第一篇：四級必備之虛擬語氣小結(jié)

英語四級語法備戰(zhàn)-虛擬語氣大總結(jié)

概述：

如果你看到下列的句子，你會認為它們是正確的還是錯的呢？ 1.I wish I were a bird.2.We request that you be here tomorrow.也許你會說:“哈哈，第一句的 I were 錯了，應該是 I was；而第二句中的 you be是什么東東呀？不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!” 其實上面的句子都是一種稱為 Subjunctive 類型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的書譯為“假設語氣”，雖不很貼切；但在相當大的程度上，告訴我們這種句子的特點。Subjunctive Mood中文譯作“虛擬語氣”，似乎不及“假設語氣”那么容易明白。它是一種動詞形式，表示說話人的某種假設、愿望、懷疑、猜測、建議等含義。

基本上，虛擬語氣可分為虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present)和虛擬過去(Subjunctive Past)兩種；但它們和時態(tài)(Tenses)上所指的現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Present Tense)和過去時態(tài)(Past Tense)是有所不同的

一、虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present):

虛擬現(xiàn)在的句子，在任何時候都要用動詞的原形(root form)，就算是第三人稱(he,she, it)也是如此。如：

1.1 現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present):(右邊為虛擬語氣)I work----I work you work----you work he works----he work(注意到了嗎，是 work，不是 works)she works----she work(不是 she works 喔）

it works----it work(同樣不是 it works 喔)we work----we work they work----they work 1.2 現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)(Present Continuous)右邊為虛擬語氣）

I am working----I be working(注意用的是 be，怪怪的!)

you are working----you be working he is working----he be working she is working----she be working it is working----it be working we are working----we be working they are woring----they be working 1.3 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)(Present Perfect)右邊為虛擬語氣)I have worked----I have worked you have worked----you have worked he has worked-----he have worked(用的還是have喔)she has worked----she have worked it has worked----it have worked we have worked----we have worked they have worked----they have worked 1.4 現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)(Present Perfect Continuous)右邊為虛擬語氣)I have been working----I have been working you have been working----you have been working he has been working----he have been working(是 he have, 不是 he has)she has been working----she have been working it has been working---it have been working we have been working----we have been working they have been working----they have been working

二、虛擬過去(Subjunctive Past)

虛擬過去的動詞無論在什么情況之下都要用過去復數(shù)形式。如：動詞 be，在虛擬過去 中要用 were。

2.1 過去時態(tài)(Simple Past)右邊為虛擬語氣)I worked----I worked you worked----you worked he worked----he worked she worked----she worked it worked----it worked we worked----we worked they worked----they worked 2.2 過去進行時態(tài)(Past Continuous)右邊為虛擬語氣)I was working----I were working（注意是 I were）

you were working----you were working he was working----he were working(是 he were 喔)she was working----she were working it was working----it were working we were working----we were working they were working----they were working 2.3 過去完成時態(tài)(Past Perfect)右邊為虛擬語氣)I had worked----I had worked you had worked----you had worked he had worked----he had worked she had worked----she had worked it had worked----it had worked we had worked----we had worked they had worked----they had worked(耶，全部都用 had!)2.4 過去完成進行時態(tài)(Past Perfect Continuous)右邊為虛擬語氣

I had been working----I had been working you had been working----you had been working he had been working----he had been working she had been working----she had been working it had been working----it had been working we had been working----we had been working they had been working----they had been working(全部都是 had been 喔）

三、簡單的祝愿和命令： 3.1 祝愿

1.May you be happy.(注意那個 be)祝你幸福。

2.May you have a good time.3.May the friendship between us last long, 4.Have a good journey!祝你旅途愉快！3.2 命令

注意：1.命令虛擬語氣只能用在第二人稱(you)，而且通常省略主語(也就是you)。

2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號：！

3.虛擬語氣動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go

4.否定形式的命令語氣，可用助動詞 do，加上 not。

1.Work!2.Work harder!3.Be more alert!(虛擬語氣動詞 Be)4.You go out!5.Do not work so hard.(do not 表示否定的虛擬語氣)6.Don't be afraid.(口語中常用don't 代替 do not)

四、在現(xiàn)在時態(tài)句里，用情態(tài)動詞(Modal Verb)的過去時態(tài)

(could,might,should,would)表示說話人的謙虛、客氣、有禮、委婉等： 1.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office.(情態(tài)動詞 would,表示客氣有禮)2.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉)

五、虛擬語氣在賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法： 5.1 在wish后的虛擬語氣賓語從句(可省略它的that)：

表示：a.和現(xiàn)在的事實相反；

b.和過去的事實相反；

c.對將來的主觀愿望。

5.1.1 現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，從句用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)：

1.I wish(that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動詞過去式 knew)

我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)2.I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)

但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)3.I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)

但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能,難道是鳥人？呵呵)4.When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)5.Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)

現(xiàn)在他在中國，他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)6.When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)5.1.2 過去情況的虛擬，從句動詞用“had + 過去分詞”（時間上較前): 1.I wish(that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)2.He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒有失去機會。(其實已失去)3.We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)4.I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)5.They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(will wish,had + listened)(事實上并不如此)5.1.3 將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)，從句動詞用“would/should/could/might + 動詞原形”(時間上較后):

(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同喔)1.I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)

我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)2.I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)

我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)3.You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)

你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)4.I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)

我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)5.He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)

(只是希望我們和他在一起，實際上還沒在一起)為了這個wish的部份，可花了我不少時間喔。I wish you would appreciate my work.5.2 除了wish之外，下列各動詞(如 suggest)的后面的虛擬語氣賓語從句，其謂語用 ：“should + 動詞原形”表示建議(suggest)、堅持(insist)等虛擬語氣： * suggest(建議), recommend(推薦), advise(勸告), propose(建議)* insist(堅持), consent(允諾)* decide(決定), order(命令)* request(要求), demand(要求), desire(期望), ask(要求)* maintain(主張), urge(催促)1.I suggest that we(should 可省略,下同)start the meeting at once.(suggest, should + start)(表示建議立即開會)2.The doctor suggested that he(should)try to lose his weight.(suggested, should + try)(表示建議你應該減肥喔)3.He insisted that all of us(should)be there on time by any mains.(insisted, should + be)(表示堅持,無論如何都要準時到那兒。你再講也沒用哩！)4.He insisted that we(should)tell him the news.(insisted, should + tell)(表示非要你告訴他不可)5.He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves.(ordered, should + wash)(表示命令學生們每周自己洗衣服)

六、虛擬語氣在表語從句、同位語從句中的用法：

下列名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句，也用“should + 動詞原形” 表示虛擬語氣： * demand(要求), desire(請求),requirment(要求)* advice(勸告), recommendation(建議),suggestion(建議)* order(命令)* necessity(必要地), preference(優(yōu)先)* proposal(計劃), plan(計劃), idea(辦法)1.The advice is that we(should 可省略，下同)leave at once.(名詞advice，should + leave)(表示加以勸告)2.My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + get)(表示做出主意)3.I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold)(表示做出計劃)虛擬語氣之類的語法真是錯綜復雜，不是一時半刻就能弄清楚的。再會

七、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法

句型：It is(或was)+ 形容詞(或過去分詞)+ that …… +should + 動詞原 形……

句子：It is natural that she should do so.(形容詞natural, should+動詞原 形do)常用的形容詞：

* natural(自然的), appropriate(適當?shù)?,advisable(合適的), preferable(更可取的), better(更好的)* necessary(必須的), important(重要的), imperative(急需的), urgent(急迫的), essential(本質(zhì)的), vital(必不可少的)* probable(很可能的), possible(可能的)* desirable(極好的)常用的過去分詞(Past Participle): * required(需要的), demanded(要求), requested(被請求的), desired(要求)* suggested(建議), recommended(推薦)* orderd(命令)1.It is necessary that we(should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have)(表示有需要去散步)2.It was necessary that we(should)make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make)(表示有必要事先做好準備)3.It is required that nobody(should)smoke here.(required, should + smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽煙)4.It is important that every pupil(should)be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be)(表示重要的是學生都能了解校規(guī))5.It's important that we(should)take good care of the patient.(important, should + take)(表示重要的是照顧好病人)

八、虛擬語氣在條件從句(Protasis)中的用法： 條件從句有兩類：（1）真實條件句；（2）虛擬條件句。如果假設情況有可能發(fā)生的，就是“真實條件句”。如：

1.If time permits, we'll go fishing together.(如果有時間的話，我們就一起去釣魚。）如果假設的情況與事實相反，則為“虛擬條件句”。如：

1.If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的話，我們就會留在家里。）這回我們要談的就是關于“虛擬條件句”的一些句型。

* 這種句子一般由“從句”（Subordinate Clause)和“主句”(Main Clause)組成。如上 例：

If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.“If it had rained yesterday” 就是“從句”；“we would have stayed at home” 則為“主句。

* 無論”從句“或”主句“的謂語都要用虛擬語氣。它們所用的動詞有三種時態(tài)(Tenses)，就是：

現(xiàn)在時態(tài)、過去時態(tài)、將來時態(tài)。* 句型：

8.1 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(事情的發(fā)生都在同一時間內(nèi)): 從句：if + 主語 + 動詞的過去式(be 用 were)+ ……

主句：主語 + would(should, could , might)+ 動詞原形 + ……

1.If I were you, I would go with him.(從句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)2.If I were you, I should buy it.(從句用過去式動詞were，主句用動詞原形 buy)3.If I had time, I would study French.(如果有時間，我會學習法文。）

（從句用過去式動詞had，主句用動詞原形 study）

4.If she knew English, she would not ask me for help.(如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?

(從句用過去式動詞knew, 主句用動詞原形ask)注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用：”主語 + would be + 進行式動詞 + ……“ 5.If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過去式動詞were, 主句用 would be speaking)8.2 與過去事實相反的假設(假設從句的事實為過去的事)：

從句：If + 主語 + had +過去完成式動詞 + ……

主句：主語 + would(should, could, might)+ have +過去完成式動詞 +……

1.If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動詞用had studied, 主句動詞用have passed)

如果你在上個學期用功一些，你就會在考試中過關了。

2.If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.(從句動詞用had taken, 主句動詞用have failed)

如果你當時聽從我的勸告的話，你就不會在考試中失敗了。

3.If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動詞用had got up, 主句動詞用 have caught)

如果你起身得早一點，你就會趕得上火車了。4.If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動詞用had snowed, 主句動詞用 have skied)

如果下雪的話，我就可在公園里滑雪了。

注意：如果動作在進行中，主句要用：”I主語 + would + have + 完成進行式動詞+……

5.If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動詞用had been, 主句動詞用 have been speaking)8.3 與將來的事實可能相反(對將來的事實實現(xiàn)的可能性不大)：

從句：If + 主語 + should(或were)+ 動詞原形 +……

主句：主語 + would(could, should, might)+ 動詞原形 +……

1.If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動詞用should rain，主句動詞用 be)

如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

2.If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動詞用were to, 主句動詞用 tell)

如果明天他走的話，他可能會告訴你。

3.If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動詞用 were, 主句動詞用 give)

如果他在這兒，我可能會把書給他。

注意：如果動作在進行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用：“If + 主語 + 過去進行式動詞+……” 4.If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動詞用 were staying, 主句動詞用 let)

如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會讓她騎我的馬。

8.4 從句的 If 有時可省略，那么從句中的動詞(were, had, should)就得移到主語前 面：

1.原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去If：Were she younger, she would do it.(把動詞were移到主語she的前面)2.原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主語he的前面)8.5 有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個：

1.I could help you.(只有主句）

2.If I had time.(只有從句）

3.She should have come to the meeting.(只有主句)4.If he had much more money.(只有從句)8.6 有時虛擬條件句的從句和主句地動詞動作時態(tài)會不一致：

8.6.1 從句表示過去，主句表示將來：

If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.8.6.2 從句表示將來，主句表示過去：

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.8.6.3 從句表示過去，主句表示將來：

If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.8.6.4 從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：

If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.九、其他虛擬語氣在句子中的應用：

9.1 用as if(或 as though 好象)的狀語從句，表示與事實相反：

1.He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設）

他假裝好象完全不懂那事，其實他對那事非常了解。

2.The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.(用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實)

那老人看著照片，他覺得仿佛回到20年前的時光。

3.They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形動詞meet，表示與將來事實相反)

他們談了又談，仿佛他們不會再相見的樣子。

9.2 用 had hoped 表示原來希望做到而實際上未能實現(xiàn)的事情。

其賓語從句的謂語要用“would + 動詞原形”：

1.I had hoped that she would go to the U.S.and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美國去念書，但她說她喜歡留在中 國。

9.3 用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示“要不是”、“如果沒有”，表 示條件虛擬句：

1.Without air, nothing could live.要是沒有空氣，什么也不能生存。

2.But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的幫忙，我們是難有成就的。

3.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果沒有水和空氣，什么也不能生存。練習：

1.We surely desire that the tour leader us immediately of any change in the travel schedules.√A.inform B.informs C.informed D.has informed 2.Look at the terrible trouble I your advice!A.follow √B.had followed C.would follow D.have followed 3.I wish go to the movie with you tonight, but I have to finish myhomework then.A.I can √B.I could C.I will D.I would 4.available, we would certainly have sent him to the meeting.A.John was B.Wasn’t John √C.Had John been D.John had been 5.I would have come sooner but I that you were waiting.A.haven’t known B.hadn’t known √C.didn’t know D.have known 6.If you had told me in advance, I him at the airport.√A.would have met B.would meet C.had met D.met 7.Everybody has arrived.It’s time we the meeting.A.would start B.had started C.shall start √D.started 8.Tony does not dare to leave the house in case.A.he will recognize √B.he should be recognized

C.he is recognized D.he recognizes 9.Franklin looked as though he ill for a long time.A.was B.were C.has been √D.had been 10.I’d rather you about it for the time being.A.don’t think √B.didn’t think C.would not think D.had not thought 11.It is necessary that Mark in time to attend the meeting.√A.come B.came C.comes D.will come 12.Tom is working hard for fear that he.A.fell behind B.may fall behind √C.should fall behind D.would fall behind 13.It is imperative that Hurst wood to hospital at once.A.is taken B.shall be taken √C.should be taken D.must be taken 14.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it on the way.A.breaks down B.broke down C.would break down √D.should break down 15.Tomorrow, I ivory would surely be welcome.A.If she comes B.When she comes C.would break down √D.should break down

16.It is highly desirable that a new chairman for the committee.A.will be elected B.is elected C.elect √D.be elected 17.Kitty talks as if she on the spot.A.is √B.were C.has been D.be 18.I didn’t go to the concert.But I do wish I there.A.was √B.had been C.were D.went 19.It is requested that every student a plan for the nest semester.A.makes √B.make C.will make D.would make 20.The librarian recommended that the professor the newly published books.√A.borrow B.borrowed C.should have borrowed D.borrowing 21.Even if she there, Margaret could not have done anything either.A.were B.was being C.be √D.had been

22.I don’t think it advisable that Darcy the job as a secretary since he has no experience.√A.be assigned B.will be assigned C.is assigned D.has been assigned

第二篇：英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理

高考英語之虛擬語氣歸納整理

英語的動詞有三種語氣形式，即陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。陳述語氣用來說明事實或就事實提出詢問，可用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句中；祈使語氣用于表示請求、命令、建議或警告等。虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種特殊形式，用來表達假設、主觀愿望、猜測、建議、可能或空想等非真實情況。如：

1.虛擬語氣

He is honest.他很誠實。（陳述語氣）

Don‘t be late next time.下次別遲到。（祈使語氣）

If I were you，I would not go.我要是你，我就不會去。（虛擬語氣）I wish I had a lot of money.要是我有很多很多錢就好了。（虛擬語氣）2第一類

虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法：

條件句有真實條件句和虛擬條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設是有可能發(fā)生的，此時主句不用虛擬語氣；而虛擬條件句則表示一種假想，與事實相反或不大可能會發(fā)生，此時用虛擬語氣。如： If I have time，I will go.假若我有時間，我就去。（陳述語氣）

If I were you，I would go.假若我是你，我就去。（虛擬語氣）

條件句的謂語時態(tài)類型 主句謂語形式 例句 形式

1.If I were you, I should 動詞過去式 與現(xiàn)在事實would/should/could/might+ V原study English.did 相反 形 2.I would certainly go if *be 多用were I had time.1.If you had taken my

advice, you would not have 動詞過去完成would/should/could/might + failed in the test.式 have done 2.If I had left a little had done earlier, I would have caught the train.與過去事實相反

1.If you came tomorrow, we ①動詞過去式 would have the meeting.① 與將來事實would/should/could/might + V②should +V2.If it were to rain 相反 原形 原 tomorrow, the meeting ③were + to do would be put off.③

*規(guī)律總結(jié)：從句都往過去推一個時態(tài)，如：與現(xiàn)在相反的if從句就用過去時；與過去相反用過去完成時（即過去的過去）

注：特別說明

1、l would/should/could/might主句謂語中的should主要用于第一人稱后；would表示結(jié)果還表示過去經(jīng)常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較：

If you tried again，you would succeed.要是你再試一試，你就會成功的。(would表結(jié)果)If you tried again，you might succeed.要是你再試一試，你可能會成功的。(might表可能)If you tried again，you could succeed.要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。(could表能力)

2、錯綜時間虛擬條件句 即條件從句與主句所指時間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚藭r應根據(jù)具體的語境情況，結(jié)合上面提到的三種基本類型對時態(tài)作相應的調(diào)整：

If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now.要是昨晚下過雨的話，現(xiàn)在地面就會是濕的。

You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.假若你當時聽我的話，你現(xiàn)在就會好多了。

3、If虛擬條件句的否定（含蓄條件句）?？純蓚€句型：If it weren’t for?和If it hadn’t been for?，其意為“若不是(有)” “要不是”。如：

If it weren’t for water, no plant could grow.要是沒有水植物就無法生長。

If it hadn’t been for your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.=But for your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.=Without your assistance，we wouldn’t have succeeded.如果沒有你的幫助，我們不會成功的。

4、If虛擬條件句的倒裝形式，即把were, had, should置于句首。例：

Were I in school again(= If I were in school again), I would work harder.如果我能再上一次學，我會學習得更努力。

Had you asked me, I would have told you.(=If you had asked me,?)如果你問我，我會告訴你。

3第二類

使用虛擬語氣的常見結(jié)構(gòu)或從句：

1.*wish與hope接賓語從句的區(qū)別在于：hope表示一般可以實現(xiàn)的希望，賓語從句用陳述語氣。wish表示很難或不大可能實現(xiàn)的希望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。試比較：

（1）We hope they will come.(We don’t know if they can come.)

（2）We wish they could come.(We know they are not coming.)我們希望他們能來。

2.if only 與 I wish一樣，也用于表示與事實相反的愿望，其后所虛擬語氣的時態(tài)與 wish后所接時態(tài)的情況相同：

If only she had had more courage!她再勇敢一些就好了。

If only I had listened to my parents!我要是當時聽了父母的話就好了。

If only she would go with me!她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!

*if only 通常獨立使用，沒有主句。

3.lwould rather后句子用虛擬語氣 只分現(xiàn)在和過去

在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon后的that從句中, 句子謂語習慣上要用虛擬語氣，表示“寧愿做什么”，具體用法為：

① 一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?/p>

I’d rather you went tomorrow(now).我寧愿你明天(現(xiàn)在)去。

② 用過去完成時表過去的愿望

I’d rather you hadn’t said it.我真希望你沒有這樣說過。

4.las if(though)從句用虛擬語氣

以as if(as though)引導的方式狀語從句或表語從句，有時用虛擬語氣,則與wish用法相同，例： He acts as if he knew me.他顯得認識我似的。

They treat me as though I were a stranger.他們待我如陌生人。

He talks as if he had been abroad.他說起話來好像曾經(jīng)出過國。

注：兩點說明

(1)從句所表示的內(nèi)容若為事實或可能為事實，也可用陳述語氣：

It looks as if we’ll be late.我們似乎要遲到了。

(2)注意 It isn’t as if?的翻譯：

It isn’t as if he were poor.他不像窮的樣子(或他又不窮)。

4第三類

從句中should+動詞原形，should可省略

1.在 lest，for fear that(以免),in case(以防)引導的目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣

She walked quietly lest she(should)wake up her roommates.她走得很輕以免吵醒她的室友。

2.表應當做 值得做 一類動詞后的賓語從句

建議advise, suggest, propose, recommend命令order, command請求ask, demand, require, request指示direct督促urge提議move, vote希望desire堅持insist打算intend安排arrange 例如：

I insisted that he(should)stay.我堅持要他留下。

He urged that they go to Europe.他督促他們到歐洲去。

He suggested that we shouldleave early.他建議我們早點動身。

He ordered that it(should)be sent back.他命令把它送回去。

I ask that he leave.我要求他走開。

He requires that I(should)appear.他要求我出場。

I move that we accept the proposal.我提議通過這項提案。

He arranged that I should go abroad.他安排我去國外。

She desires that he do it.她希望他做此事。

The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。*suggest表“暗示”insist表“堅持認為”不用虛擬語氣

比較：

He insisted that Ihad read his letter.他堅持說我看過他的信。

He insisted that I should read his letter.他堅持要我看他的信。

He suggested that we(should)stay for dinner.他建議我們留下吃飯。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.我覺得你與他心照不宣。

3.order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句 Our suggestion is that you（should）be the first to go． 我們的建議是你應該第一個去。

4.*advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order

l “It is(was)+ 緊急 重要--帶感情色彩

上述demand/suggest等動詞過去分詞 或

important,natural,strange ,necessary，surprised, appropriate等形容詞 后的主語從句

1.It is ordered that the army(should)get there by 4 a.m.2.It is necessary that she(should)be sent there at once.注：*It is necessary，important，strange，natural，advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(絕對必要), impossible, improper,obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.；it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/desired/proposed

第四類

It’s time后的從句用虛擬語氣從句謂語通常用過去式表示(早)該干某事了

*有時也用過去進行時或“should+動詞原形”(較少見，且should不能省略)

ex.It’s time we went [were going, should go].我們該走了。

It’s time I was in bed.我該上床睡了。(不用were)

It's time = It is(the very/high/right/about)time

第五類

表示祝愿話語中也可以用虛擬語氣。

May godbless you.愿上帝保佑你。

May you enjoy many years of health and happiness.祝您健康長壽美滿幸福。

第六類

在少數(shù)句型中，謂語用虛擬語氣。

1）有that引導的句子（表示愿望或沮喪情緒）That the rain would stop.但愿雨能停下來。

2）由would that引導的句子（表示但愿）Would that he wear gone.但愿他已走掉。

3）由to think引導的句子（表示沒想到）To think that I trusted him.沒想到我竟然信了他。5 wish和as if

1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望

構(gòu)成：主語 + wish(that)+ 從句主語 + 動詞過去式（be 一律用were）

例如：I wish I knew everything in the world.我希望我知道世界上所有的事。

I wish that the experiment were a success.我希望這個實驗是成功的。

We wish we had wings.我們希望有翅膀。

2.表示與過去事實相反的愿望

構(gòu)成：主語 + wish(that)+ 從句主語 + would/could + have + 過去分詞或had + 過去分詞 例如：I wish that you had called yesterday.我希望你昨天來過。

I wish that I could have gone with you last night.我希望我昨晚能和你一起去。

I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.我沒有去參加晚會，但是我真的希望我去過那里。

3.表示將來不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望

構(gòu)成：主語 + wish(that)+ 從句主語 + would/should/could/might + 原形動詞

例如：I wish that he could try again.我希望他能再次嘗試。

I wish that someday I should live on the moon.We wish that they would come soon.II.AS IF 引出的虛擬。

As if?.表好像??我們經(jīng)常會利用一下句型來表達不能實現(xiàn)的虛擬狀態(tài)：It is as if??。(就好象是??)

As if + 從句，主句。（好像?? Sb.+ do?）表達一種假設的條件。而 As if 之后的假設內(nèi)容的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和wish虛擬的結(jié)構(gòu)一樣。

L.33 A Day to Remember 中原句，“As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives.” 就利用了和現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設虛擬。北京新東方名師指出，要善于總結(jié)出一些學習語法的技巧，如利用對比，舉例等方法進行學習。

注：Something is to happened，I'm to face it。

6注意事項

使用虛擬條件句時要注意的幾點：

1．當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間作出相應的調(diào)整。如：

If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years’ time.2．if 省略句在條件句中可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首 , 變?yōu)榈寡b句式。如： If I were at school again, I would study harder.→ Were I at school again, I would study harder.If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.→ Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.→ Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.注意：若省略的條件句中的謂語動詞是否定形式時，不能用動詞的縮略形式。如：我們可以說：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.但不能說：Weren't it for the expense, I would go abroad now.3．用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。常用的介詞有with, without, but for。如：

What would you do with a million dollars?(= if you had a million dollars)

We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(= if we hadn't got your help)

But for the rain(= If it hadn't been for the rain), we would have finished the work.4．含蓄條件句

有時為了表達的需要，在虛擬語氣中并不總是出現(xiàn)if引導的條件句，而通過其他手段來代替條件句。

I was ill that day.Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.(副詞)He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(連詞)

A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.（定語從句）I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.(連詞)

Everything taken into consideration, they would have raiser their output quickly.(獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu))

混合型與含蓄型虛擬語氣

1。混合型虛擬語氣：

當虛擬條件從句與結(jié)果主語所表達的時間不一致時，被稱為“混合條件句”，這種虛擬語氣被稱為“混合型虛擬語氣”，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表達的時間作相應調(diào)整。如：

If you had followedthe doctor's advice ,he would be all right now.(條件從句表達的時間是過去，因此用had+過去分詞；主句表示的時間是現(xiàn)在，因此用would+動詞原形)

2.含蓄型虛擬語氣：

有時候，虛擬條件不是通過if引導的條件句來表示，而是暗含在上下文中

（1）.用but for、without(如果沒有）等來代替條件從句，如

Without electricity human life would be quite different=If there were no electricity ,human life would be quite different

(2)用otherwise、or(or else),even though等表示與上文的情況相反，從而引出虛擬語氣。如： I lost your address.Otherwise,I would have visited you long before.=I lost your address.If I hadn't lost your address ,I would have visited you long before.(3)虛擬條件通過but暗示出來。如：

He would have given you more help,but he was too busy

他本來會給你更多的幫助，但是他太忙了。也就是說，如果那時他不忙，他可以給你更多的幫助。句中but he was too busy實際上暗示了一個虛擬條件——如果那時他不忙

He would lose weight,but he eats too much

他本來可以減肥的，但是他吃的太多了。也就是說，如果他吃得不多的話，他是可以減肥的。句中的but he eats too much實際上暗示了一個虛擬條件——如果他吃得不多

第三篇：英語四級作文萬能句、虛擬語氣

英語作文常用句式

一、引出開頭

1：It is well-known to us that……（我們都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（就我所知…）

2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus.== Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……問題引起了關注）

3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（現(xiàn)今，人口過剩已成為我們不得不面對的問題）

4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已在我們的生活扮演著越來越重要的角色，它給我們帶來了許多好處但也產(chǎn)生了一些嚴重的問題）

5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……

（隨著科技的迅速發(fā)展，越來越多的人認為……）

6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人們一般認為……）

7：A lot of people seem to think that……

（很多人似乎認為……）8: It is universally acknowledged that + 句子

（全世界都知道...）

9.Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.人類正面臨著一個嚴重的問題……，這個問題變得越來越嚴重。

10.______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.…已成為人的關注的熱門話題，特別是在年青人當中，將引發(fā)激烈的辯論。11.______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.…在我們的日常生活中起著越來越重要的作用，它給我們帶來了許多好處，但同時也引發(fā)一些嚴重的問題。

12.According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously，______，but why? 根據(jù)圖表/數(shù)字/統(tǒng)計數(shù)字/表格中的百分比/圖表/條形圖/成形圖可以看出……。很顯然……，但是為什么呢？

13.At present/Nowadays, one phenomenon calls for/deserves people’s attention is that: …

目前，一種現(xiàn)象引起了人們的注意：…

14.The controversial issue often brought into public focus is that:…

一種經(jīng)常引起公眾爭議的問題是：

15.The phenomenon of____ has given rise to a heated discussion.一種…的現(xiàn)象經(jīng)常引起人們的熱烈討論.二、表達不同觀點

1.People's views on……vary from person to person.Some hold that……However, others believe that……

（人們對……的觀點因人而異，有些人認為……然而其他人卻認為……）2.People may have different opinions on……（人們對……可能會持有不同見解）3.Attitudes towards（drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）

（人們對待吸毒的態(tài)度因人而異）4.There are different opinions among people as to……（對于……人們的觀點大不相同）

5.關于……人們有不同的觀點。一些人認為……

There are different opinions among people as to ____.Some people suggest that ____.6.俗話說（常言道）……，它是我們前輩的經(jīng)歷，但是，即使在今天，它在許多場合仍然適用。

There is an old saying______.It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.7.現(xiàn)在，……，它們給我們的日常生活帶來了許多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更為糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life.First, ____ Second, ____.What makes things worse is that______.8.現(xiàn)在，……很普遍，許多人喜歡……，因為……，另外（而且）……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______.Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.9.任何事物都是有兩面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.10.關于……人們的觀點各不相同，一些人認為（說）……，在他們看來，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them, _____.三． 提出自己的觀點

1.至于我，在某種程度上我同意后面的觀點，我認為……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____.2.但是，……和……都有它們各自的優(yōu)勢（好處）。例如，……，而……。然而，把這兩者相比較，我更傾向于（喜歡）……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.3.就我個人而言，我相信……，因此，我堅信美好的未來正等著我們。因為…… Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______.4.至于我（對我來說，就我而言），我認為……更合理。只有這樣，我們才能…… For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____.5.對我來說，我認為有必要……。原因如下：第一，……； 第二，……；最后……但同樣重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______.6.在總體上很難說……是好還是壞，因為它在很大程度上取決于……的形勢。然而，就我個人而言，我發(fā)現(xiàn)……。

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______.四．中間段落句

1.相反，有一些人贊成……，他們相信……，而且，他們認為……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2.但是，我認為這不是解決……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____.Worst of all，___.3.……對我們國家的發(fā)展和建設是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

______is necessary and important to our country’s development and construction.First，______.What’s more, _____.Most important of all,______.4.有幾個可供我們采納的方法。首先，我們可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt.First, we can______

5.面臨……，我們應該采取一系列行之有效的方法來……。一方面……，另一方面，Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______.For one thing，______For another，______

6.早就應該拿出行動了。比如說……，另外……。所有這些方法肯定會……。

It is high time that something was done about it.For example._____.In addition._____.All these measures will certainly______.7.為什么……？第一個原因是……；第二個原因是……；第三個原因是……?？偟膩碚f，……的主要原因是由于……

Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.8.然而，正如任何事物都有好壞兩個方面一樣，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。

However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.9.盡管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.10.完全同意……這種觀點（陳述），主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.五、表示結(jié)尾

1.In short, it can be said that……（總之，他的意思是……）

2.From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（從上面提到的，我們可以得出結(jié)論……）

3.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的這些因素加以考慮，我們自然可以得出結(jié)論……）4.Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我們最好的出這樣的結(jié)論……）

5.There is no doubt that(job-hopping)has its drawbacks as well as merits.（毫無疑問，跳槽有優(yōu)點也有缺點）

6.All in all, we cannot live without……, but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（總之，我們沒有……無法生活，但同時我們必須尋求新的解決辦法來面對可能出現(xiàn)的新問題）

7.總而言之，整個社會應該密切關注……這個問題。只有這樣，我們才能在將來……。

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.8.隨著社會的發(fā)展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每個人都愿為社會貢獻自己的一份力量，這個社會將要變得越來越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it’s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.9.綜上所述，我們可以清楚地得出結(jié)論……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.10.如果我們不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了這種趨勢，就會出現(xiàn)一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我們應該做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____.六、提出建議

1：It is high time that we put an end to the(trend).（該是我們停止這一趨勢的時候了）

2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫無疑問，對……問題應予以足夠重視）

3：Obviously, if we want to do something … it is essential that……（顯然，如果我們想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有這樣，我們才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V

（不遺余力的）

七、預示后果 1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明顯，如果我們不能控制這一問題，很有可能我們會陷入危險）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫無疑問，除非我們采取有效措施，否則我們很可能會……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很緊迫的是應立即采取措施阻止這一事態(tài)的發(fā)展）

八、表示論證 1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.(在我看來，支持第一種觀點比第二種更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我無法完全同意這一觀點）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我來說……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced(that)從句.（我真誠地相信……）

5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地說，還有另外一個實際的原因……）

九、給出原因

1：The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）

2: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons.First,…….Second,…….Third，……。

這一現(xiàn)象存在有很多原因的，第一……第二……第三……

3：For one thing,…… For another thing，…… ==On the one hand,……On the other hand……一方面……另一方面……

4：I quite agree with the statement that……The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分贊同這一論述，即……。其主要原因如下。

十、列出解決辦法和批判錯誤觀點做法

1：The best way to solve the troubles is……解決這些麻煩的最好辦法是…… 2：As far as something is concerned,……就某事而言，…… 3;It is obvious that……

很顯然……

4：It may be true that……but it doesn't mean that…… 可能……是對的，但這并不意味著……

5;It is natural to believe that……but we shouldn't ignore that…… 認為……是自然的，但我們不應忽視……

6：There is no evidence to suggest that……沒有證據(jù)表明……

十一、表示好處和壞處

1：It has the following advantages.它有如下優(yōu)勢: 2：It is beneficial/harmful to us.==It is of great benefit/harm to us.它對我們有益處 3: It has more disadvantages than advantage.他有很多不足之處

十二、表示重要、方便、可能

1：It is important(necessary/difficult/convenient/possible)for sb to do sth.對于某人做……是……

2：It plays an important role in our life.十三、采取措施

1：We should take some effective measures.我們應該采取有效措施 2：We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties.我們應該盡最大努力去克服困難

3：We should do our utmost in doing sth.我們應該盡力去做……

4：We should solve the problems that we are confronted/faced with.我們應該解決我們面臨的困難

十四、顯示變化

1：Some changes have taken place in the past five years.過去五年發(fā)生了很多變化 2：Great changes will certainly be produced in the international communications.在國際交流中理所當然會發(fā)生很多大的變化

3：It has increased/decreased from…to…他已經(jīng)從…增加/減少到… 4：The output of July in this factory increased by 15%.這個工廠7月份產(chǎn)量以增加了15%

十五、表明事實現(xiàn)狀

1;We cannot ignore the fact that……我們不能忽略這個事實…… 2：No one can deny the fact that……沒人能否認這個事實…… 3：This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in… 4: be closely related to …

（與...息息相關）

十六、進行比較

1：Compared with A,B……

與A比較，B…… 2;I prefer to read rather than watch TV.十七、常用英語諺語

1：Actions speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯 2：All is not gold that glitters.發(fā)光的未必都是金子 3：All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬

4：A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半 5：Every advantage has its disadvantage有利必有弊 6：A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里 7：Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母 8: Industry is the parent of success.勤奮是成功之母 9: It is never too old to learn.活到老，學到老 10: Knowledge is power.知識就是力量

11: Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上無難事，只怕有心人

提綱式作文寫作模板

1、對立觀點式

A.有人認為X 是好事，贊成X，為什么？

B.有人認為X 是壞事，反對X，為什么？

C.我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一個原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一個原因。However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反對X 的第一個理由。An example can give the details of this argument: There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一個壞處。

2、批駁觀點式

A．一個錯誤觀點。

B．我不同意。Many people argue that 錯誤觀點。By saying that, they mean 對這個觀點的進一步解釋。An example they have presented is that 一個例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 贊成這個錯誤觀點或者受到這個錯誤觀點的影響)。There might be some element of truth in these people's belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 與錯誤觀點相反的觀點。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下參照辯論文的議論文寫法)。

3、社會問題(現(xiàn)象)式

A．一個社會問題或者現(xiàn)象

B．產(chǎn)生的原因

C．對社會和我們生活的影響

D．如何杜絕。(如果是問題的話)

E．前景的預測。

Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 調(diào)查內(nèi)容說明這種現(xiàn)象的情況。(或者是一個例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面參照辯論式議論文寫法。X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.參照辯論式議論文的寫法。A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.同上Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will……

辯論式議論文模版

（一）Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that

觀點1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that

觀點2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all，論據(jù)1.More importantly，論據(jù)2.Most important of all，論據(jù)3.In summary, 總結(jié)觀點。As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心?；騀rom above, we can predict that 預測。

辯論式議論文模版

（二）People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that

觀點1.While others point out that

觀點2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing，論據(jù)1.For another，論據(jù)2.Last but not the least，論據(jù)3.To conclude, 總結(jié)觀點.As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心?；騀rom above, we can predict that 預測。

辯論式議論文模版

（三）There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(爭論的焦點)。Some people are of the view that

觀點1.While others take an opposite side, firmly believing that

觀點2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all，論據(jù)1.Furthermore，論據(jù)2.Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is, 論據(jù)3.A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that 總結(jié)觀點。As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心。或 From above, we can predict that 預測。

虛擬語氣（Subjunctive Mood）

虛擬語氣（Subjunctive Mood）這一語法項目是各類英語考試中心測試的重點之一。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式，用來表示說話人所說的話并不是事實，而是一種假設、愿望、懷疑或推測。判斷是真實條件句還是非真實條件句。只有在非真實條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思，看假設的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣；假設的條件不能實現(xiàn)則是非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。判斷這個假設是與哪個事實相反。通常有三種情況：①與過去事實相反。②與現(xiàn)在事實相反。③與將來事實可能相反。一．If引導的非真實條件句中

1.與現(xiàn)在事實相反：（從句謂語動詞）動詞的過去式(be用were而不用was)

（主句謂語動詞）

should/ would /could/ might+動詞原形 與過去事實相反：（從句謂語動詞）had + 過去分詞

（主句謂語動詞）should/ would/could/might + have+過去分詞 與將來事實相反：（從句謂語動詞）1.should+動詞原形 2.動詞過去式

3.were to+動詞原形

（主句謂語動詞）should/ would/ could/ might +動詞原形

2.省略if 采用倒裝語序的條件句。有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if省去，而將had，should，were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。If he had worked harder，he would have got through the exams.== Had he worked harder，he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today，he would get there by Friday.==Were he to leave today，he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place，I wouldn’t do that.==Were I in your place，I wouldn’t do that.3.有時虛擬條件句并沒用if 從句表示出來，而是用介詞短語（otherwise，or，without，but for）、上下文或其它方式來表示。如：We didn’t know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.Without you help，I wouldn’t have achieved so much.But for（“要不是。..。..”的意思）your help，I would not have succeeded.二： 虛擬語氣在從句中用should的情況：

1.在表示建議，要求，命令，想法的動詞后的從句里，用should + 動詞原形，should 可以省略。如 advise，agree，command，decide，demand，determine，grant，indicate，insist，order，prefer，propose，request，require，stipulate，suggest，urge，vote.?？嫉降氖牵?suggest，advise，demand，require，propose，insist，order，request.His doctor suggested that he（should）take short leave of absence.The author proposed that TV（should）be turned off at least one hour every day.2.在表示建議，要求，命令，想法的名詞后的從句里，用should + 動詞原形，should可以省略。如 advice，decision，agreement，command，decree，demand，determination，indication，insistence，order，preference，proposal，request，requirement，stipulation etc.It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone（should）have a map.His suggestion was that everyone（should）have a map.He gave us a suggestion that everyone（should）have a map.3.在It is/was +形容詞后的that 從句中用should的結(jié)構(gòu)，should 可以省略。這類形容詞常見的有： advisable，anxious，compulsory，crucial，desirable，eager，essential，fitting，imperative（絕對必要），impossible，improper，important，natural，necessary，obligatory，possible，preferable，probable，recommended，urgent，vital etc.It’s natural that she（should）do so.It is essential that we（should）tell her the news.4.在 lest 和 for fear that（以免），in case（以防）從句中用should，should 可以省略。

She walked quietly lest she（should）wake up her roommates.Have your gun ready in case we should need it.三： wish 后的 that 從句中：

1.表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿瑥木渲羞^去式。I wish I knew his address.I wish I were young.2.表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)或不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句用過去完成式或would，could，might + had + 過去分詞。

I wish you had written to him.3.如果將wish改成wished，其后that 從句中動詞的形式不變。

4.如果that 從句中用would，一般表示 對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求 I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.四： 在 It’s about/ high/ first（second，third etc）time 后的that 從句中，用過去式。表示“該是做什么的時候了”

It is about time you were in bed.It is high time we left.It is the first time I came here.五： 在if only（“如果。..。就好了”的意思）感嘆句中，謂語動詞與wish賓語從句的虛擬形式相同。

If only he didn’t drive so fast！（現(xiàn)在）If only she had asked someone’s advice.（過去）If only the rain would stop.（將來）

六： 在as if / as though 從句中，表示和現(xiàn)在事實相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑，用過去式;表示過去想象中的動作或情況，用過去完成式。

He speaks as if he were on the spot.She spoke to me as if I were deaf.This device operated as though it had been repaired.注： 1.在 as if / as though 句中，如果有可能成為事實，用陳述語氣。He looks as if he is going to be ill.2.在 insist 后的從句中，如果是堅持自己，用陳述語氣，堅持別人做什么事情，用虛擬語氣。

She insists that she is right.She insisted that I should finish the work at once.

第四篇：英語四級小結(jié)

四級一般的閱讀方法和做題方法概括四句話：1掃讀題干關鍵詞 2瀏覽原文作標記 3比較選項得答案 4迅速排除省力氣 其中核心是瀏覽原文作標記 可以標記的地方：1指示性的具體信息 如時間、人物、數(shù)字 2與文章結(jié)構(gòu)有關的中心信息 包括：主題句 轉(zhuǎn)折詞（but however yet出現(xiàn)這幾個詞的時候一般都會考到）其他標記題號 文章首句出現(xiàn)定義或者概念，通常就是主題 出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折必會考到

主題在末段的可能性接近于零0 任何主題題型只要選項包含細節(jié)就直接錯誤，不管它有大多偉大 按時間順序闡述的文章主題通常在首末段，尤其是首段

細節(jié)題定為原則：細節(jié)出現(xiàn)多次，優(yōu)先考慮首次定位

原文有個詞，再在選項中弄一個與其相類似的單詞作干擾選項 作詞義題的方法：根據(jù)上下文確定同義或反義的關系 兩個動詞分不開的時候看主語 doubt or challenge 出現(xiàn)連串數(shù)字或者年代時常被考到

一道題答案有疑問時，找特殊位置，找特殊語言現(xiàn)象

重要句：有些句子常被考到位于特殊位置：1）各段首句2）全文末句3）文中結(jié)論解釋句 問句在第一段首末常有意義，與主題掛鉤。

作那種四個選項哪個是對的題目，注意：1）正確答案一般針對全文或者段落主題2）通過排除得到正確答案 細節(jié)題小結(jié)

一、做題步驟

1、根據(jù)問題中的關鍵詞回原文定位。關鍵詞包括1）一般為名詞或名詞詞組2）優(yōu)先考慮的關鍵詞：①專有名詞，包括人名和帶“”的詞②數(shù)字、時間③形容詞和副詞④比較或因果語言現(xiàn)象

2仔細閱讀包含關鍵詞的句子，在本句、上下句尋找線索。

3、將包含線索的句子與選項進行比較，對線索句進行同義替換的為正確答案。同義替換有三種方式：①關鍵詞替換②正話反說③語言簡化

二、按照順序?qū)ふ掖鸢?/p>

由于細節(jié)題的排列順序，一般對應原文的敘述順序，所以一般按順序?qū)ふ掖鸢浮ｊP于實驗型文章

①在實驗型文章中，通?？梢愿鶕?jù)問題中的動詞定位 ②答案基本上按順序?qū)ふ?/p>

——四級考試中一般有五個表示試驗結(jié)果的重要動詞：find, show, identify, observe, notice一般看到含有這幾個詞的句子要注意，通?？春竺嬗袥]有類似的詞出現(xiàn)在問題中；反之，看到問題中有這幾個詞的時候要到文章中找這幾個詞，這些都是近義詞。實驗型文章實驗目的指向主題或目的不定式

第一段首末出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折常與主體掛鉤.如果四個選項中有兩個意思是相反的，那么其中必有一個是正確的；如果有兩個意思都是一樣的，那么這兩個選項一定都是錯誤的。

許多選項出現(xiàn)：文章里是客觀描述，結(jié)果到了選項里變成了主觀性的描述，這些選項是錯誤的——這是四級常用的陷阱。選項中口氣太絕的也是錯誤的 出題的位置包括：

1、重要句，重要句包括：①各段首末句 ②文中結(jié)論解釋句

2、特殊語言現(xiàn)象，包括：比較、轉(zhuǎn)折、數(shù)字、因果和例子（尤其是很長的例子的時候他喜歡考）。

當文章的主題句、中心思想很難找的時候，可以看在文章的段首段尾句、關鍵的句子里出現(xiàn)多的單詞，一般是主題詞；另一種方法是看5個題目中的各個選項出現(xiàn)次數(shù)比較多的詞也可能是主題詞。

句子題的做題思路：①分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，包含這個句子主干的選項為正確答案②看上下句，確定同義或反義關系。主題題型

一、1、有主題句時，與主題句相對應的為正確答案

——如何找主題句：主題句具有總結(jié)性，一般位于文中三個地方①全文首句（出現(xiàn)得最多）②一段末句，一段末句出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折或結(jié)論時常出現(xiàn)主題。③第二段的一、二句，二段對一段進行總結(jié)或否定時常出現(xiàn)主題。例如進行總結(jié)的文章；進行否定的文章；

2、文中沒有主題句時，各段首句相加，其中共有的詞匯為本文的主體詞，必須出現(xiàn)在主題題型的正確答案中。

主題詞的特征有：①一般為名詞或名詞詞組；②出現(xiàn)頻率較高；③一般位于段落首句。

二、根據(jù)語言提示尋找主題

1、根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)確定主題，常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：①結(jié)論解釋型的文章，結(jié)論為主題所在。一般首句是個判斷句或者有態(tài)度時就常是結(jié)論，尤其是首句之后緊跟較長的例子或細節(jié)時。

②現(xiàn)象解釋型的文章，解釋為文章主題所在。——問句出現(xiàn)在一段首末句，問句等于現(xiàn)象?；卮鹁褪侵黝}。

③問題解決方案型文章，解決方案為文章主題。2001年6月第一篇

2、文章首句中的主題名詞，尤其是主語在后文被重復時，暗示首句為本文的主題句。

三、主題題型的變體

1、標題，本文最好的標題

①正確答案對應文章的主題詞；②選項范圍要恰如其分；

2、寫作目的①寫作目的等于中心思想；②文章中談到困難或問題(problem,difficulty,hardship)時，包含下列動詞的選項優(yōu)先考慮：warn,remind，四、主題題型的正誤選項的特征

1、正確選項必須包含文中的主題詞；

2、錯誤選項主要有兩種：①包含細節(jié)；②出現(xiàn)了原文中沒有提到的內(nèi)容。文章中出現(xiàn)兩個對立觀點時，作者可以明確支持其中一派；如果不明確支持其中一派，他的態(tài)度一般是折衷的。詞義題

一、返回原文找到被考的詞或短語

二、做題方法

①根據(jù)上下文確定同義或反義關系（尋找詞性和語法功能相同的詞，根據(jù)他們來確定意思）②根據(jù)詞根或動詞詞組的副詞判斷意義

三、字面意思或大綱中的第一個意思通常不是答案 例證題

1、例證題的總原則：問一個例子或類比的目的或原因，答案為該例子前后總結(jié)說明性的話。

2、兩種模式：①先總結(jié)，后例子答案往前找；給出例子時常有提示詞：for example ,for instance ②先例子后總結(jié)答案往后找；給出總結(jié)時常用提示詞：therefore thus 等結(jié)論性詞匯。

3、三種情況：①全文性的例子，答案為本文的主題；②段落性的例子，答案指向段落主題句，在本段的首末句；③在沒有標志詞的情況下，問一個單詞例證什么，通常等于問該單詞在句子中的意思；

對于文章寫的比較郁悶，作者觀點不明確的文章，作者對文中的問題一般表示關注。Concerned 對于一個事件不管渲染的多么可怕，不出人命就不叫 fatal 致命的 因果原則

1、隱性因果：即問題出現(xiàn)因果詞，但原文找到的句子沒有因果詞，一般集中與段落的前兩句；尤其是前一句是因后一句是果。

2、顯性因果：①因果名詞（在問題中有因果，在原文中也有因果）：reason result basis ②因果動詞：base on ,be due to , result from , result in ③因果連詞或介詞：because, with, why , for, as ④因果副詞：therefore , thus ,as a result 在文章中看見因果詞就要想到后面會考到；在選項中看到因果詞，就要想到文中的因果現(xiàn)象。

如果文章中談一個現(xiàn)實問題，解決方案一般不夠完美，所以涉及解決方案的選項具有以下特征才是正確的：①目前解決方案不行；②需要繼續(xù)尋找解決方案。實驗型文章實驗目的指向主題或目的不定式，對于實驗性文章，實驗代表人物有了，再看實驗目的，然后是實驗結(jié)果，凡是與這三點無關的句子都要快讀。文章的主題可以用兩個方式來表達：①直接闡述作者的觀點；②否定與作者相反、相對立的觀點。

表示態(tài)度的詞： favorable adj.贊成的, 有利的, 贊許的, 良好的

enthusiastic adj.狂熱, 熱心, 積極性

supportive adj.支持的，支援的 defensive 為??而辯護

objection /opposition 反對

detestation/ hatred n.憎惡, 厭惡的人, 嫌惡

indignation 憤慨

contempt n.輕視, 輕蔑, 恥辱, 不尊敬

compromising n.妥協(xié), 折衷v.妥協(xié), 折衷

worried adj.悶悶不樂的,焦慮的

Formal(informal)正式, 禮儀, 拘謹(非正式, 不拘禮, 通俗)

Matter of fact 實事求是, 以事實為依據(jù)

Personal(impersonal)人性的, 涉及隱私的, 私人的,(客觀的, 和個人無關的, 沒有人情味的, 非人的)

Respectful 表示尊敬的, 有禮貌的, 謙恭的 Wonder 奇跡, 驚訝, 難以置信的

Affection(affectionate)深情的, 親切的, 摯愛的

Amusement(amusing)有趣的, 使人發(fā)笑的, 消遣的, 愉快的

Approval(disapproval)贊成的, 滿意的(不以為然的, 不贊成的, 非難的)Reverence(irreverence)虔誠的, 表示尊敬的, 充滿崇敬心的(不敬的, 不遜的, 無禮的)

Disappointment 使人失望的, 令人沮喪的, Sarcasm(sarcastic)諷刺的, 譏諷的 Persuasive(convincing)令人信服的, 有力的, 使人心悅誠服的 Indifferent 漠不關心的, 不重要的, 冷淡的 Condemnation(condemnable)該受責備的, 可非難的, 該罰的 Apologetic 道歉的, 急于認錯的, 辯護的 Frustrated 挫折的, 挫敗的, 無益的 Contemptuous 輕蔑的, 鄙視的, 瞧不起人的 Cynical 憤世嫉俗的, 諷刺的, 冷嘲的 Pitying 憐憫的, 遺憾的, 同情的 Bitter(bitterness)痛苦的, 懷恨的(悲痛, 怨恨)

Factual 事實的, 實際的 Humorous 富幽默感的, 滑稽的, 詼諧的 Inventive 善于創(chuàng)造的, 發(fā)明的 Self-righteous 自以為是的 Insincere 不誠實的, 無誠意的, 偽善的 Matter-of-fact 事實的, 實際的, 事務性的,平淡的

Stick to established facts 堅持已確立的觀點

Impatient 不耐煩的, 著急的, 急切的 Pleasure 心情舒暢的, 愉悅的 Anxious to please 焦慮地討好, 渴望地取悅

Seriously 嚴肅地, 認真地

Up-to-date 最近的, 跟上時代的 Paradoxical and witty 似非而是的詼諧, 矛盾的妙語, 詭論的機智

Unforgiving 不可饒恕的, 不可原諒的 Professionally scientific 專于科學的, 專業(yè)從事科學的

Argumentative 好辯的 Critical 批評的, 吹毛求疵的, 非難的 Admire 欽佩的, 羨慕的 Expected 期待的, 盼望的 Fascinating 迷人的, 吸引人的, 使人神魂顛倒的

Easily understood 清晰易懂的, 明了的 Incorrect 不正確的 Curious 好奇的, 求知的, 古怪的 Rational 理性的, 合理的 Decisive 決定性的, 堅定的, 果斷的 Reflective 反射的, 反映的 Self-contradictory 自相矛盾的 Confusing 混淆的, 混亂的, 無秩序的 Optimistic 樂觀的, 樂觀主義的 Pessimistic 悲觀的, 悲觀主義的 Sentimental 感傷的, 感情用事的

Scientifically objective 客觀科學的, 從科學

角度不帶任何偏見的 Delighted 開心,快樂

Show horror 展現(xiàn)恐怖氛圍, 描寫恐怖心理

Esthete 審美的, 唯美主義的, approval 贊成，承認

approving 滿意的 concerned 關心的，重視的 confident 自信的，確信的 complimentary 贊美的 impartial 全面的，公正的 objective 客觀的 optimistic 樂觀的 positive 實際的 radical根本的，激進的 subjective主觀的，個人的 unbiased 沒有偏見的 emotional感情的，情緒的 biased 偏向的 critical評論的, 鑒定的, 批評的, cynical憤世疾俗的 disapproval 不贊成

disgusting(annoying/disturbing)令人厭惡的 indignant 憤怒的 intolerable無法忍受的 irrelevant不相關的 negative 否定的，消極的 opposite/opposing反對的 prejudiced有成見的；偏頗的 pessimistic 悲觀的 sarcastic諷刺的suspicious(doubtful)可疑的，questionable/skeptical 置疑的 apathetic(unsympathetic)無動于衷的 indifferent 漠不關心的 impartial/ unprejudiced 公平的，不偏不倚的 impassive(unsympathetic/unresponsive)冷漠的，沒同情心的 impersonal 無個人色彩的

第五篇：如何應用虛擬語氣

如何應用虛擬語氣

朱可寶

我們在日常生活中經(jīng)常會聽到這樣一些話，“要是我有足夠的資金，我會買一輛屬于自己的轎車?！薄耙窃僮屑氁稽c，我就會考滿分?！薄拔乙悄愕脑?，我就會接受她的邀請.”其實，諸如此類的句子就是我們英語學習中的一個重要的知識點——虛擬語氣。我們自覺不自覺地運用了虛擬語氣來我們的情感。

在新課標教材中虛擬語氣是一個很重要的語言知識點，在高考中也是必考內(nèi)容之一。高三學生要重視對虛擬語氣的復習。我們復習這個語言點時重點要復習習慣用法，特殊句型，以及和情態(tài)動詞一起使用。我們先看非真實的條件句中的謂語動詞。有三種情況，（一）與過去事實相反的假設，其固定結(jié)構(gòu)是條件（假設）部分謂語動詞用had done, 主句（結(jié)論）部分用would/should/could/might+ have done(主動)/have been done(被動).表示“要是過去（不）做了。。，就（不）會有。。發(fā)生或出現(xiàn)”這樣一種心情。例如，If you had worked hard, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam.（要是你真的努力了，你就不會考試不及格了。）言外之意就是說平時不努力，不及格自然是很正常的，表示一種既惋惜又責備的心情。

（二）與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設，其固定結(jié)構(gòu)為條件(假設)部分的謂語動詞用過去式，主句(結(jié)論)部分用would/should/could/might do（主動）/be done(被動).例如，If I were you, I would buy a new car rather than a second-hand one.(要是我是你的話，我就買一輛新車而不是二手車。)務必注意，虛擬語氣中只用能用were, 不能用was.（三）與將來事實相反的假設，其固定結(jié)構(gòu)是這樣的，條件(假設)部分的謂語動詞用過去式/were to do/should do, 主句（結(jié)論）用would/could/should/might do(主動)/be done(被動).例如，If it were to rain/should rain/rained tomorrow, we would put off the visit to the Great Wall.(要是明天下雨的話，我們就推遲去長城。)特別要提醒的是，(一)如果條件句中有were/ had/should時，可以采用省略if的句式，方法就是將were/should/had調(diào)到句首。例如，Had we left earlier, we would have arrived there on time.(If we had left earlier, we would have arrived there on time.)

（二）Without…/But for…/otherwise….相當于一個非真實條件句，謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。例如，Without your help, I wouldn’t have finished this work.(If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have finished this work.)I really had so much work to do yesterday, otherwise I would have gone shopping with you.(I really had so much work to do.If I hadn’t been so much work to do, I would have gone shopping with you.)虛擬語氣在從句中的應用也較多。主要有以下幾個方面：1，用在wish 的賓語從句中。表示不能或難于實現(xiàn)的愿望。例如，I wish I could fly to the moon one day.（但愿有一天我能夠飛到月球上去。）2，用在suggest/order/command/demand等表示建議，要求，命令之后的從句中，用should do/should be done.Should可以省略，只保留do/be done例如，The teacher suggested that this plan(should)be discussed first.（老師建議這個計劃要先討論一下。）3, 用在as if/as though之后的從句中。例如，She danced as if she were a professional dancer.（她的舞跳得仿佛她就是一個職業(yè)舞蹈者。）4，用在it is(high)time之后的從句中。表示到了該做某個事情的時候了。例如，The big exam is coming, it is high time we should work harder.（大考臨近了，我們該努力了。）5，用在would rather 之后的從句中。表示一種愿望。例如，I would rather she didn’t miss the flight.（但愿她沒有錯過航班。）6，用在if only 之后的從句中。例如，If only I had worked harder.（我要是學習再刻苦一點就好了。）

當然，虛擬語氣的應用遠不止以上這些。在實際生活中的運用很復雜。要想熟練自如地使用虛擬語氣，我們必須在平時交流中盡可能多地運用虛擬語氣來表達我們的羨慕，嫉妒，批評，責備和愿望。只有這樣，我們才能熟諳虛擬語氣。