非常安靜——那天晚上幾乎沒有風,只有篝火的聲音。我們已經(jīng)走得很遠了,馬上就要到達云南的大理。在那里,我們的表兄弟刀衛(wèi)和宇航將加入我們的行列。我們迫不及待地想要見到他們!
四單元 地震
Reading
地球的一個不眠之夜
河北省東北部的農(nóng)村不斷有些怪事發(fā)生:三天來,村子里的井水升升降降,起起伏伏。農(nóng)夫注意到,水井的井壁上有深深的裂縫,裂縫里冒出臭氣。農(nóng)家大院里的雞,甚至豬都緊張得不想吃食。老鼠從田地里跑出來找地方藏身。魚缸和池塘里的魚會往外跳。在1976年7月28日凌晨3點左右,有些人看到天上一道道明亮的光。即使天空沒有飛機,在唐山城外也可以聽到飛機聲。在市內(nèi),有些建筑物里的水管爆裂開來。但是,唐山市的一百萬居民幾乎都沒有把這些情況當一回事,當天晚上照常睡著了。
在凌晨3點42分,一切都開始搖晃起來。世界似乎到了末日!二十世紀最大的一次地震就在唐山市正下方11公里處發(fā)生了。100公里以外的北京市都感到了地震,全國1 / 3的地方都有震感。一條8公里長30米寬的巨大裂縫橫穿房舍、馬路和渠道。地上一些洞穴冒出了蒸氣。石頭山變成了泥沙河,在可怕的15秒鐘內(nèi),一座大城市就沉淪在一片廢墟之中。人們遭受的災難極為深重。2/3的人在地震中死去或受傷。成千上萬個家庭遇難,許多孩子變成了孤兒。死傷的人數(shù)達到40多萬。
幸存的人們又怎么能相信這是自然現(xiàn)象呢?人們無論朝哪里看,哪里的一切都幾乎被毀了。所有的市內(nèi)醫(yī)院、75%的工廠和建筑物、90%的家園都消失了。殘磚就像秋天的紅葉覆蓋著大地,然而它們是不可能被風刮走的。兩座大壩垮了,多數(shù)橋梁不是塌了就是無法安全通行了。鐵軌如今成了一條條廢鋼。好幾萬頭牛再也擠不出奶來。50萬頭豬和幾百萬只雞全都死了。井里滿是沙子,而不是水。人們驚呆了。接著,在下午晚些時候,又一次和第一次一樣的強烈的地震震撼著唐山。有些醫(yī)生和救援人員被困在廢墟下面。更多的房屋倒塌了。水、電和食物都很難弄到。人們開始納悶,這場災難還會持續(xù)多久。
不是所有的希望都破滅了。地震后不久,部隊派了15萬名戰(zhàn)士到唐山來協(xié)助救援人員,數(shù)十萬的人得到了救助。部隊人員組成小分隊,將受困的人們挖出來,將死者掩埋。在唐山市的北邊,有一個萬名礦工的煤礦,其中多數(shù)人得救了。援救人員為那些家園被毀的幸存者蓋起了避難所,用火車、卡車和飛機向市內(nèi)運來了水。慢慢地,這座城市又開始出現(xiàn)了生機。
Using Language
Reading, writing and speaking
中國河北
唐山市政府辦公室
200()年7月5日
親愛的________:
恭喜你!我們很高興地告訴你,你在以新唐山為主題的中學演講比賽中獲得第一名。評委會的五位評委聽了你的演講,他們都認為你的演講今年最好的。你的父母親和你的學校會為你而驕傲!
下個月我們市將開放一個新公園,以紀念在那次可怕的災難中死去的人們,并向那些曾經(jīng)為幸存者提供過幫助的人們致敬。我們辦公室想請你在7月28日上午11點給來公園的參觀者進行演講。你知道,三十()年前的這一天正是唐山發(fā)生地震的日子。在這個特殊的日子里,我們邀請你把家人和朋友一起帶來。誠摯的張沙
第五單元 納爾遜·曼德拉——一位當代英雄Reading
伊萊亞斯的故事
伊萊亞斯的故事
我的名字叫伊萊亞斯。我是南非的一個窮苦的黑人工人。第一次見到納爾遜?曼德拉的時候,是我一生中非常艱難的時期。(當時)我才12歲,那是在1952年,曼德拉是我尋求幫助的一位黑人律師。他為那些窮苦黑人提供法律指導。他十分慷慨地給予我時間,我為此非常感激。
由于我所受的教育很少,所以我需要他的幫助。我六歲開始上學,我僅僅在那里讀了兩年的學校有三公里遠。我不得不輟學,因為我的家庭無法繼續(xù)支付學費和交通費。我既不太會讀,也不怎么會寫。幾經(jīng)周折,我才在一家金礦找到一份工作。然而在那個時候,你要想住在約翰內(nèi)斯堡就非得要有身份證不可。糟糕的是我沒有這個證件,因為我不是在那里出生的,我很擔心我是不是會失業(yè)。
納爾遜?曼德拉給予我?guī)椭哪且惶焓俏乙簧凶罡吲d的日子。他告訴我要想在約翰內(nèi)斯堡立住腳,應當如何獲取所需證件。我對自己的未來又充滿了希望。我永遠也忘記不了他對我的恩情,當他組織了非國大青年聯(lián)盟時,我馬上就參加了這個組織。他說:“過去30年來所出現(xiàn)的大量法律剝奪我們的權(quán)利,阻擋我們的進步,一直到今天,我們還處在幾乎什么權(quán)利都沒有的階段。”
他說的是真話。當時黑人沒有選舉權(quán),他們無權(quán)選擇他們的領導人。他們不能做自己想要做的工作。他們所能住的城區(qū)都是由白人決定的。他們被打發(fā)去住的城外地區(qū)是南非最貧窮的地區(qū)。在那兒,沒有人能夠種莊稼。事實上,就像拉爾遜?曼德拉所說的:
“??我們被置于這樣一個境地:要么我們被迫接受低人一等的現(xiàn)實,要么跟政府作斗爭。我們選擇向法律進攻。首先我們用和平的方式來破壞法律,而當這種方式也得不到允許時,??只有到這個時候,我們才決定用暴力反抗暴力?!?/p>
事實上,我并不喜歡暴力,??但是在1963年的時候,我?guī)椭Я艘恍┱髽恰D鞘呛芪kU的事情,因為如果我被抓住了,可能就會被關進監(jiān)獄。但是,我樂于幫忙,因為我知道,這是為了實現(xiàn)我們的黑人和白人平等的夢想。
Using Language
Reading
伊萊亞斯的故事續(xù)篇
你無法想象羅本島這個名字聽起來多么令我們恐懼。那是一座任何人也逃不出去的監(jiān)獄。在那里我度過了我一生中最艱難的歲月。但是我到那里時,納爾遜·曼德拉也在那兒。從某種意義上講,這倒幫了我的忙。曼德拉先生為我們那些幾乎沒有上過學的人開辦學校。他在午餐后的休息時間以及晚上本來該睡覺的時間教我們學習。我們躲在毯子下面讀書,我們用可以找到的任何東西作蠟燭來看書。我成了一名好學生,想要為我的學位而學習,但是別人不允許我這樣做。我知道我是夠聰明的,并且有能力拿到學位。曼德拉先生讓獄卒參加我們一起學習。他說他們不應該被剝奪學習的權(quán)利。他們并不比我更聰明,卻通過了考試,因此我就知道我也能夠拿到學位。這讓我覺得自己還不錯。
在監(jiān)獄里呆完四年之后,我去找工作。因為我受過比較好的教育,我得到了一份坐辦公室的工作??墒蔷炀职l(fā)現(xiàn)了,告訴了我們那個行業(yè)的重要人物,說我因為炸政府大樓而坐過牢。于是我失業(yè)了。在曼德拉和非國大于1994年掌權(quán)之前,我有20年沒有工作。在此期間,我的妻兒只得從親戚朋友處討飯吃,并乞求幫助。幸虧曼德拉先生還記得我,給了我一份工作,叫我?guī)е眯袌F去參觀羅本島上我住過的那座舊監(jiān)獄。第一次給旅行團作講解時,我的心情很不好。我回憶起那時所有的恐怖和令人畏懼的情景。我記起了獄卒的鞭打和暴行,我想到了我那些死去的朋友,我覺得我不能做這份(導游的)工作。但是我的家人卻鼓勵我,他們說,從南非新政府得到的這份工作和薪餉,是我畢生為爭取黑人的平等權(quán)利而斗爭所得到的回報?,F(xiàn)在,我51歲了,我還能給參觀者介紹有關監(jiān)獄的情況,對此我感到非常驕傲,因為我曾經(jīng)為黑人在自己的國土上爭取自由而出過力。