第一篇：淺談人力資源管理在中小企業(yè)中的作用

Shallowly discusse the human resources management in enterprise's function

The human resource management is using science method, coordinating person and matter relations, processing the person and person's contradiction,fully displaying person's on potential.Causes to enable each person to develop his talents, matter itsperson, the human affairs are suitable, realizes the organization goal process.The human resources management English abbreviation is “HRM”.Its connotation refers to the human resources the gain, the conformity, the drive as well as the regulative entire process.Including the human resource plan, the personnel advertise for, theachievements appraised, the staff trains, wages and welfare policy and so on.It has essential with the traditional personnel management the difference.The human resources management also is containing one kind of understanding, in the reality person has each kind of difference, only with other resources unions talent people has the ability to create the value.So people's knowledge and the ability also are the strategic resources,needing the according to the circumstance management.The human resources management another typical characteristic is aboutthe conformity concept.Around an entire set of staff policy, the activity and the practice need to link up and unifies with the organization strategy.Enterprise by management content，management form, the control system and so on forms the management idea and the concrete person, the matter, the thing, the organization which managedand so on was constituted the enterprise culture.It has formed one kind of enterprise spirit, it’s distinguishing other enterprises the characteristic.But all these are the person organizes and the realization.Therefore the human resources management has the pivotal function inthe business management activity.Along with the modern human affairs theory development and the modern management idea system formation, the person places as the productiveforces first big essential factor head of in the each big resources.Because the person has the subjective initiative,using other resources the ability, it’s may creating the wealth the resources.But the so-called management is an art which goes according toperson's will accomplishes, may say in the modern management idea thehuman resources management is the enterprise culture core.一Human resources management has three big contents：the employment advertise hires, the staff trains, the achievementsinspection, other work is all serveing for these three big contents.The human resources manage an art are a science.1.The employment advertise hires.An enterprise's start first is the human resources start, forguarantees the production activity when the enterprise interior humanresources lack needs from exterior employment advertise talented person, for enterprise's development prompt supplement qualified human resources, the realization enterprise interior human resources reasonable effective disposition.Says from another angle, it’s guaranteesing personnel's individual quality and the community quality safeguard.Which kind of low level competition the well known present enter prise competition isn't past that kind regards the low price sale to attachit for the main method by the high quota buckling rate, but at presentin under the modern management idea instruction enterprise'scompetition is omni-directional, mainly highlighted in talented person's competition, the personnel quality competition.If the international well-known enterprise which because the modern enterprise's marketing plans, the management method, marketconsciousness and so on the advanced competition way is depending on the talented person which high quality completes “the General Motors” in Shanghai every year from various name brands university selects theoutstanding university graduates unceasingly to enrich to theenterprise in, and unceasingly trains its working ability and the professional knowledge, causes the enterprise overall quality as fornot to appear the competitive ability the fault, the employment advertise hires the work is front which the enterprise competes part.2.Staff training Training is the enterprise activities important constituent, mainly includes the enterprise culture training, enterprise policy training,behavior standards training, specialized skill training, to work senseof responsibility training.The training goal is making the enterprise to preserve the exuberant development momentum, for enterprise's development transportation qualified human resources, the present training work has become asystem, strengthened the goal, system.Take market as under guidance production method, enterprise in order to survive, in order to develop also must comply with market development path.This is a rule, is not taking person's will as theshift.Under the ever changing market situation, enterprise's development and the management is also facing the new opportunity and the newchallenge.The enterprise takes what capital to meet the approaching enemy thenew opportunity and the new challenge.Looks like or can not leave person this to be most basic,greatest,richest vigor capital.Shanghai Yuyuan group respective company,Shanghai Qiaojiazhan group respective company is forecast the market shift, promptly formulates the training plan,achieved ahead of time trains arrives, was allowed promptly to complywith the market shift, the market economy did not wait for the person;Does not struggle does not snatch is the mediocre person, company'straining is take improves the personnel quality take the market as theguidance as the key point, but is not in corrects the time waste atstaff's deviation, because the quality enhanced the deviation nature to be few.The training work is a foundation which the enterprise develops.3.Achievements inspection The achievements inspection is droving the mechanism the need, it’s the human resources core, it’s through to staff's working ability, the post compatibility, the work responsibility.Achieves goal and so on work nature and quantity and efficiencyinspection, comes the science appraisal each staff to be competent thenature to the post.The inspection is to staff's awarding, the penalty, training, adjuststhe hillock, is promoted, the salary, execution the and so on welfarebasis, may excavate the enterprise interior talented person through the inspection, may eliminate the unqualified staff.The inspection is competes and in the drive mechanism introductionenterprise, may say, if an enterprise lacks the system of examiningand assessment or the system of examining and assessment becomes old,surely meets a stagnant water deep pool, cannot swing the beautifulripples, also radically will be far from picks up enterprise tomorrow the sun, the waiting perhaps is the rain is continuous.In the system of examining and assessment awards directs to proceed,the penalty hits is proceeding, awards and punishes all drives themeasure, is tends to the consummation one way.Above said three bigcontents, are an organic whole complement one another, indispensable.二．The enterprise talented person resources goal is attracts the person,trains the person, uses the good person, the excavation potential, thestimulation vigor.The enterprise should closely revolve the economical development goal,take the talented person resources development as the basic duty,fundamentally solves talented person's development and the use.1.Speeds up the establishment to adapt the management system which each kind of talented person grows.It must according to the market economy system request, the deepenedenter prise personnel system reform, speed up establishes adapts eachkind of talented person to grow the characteristic new talented person management system.It must revolve the high quality leader only then, the management managerial talent, the specialized technical talented person and the technical worker four troops constructs, establishes each characteristic the classification control system, takes to pay specialattention to the innovation talented person, the compound talentedperson's raise and selects the use, sets up the heavy ability, theheavy actual accomplishments, the heavy contribution, encourages tostart an undertaking, the encouragement innovation, the encouragementcompetition servant new idea.2.Enlarges educates training to the talented person the investment.The enterprise must use trains and educates the function to cause the enterprise to become “the study organization”, wears the strength tosharpen each kind of talented person's innovation ability and the creation ability.Trains in the work in the enterprise to be supposed to adopt high techand the high investment measure, makes the enterprise human capital unceasingly to rise in value.Enlarges to the training education investment, both can meet theenterprise economy development needs, and can satisfy the talented person earnestly seeking which enhances to the professional profession development and individual ability, this kind of investment can obtain compared to a material higher repayment, moreover this kind of repayment has the persistent effect and the ultra cost.3.Enhances to talented person's drive dynamics The drive is the modern enterprise talented person resources development core.Whether does the talented person resources on potential display andcan display in the great degree, relies on in the certain degree totalented person's drive dynamics.The enterprise in the introduction of talent, the use needs positively to study individual demand and the system satisfies the feeling toindividual demand the influence as well as can have each kind of drive function mechanism, formulates the talented person troop incometreatment and its the post responsibility and the achievement,contributes the suspension hook the principle, implements according to the post, according to the duty, the distribution system which pays compensation according to the achievement, encourages element of production participation income assignment and so on the technology,management, maximum limit arouses the talented person enthusiasm,finally realizes the enterprise economy development and the talented person resources development double abundant harves.t 三．The human resources department also must create the profit.The human resources department therefore the comparison difficultywith accomplishes the strategic status, is “spends” the departmentwith the human resources department to have the greatest relations,because needs to spend, therefore enterprise mister considers from the economic efficiency aspect, the implementation taps new resources andreduces expenses policy, irreproachable, the human resources department can not blame god and man.But if can change this kind to be congenitally deficient, also turnsthe human resources department the creation profit the department,then the human resources department's status definitely may regard asanother matter.In business management, if the human resources department can do fine the inspection module does thoroughly is also may weigh the profitcreation the rod.In the accounting has together the formula “the profit =(property +income)-(debt + expense)”.The human resources inspection module if can complete, may really implement “the more pay for more work, little works are few, does not work does not have” the fair assignment mechanism, reduces the invalid waste, this is may get quick results knows the profit creation animportant aspect.But as for above mentioned positively consultation content and so on participates in the management, provides, also belongs to the profit creation the content, is only when the weight compares difficulty with the quantification.所謂的人力資源管理是指，運(yùn)用科學(xué)的方法，協(xié)調(diào)人與事的關(guān)系，處理人與人的矛盾，充分發(fā)揮人的潛能。使人盡其才，事得其人，人事相宜，以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)的過(guò)程。人力資源管理的英文簡(jiǎn)稱是“HRM”，其內(nèi)涵是指人力資源的獲取、整合、激勵(lì)以及調(diào)控的全過(guò)程。包括人力資源規(guī)劃、人員招聘、績(jī)效評(píng)估、員工培訓(xùn)、工資福利政策等等。它與傳統(tǒng)的人事管理有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。人力資源管理還蘊(yùn)涵著一種認(rèn)識(shí)，現(xiàn)實(shí)中的人存在各種差異，只有與其他資源結(jié)合的人才有能力創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。由此可見，人們的知識(shí)和能力也是戰(zhàn)略資源，需要隨機(jī)應(yīng)變的管理。人力資源管理的另一個(gè)典型的特征是關(guān)于整合的概念，一整套的的員工政策、活動(dòng)和實(shí)踐需要前后連貫并同組織戰(zhàn)略結(jié)合起來(lái)。

企業(yè)由管理內(nèi)容、管理形式、管理制度等所形成的管理理念和被管理的具體人、事、物、組織等構(gòu)成了企業(yè)文化，形成了一種企業(yè)精神，是區(qū)別其他企業(yè)的特征，而這一切都是人去組織和落實(shí)的，所以人力資源管理在企業(yè)管理活動(dòng)中具有舉足輕重的作用

第二篇：淺談人力資源管理在中小企業(yè)中的作用

Shallowly discusse the human resources management in enterprise's function

The human resource management is using science method, coordinating person and matter relations, processing the person and person's contradiction,fully displaying person's on potential.Causes to enable each person to develop his talents, matter itsperson, the human affairs are suitable, realizes the organization goal process.The human resources management English abbreviation is “HRM”.Its connotation refers to the human resources the gain, the conformity, the drive as well as the regulative entire process.Including the human resource plan, the personnel advertise for, theachievements appraised, the staff trains, wages and welfare policy and so on.It has essential with the traditional personnel management the difference.The human resources management also is containing one kind of understanding, in the reality person has each kind of difference, only with other resources unions talent people has the ability to create the value.So people's knowledge and the ability also are the strategic resources,needing the according to the circumstance management.The human resources management another typical characteristic is aboutthe conformity concept.Around an entire set of staff policy, the activity and the practice need to link up and unifies with the organization strategy.Enterprise by management content，management form, the control system and so on forms the management idea and the concrete person, the matter, the thing, the organization which managedand so on was constituted the enterprise culture.It has formed one kind of enterprise spirit, it’s distinguishing other enterprises the characteristic.But all these are the person organizes and the realization.Therefore the human resources management has the pivotal function inthe business management activity.Along with the modern human affairs theory development and the modern management idea system formation, the person places as the productiveforces first big essential factor head of in the each big resources.Because the person has the subjective initiative,using other resources the ability, it’s may creating the wealth the resources.But the so-called management is an art which goes according toperson's will accomplishes, may say in the modern management idea thehuman resources management is the enterprise culture core.一Human resources management has three big contents：the employment advertise hires, the staff trains, the achievementsinspection, other work is all serveing for these three big contents.The human resources manage an art are a science.1.The employment advertise hires.An enterprise's start first is the human resources start, forguarantees the production activity when the enterprise interior humanresources lack needs from exterior employment advertise talented person, for enterprise's development prompt supplement qualified human resources, the realization enterprise interior human resources

reasonable effective disposition.Says from another angle, it’s guaranteesing

personnel's individual quality and the community quality safeguard.Which kind of low level competition the well known present enter prise competition isn't past that kind regards the low price sale to attachit for the main method by the high quota buckling rate, but at presentin under the modern management idea instruction

enterprise'scompetition is omni-directional, mainly highlighted in talented person's competition, the personnel quality competition.If the international well-known enterprise which because the modern enterprise's marketing plans, the management method, marketconsciousness and so on the advanced competition way is depending on the talented person which high quality completes “the General Motors” in Shanghai every year from various name brands university selects theoutstanding university graduates unceasingly to enrich to theenterprise in, and unceasingly trains its working ability and the professional knowledge, causes the enterprise overall quality as fornot to appear the competitive ability the fault, the employment advertise hires the work is front which the enterprise competes part.2.Staff training

Training is the enterprise activities important constituent, mainly includes the enterprise culture training, enterprise policy training,behavior standards training, specialized skill training, to work senseof responsibility training.The training goal is making the enterprise to preserve the exuberant development momentum, for

enterprise's development transportation qualified human resources, the present training work has become asystem, strengthened the goal, system.Take market as under guidance production method, enterprise in order to survive, in order to develop also must comply with market development path.This is a rule, is not taking person's will as theshift.Under the ever changing market situation, enterprise's development and the management is also facing the new opportunity and the newchallenge.The enterprise takes what capital to meet the approaching enemy thenew opportunity and the new challenge.Looks like or can not leave person this to be most

basic,greatest,richest vigor capital.Shanghai Yuyuan group respective company,Shanghai Qiaojiazhan group respective company is forecast the market shift, promptly formulates the training plan,achieved ahead of time trains arrives, was allowed promptly to complywith the market shift, the market economy did not wait for the person;Does not struggle does not snatch is the mediocre person, company'straining is take improves the personnel quality take the market as theguidance as the key point, but is not in corrects the time waste atstaff's deviation, because the quality enhanced the deviation nature to be few.The training work is a foundation which the enterprise develops.3.Achievements inspection

The achievements inspection is droving the mechanism the need, it’s the human resources core, it’s through to staff's working ability, the post compatibility, the work responsibility.Achieves goal and so on work nature and quantity and

efficiencyinspection, comes the science appraisal each staff to be competent thenature to the post.The inspection is to staff's awarding, the penalty, training, adjuststhe hillock, is promoted, the salary, execution the and so on welfarebasis, may excavate the enterprise interior talented person through the inspection, may eliminate the unqualified staff.The inspection is competes and in the drive mechanism

introductionenterprise, may say, if an enterprise lacks the system of examiningand assessment or the system of examining and assessment becomes old,surely meets a stagnant water deep pool, cannot swing the beautifulripples, also radically will be far from picks up enterprise tomorrow the sun, the waiting perhaps is the rain is continuous.In the system of examining and assessment awards directs to proceed,the penalty hits is proceeding, awards and punishes all drives themeasure, is tends to the consummation one way.Above said three bigcontents, are an organic whole complement one another, indispensable.二．The enterprise talented person resources goal is attracts the person,trains the person, uses the good person, the excavation potential, thestimulation vigor.The enterprise should closely revolve the economical development goal,take the talented person resources development as the basic duty,fundamentally solves talented person's development and the use.1.Speeds up the establishment to adapt the management system which each kind of talented person grows.It must according to the market economy system request, the deepenedenter prise personnel system reform, speed up establishes adapts eachkind of talented person to grow the characteristic new talented person management system.It must revolve the high quality leader only then, the management managerial talent, the specialized technical talented person and the technical worker four troops constructs, establishes each characteristic the classification control system, takes to pay specialattention to the innovation talented person, the compound talentedperson's raise and selects the use, sets up the heavy ability, theheavy actual accomplishments, the heavy contribution, encourages tostart an undertaking, the encouragement innovation, the

encouragementcompetition servant new idea.2.Enlarges educates training to the talented person the investment.The enterprise must use trains and educates the function to cause the enterprise to become “the study organization”, wears the strength tosharpen each kind of talented person's innovation ability and the creation ability.Trains in the work in the enterprise to be supposed to adopt high techand the high investment measure, makes the enterprise human capital unceasingly to rise in value.Enlarges to the training education investment, both can meet theenterprise economy development needs, and can satisfy the talented person earnestly seeking which enhances to the professional profession development and

individual ability, this kind of investment can obtain compared to a material higher repayment, moreover this kind of repayment has the persistent effect and the ultra cost.3.Enhances to talented person's drive dynamics

The drive is the modern enterprise talented person resources development core.Whether does the talented person resources on potential display andcan display in the great degree, relies on in the certain degree totalented person's drive dynamics.The

enterprise in the introduction of talent, the use needs positively to study individual demand and the system satisfies the feeling toindividual demand the influence as well as can have each kind of drive function mechanism, formulates the talented person troop incometreatment and its the post responsibility and the achievement,contributes the suspension hook the principle, implements according to the post, according to the duty, the distribution system which pays compensation according to the achievement, encourages element of production participation income assignment and so on the

technology,management, maximum limit arouses the talented person enthusiasm,finally realizes the enterprise economy development and the talented person resources development double abundant harves.t

三．The human resources department also must create the profit.The human resources department therefore the comparison difficultywith accomplishes the strategic status, is “spends” the departmentwith the human resources department to have the greatest relations,because needs to spend, therefore enterprise mister

considers from the economic efficiency aspect, the implementation taps new resources andreduces expenses policy, irreproachable, the human resources department can not blame god and man.But if can change this kind to be congenitally deficient, also turnsthe human resources department the creation profit the department,then the human resources department's status definitely may regard asanother matter.In business management, if the human resources department can do fine the inspection module does thoroughly is also may weigh the profitcreation the rod.In the accounting has together the formula “the profit =(property +income)-(debt + expense)”.The human resources inspection module if can complete, may really implement “the more pay for more work, little works are few, does not work does not have” the fair assignment mechanism, reduces the invalid waste, this is may get quick results knows the profit creation animportant aspect.But as for above mentioned positively consultation content and so on participates in the management, provides, also belongs to the profit creation the content, is only when the weight compares difficulty with the quantification.所謂的人力資源管理是指，運(yùn)用科學(xué)的方法，協(xié)調(diào)人與事的關(guān)系，處理人與人的矛盾，充分發(fā)揮人的潛能。使人盡其才，事得其人，人事相宜，以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)的過(guò)程。人力資源管理的英文簡(jiǎn)稱是“HRM”，其內(nèi)涵是指人力資源的獲取、整合、激勵(lì)以及調(diào)控的全過(guò)程。包括人力資源規(guī)劃、人員招聘、績(jī)效評(píng)估、員工培訓(xùn)、工資福利政策等等。它與傳統(tǒng)的人事管理有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。人力資源管理還蘊(yùn)涵著一種認(rèn)識(shí)，現(xiàn)實(shí)中的人存在各種差異，只有與其他資源結(jié)合的人才有能力創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。由此可見，人們的知識(shí)和能力也是戰(zhàn)略資源，需要隨機(jī)應(yīng)變的管理。人力資源管理的另一個(gè)典型的特征是關(guān)于整合的概念，一整套的的員工政策、活動(dòng)和實(shí)踐需要前后連貫并同組織戰(zhàn)略結(jié)合起來(lái)。

企業(yè)由管理內(nèi)容、管理形式、管理制度等所形成的管理理念和被管理的具體人、事、物、組

織等構(gòu)成了企業(yè)文化，形成了一種企業(yè)精神，是區(qū)別其他企業(yè)的特征，而這一切都是人去組織和落實(shí)的，所以人力資源管理在企業(yè)管理活動(dòng)中具有舉足輕重的作用

第三篇：中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

[鍵入文字] [鍵入文字] 中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

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中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

在社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的過(guò)程中，人力資源由于其主導(dǎo)性特點(diǎn)，始終處于起決定性作用的第一資源的重要地位。因此，要促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，就要優(yōu)先考慮人力資源的投入需要，由于人力資源具有社會(huì)性和成長(zhǎng)性的特點(diǎn)，企業(yè)必須用其系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)，以開放的視角來(lái)認(rèn)識(shí)人力資源，在整合和優(yōu)化人力資源的同時(shí)，挖掘和提升人力資源的價(jià)值，這是人力資源有別與其他資源的關(guān)鍵，是企業(yè)管理活動(dòng)中必須關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。

為了有效地提升人力資源的價(jià)值，并整合和優(yōu)化人力資源的配置以更好的實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的發(fā)展目標(biāo)，企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)與管理是關(guān)鍵，具體的企業(yè)人力資源管理與開發(fā)活動(dòng)包括了企業(yè)為實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)闊的再生產(chǎn)而進(jìn)行的人力資源開發(fā)，優(yōu)化配置，使用，績(jī)效，評(píng)價(jià)等諸多環(huán)節(jié)的總和。

現(xiàn)如今，我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的主要特點(diǎn)是量大、面廣、起點(diǎn)不高，多集中于勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。面對(duì)新世紀(jì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化和國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的兩大挑戰(zhàn)，其發(fā)展的核心問(wèn)題是人才。人才缺乏，尤其是高素質(zhì)的管理人才和高水平的技術(shù)人才的缺乏已嚴(yán)重制約了我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。因此，普遍提高中小企業(yè)勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)，建設(shè)一支宏大的、高素質(zhì)人才隊(duì)伍，培養(yǎng)、吸引和用好人才，這應(yīng)該作為促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)重大戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。

一、中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的現(xiàn)狀

(一)人力資源管理缺少規(guī)劃

中小企業(yè)人力資源管理缺少規(guī)劃。由于中小企業(yè)一般缺乏較明確的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，因此在人力資源管理方面也不可能有明確的計(jì)劃，只能是走一步，看一步。在缺少合格人員時(shí)，才考慮招聘，在人員素質(zhì)不符合企業(yè)發(fā)展需要時(shí)，才考慮培訓(xùn)。招聘公司急缺人才時(shí)，任意調(diào)整公司薪酬制度，提高薪酬水平，吸引人才。有閑置人才時(shí)又找借口，任意降低薪酬，減少經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由于缺少規(guī)劃導(dǎo)致人力資源管理上存在較大的隨意性，使得人員流動(dòng)性較大，最終影響了企業(yè)正常的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)。

(二)信息技術(shù)在企業(yè)管理中未得到充分利用，人力部門仍忙于日常事務(wù)

很多企業(yè)雖然建立了企業(yè)局域網(wǎng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的連通，但很多企業(yè)的各級(jí)管理者和員工還不習(xí)慣通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)完成傳統(tǒng)的管理互動(dòng)內(nèi)容，網(wǎng)絡(luò)在企業(yè)管理中的價(jià)值沒(méi)有得到充分發(fā)揮。對(duì)這些企業(yè)的人力部門而言，就意味著難以從事務(wù)性工作中脫身，無(wú)法集中在核心事務(wù)上，效率不高。我國(guó)已加入WTO，借鑒發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人力資源管理一整套技術(shù)和方法，對(duì)企業(yè)內(nèi)部中高級(jí)管理人員進(jìn)行二次開發(fā)、推進(jìn)企業(yè)信息化進(jìn)程，積極“補(bǔ)課”以實(shí)現(xiàn)人力資源管理在企業(yè)組織中角色的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)移，成為中國(guó)企業(yè)家群體的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。

(三)大量的人力資源管理者缺乏實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)

大量的人力資源管理或相關(guān)專業(yè)近期畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生，他們有系統(tǒng)的專業(yè)知識(shí)，有十分活躍的頭腦，敢想敢干，可塑性十分強(qiáng)。這些人士分布在各種類型的企業(yè)中，特別是外資企業(yè)和高新技術(shù)企業(yè)中聘用的較多。但是，人力資源管理是一個(gè)

知識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)并重的工作。一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的人力資源管理者不僅要懂得專業(yè)知識(shí)，還要十分熟悉勞動(dòng)法律、法規(guī)及相關(guān)的政策，更要有大量的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這些都需要較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的刻苦鉆研和積累才能掌握。

(四)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的投入不足

由于中小企業(yè)多數(shù)處于資金積累的成長(zhǎng)期，而且大多數(shù)從事薄弱的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，資金積累是～個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，對(duì)外融資又非常困難，所以資金實(shí)力相對(duì)薄弱。在引進(jìn)人才上，和大企業(yè)引進(jìn)人才時(shí)數(shù)十萬(wàn)、甚至上百萬(wàn)年薪相比，往往顯得無(wú)能為力。比如你讓一個(gè)小規(guī)模的加工廠拿出幾十萬(wàn)年薪去聘請(qǐng)一個(gè)職業(yè)經(jīng)理人來(lái)運(yùn)營(yíng)企業(yè)，是很不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。一個(gè)職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的年薪甚至就是一個(gè)小企業(yè)的純利潤(rùn)。要企業(yè)拿出大比重的資本來(lái)引進(jìn)這些高層人才，也會(huì)為企業(yè)的運(yùn)營(yíng)帶來(lái)較大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在培訓(xùn)人才上，中小企業(yè)也很少投入。很多企業(yè)根本沒(méi)有開展培訓(xùn)工作；即使有，也是對(duì)生產(chǎn)中迫切需要的技術(shù)進(jìn)行臨時(shí)培訓(xùn)。

(五)中小企業(yè)人力資源流失嚴(yán)重

當(dāng)今市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制的不斷完善和人事制度改革的深入推進(jìn)，使得大中型企業(yè)與中小型企業(yè)之間的人力資源競(jìng)爭(zhēng)空前激烈；中小企業(yè)在人力資源管理理念和管理制度等方面不完善，造成人力資源與企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略不匹配，人事任用不當(dāng)，績(jī)效考核體系、員工報(bào)償制度、激勵(lì)機(jī)制有缺陷不公正，培訓(xùn)缺乏效用，員工職業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃滯后等問(wèn)題，這些都會(huì)造成中小企業(yè)人力資源嚴(yán)重流失。

(六)公司戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)不明確

人力資源部門必須結(jié)合企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施予以人力資源的支持和保證。在人力資源開發(fā)與管理活動(dòng)中，應(yīng)從戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)出發(fā)，以戰(zhàn)略為指導(dǎo)，確保人力資源政策的正確性與有效性。因此，人力資源規(guī)劃的前提是企業(yè)發(fā)展與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略首先要明晰，而后才能分解到人力資源方面，隨后才會(huì)有人員需求計(jì)劃、招聘計(jì)劃、薪資福利計(jì)劃等與之相配套。而中小企業(yè)一般缺乏較明確的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，尤其在快速擴(kuò)張階段，往往涉足于不同的業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域，其中不乏許多新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。而這些新興產(chǎn)業(yè)在研發(fā)、營(yíng)銷、管理、服務(wù)等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)沒(méi)有成熟的經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以借鑒，尤其是一些新開拓的項(xiàng)目，定崗定編工作不像傳統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)那么成熟。因此在人力資源管理方面也不可能有明確的規(guī)劃，只能是走一步，看一步。

二、中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的對(duì)策

(一)確定企業(yè)人力資源管理的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)

建議由勞動(dòng)部門牽頭，組織有關(guān)部門聯(lián)合對(duì)我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源狀況、崗位供求、崗前培訓(xùn)、持證上崗等進(jìn)行一次調(diào)查。通過(guò)調(diào)查，了解和掌握中小企業(yè)在改革和發(fā)展中人力資源開發(fā)管理方面最迫切需要解決的問(wèn)題，并以此確定我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源開發(fā)管理的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。

(二)配備專門的人力資源管理人員并提高其素質(zhì)

人力資源管理對(duì)于我國(guó)大多數(shù)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)還比較陌生，它的引進(jìn)也只是最近幾年的事。即使有人來(lái)?yè)?dān)任此職位卻缺少這方面的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。陌生的管理方式被引入到企業(yè)必須有熟知它的人才能將它落實(shí)到實(shí)處。所以，企業(yè)要想方設(shè)法提高他們的素質(zhì)。首先可以采用內(nèi)部培訓(xùn)的方式，為他們購(gòu)買人力資源管理方面的書

籍、資料，以增加他們的知識(shí)。其次采用外部培訓(xùn)的方式，組織他們到有這方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)的公司去學(xué)習(xí)交流。再則可用外部招聘的方式，聘請(qǐng)有這方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人來(lái)?yè)?dān)任此職務(wù)，并鼓勵(lì)其將所掌握的技能在實(shí)際工作中傳授給經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的管理人員。

(三)加強(qiáng)企業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)氛圍及員工培訓(xùn)

對(duì)于中小企業(yè)，尤其是高新技術(shù)的企業(yè)，知識(shí)上的落伍，將直接導(dǎo)致企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。而且另一方面，中小企業(yè)的員工大部分都是年輕人，他們對(duì)于知識(shí)的渴求度是非常大的。定期學(xué)習(xí)和培訓(xùn)是他們最為看重的兩點(diǎn)。為了公司以后的持續(xù)發(fā)展，為了吸引和挽留優(yōu)秀的員工，必須要加強(qiáng)企業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)氛圍，加強(qiáng)對(duì)于員工的培訓(xùn)。此外，加強(qiáng)上下層之間的經(jīng)常性溝通，使員工釋放挫折感和不滿情緒。加強(qiáng)同級(jí)之間的自由交流，實(shí)現(xiàn)知識(shí)共享和信息交流互補(bǔ)，獲取隱性知識(shí)和顯性知識(shí)。

(四)解放思想，合理放權(quán)

中小企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)要解放思想，相信下屬，在做好企業(yè)的整體規(guī)劃時(shí)，不斷地給別人機(jī)會(huì)，合理放權(quán)。同時(shí)老板要以德管人，用德來(lái)影響別人，力爭(zhēng)像王石、張瑞敏一樣地成為思想家，要讓自己的員工心甘情愿地為企業(yè)奉獻(xiàn)。

(五)利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理科學(xué)化

充分利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)，企業(yè)可以更好地進(jìn)行科學(xué)的人力資源開發(fā)、人才培訓(xùn)，高效地完成招聘計(jì)劃。人力資源管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的最大優(yōu)勢(shì)就是使企業(yè)內(nèi)部血脈通暢，信息傳遞迅捷，煥發(fā)活力，成為大網(wǎng)絡(luò)組織中的一個(gè)信息靈通的活躍結(jié)點(diǎn)。具體地說(shuō)，企業(yè)可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)建立聊天室、公告欄、建議區(qū)、個(gè)人主頁(yè)等，每位員工可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)與其他部門或個(gè)人進(jìn)行橫向、縱向的交流。這樣，傳統(tǒng)的科層制度也被流程式、矩陣式等以網(wǎng)絡(luò)為依托的管理方式取代。

(六)建立科學(xué)的人力資源管理觀念

首先，中小企業(yè)應(yīng)樹立起人力資源開發(fā)與管理的觀念。人力資源開發(fā)與管理是企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略性管理的觀念。人力資源開發(fā)管理部門應(yīng)處于企業(yè)管理的中心地位，同時(shí)應(yīng)納入企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)總戰(zhàn)略和總決策中。其次，樹立人力資本觀念。人力資本理論的先驅(qū)者——西奧多·舒爾次也認(rèn)為“人力資本是人的知識(shí)、能力、健康等質(zhì)量的提高對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)成長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)比物質(zhì)資本和勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量的增加重要”。黨的十六大報(bào)告明確提出“放手讓一切勞動(dòng)、知識(shí)、技術(shù)、管理和資本的活力競(jìng)相進(jìn)發(fā)”；要“確立勞動(dòng)、資本、技術(shù)和管理等生產(chǎn)要素按貢獻(xiàn)參與分配的原則”。新形勢(shì)下，這種對(duì)管理要素、技術(shù)要素資本化趨勢(shì)的認(rèn)同就是最大的創(chuàng)新。企業(yè)應(yīng)注重人力資本的作用，在企業(yè)中建立利益共同體，讓員工分紅入股，讓技術(shù)創(chuàng)新者憑技術(shù)入股，讓職業(yè)經(jīng)理人以管理股的形式擁有企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)，使員工與企業(yè)利益共享、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)、共存共榮，使人們自覺(jué)自愿地努力工作。

第四篇：淺談中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

會(huì)計(jì)923熊玲玲200926514

5淺談中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

【摘要 】 在當(dāng)今,經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的激烈程度越來(lái)越強(qiáng)。這對(duì)很多企業(yè)帶來(lái)很多壓力，尤其是那些中小企業(yè)，而要使這些企業(yè)獲得更好的效益，就必須要好的管理制度.這也就要求我們企業(yè)要有適合自己的管理方案和對(duì)策。企業(yè)的人力資源管理一直成為我們首要考慮的問(wèn)題。本論文主要分析我國(guó)中小企業(yè)在人力資源管理方面現(xiàn)狀和存在的問(wèn)題，并針對(duì)性地提出了加強(qiáng)人力資源管理的建議，以期提高我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

關(guān)鍵詞競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中小企業(yè)對(duì)策人力資源管理

【研究目的和意義】

企業(yè)擁有四大資源，即：人力資源、物質(zhì)資源、財(cái)力資源和信息資源。其中，人力資源是指組織以人為中心開展一系列管理活動(dòng)，其目的是要把組織所需要的人力資源吸引到組織中來(lái)，將他們保留在組織內(nèi)，調(diào)動(dòng)他們的工作積極性，并開發(fā)他們的潛能，以便充分發(fā)揮他們的積極作用，已實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的服務(wù)目標(biāo)。物質(zhì)資源、財(cái)力資源和信息資源歸根到底是通過(guò)與人力資源的結(jié)合實(shí)現(xiàn)的，其實(shí)現(xiàn)的好壞主要取決與人力資源中人力資本的利用程度以及人力資源的質(zhì)量。因此，企業(yè)要在市場(chǎng)上獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，在很大程度取決于其充分利用人力資源的能力。i i 盧福財(cái) 人力資源管理 高等教育出版社 2006年

中小企業(yè)與大企業(yè)相比，中小企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于市場(chǎng)承受能力強(qiáng)、活力充沛、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)、靈活性高；但同時(shí)中小企業(yè)存在規(guī)模小，資源擁有量有限，特別是專業(yè)技術(shù)人員少，企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者的管理素質(zhì)和企業(yè)員工文化知識(shí)水平不高等劣勢(shì)。因此，中小企業(yè)的人力資源管理有其自身的特殊性。本文從中小企業(yè)自身的特點(diǎn)出發(fā)，探討符合中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的對(duì)策，以便充分挖掘企業(yè)員工的潛力，提高他們對(duì)企業(yè)的認(rèn)同感和責(zé)任感，只有這樣才能使中小企業(yè)擁有不斷創(chuàng)新的活力，保證其在研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)、營(yíng)銷等方面具有一定的領(lǐng)先地位，最終贏得市場(chǎng)的認(rèn)可

【正文】

一、中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的困境及分析

(一)、企業(yè)家人力資本稀缺 中小企業(yè)的中高層管理人員普遍缺乏現(xiàn)代化管理的知識(shí)和思維，對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制及其機(jī)制了解甚少，缺乏長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)眼光，導(dǎo)致決策短視甚至決策的某些失誤；人員配置不合理，某些重要崗位被占用，阻礙真正有用的人力資源進(jìn)入；人員素質(zhì)不適應(yīng)專業(yè)化的工作，造成企業(yè)的低效率。

（二）、人員流失嚴(yán)重 由于中小企業(yè)在制芳安排、利益分配、福利保障、精神文化建設(shè)、激勵(lì)等方面的問(wèn)題，使其難以留住優(yōu)秀人才，尤其是中高層管理人員和關(guān)鍵部門關(guān)鍵人才，跳槽現(xiàn)象比較普遍。這一現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致了人力資源損耗加載，使人力資本使用成本上升，企業(yè)正常的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)秩序難以維系，影響企業(yè)員工隊(duì)伍的結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化。更主要的危害是在日益國(guó)際化的今天造成企業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)均等的喪失。

（三）、人力資源管理水平不高 管理既是一門科學(xué)又是一門協(xié)調(diào)的藝術(shù)。對(duì)人力資源進(jìn)行管理時(shí)既要有科學(xué)的人力資源管理制度方法，又要求上至總經(jīng)理下至各級(jí)主管在內(nèi)的所有管理者的直接參與。而中小企業(yè)的人力資源管理部門，目前一般還存在獨(dú)自為政，主動(dòng)服務(wù)意識(shí)不強(qiáng)，內(nèi)功修煉不夠等缺陷。

二、對(duì)策與措施/

3（一）、從外部引入職業(yè)經(jīng)理人來(lái)加強(qiáng)企業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì) 所謂職業(yè)經(jīng)理，是指在一個(gè)所有權(quán)、法人財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)和經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)分離的企業(yè)承擔(dān)法人財(cái)產(chǎn)的保值增值責(zé)任，由企業(yè)在職業(yè)經(jīng)理人市場(chǎng)上聘任，而其自身以受薪、股票期權(quán)等以獲得報(bào)酬為主要方式的企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理專家。在企業(yè)治理結(jié)構(gòu)中，董事會(huì)行使對(duì)企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能，職業(yè)經(jīng)理分布于經(jīng)理層各個(gè)崗位行使經(jīng)營(yíng)管理職能。職業(yè)經(jīng)理以打造和規(guī)范企業(yè)管理秩序?yàn)槭姑?，從?jīng)營(yíng)理念、管理技術(shù)、制度建設(shè)、團(tuán)隊(duì)培養(yǎng)等方面入手，使企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理有序運(yùn)行。職業(yè)經(jīng)理以實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)利益最大化為奮斗目標(biāo)。

提高職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的忠誠(chéng)度 中小企業(yè)做大做強(qiáng)需要使用外部人才，但是，大多企業(yè)最放心不下的是職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的忠誠(chéng)。因此一方面在加強(qiáng)對(duì)職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的信任。用人不疑，穎人不用，放手讓職業(yè)經(jīng)理人在職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)開展工作，而不是處處制約。另一方面要加強(qiáng)倫理道德的約束，用職業(yè)道德、個(gè)人信用來(lái)約束職業(yè)經(jīng)理人。中小企業(yè)的職業(yè)經(jīng)理忠實(shí)而嚴(yán)格地履行契約即是對(duì)企業(yè)的忠誠(chéng)。

[加強(qiáng)對(duì)職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的激勵(lì)和約束 職業(yè)經(jīng)理行使的是管理職能，是把企業(yè)內(nèi)部各種生產(chǎn)要素組織起來(lái)并使之發(fā)揮最大效益。企業(yè)一是應(yīng)做好使用能人留住人才的工作，需要有相應(yīng)措施，其主要內(nèi)容是事業(yè)留人、環(huán)境留人、制度留人、待遇留人、感情留人，缺少其中任何一項(xiàng)都會(huì)造成人才傷害。二是建立科學(xué)的績(jī)效測(cè)評(píng)制度，使對(duì)職業(yè)經(jīng)理的薪酬激勵(lì)與績(jī)效掛鉤。三是要重視建立相應(yīng)的約束機(jī)制。建立對(duì)于職業(yè)經(jīng)理人的權(quán)力界定、業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)估、財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)等制度，其目的并不是限制職業(yè)經(jīng)理人才能的發(fā)揮，而是為了更有助于他們和企業(yè)所有者之間的融合。

（二）、加強(qiáng)員工的管理 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球一體化的深入發(fā)展，中小經(jīng)濟(jì)在其發(fā)展中也遇到了一些問(wèn)題，如籌資困難、信用不足、人才匱乏等。而在目前條件下，中小企業(yè)的人才短缺，人力資源的管理不善，則是嚴(yán)重制約企業(yè)發(fā)展的一個(gè)嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。因此，如何提高對(duì)中小企業(yè)人力資源的管理，是當(dāng)前中小企業(yè)發(fā)展急需解決問(wèn)題。

尊重員工，培養(yǎng)員工的獻(xiàn)身精神和忠誠(chéng)度。企業(yè)要從物質(zhì)、精神等諸多方面來(lái)努力創(chuàng)造條件，使員工在工作崗位上體會(huì)到工作的樂(lè)趣，看到工作對(duì)自身的價(jià)值。讓每一位員工都意識(shí)到：?jiǎn)T工是企業(yè)的上帝，命運(yùn)掌權(quán)在自己手里，激發(fā)出員工的無(wú)限熱清。

為員工提供施展舞臺(tái)，激發(fā)員工的創(chuàng)新精神。企業(yè)的人才資源既包括普通員工又包括經(jīng)營(yíng)管理人員。企業(yè)管理人員是企業(yè)重要人才，這就要求企業(yè)家改變傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)觀念和人才意識(shí)，學(xué)會(huì)以科學(xué)的人力資源管理理論為指導(dǎo)，建立合理化、制度化、人性化的現(xiàn)代管理機(jī)制；把企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)切實(shí)交給經(jīng)營(yíng)管理層。培養(yǎng)優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)文化，努力激發(fā)員工的創(chuàng)新精神。建立與員工的對(duì)話制度；建立科學(xué)的業(yè)績(jī)考核制度；強(qiáng)化管理，培育企業(yè)組織的團(tuán)隊(duì)精神。

（三）、建立有效的激勵(lì)與約束制度。構(gòu)筑企業(yè)的約束與激勵(lì)機(jī)制應(yīng)從三個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮。其一，進(jìn)行有效的利益激勵(lì)。實(shí)行員工持股制度，將企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)成果與員工的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益緊密結(jié)合在一起，促使員工自覺(jué)地關(guān)心企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)決策，努力為企業(yè)獲取最佳效益勤奮工作。其二，要注意感染性的情感激勵(lì)。加強(qiáng)“感情投資”，多關(guān)懷員工。其三，遵循市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則實(shí)行末位淘汰制。要定期對(duì)員工進(jìn)行考核評(píng)估，優(yōu)秀的要給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，差的應(yīng)予淘汰，從而促進(jìn)企業(yè)員工整體素質(zhì)的提高。營(yíng)造良好的企業(yè)文化。企業(yè)文化是企業(yè)成員的思想觀念、思維方式、行為方式以及企業(yè)規(guī)范、生存氣氛的總和，是企業(yè)在經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中創(chuàng)造的具有企業(yè)特色的精神財(cái)富的總和，對(duì)企業(yè)員工有感召力和凝聚力。營(yíng)造良好的企業(yè)文化應(yīng)從以下幾方面入手：①與社會(huì)主義精神文明建設(shè)相適應(yīng)，符合中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美/

3德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不脫離我國(guó)的客觀實(shí)際。②企業(yè)文化的核心是企業(yè)員工共同價(jià)值觀的形成從而導(dǎo)致企業(yè)全體人員的統(tǒng)一行為。企業(yè)文化建設(shè)的成果必須是全體員工在實(shí)踐中共同創(chuàng)造的。③正確引導(dǎo)員工擺正國(guó)家、企業(yè)和個(gè)人三者的利益關(guān)系，鼓勵(lì)員工的獻(xiàn)身精神忠誠(chéng)度。④倡導(dǎo)團(tuán)隊(duì)精神和凝聚力。

（四）、建立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化、制度化的管理機(jī)制。企業(yè)應(yīng)該通過(guò)借鑒國(guó)外先進(jìn)的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，按照與國(guó)際接軌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范，結(jié)合企業(yè)自身特點(diǎn)制訂適合企業(yè)發(fā)展的組織設(shè)計(jì)和職務(wù)分析、人力資源規(guī)劃、人員心理和素質(zhì)測(cè)評(píng)、績(jī)效考核制度及其它工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，幫助員工開發(fā)各種知識(shí)技能，提供實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人專長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)，鋪設(shè)職業(yè)發(fā)展的階梯，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)管理的科學(xué)決策、合理分工和有效控制。

【總結(jié)】

總之，進(jìn)行科學(xué)的人力資源管理，減少跳槽現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，避免人才流失，提高人力資源利用效率。從外部引入職業(yè)經(jīng)理人就是利用“外腦”對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行高效率的經(jīng)營(yíng)運(yùn)作，克服企業(yè)不擅長(zhǎng)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營(yíng)的困境。只有兩方面同時(shí)并重，雙管齊下，中小企業(yè)才會(huì)在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展的大勢(shì)下走得更快、更穩(wěn)、更好。/ 3

第五篇：中小企業(yè)人力資源管理

我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的現(xiàn)狀及績(jī)效提升路徑探討

【內(nèi)容摘要】隨著近年來(lái)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，中小企業(yè)的人力資源管理越來(lái)越受到管理者的重視。當(dāng)前，我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的人力資源管理雖然具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但也還存在著一些問(wèn)題。文章深入分析了中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的優(yōu)勢(shì)及存在的問(wèn)題，探討了通過(guò)建立適合中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的企業(yè)文化提升人力資源管理績(jī)效的路徑。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理績(jī)效企業(yè)文化

一、引言

中小企業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位和作用是十分重要的。20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)中，工業(yè)新增產(chǎn)值的70%以上是由中小企業(yè)創(chuàng)造的。目前我國(guó)中小企業(yè)已經(jīng)超過(guò)4200多萬(wàn)戶，占全國(guó)企業(yè)總數(shù)的99.8%，中小企業(yè)創(chuàng)造的最終產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)價(jià)值相當(dāng)于GDP的60%左右，上繳稅收約為國(guó)家稅收總額的53%，并提供了全社會(huì)70%以上的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。中小企業(yè)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、緩解就業(yè)壓力等方面發(fā)揮著積極的作用。然而隨著企業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部存在的一系列問(wèn)題也逐漸暴露出來(lái)，特別是進(jìn)入2008年以來(lái)，金融危機(jī)對(duì)我國(guó)中小企業(yè)造成了巨大沖擊，中小企業(yè)的人力資源管理問(wèn)題愈加凸顯。因此，對(duì)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理的研究也就尤為重要。本文對(duì)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理中的優(yōu)勢(shì)及存在的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析，并探討憑借建立適合中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的企業(yè)文化來(lái)提升人力資源管理績(jī)效的相應(yīng)措施。

二、相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)回顧

企業(yè)文化的影響范圍十分廣泛，從企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)思想、經(jīng)營(yíng)行為到市場(chǎng)的開發(fā)、工作的總結(jié)等，企業(yè)文化對(duì)人力資源管理的影響作用很早就引起了學(xué)術(shù)界和企業(yè)界的廣泛關(guān)注，我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)企業(yè)文化與人力資源管理之間的影響關(guān)系進(jìn)行了大量的研究與探討。

首先，在研究企業(yè)文化對(duì)人力資源戰(zhàn)略的影響研究方面，我國(guó)學(xué)者作了大量的定性研究，他們認(rèn)為企業(yè)文化對(duì)人力資源戰(zhàn)略有導(dǎo)向作用、凝聚作用、激勵(lì)作用、規(guī)范作用(黎偉，2003；任瞳、江鵬，2003)，并提出在未來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日益激烈的新經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，只有將企業(yè)核心文化理念內(nèi)化于企業(yè)整體經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略，以企業(yè)文化為導(dǎo)向推動(dòng)企業(yè)人力資源戰(zhàn)略與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略相融合，才能使企業(yè)在動(dòng)蕩、變化加速的變革時(shí)代始終立于不敗之地(任瞳、江鵬，2003；楊靜，2006)。其次，在企業(yè)文化對(duì)人力資源管理實(shí)踐的影響的研究方面，大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為企業(yè)文化是績(jī)效管理設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)作的前提，為績(jī)效管理提供一種道德約束和行為準(zhǔn)則，同時(shí)使組織成員的精神需要獲得滿足(王海燕，2008)；張曄(2006)通過(guò)企業(yè)文化對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效管理影響的理論分

析提出了最優(yōu)企業(yè)文化有利績(jī)效管理實(shí)施，最差企業(yè)文化制約績(jī)效管理的觀點(diǎn)。沈翌(2008)通過(guò)研究國(guó)內(nèi)外成功企業(yè)的發(fā)展，探討在生命周期各階段企業(yè)文化與績(jī)效考評(píng)機(jī)制協(xié)同發(fā)展的路徑。

三、我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理現(xiàn)狀

1、我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)

（1）中小企業(yè)扁平化的組織結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。中小企業(yè)扁平化的結(jié)構(gòu)模式，大大減少了中間層次管理人員，提高了管理的效率，同時(shí)對(duì)市場(chǎng)變化也能夠迅速察覺(jué)，做出快速反應(yīng)。

（2）中小企業(yè)實(shí)行所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)兩權(quán)合一經(jīng)營(yíng)方式的優(yōu)勢(shì)。采用這種方式可以避免經(jīng)營(yíng)者對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行“內(nèi)部人控制”，也無(wú)需對(duì)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者建立一套完善的內(nèi)部機(jī)制以對(duì)其進(jìn)行必要的激勵(lì)和約束。因而，可以節(jié)省委托代理成本而保持企業(yè)的高效和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

（3）中小企業(yè)靈活的人才雇傭、選拔機(jī)制的優(yōu)勢(shì)。在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)年代，人才只進(jìn)不出,給大型國(guó)有企業(yè)帶來(lái)了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)，也造成了大型企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中難以轉(zhuǎn)型的困境。而中小企業(yè)在選拔、聘用人才方面更為靈活，企業(yè)能夠在短期內(nèi)獲得合適的人才，員工在中小企業(yè)中更容易獲得自我展示，自我價(jià)值實(shí)現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)。

盡管中小企業(yè)擁有上述諸多優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是中小企業(yè)的這種優(yōu)勢(shì)，在21世紀(jì)的新環(huán)境中越來(lái)越顯示出其不適應(yīng)性，而且受其經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模、資金短缺等因素的制約，使得中小企業(yè)人力資源管理方面存在著很多缺陷。

2、中小企業(yè)人力資源管理方面存在的主要問(wèn)題

（1）中小企業(yè)所有者及高層管理者人力資源管理意識(shí)淡薄

知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，人力資本已經(jīng)成為企業(yè)最為重要的資本，但是在我國(guó)相當(dāng)一部分中小企業(yè)的高層管理者還沒(méi)有真正意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，以員工為中心的人力自管管理理念還沒(méi)有被接受。從組織結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)看，大多數(shù)的中小企業(yè)都沒(méi)有設(shè)立專門的人力資源管理部門；從資金投入上來(lái)看，中小企業(yè)在人力資源管理上投入的資金和精力明顯不足。

（2）培訓(xùn)重視程度不夠，培訓(xùn)體制不科學(xué)

我國(guó)中小企業(yè)通常認(rèn)為對(duì)于培訓(xùn)的投入應(yīng)當(dāng)點(diǎn)到為止，培訓(xùn)投入會(huì)增加企業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)成本。在國(guó)外，中小企業(yè)人力資源的開發(fā)和培訓(xùn)支出一般占企業(yè)總利潤(rùn)的7%左右，而在我國(guó)該項(xiàng)支出不到1%。首先，中小企業(yè)缺乏對(duì)培訓(xùn)重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)，培訓(xùn)的目的、任務(wù)、內(nèi)容和方法不明確，培訓(xùn)缺乏科學(xué)合理的設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃；其次，中小企業(yè)在培訓(xùn)方面的投資嚴(yán)重不足。據(jù)一項(xiàng)對(duì)我國(guó)主要城市100多家中小企業(yè)的抽樣調(diào)查表明，我國(guó)有30%以上的中小企業(yè)年人均教育和培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用在10元以下，將近20%的企業(yè)在10－30元之間。

（3）人才激勵(lì)機(jī)制、考核機(jī)制不完善

首先，有些企業(yè)對(duì)激勵(lì)機(jī)制的理解十分簡(jiǎn)單，把激勵(lì)簡(jiǎn)單等同于“獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”，激勵(lì)手段也過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單，且隨意性很大，使下屬茫然無(wú)從，因而激勵(lì)行為達(dá)不到預(yù)期效果。這樣就導(dǎo)致了長(zhǎng)期、有效的激勵(lì)機(jī)制的缺乏。此外，我國(guó)大多數(shù)中小企業(yè)在滿足了員工經(jīng)濟(jì)上的需要后就留不住人才了，這是忽視企業(yè)文化建設(shè)所造成的。其次，員工考核制度不規(guī)范：一方面沒(méi)有規(guī)范和明確的考核制度，使考核變成形式，未能發(fā)揮其真正作用；另一方面，許多中小企業(yè)的員工工作績(jī)效全憑主管的主觀印象來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)，而不是以一定的工作成果來(lái)衡量，導(dǎo)致考核難以達(dá)到預(yù)期效果。

（4）企業(yè)文化建設(shè)薄弱，缺少凝聚人心的企業(yè)文化

企業(yè)文化是一個(gè)企業(yè)的精神動(dòng)力，是提升企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的無(wú)形力量和資本，具有很強(qiáng)的時(shí)代性。企業(yè)文化是人力資源管理中的一個(gè)重要機(jī)制，只有當(dāng)企業(yè)文化能夠真正融入每個(gè)職工個(gè)人的價(jià)值觀時(shí)，他們才能把企業(yè)的目標(biāo)當(dāng)成自己的奮斗目標(biāo)，然而大多數(shù)國(guó)有企業(yè)人事部門大多未把企業(yè)文化納入人力資源管理。企業(yè)文化在一個(gè)企業(yè)中所具有的導(dǎo)向功能、動(dòng)力功能、凝聚功能、融合功能都沒(méi)有被很好地挖掘出來(lái)，企業(yè)精神缺乏鮮明特色，凝聚力明顯不足。

四、我國(guó)中小企業(yè)人力資源管理績(jī)效提升的路徑探討

1、加強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者對(duì)企業(yè)文化建設(shè)的正確理解和認(rèn)識(shí)

提升人力資源管理的績(jī)效，首先要全面提高企業(yè)管理者的素質(zhì)，加強(qiáng)對(duì)企業(yè)文化正確的理解和認(rèn)識(shí)。企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者又是企業(yè)文化的設(shè)計(jì)者、倡導(dǎo)者和建設(shè)者，應(yīng)注重培育中小企業(yè)管理者企業(yè)文化意識(shí)，提升他們企業(yè)文化建設(shè)理念，從思想上重視企業(yè)文化。努力提高管理者的綜合素質(zhì)，做到身體力行，做出企業(yè)文化理念和企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)思想上的表率，用其先進(jìn)的管理理念影響員工的價(jià)值取向。

2、完善人力資源管理制度，建立以人為本的制度文化

進(jìn)一步完善中小企業(yè)的人力資源管理制度，包括培訓(xùn)制度、績(jī)效考核制度等。在科學(xué)人才觀的指導(dǎo)下，建立一種能尊重人性、發(fā)揮職工創(chuàng)造性和積極性的制度文化，切實(shí)提升人力資源管理效果。

一方面，企業(yè)應(yīng)該建立科學(xué)的績(jī)效考核體系。重視貢獻(xiàn)與能力方面的考評(píng)，考核方法采取自評(píng)、員工之間互評(píng)及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)考評(píng)相結(jié)合?？己私Y(jié)果不僅作為獎(jiǎng)懲依據(jù)，更重要的是通過(guò)績(jī)效管理來(lái)達(dá)成組織目標(biāo)以及幫助員工成長(zhǎng)。

另一方面，企業(yè)要建立完善的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，克服單純以物質(zhì)刺激為主的激勵(lì)方式。結(jié)合企

業(yè)戰(zhàn)略建立長(zhǎng)期的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，以科學(xué)的考核結(jié)果為依據(jù)，形成公平合理的報(bào)酬體系，真正體現(xiàn)薪酬的內(nèi)部公平性；增強(qiáng)對(duì)員工的軟激勵(lì)，注重從情感上而不僅僅是從物質(zhì)上激勵(lì)員工。同時(shí)也要注重采用靈活多樣的薪酬方式，除基本的物質(zhì)報(bào)酬外，更多的為員工提供良好的工作環(huán)境、帶薪休假等福利措施。同時(shí)對(duì)于不同層級(jí)的員工也要采用不同的薪酬方式。

3、從實(shí)踐中培養(yǎng)中小企業(yè)特色文化

中小企業(yè)在建設(shè)企業(yè)文化的過(guò)程中，管理者應(yīng)結(jié)合自身發(fā)展階段、發(fā)展目標(biāo)、經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略、企業(yè)內(nèi)外環(huán)境等多種因素，強(qiáng)化企業(yè)文化研究，找準(zhǔn)企業(yè)文化定位，建設(shè)符合自身發(fā)展的獨(dú)特企業(yè)文化。企業(yè)應(yīng)營(yíng)造創(chuàng)新型文化，本著求同存異的理念，接納不同價(jià)值觀念與行為規(guī)范，容許沖突的暫時(shí)存在；培育員工的創(chuàng)新意識(shí)，建立相應(yīng)的創(chuàng)新機(jī)制，保持企業(yè)文化的創(chuàng)新動(dòng)力。同時(shí)，企業(yè)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)核心文化的建設(shè)，在全體員工心目中樹立起強(qiáng)大的企業(yè)形象，形成堅(jiān)不可摧的凝聚力，使員工的發(fā)展同企業(yè)的目標(biāo)緊緊的聯(lián)系在一起。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

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