第一篇：初中定語(yǔ)從句教學(xué)文檔

各位老師大家好，很高興能有這么一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)和大家交流和探討英語(yǔ)教學(xué)上的心得和體會(huì)。希望各位老師能夠提出寶貴的意見(jiàn)。今天我和大家分享兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題。第一：教師如何轉(zhuǎn)變自身的角色的問(wèn)題;第二是：如何激活英語(yǔ)課堂。

《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》提出學(xué)生的發(fā)展是英語(yǔ)課程的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿。英語(yǔ)課程在目標(biāo)設(shè)定、教學(xué)過(guò)程、課程評(píng)價(jià)和教學(xué)資源的開(kāi)發(fā)等方面都突出以學(xué)生為主體的思想。課程實(shí)施應(yīng)成為學(xué)生在教師指導(dǎo)下構(gòu)建知識(shí)、提高技能、磨礪意志、活躍思維、展現(xiàn)個(gè)性、發(fā)展心智和拓展視野的過(guò)程。教師應(yīng)在教學(xué)過(guò)程中有意識(shí)的加以適當(dāng)?shù)囊龑?dǎo)，激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)于掌握一門(mén)外語(yǔ)的迫切需要性，引發(fā)他們學(xué)習(xí)的積極性和主動(dòng)性，充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生在課堂上的主體作用。一堂成功的課，應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生自始至終掌握主動(dòng)權(quán)，教師只是充當(dāng)“組織者” “促進(jìn)者、”“合作者、”“咨詢(xún)者、”“參與者、”“引導(dǎo)者、”“顧問(wèn)”等多種角色，最大限度地給學(xué)生提供參與的機(jī)會(huì)，學(xué)生的主體性得到了體現(xiàn)，自然就產(chǎn)生了求知和探究的欲望，也就把學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)作一件樂(lè)事。那么在以“學(xué)生為中心”的教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)該扮演一個(gè)什么樣的角色呢？我認(rèn)為教師扮演的是導(dǎo)演的角色，而學(xué)生就是演員的角色，就像張藝謀與鞏莉的關(guān)系一樣。試想如果把鞏莉與張藝謀的角色對(duì)調(diào)，那應(yīng)是什么樣的結(jié)果，當(dāng)然就不會(huì)有那么多優(yōu)秀的影片的出現(xiàn)。而在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中會(huì)不會(huì)是這樣本末倒置呢？

（一）在課上老師講的太多。

如：在講述What’s your name？這樣一個(gè)句型時(shí)，老師首先問(wèn)一個(gè)學(xué)生，然后那個(gè)學(xué)生回答My name is____。然后一個(gè)接一個(gè)的問(wèn)What’s your name？My name is____。然后問(wèn)學(xué)生說(shuō)，聽(tīng)明白了嗎？學(xué)生齊聲說(shuō)Yes！然后又對(duì)另一排說(shuō)：How old are you？I’m____year old。還是一個(gè)一個(gè)的問(wèn)，然后又接著問(wèn)Do you understand？學(xué)生異口同聲說(shuō)yes！可是大家想一想，在課上的大部分時(shí)間都是老師“脫口秀”？而學(xué)生更象是觀眾，這樣下來(lái)我們的口語(yǔ)得到很大提升而學(xué)生們真正練的機(jī)會(huì)卻是少得可憐，這是不是沒(méi)有把學(xué)生放在中心的位置?。‰m然在教案中也體現(xiàn)了以學(xué)生為中心，但是真正操作起來(lái)又有幾個(gè)能做的到位呢？

（二）、老師“控制”著學(xué)生不讓他們講話

我們有一個(gè)誤解，只要學(xué)生們安安靜靜的在那聽(tīng)課那就算是一節(jié)好課，No！要知道，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)的20%是來(lái)源于智力因素，而80%是來(lái)源于與同學(xué)們的互助，換句話說(shuō)：學(xué)生在我們老師這學(xué)到的還不如他們從同伴那學(xué)到的多。國(guó)外有人做過(guò)這樣一個(gè)研究：把兩個(gè)平行班，一個(gè)班按傳統(tǒng)的講授方式，另一個(gè)班進(jìn)行互動(dòng)式的活動(dòng)課教學(xué)。一個(gè)學(xué)期下來(lái)，一檢測(cè)有互動(dòng)的班級(jí)學(xué)生智力普遍高于另一個(gè)班級(jí)，這足以說(shuō)明沒(méi)有互動(dòng)和活動(dòng)的課堂是缺乏思維活力的課堂，像這樣的課堂終會(huì)被時(shí)代所淘汰。

（三）、老師忽略了學(xué)生的情感

在北京海淀區(qū)有關(guān)專(zhuān)家做了這樣一個(gè)調(diào)查，從小學(xué)一年級(jí)到高中，采用問(wèn)卷的方式調(diào)查學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)的喜歡率。專(zhuān)家們奇怪的發(fā)現(xiàn)：一年級(jí)有96%的孩子喜歡英語(yǔ)；二年級(jí)94%，六年級(jí)50%；初中30%；高中5%—10%。這個(gè)調(diào)查結(jié)果是值得我們反思的。如果我們把學(xué)生教的大部分都不喜歡，我們這一科了。是不是該思考一下我們的教學(xué)思想和教學(xué)方式改更新?lián)Q代了呢？前兩天我聽(tīng)了這樣一節(jié)公開(kāi)課，那老師既年輕又漂亮，一進(jìn)教室，學(xué)生們就眼前一亮。她開(kāi)口說(shuō)“Today we will have a special lesson ；We’ll have birthday party。學(xué)生們都瞪起眼來(lái)了。她提問(wèn)了一個(gè)學(xué)生，When is your birthday？學(xué)生回答My_______。然后老師說(shuō)Good！Sit down。之后就轉(zhuǎn)身在黑板上寫(xiě)A birthday part，而把學(xué)生們都亮在了那里，用后腦勺對(duì)著學(xué)生，可這時(shí)候?qū)W生們都等著有什么特殊的party了，她卻說(shuō)We’ll learn lesson7。When is your birthday？結(jié)果學(xué)生們頭一下子就低下來(lái)了。就聽(tīng)有一個(gè)學(xué)生悄悄地說(shuō)，還以為有什么新花樣呢？原來(lái)還是那樣。其實(shí)為什么學(xué)生不喜歡我們的課，是咱們老師太在意自己了。我們站在學(xué)生的角度考慮過(guò)嗎？咱們知道我們的學(xué)生在想些什么嗎？咱們知道他們喜歡什么嗎？我們不了解學(xué)生，而我們又放不下老師的架子。怎么讓我們的學(xué)生喜歡我們，從而喜歡英語(yǔ)呢？往往我們會(huì)聽(tīng)到有些老師說(shuō)：“今天班上某某人要是不來(lái)就好了”可是學(xué)生呢卻希望那個(gè)老師生病該多好啊。那么不能不說(shuō)我們我們的教學(xué)很失敗，我們應(yīng)該多了解我們的學(xué)生，應(yīng)該考慮他們這個(gè)年齡喜歡什么，簡(jiǎn)言之，知己知彼，方能百戰(zhàn)不貽。

（四）、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)教育思想的問(wèn)題。

親愛(ài)的老師們?cè)蹅兿茸鰝€(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，各位老師你們看到了什么（拿一張白紙，上面有一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)），各位老師，這么大的一張紙?jiān)蹅儧](méi)看到，這么一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)咱們倒是看到了。學(xué)生有許多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)咱們沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)，就一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)咱們卻看到了。這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)足以說(shuō)明一切。平時(shí)和同事們聊天的時(shí)候總是聽(tīng)到這樣的話：“我們班的學(xué)生就是不愛(ài)回答問(wèn)題，唉！真是讓人頭疼?！睘榱苏业皆敢馕揖腿ヂ?tīng)課了，那天講的是食物。有這樣一句話，What’ your favourite food？老師說(shuō)Who can？有一個(gè)學(xué)生舉起了手。老師非常高興就讓那學(xué)生讀這句話。學(xué)生讀的是What’s your favourit foot？老師馬上說(shuō)No，No，What’s your favourit food？學(xué)生說(shuō)foot，不對(duì)food。學(xué)生說(shuō)foot，老師又說(shuō)不對(duì)不對(duì)是food，學(xué)生說(shuō)老師我不會(huì)。，我講到這有些老師笑了，看來(lái)大家都知道了，這位老師班上為什么沒(méi)有愿意回答問(wèn)題了，相反在國(guó)外老師同樣的一個(gè)問(wèn)題，他們都是給予肯定，并激勵(lì)學(xué)生，所以下次老師說(shuō)Who want to try?,那個(gè)回答問(wèn)題的學(xué)生第一個(gè)舉手.可想而然這激勵(lì)和常識(shí)的效果有多有效。

還有各位老師你覺(jué)得自己的英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)還不錯(cuò)的請(qǐng)舉手。很好那么認(rèn)為老師的英語(yǔ)好學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)才能好的請(qǐng)舉手，換一下認(rèn)為學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)好，那么老師的英語(yǔ)一定好的請(qǐng)舉手。那么你認(rèn)為cctv10希望英語(yǔ)上的那些選手們他們的英語(yǔ)比你怎么樣，所以老師英語(yǔ)好而且能激勵(lì)他的學(xué)生才能把英語(yǔ)教的比自己還好，各位認(rèn)同嗎？反以說(shuō)激勵(lì)重要不重要。No，非常重要。

（五）、只要教材里有的就一定要講嗎？

不一定。新課標(biāo)規(guī)定教師可以對(duì)教材根據(jù)學(xué)生情況進(jìn)行刪減或補(bǔ)充，也就是說(shuō)怎樣設(shè)計(jì)一節(jié)課，老師是有自由按照自己的認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)教材進(jìn)行靈活的運(yùn)用。我個(gè)人認(rèn)為教材就是語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練的材料，是教學(xué)活動(dòng)中的一個(gè)工具，教師可以自由而靈活運(yùn)用這個(gè)工具，打一個(gè)比方，教材就像一個(gè)超市，教師想要什么要以到超市中去拿而不是把整個(gè)超市都買(mǎi)下來(lái)。新的課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)孕育了新的教材，新教材之“新”不僅體現(xiàn)在它的內(nèi)容上，新的課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)孕育了新的教材，新教材之“新”不僅體現(xiàn)在它的內(nèi)容上，更體現(xiàn)在它的功能上。新教材不是讓學(xué)生在頭腦中復(fù)制教科書(shū)所呈現(xiàn)的一切，而是憑借它激活學(xué)生的思維。因此新的課程要求教師樹(shù)立一種新的教材觀，擯棄那種“教教科書(shū)”的課程，變學(xué)會(huì)“ 用教科書(shū)教”。這對(duì)教師如何處理教材提出了新的要求，一方面教師要充分理解教材所闡發(fā)的道理，所講述的知識(shí)，將教材同化為自己的智能，另一方面在實(shí)際駕馭課程和教學(xué)中，在具體的教學(xué)情景中不斷開(kāi)發(fā)與教材不同的教材目標(biāo)，教學(xué)內(nèi)容與資源，獲的教材規(guī)定以外的教學(xué)效果?；谝陨侠碚摚乙詫W(xué)生發(fā)展為本的教學(xué)理念出發(fā)，依據(jù)冀教版教材，在具體教學(xué)環(huán)境下，對(duì)新課程內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了適合于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)，有利于學(xué)生發(fā)展的增刪和重組，創(chuàng)造的使用了教材，受到了很好的教學(xué)效果。

通過(guò)上面我個(gè)問(wèn)題的探討大家應(yīng)該能到達(dá)成一個(gè)共識(shí)就是外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的首要任務(wù)是“學(xué)”而不是“教”。科德（Corder,1981）曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，有效的語(yǔ)言教學(xué)不應(yīng)違背自然過(guò)程，而應(yīng)適應(yīng)自然過(guò)程；不應(yīng)阻礙學(xué)習(xí)，而應(yīng)有助于學(xué)習(xí)并促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)；不能令學(xué)生去適應(yīng)教師和教材，而應(yīng)讓教師和教材去適應(yīng)學(xué)生。作為外語(yǔ)教師，我們知道，英語(yǔ)不同于其他基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，它是一門(mén)實(shí)踐課，其語(yǔ)言技能是需要通過(guò)學(xué)生個(gè)人的時(shí)間才能培養(yǎng)和提高的。因此，他的教學(xué)效果在很大程度上取決于學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性和參與性。認(rèn)知理論認(rèn)為，英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程也就是新舊語(yǔ)言知識(shí)不斷結(jié)合的過(guò)程，也是語(yǔ)言能力從理論知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為自動(dòng)應(yīng)用的過(guò)程。而這種結(jié)合和轉(zhuǎn)化都必須通過(guò)學(xué)生自身活動(dòng)才能得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。

第二部分結(jié)合教學(xué)案例一談教案設(shè)計(jì)中的課堂評(píng)價(jià)環(huán)節(jié)。

在這一部分我想談一談教案設(shè)計(jì)中的小結(jié)式課堂檢測(cè)。教師想要了解，在課堂中學(xué)生是否真中的掌握了該學(xué)的知識(shí)和技能，掌握的程度怎么樣就需要進(jìn)行課堂檢測(cè)。檢測(cè)是很靈活多樣的，可以在每次課快結(jié)束時(shí)，也可以在課堂訓(xùn)練中，可以是隨機(jī)的，也可以是集體的，可以是學(xué)生互檢，也可以是教師提問(wèn)?？傊處熞蛯W(xué)生形成一種互動(dòng)。有很多老師經(jīng)常會(huì)這樣問(wèn)學(xué)生：“會(huì)了嗎？懂了嗎？”學(xué)生們都會(huì)說(shuō)會(huì)了，懂了。但實(shí)際上各位什么叫“會(huì)”，會(huì)是有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的?，F(xiàn)在大家一齊考慮什么叫“會(huì)”，換句話說(shuō)就是，課堂評(píng)價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么。我想我們就從學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的五個(gè)階段進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)?！皶?huì)”分別是：understand、Remember、skill、export、apply。分別是理解、記憶、熟練、輸出、應(yīng)用。首先是理解，大家都知道，沒(méi)有理解的內(nèi)容是無(wú)法記住的。這也是一般人認(rèn)為的會(huì)了，其實(shí)不然。理解只是第一步，為了讓學(xué)生理解，老師應(yīng)該做的就是教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中的導(dǎo)入和呈現(xiàn)部分。只要能便于學(xué)生理解，這部分通常是老師來(lái)呈現(xiàn)，大家注意為什么我沒(méi)有用“講解”這個(gè)詞而用的是“呈現(xiàn)”，因?yàn)橐詫W(xué)生為中心的課中單純講解是無(wú)法使學(xué)生理解的，所以老師應(yīng)該有許多的方法便于學(xué)生理解，俗話說(shuō)“教無(wú)定法”，我們老師無(wú)論用什么方法或故事或圖片，或?qū)嵨铮蛴耙糍Y料都可以。良好的開(kāi)端是成功的一半?！憋L(fēng)趣的開(kāi)場(chǎng)白，生動(dòng)的故事，再配以投影片、錄音機(jī)等所承載的視聽(tīng)材料、影視歌曲、電影錄音剪輯等，都會(huì)不由自主地引起學(xué)生的無(wú)意注意，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣。例如：我在講book2 lesson37 這一課時(shí)就用兩個(gè)方法進(jìn)行導(dǎo)入，此課有兩部分，第一部分是一天氣和溫度為主題，第二部分是以形狀為主體展開(kāi)對(duì)話。通過(guò)對(duì)課文的剖析，我認(rèn)為可以將兩部分的順序打亂，現(xiàn)講第二部分的內(nèi)容，我用的實(shí)物直觀導(dǎo)入法，和圖片導(dǎo)入法，學(xué)生很快就進(jìn)入狀態(tài)，并且學(xué)生不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，老師刻意設(shè)計(jì)的痕跡；第一部分的內(nèi)容為天氣，所以從第二部分的訓(xùn)練到第一部分的過(guò)渡是教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的難題，后來(lái)在看電視的時(shí)候受到啟發(fā)，就用天氣預(yù)報(bào)開(kāi)始的音樂(lè)進(jìn)行導(dǎo)入。而且告訴學(xué)生，listen and have a rest.聽(tīng)音樂(lè)并休息一會(huì)，接著就問(wèn)，聽(tīng)到這首音樂(lè)你們想到了什么？主題很簡(jiǎn)單，話題又很常見(jiàn)，學(xué)生們立刻就踴躍的舉手，使課堂氣氛更加的活躍。呈現(xiàn)出本課的重要句型：“What’s the temperature？學(xué)生理解階段就算告一段落，理解只是第一步，在學(xué)生理解了重點(diǎn)知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，就得記憶 第二步，我們可以用各種方法幫助學(xué)生記憶，記憶單詞的方法有很多如聯(lián)想法、圖片法、編故事、語(yǔ)音法等。如學(xué)習(xí)記憶這幾個(gè)詞Olympic hippo map family name banana 就可以用聯(lián)想法等等。

第三步，熟練如果記憶像是往倉(cāng)庫(kù)里存放東西，那么熟練就是為了能在用時(shí)取出倉(cāng)庫(kù)里的東西。想要使學(xué)生達(dá)到熟練老師就學(xué)要設(shè)計(jì)各種訓(xùn)練方法。同時(shí)還要注意學(xué)生的“狀態(tài)“。

第四步和第五步就是教學(xué)目標(biāo)的達(dá)成，輸出和應(yīng)用，學(xué)要老師創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，并與生活相聯(lián)系。因?yàn)閼?yīng)用是我們教學(xué)的最終目的。

我們?cè)诮虒W(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中如果能把握著五個(gè)步驟，就能掌控課堂，就能駕輕就熟，輕松玩轉(zhuǎn)英語(yǔ)課堂。

總之一句話概括我們備課和教學(xué)應(yīng)注意的內(nèi)容就是：一個(gè)中心——以學(xué)生為中心。三個(gè)注意事項(xiàng)——導(dǎo)課、訓(xùn)練、檢測(cè)，五大評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——理解、記憶、熟練、輸出、運(yùn)用。

第二篇：初中定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句

一.定語(yǔ)從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)

在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如：

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party? I still remember the night when I first came to the village? This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二.各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法

1.who 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例如：

The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2.whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。例如：

Do you know the young man(whom)we met at the gate？ Mr Lee(whom)you want to see has come.3.whose 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。例如：

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4.which指物，在定語(yǔ)從中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如：

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book(which)the teacher mentioned yesterday.5.that多指物，有時(shí)也指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如： I’ve read the newspaper that(which)carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there? 6.when 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如：

I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7.where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如：

This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.三.關(guān)系代詞 whom，which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間，有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書(shū)寫(xiě)，而將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.四.具體使用時(shí)還要注意下列問(wèn)題：

1.只能使用that,不用which 的情況：

(1)先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時(shí)。例如：

All that he said is true.(2)先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時(shí)。例如：

He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.(3)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如： He was the second(person)that told me the secret.(4)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的詞。

This is the best book(that)I have read this year.(5)先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如：

He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2.只能用which，不用that 的情況：(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從中。例如：

The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2)定語(yǔ)從句由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，先行詞是物時(shí)。例如：

The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.一.單項(xiàng)填空

1.---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?

---Oh!It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.A.he B.that C.whom D.which 2.I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.A.who B.which C.they D.where 3.The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada.A.which B.when C.who D.whom 4.The moon is a world ______ there is no life.A.that B.which C.where D.why 5.He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived.A.when B.where C.that D.which 6.Mr.White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.A.who B.that C.whose D.which 7.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.A.that B.which C.when D.where 8.He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.A.that B.which C.when D.where

第三篇：初中定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句是在主從復(fù)合句中修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞句子，它在句中作定語(yǔ)。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，連接先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫引導(dǎo)詞(也叫關(guān)系詞)。如 I know the girl who is sitting under the tree.我認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)正坐在樹(shù)下的女孩?！?↘引導(dǎo)詞 ↓

先行詞 從句(定語(yǔ)從句)This is the most interesting book that he has ever read.這是他所讀過(guò)的書(shū)中最有趣的一本?！?↘引導(dǎo)詞 ↓

先行詞 從句(定語(yǔ)從句)考點(diǎn)1：先行詞是人時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞的選用

(1).先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞后緊跟動(dòng)詞時(shí)用who或that.如：

Here comes the man who(that)wants to see you.想見(jiàn)你的那個(gè)人來(lái)了。(先行詞是the man, 引導(dǎo)詞后緊跟動(dòng)詞wants, 故引導(dǎo)詞用who / that)(2).先行詞是人，引導(dǎo)詞后緊跟的不是動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用who, whom, that.如： This is the person whom(who, that)you are looking for.這正是你要找的人。

(先行詞是the person, 引導(dǎo)詞后緊跟的是you, 不是動(dòng)詞, 故引導(dǎo)詞可用who / whom / that)考點(diǎn)2：先行詞是物時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞的選用

(1).先行詞是物時(shí)，一般情況下引導(dǎo)詞可以用which或that.如：

Mary like music that(which)is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡安靜柔和的音樂(lè)。(先行詞是music, 引導(dǎo)詞可用which / that)The film which(that)we saw last night was very interesting.我們昨晚看的電影非常有趣。(先行詞是film, 引導(dǎo)詞可用which / that)。

Have you written down everything that Mr.Lin has said? 你寫(xiě)下林先生所說(shuō)的每樣?xùn)|西了嗎？ All that can be done has been done.能做的所有事情都己經(jīng)做了。There is little that I can do for you.我能為你做的事幾乎沒(méi)有了。

②.當(dāng)先行詞由以下詞修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只用that.這些詞有：only, very, the same, the last, all, any, some, no, little, few等。如：

That is the very dress that I want to buy.那正是我要買(mǎi)的裙子。English is the only subject that I like.英語(yǔ)是我唯一喜歡的科目。Cleaning the room again is the last thing that I can do for you.再次打掃房間是我能為你做的最后一事。

③.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只用that.This is the fifth school that I have taught so far.這是我目前為止教過(guò)的第5所學(xué)校。Mr.Li’s class is the most interesting one that I have ever had.李老師的課是我上過(guò)的最有趣的課。

④.當(dāng)先行詞有人又有物時(shí)，只能用that。如：

Can you remember the writer and his books that we have reported? 拓展知識(shí) 考點(diǎn)3：先行詞是時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因時(shí)引導(dǎo)詞的選用

(1).先行詞是時(shí)間, 地點(diǎn)，原因并在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 引導(dǎo)詞分別用when, where, why, 也可以用介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

I wanted to know the day when he was born.=I wanted to know the day on which he was born.我想知道他出生在哪一天。

He still loved the school where we studied together two years ago.=He still loved the school in which we studied together two years ago.他仍然愛(ài)那所我們兩年前一起讀書(shū)的學(xué)校。

Do you know the reason why he was late for school? 你知道他遲到的原因嗎？(2).先行詞是時(shí)間, 地點(diǎn)并在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 引導(dǎo)詞用which或者that。如： I remember the days which(that)we spent on the farm.我記得我們?cè)谵r(nóng)場(chǎng)渡過(guò)的日子。Lu Ming studies in the school which(that)was built 1 years ago.盧明在一所1年前建好的學(xué)校里讀書(shū)。

考點(diǎn)4：引導(dǎo)詞前有介詞時(shí)，先行詞是人,引導(dǎo)詞只能用whom, 先行詞是事物時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞只用which。如：

This is the friend to whom I talk a lot.這是跟我談話很多的朋友。

Jacky stayed in the room in which Lu Xun once lived.杰克呆在那個(gè)魯迅曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的房間。

考點(diǎn)5：先行詞是代詞時(shí)，先判斷其指代人還是指代物，再?zèng)Q定用哪個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞。如： I don’t like those who talk much but do little.我不喜歡說(shuō)得多做得少的人。The sleeping tigers are bigger than those which are trained there.這睡著的老虎們比那些被訓(xùn)練的大。賓 語(yǔ) 從 句

賓語(yǔ)從句是在主從復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ)的句子。如：

Rose said she would visit us sometime next week.露絲說(shuō)她下星期某時(shí)會(huì)來(lái)看我們。↓ ↓

主句 從句(賓語(yǔ)從句)Could you tell me where he is from? 你能告訴我他來(lái)自哪里嗎？ ↓ ↓ 主句 從句(賓語(yǔ)從句)考點(diǎn)1：引導(dǎo)詞的選用(1).陳述句的引導(dǎo)詞用that，?？墒÷浴?/p>

I am going to meet my net friends in Guangzhou.He said.→He said that he was going to meet his net friends in Guangzhou.他說(shuō)他將要在廣州見(jiàn)他的網(wǎng)友。

(2).一般疑問(wèn)句的引導(dǎo)詞用if/ whether(是否)。（后有or 時(shí)只用whether）Would you like to play basketball with me? He asked me.→He asked me if/whether I would like to play basketball with him.他問(wèn)我是否會(huì)和他去打籃球。Is it a fast train or a slowly one? I wanted to know.→I wanted to know whether it was a fast train or a slowly one.我想知道這是快車(chē)還是慢車(chē)。

(3).特殊疑問(wèn)句的引導(dǎo)詞用特殊疑問(wèn)詞。How old are you? They want to know.→They want to know how old you are.他們想知道你多大年紀(jì)了。What are you going to do this afternoon? He asked me.→He asked me what I was going to do this afternoon.他問(wèn)我今天下午要做什么。考點(diǎn)2：語(yǔ)序(賓語(yǔ)從句中從句要用陳述句語(yǔ)序，即從句中的第1助動(dòng)詞在主語(yǔ)之后）He asked Jane: “Why don’t you come”? 疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序(第1助動(dòng)詞don’t 在主語(yǔ)you之前)He asked Jane why she didn’t come last night.陳述語(yǔ)序(第1助動(dòng)詞didn’t 在主語(yǔ)you之后)Lucy wanted to know if I could make a cake for you.露絲想知道我是否會(huì)為你做個(gè)蛋糕。特殊：①.What’s wrong with ?在賓語(yǔ)從句中不變語(yǔ)序。如： I want to know what’s wrong with you.我想知道你怎么啦。②.引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，語(yǔ)序不變。如： Jack asked me who would give us the lecture this afternoon.杰克問(wèn)我誰(shuí)今天下午會(huì)給我們做報(bào)告。

(who 是引導(dǎo)詞，在賓語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞would give的主語(yǔ)，本身己是陳述語(yǔ)序，不需再變。)考點(diǎn)3：時(shí)態(tài)（主句從句在時(shí)態(tài)上要一致）

(1).主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))，從句該用什么時(shí)態(tài)就用什么時(shí)態(tài)。

“John speaks highly of you.‖ Tom tells me.→Tom tells me that John speaks highly of me.湯姆告訴我約翰高度評(píng)價(jià)我。(主句用tells, 是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句原時(shí)態(tài)是speaks,在這里還是用speaks)He asked Jane why she didn’t come last night.陳述語(yǔ)序(第1助動(dòng)詞didn’t 在主語(yǔ)you之后)Lucy wanted to know if I could make a cake for you.露絲想知道我是否會(huì)為你做個(gè)蛋糕。

(2).主句是過(guò)去時(shí)(一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí))，從句只用過(guò)去某種相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)。“When shall we have the meeting?” The boy asked.→The boy asked when they should have the meeting.男孩問(wèn)他們應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)。(主句用asked，是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用相應(yīng)的某種過(guò)去時(shí)，這里shall→should)(3).從句表示客觀真理或事實(shí)時(shí)，主句即使用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)?！癟he earth goes around the sun.” The teacher told the students.→The teacher told the students that the earth goes around the sun.老師告訴學(xué)生們地球繞著太陽(yáng)走。

(主句用told, 為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，但從句中the earth goes around the sun是客觀事實(shí)，所以時(shí)態(tài)還用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不用變)Jim asked me whether the light travels faster than the sound.考點(diǎn)4：賓語(yǔ)從句答題技巧(逐步排除法)先用語(yǔ)序判斷，再用時(shí)態(tài)求證，如有需要再用引導(dǎo)詞及意思去決定)如：

()–Everyone wanted to know _______________ yesterday.Could you tell us, Ann? – By bus, of course.It was too far away.A.how old are you B.where you will go C.how you went there D.why you were late 先從語(yǔ)序判斷，把A給排除了，再用時(shí)態(tài)去求證，主句用wanted，是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句該用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)，從這一點(diǎn)考慮，把B給排除了，用引導(dǎo)詞及意思判斷，她的答語(yǔ)是By bus.故意思符合的只有答案C啦。2015年中考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)選擇題匯編（賓語(yǔ)從句）20.－Excuse me, can you tell me _____? －At about 8 o’clock.（2015安順）A.what time the plane arrive in Beijing B.what time the plane will arrive Beijing C.what time the plane will reach Beijing D.what time will the plane get to Beijing 參考答案：C 10.－Could you tell me _____ the Dragon Boat Festival in China? －Sure.People usually watch the dragon boat races and eat zongzi.（2015長(zhǎng)沙）A.when do people celebrate B.why people celebrate C.how people celebrate 參考答案：C 5.－Do you know _____? －Yes.It’s on your table.（2015三亞）A.where my dictionary is B.where is my dictionary C.when I bought my dictionary 參考答案：A 17.－Do you know _____? －For a month.（2015天津）A.how long will she be away B.how long she will be away C.how often will she go there D.how often she will go there 參考答案：B 10.－I wonder _____.－Yes, of course.（2015德州）A.where we can buy the parts B.how often you hear form your sister C.if I may have a word with you D.why he arrived late yesterday 參考答案：C 15.一Excuse me, Miss Chen, could you tell me _____? —It is short for the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.（2015福州）

A.what the Belt and Road meant B.what does the Belt and Road mean C.what the Belt and Road means 參考答案：C 10.Could you tell me _____ a moment ago?（2015廣州）A.what were they talking about B.what are they talking about C.what they were talking about D.what they are talking about 參考答案：C 11.－Will Tony go skiing with us this Saturday? －Sorry, I don’t know if he _____.But I know he _____ interest in sports.（2015克拉瑪依）A.will go;is B.goes;is C.goes;has no D.will go;has no 參考答案：D 10.－Do you know _____? －Sorry, I don’t know.（2015婁底）A.how old is he B.how old he is C.how old does he 參考答案：B 9.－Could you please tell me _____? －About twenty minutes ago.（2015呼和浩特）A.when did you see this kid B.where did you see this kid C.when you saw this kid D.where you saw this kid 參考答案：C 5.This morning my mother asked me _____.（2015克拉瑪依）A.why he is not here B.where Julia went last weekend C.what time is it D.how did my brother do it 參考答案：B 8.－Did you have a good time in Jining? －Come and have a look.My photos will show you _____.（2015濟(jì)寧）A.how was the trip B.why did we go there C.how we went there D.what the trip was like 參考答案：D 12.－Excuse me, could you tell me _____? －In five minutes.（2015蘇州）A.how soon will the film begin B.how soon the film will begin C.how long the film has been on D.how long has the film been on 參考答案：B 9.－Ms.Perry, can you tell me _____? －Africa.（2015溫州）

A.what the baby giraffe likes eating B.why the baby giraffe looks unhappy C.when the baby giraffe was born D.where the baby giraffe came from 參考答案：D 16.－Mr.Wang, can you tell me _____? －h(huán)ttp://004km.cn will help you.（2015武威）A.what I can do to help you B.where can I get my score for this examination C.why I need some help D.where I can search for the information about education in our province 參考答案：D 15.－Can you tell me _____? －Sure.He lives on Center Street.（2015襄陽(yáng)）A.where does he live B.where he lives C.why he lives there D.what does he do 參考答案：B 15.I don’t know _____.（2015益陽(yáng)）A.where she comes from B.how old is she C.when was she born 參考答案：A 19.－I’d like to know _____.－Maybe in the forest.（2015重慶A/C卷）A.whether we will go camping B.where we will go camping C.whether will we go camping D.where will we go camping 參考答案：B 20.－Your book is very interesting.Could you tell me _____? －In Xinhua Bookstore next to our school.（2015重慶B卷）A.where did you buy it B.why did you buy it C.where you bought it D.why you bought it 參考答案：C 2015年中考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)選擇題匯編（定語(yǔ)從句）

8.The photo _____ taken by my brother last week is very nice.（2015呼和浩特）A.which were B.that is C.that were D.which was 參考答案：D 3.The woman _____ is the most important in my life is my mother.（2015杭州）A.which B.who C.whom D.what 參考答案：B 5.The stories _____ were written by Mark Twain are often humorous.（2015廣州）A.that B.those C.who D.what 參考答案：A 14.—Nowadays WeChat is very popular among friends.—Yes.It seems to be the best way of communication _____ people like.（2015福州）A.that B.which C.who 參考答案：A 6.Everyone _____ has been to Shanghai says it is a modern city.（2015德州）A.why B.whose C.who D.which 參考答案：C 19.I think the first lesson _____ we are learning is very easy.（2015安順）A.that B.where C.who D.when 參考答案：A 12.－Why are you so worried? －I’ve lost the watch _____ my dad bought me on my birthday.（2015泰安）A.whom B.who C.whose D.which 參考答案：D 15.We don’t like people _____ talk too much but never do anything.（2015克拉瑪依）A.whose B.who C.when D.which 參考答案：B 3.A friend is someone _____ says, ―What!You too? I thought I was the only one!‖（2015武威）A.who B.which C.what D.whose 參考答案：A 14.This is the book _____ tells many English stories.（2015自貢）A.what B.which C.who 參考答案：B 定語(yǔ)從句+賓語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)

1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.A.Which B.where C.what D.in which 2.Do you know the man _______? A.whom I spoke B.to who spoke C.I spoke to D.that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _______last month.A.which they stayed B.at that they stayed C.where they stayed at D.where they stayed 4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded? A.which B.that C.when D.on which 5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.A.which B.on which C.in which D.when 6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.A.where B.to which C.which D.in which 7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.A.where B.that C.which D.there 8.This is one of the best films _______.A.that have been shown this year B.that have shown C.that has been shown this year D.that you talked 9.He asked ________ for the violin.A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much C.how much did I pay D.how much I paid 10Someone is ringing the doorbell.Go and see __________.A.who he is B.who is he C.who is it D.who it is 11.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country? A.who B.who's C.which D.whose 12.I'm interested in ______you have said.A.all that B.all what C.that D.which 13.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _________ he had done the day before.A.that B.how C.where D.what 14.These wild flowers are so special I would do _________ I can to save them, A.whatever B.that C.which D.whichever 15.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.A.which B.that C.whom D.what 16.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _________ he or she wants.A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever 17.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _________ will happen to her private life.A.that B.what C.it D.this 18.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.A.who;/ B./;whom C.whom;/ D./;who 19.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.A.whose title B.its title C.the title of it D.the title of that 20.She never doubts __________ I can do such a foolish thing.If B.that C.when D.whether 21.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.A.when;which B.which;when C.what;that D.on which;when 22.They believe that land did not belong to people but _________ people belong to land.A.that B.when C.where D.how 23.I am doubtful _________ he is still alive.A.that B.whether C.what D.when 24.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.A.in which B.with which C.that D.for which 25.You can’t imagine _____________.A.what did we have awful weather B.what weather awful we have C.what awful weather we did have D.what awful weather had we 26.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.A.why;that B.that;why C.for that;that D.for which;what 27.---What did the teacher say to you just now?---She asked me __________.A.whether or not I finished my homework B.did I finish my work or not C.is my work finished or not D.if or not I have finish my work 28.No one could understand __________.A.that he was talking about B.what he was talking about C.he was talking about D.which he was talking 29.Who doubts __________ it is true? A.that B.if C.which D.what 30.From __________ I know of him I should say that he is reliable.A.what C.that C.how D.that which 31.---Did you ask the guard _______ happened?---Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.A.what;that B.what;what C.which;which D.that;that 32.She want to know _________ child it was on the grass.A.who B.that C.what D.whose 33.The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.A.owns;are B.owns;is C.own;is D.own;are 34.Do you want to try on these shoes to see ________ they’re the right size? A.as B.so C.that D.if 35.There is a nice-looking car there.Peter wonders _________.A.it belongs to who B.whom does it belong to C.whom it belongs to D.who does it belong 36.Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn? A.that B./ C.which D.it 37.The young couple was worried because neither of them was aware ________ they had lost the necklace.A.the place B.where C.which D.that 38.Could you please tell me __________? A.that the nearest post-office is located B.where is the nearest post office located C.where the nearest post office is located D.that is the nearest post office located 39.How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on _________ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.A.what B.who C.how D.why 40.Michael Jordan has failed over and over again in his life.And that’s ____ he succeeds.A.what B.when C.why D.where 41.Alice in Wonderland is a fantastic movie.It’s about ______.A.how did Alice end the Red Queen's reign of terror（恐怖統(tǒng)治）B.what did Alice end the Red Queen’s reign of terror C.how Alice ended the Red Queen’s reign of terror D.what Alice ended the Red Queen’s reign of terror 42.I want to know ________.A.when we should arrive at the airport B.when should we arrive at the airport C.when the airport we should arrive at D.when the airport should we arrive at 43.-What time will Mr.Brown be back to China?-Sorry.I don’t know ________.A.when did he go abroad B.why he is going abroad C.how soon will he be back D.how long he will stay abroad 44.The teacher asked the students __________.A.if they were interested in dinosaurs B.when was Albert Einstein born C.what they will do with the computers D.how many trees they have planted

第四篇：初中定語(yǔ)從句

七．定語(yǔ)從句

一.定語(yǔ)從句的概念

在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。

二.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that，which，who（賓格whom，所有格whose）等，關(guān)系副詞包括where，when，why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。三.定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)

根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，從句不可省去。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四.關(guān)系代詞的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。（that作主語(yǔ)）The coat（that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。（that作賓語(yǔ)）

2.which用于指物，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如： The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車(chē)站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。（作主語(yǔ)）The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。（作賓語(yǔ)）

3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主語(yǔ)，whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom。who和whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也可省略。例如： The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。（作主語(yǔ)）Who is the teacher（whom）Li Ming is talking to？

正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)？（作賓語(yǔ)）注意：

（1）當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時(shí)，who，whom，that，which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。

（2）含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如： This is the person whom you are looking for.這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。

（3）that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如： The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。

（4）關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：

a.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。

b.被修飾的先行詞為all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代詞指物時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？

你在商店里有什么東西要買(mǎi)嗎？

c.先行詞被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如： This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車(chē)。

d.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如： I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如： Who is the girl that is crying？

正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)？

f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that，而不用which，例如： There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。

（5）關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：

a.先行詞為that，those時(shí)，用which，而不用that.例如： What’s that which is under the desk？

在桌子底下的那些東西是什么？

b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，which，而不用that.例如： This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。

c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞指事物時(shí)，用which，而不用that，例如： Tom came back，which made us happy.湯姆回來(lái)了，這使我們很高興。五.關(guān)系副詞的用法

1.when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：

This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。

2.where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，where在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如： This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。

3.why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，why在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)。例如： Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。

八．時(shí)間、條件、原因狀語(yǔ)從句

狀語(yǔ)從句指在句子中用作狀語(yǔ)的從句。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等九種狀語(yǔ)從句。

初中階段，我們學(xué)習(xí)的狀語(yǔ)從句主要有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句和原因狀語(yǔ)從句，今天我們就來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)以下這三種狀語(yǔ)從句。一.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

主要連詞：when、while、as、as soon as（一......就......）、before、after、since等。

【注意1】時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句要符合“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則：即主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.我一到北京就給你打電話。

I will give you a call when I arrive at London.我到倫敦后會(huì)給你打電話。

【注意2】since 的用法： since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句必須是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，其主句必須時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：

Since I came to Beijing, I have lived here.自從我來(lái)到北京，我一直住在這里。

【注意3】while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須時(shí)持續(xù)的;when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以持續(xù)也可以不持續(xù)。例如：

While I was away last summer, my dog was taken good care of.我去年夏天離開(kāi)的那段日子里，我的狗被照顧的很好。

When I lived in that small village，I often went to play in the field.當(dāng)我住在那個(gè)小山村的時(shí)候，我經(jīng)常去地里玩耍。

When the film ended，all the people began to go out of the cinema.電影結(jié)束后，所有的人都開(kāi)始走出電影院。二.條件狀語(yǔ)從句

主要連詞：if, unless（除非=if...not...）, as long as（只要）等?！咀⒁狻織l件狀語(yǔ)從句要符合“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則：即主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：

If it is fine tomorrow，we will have a picnic outdoors.如果明天天氣好，我們會(huì)在戶外野餐。

Unless you work hard, you won't succeed.（=If you don't work hard, you won't succeed.）除非你努力工作，否則你不會(huì)取得成功。As long as you go, I will go.只要你去，我就會(huì)去。三.原因狀語(yǔ)從句

主要連詞：because, as（由于）, since（因?yàn)?，既然）等?/p>

【注意】because 引導(dǎo)的原因是未知的原因，as和since引導(dǎo)的原因是已知的原因。例如： I didn't go to school because I was ill.因?yàn)槲也×?，所以沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。

As it is raining heavily, we won't go to the park.由于雨下得很大，我們就不去公園了。

Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，讓我們開(kāi)始我們的會(huì)議吧。

第五篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：定語(yǔ)從句

初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納：定語(yǔ)從句一 名詞性從句:

1.主要包括主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句.一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起.2.主語(yǔ)從句很多情況下都可以放到句子后面,而用代詞it作形式上的主語(yǔ).:

3.形式賓語(yǔ)

4.由名詞性關(guān)系代詞whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的賓語(yǔ)從句

5.whether and if 都能引導(dǎo)從句, 但用法有所不同.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句直接位于句首時(shí),應(yīng)用whether,而不用if.Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能.Whether he will come or not is not known.6.在名詞reason后的表語(yǔ)從句必須用that引導(dǎo), 不可誤用 because.The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.二: 定語(yǔ)從句

1.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which.在非限制定語(yǔ)從句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整個(gè)句子, 多用which.2.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等詞, 或先行詞前為形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí),或先行詞為all, anything, nothing, something, everything 時(shí),從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.3.as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 多和such, the same 連用.As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可修飾整個(gè)句子, 既可放在先行詞后,也可放在句子開(kāi)頭.4.介詞+which/whom/whose從句

5.代/名+介詞+which 從句

6.同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句

三、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that，which，who(賓格whom，所有格whose)等，關(guān)系副詞包括where，when，why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。

四、定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)

根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，從句不可省去，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

五、關(guān)系代詞的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ))

The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ))

2.which用于指物，在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作主語(yǔ)不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車(chē)站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ))

The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ))

3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主語(yǔ)，whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ))

Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))

注意：(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞，介詞放在句末時(shí)，who，that，which可省略，但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。

(2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中，介詞不可前置，只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如：

This is the person whom you are looking for.這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。

(3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞不能放它的前面，只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如：

The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。

(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況：

a.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾，或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。

b.被修飾的先行詞為all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買(mǎi)嗎?

c.先行詞被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車(chē)。

d.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí)，只能用that，而不用which.例如：

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，為避免重復(fù)，只能用that.例如：

Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?

f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that，而不用which.例如：

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。

(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which，而不用that 的情況：

a.先行詞為that，those時(shí)，用which，而不用that.例如：

What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?

b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，一般用which，而不用that.例如：

This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。

c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，用which，而不用that.例如：

Tom came back，which made us happy.湯姆回來(lái)了，這使我們很高興。

五、關(guān)系副詞的用法

(1)when指時(shí)間，其先行詞表示時(shí)間，在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如：

This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。

(2)where指地點(diǎn)，其先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如：

This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。

(3)why 指原因，其先行詞是原因，起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。例如：

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。