第一篇：英語學術演講與寫作 SUMMART小抄

In his article 00 design to build biological which addresses many weapons, and this hazard ,scientistsgrumps over the has come to people”s persistenceof ID(intelligent attention with synthetic design), scott Lilienfeld biology”s recent postulates ,that many development.④Campbell Americans approval of ID points out that it is cannot be blamed on their relatively easy to abuse lack of common sense but biological knowledge while rather their dependence biological studies often on their common sense or bring about unexpected intuition in making results.⑤ People using judgements which turns biological information for them away from the malicious purpose may be theory of natural whoever have learnt to selection.2 According to exploit simple biological Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in technologies and are not intuiting how marvelous necessarily committed to creatures and organisms terrorist agendas.⑥ have resulted from natural Campbell believes that the selection has prevented decisions made by funding many Americans from agencies and scientific accepting Darwinian journals who are the Theory while the same gatekeepers of biological common sense has made research will be crucial in ID rather tempting to them.reducing the risks of ③As is indicated by a information abuse and multitude of examples of what proactive measure wrong beliefs based on should be taken has to be common sense, intuition considered by all related does not provide a reliable parties.3In his meansof understanding article”00”,Austin Modine theworld.④highlights that robot driver Unfortunately ,scientists will control the vehicles and science educators which raises problems in have failed tou teach different social llevels.research methods and Autonomous robots will academic skills that can deprive people of their help debunk control.For Modine’s misconceptions assume that human ,compatible with peoples interaction is necessary,but common sense.⑤Finally , human will make mistakes Lilienfeld concludes that a because of their wrong radical shift in science decision.Autonomous education has to be systerms also have a initiated so that scientists tendency to make would not face a fiasco mistake.And there is a when confronting problem that who will be erroneous claims refuged responsible for the ,by peoples common failure.A concern that sense.2①In his article autonomous systems are “00”, Philip Campbell held back until they don’t highlights a dire likely make mistakes any consequence of biologists” more.The reaction to increased ability to obtain failures between and distribute scientific autonomous systems and information that such manned systems should be information may be chosen if it make less exploited by people with mistakes than heinous intentions.human-operators and 2.Scientific communication, technical according to Campbell, has systems.Finally,Austine seen significant Modine conclude that development due to the many questions should be invention of powerful solved in order to make software and hardware autonomous systems that facilitate scientists” accept legally and acquisition of information socially.4In his article “00” and reduce the trouble Carrington highlights a they may otherwise have phenomenon that to take in order to simplicity becomes more publicize their research.complex, and people are ③However, the resulting interested in the plethora of biological complexity.In the history, information spawns a the turbojet engine hazard that the invented by Frank Whittle information may be used just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity..

第二篇：英語學術演講與寫作4篇Summary

Summary of ‘scientists shouldn’t be surprised by the popularity of intelligent design’

In his article ’’ which addresses many scientists , grumps over the persistence of ID(intelligent design), scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans, approval of ID cannot be blamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them awayfrom the theory of natural selection.According to Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense has made ID rather tempting to them.As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world.Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed to teach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people,s common sense.Finally , Lilienfeld concludes that a radical shift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face a fiasco when confronting erroneous claims refuged by people,s common sense.Summary of ‘Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communication’ In his article “”, Philip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists” increased ability to obtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions.Scientific communication, according to Campbell, has seen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists” acquisition of information and reduce the trouble they may otherwise have to take in order to publicize their research.However, the resulting plethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be used to build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to peoples attention with synthetic biologys recent development.Campbell points out that it is relatively easy to abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results.People using biological information for malicious purpose may be whoever have learnt to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necessarily committed to terrorist agendas.Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agencies and scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucial in reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measure should be taken has to be considered by all related parties.Summary of ‘ethical, legal and social implications of autonomous systems’ In his article“”Austin Modine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.For Modines assume that human interaction is necessary,but human will make mistakes because of their wrong decision.Autonomous systems also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they dont make mistakes any more.The reaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should be chosen if it make less mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved in order to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially.Summary of ‘why do things become more complex’

In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights a phenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity.In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.

第三篇：簡愛essay(英語學術寫作)

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Jane Eyre

This book was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.It describes a story of an orphan's whose name is Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is living under the pressure of traditional society.But she still pursues her independence and fair treatment.She is ordinary, but she has a sincere and brave heart.The unfair treatments of her aunt’s family made her resists and wanted to get away from that home.But after she came to school, she found the school was quiet different as she thought.Jane Eyre was treated unfair in her aunt’s home.She had been taken by her uncle when she was a parentless infant.But since her uncle died, Jane Eyre has been treated quiet unfairly.Her aunt never treated her as her own child.She suffered from lots of insults and humiliates.No one understood and helped her.It made her lived a difficult childhood.“And you ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed, because Missis kindly allows you to be brought up with them.”(6)The people of that home were looking down of Jane Eyre.They gave her a hard time because she was poor and humble.They thought that Mrs.Reed was kind enough to bring Jane Eyre up and she must be obedient.“No.you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep”.(6)They never treated Jane Eyre as their family member.Even thought she was less than a servant and must do all the things as others’ wishes.And she has no rights and status in this family.“Why I was

always suffering, always criticized, always accused, forever condemned.” Facing those unfair treatments, she felt helpless and sorrowful.All the people in this family were indifferent and partial.Those things also made her revolt and rebel.The unfair and cruel life in her aunt’s family made Jane Eyre revolt and escape.The lonely and unhappy childhood made Jane Eyre built up a resistant and rebellious character.She began to accuse those unfair treatments.She didn’t want to stay in Mrs.Reed’s family anymore.She wanted to go to school and change her life completely.“Wicked and cruel boy!I said.You are like a murderer”.(3)Facing to her cruel and unreasonably cousin, Jane Eyre didn’t afraid anymore and rebuked him bravely.“People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(19)When Jane said out those words to Mrs.Reed, she showed her anger and determination.“School would be a complete change: it implied a long journey, an entire separation from Gateshead life.”(13)Jane Eyre’s independent character made her didn’t want to depend on her aunt for a living.She thought that if she go to school, she would meet a new life.When Jane Eyre came to Lowood-a charity school, she found the life in this school was quiet different as she hope.The dharma of Lowood were tough, the life in school were hard, Mr.Brocklehurst, the president of Lowood, is a ruthless hypocrite.In this school, Jane continued suffered spiritual and physical destructions.No matter the food and clothing of school were very bad.Because of poor living and medical conditions, many children died of the disease.“None of this girls around me seemed happy with the food in front of them.Soon, I too found the taste

disgusting.”(23)Many students are not satisfied in this school.The food even can not take away their hunger, let alone the quality.“You must avoid this girl’s company, exclude her from your sports ,and shut her out from your converse…for this girl is liar!”(32)Mr.Brocklehurst defamed Jane Eyre in every possible way in front of all the teachers and students.Many student didn’t believe her and afraid of be with her.But fortunately, her friend Helen and her kind teacher – Miss Temple, still trusted and liked her.But happy days did not last long.A disease break rules of the school.“Many students, already ill, went home only to die.Some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the disease forbidding delay.”(40)Helen also died of this disease.Jane Eyre lost her only good friend in this school.She felt great sorrowful and regretful,Jane Eyre is a poor and homely girl, but she is independent and has a strong self-esteem.Because of the unfair treatment in her aunt’s home, she required to go to school to find a new life.Even thought her school was not like what she wanted.She desires to get equal and happy life through her efforts.

第四篇：英語辯論 學術寫作 - 常用詞

一黨制國家

One—party States 人權 Human rights 人權宣言

Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工會 Trade unions

下議院 House of Commons 上議院 House of Lords 個人主義 Individualism 女權主義 Feminism 馬列主Marxism—Leninism 馬克思主義 Marxism 馬基雅維里主Machiavelli 王權 Crown

無產階級 Proletariat

無產階專政 Dictatorship of the proletariat 無政府主義 Anarchism 專制 Despotism

專制政府/絕對專制主義 Absolute government/absolutism

中央與地方的關系 Central/Local relations 分權 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration 公民權利 Civil rights 公民自由 Civil liberties 正義Justice

可審判性Justiciability平等Equality 奴隸制Slavery 占統(tǒng)治地位的黨 Dominant party 代表Delegate

代議員Representative 代議制政府

Representative government 代表制Representation 主權Sovereignty 市民社會Civil society 市（鎮(zhèn)）長Major

立憲主義Constitutionalism立憲政體 Constitutional government 立法機關Legislatures 立法否決Legislative veto 立法委員會

Legislative committees 立法起草

Legislative drafting 半總統(tǒng)制

Semi-presidential systems 議長Speaker 議會制度

Parliamentary system 司法機構Judiciary 司法行政官Magistrate 司法審查Judicial review 民主Democracy 民主黨Democratic Party

民主集中制Democratic centralism 民意測驗Opinion polls

共產黨Communist Parties共和國Republic 機構/制度Institution 權力Power 權利Rights

權利法案Bill of rights 權威Authority 婦女選舉權

Women’s suffrage 地方長官Prefect

地方政府Local government 地方政府財政

Local government finance 地方政治Local politics 同意Consent

同意投票Approval voting 團體理論Group theory 邦聯(lián)Confederation

邦聯(lián)條例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom

自由黨Liberal parties 自由裁量權Discretion 自決Self-determination 自治Self-government 自治領Dominion 行為主義Behaviouralism 行政Administration 行政機關Executives

政委員Administrative board 行政法庭

Administrative tribunal 行政法院

Administrative court 州長Governor 多元主義Pluralism 多元社會Plural society 多頭制Polyarchy 多數(shù)派政府

Majority government 多數(shù)統(tǒng)治Majority rule 決策Decision making 決策理論Decision theory 農奴制Serfdom 階層/階級Class

麥迪遜，詹姆斯Madison,James 蘇格拉底Socrates 極權主義Totalitarianism 否決權Veto 投票Voting 投票率Turnout 護憲Entrenchment 財產權Property 利益Interests 利益表達與聚合 Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集團Interest group

言論，表達和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社區(qū)/共同體Community 社團主義Corporatism 社會主義Socialism 社會民主主義 Social democracy

社會契約論Social contract君主制Monarchy 責任Responsibility 責任政府

Responsible government

直接民主Direct democracy直接行動Direct action 杰斐遜，托馬斯Jefferson,Thomas 歐洲議會

European Parliament 歐洲共同體

European Community 歧視Discrimination 國際法International Law 國家State

國家元首Head of state 國家消亡

Withering away of the state 國家財政危機

Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗

Civil disobedience 非暴力行為

Non-violent action 制定法Statute Law 制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage 委員會Commission 質詢Interpellation 法Law 法令Act 法官Judge 法治Rule of law 法律的正當程序 Due process of law 法案，議案Bill 宗教自由

Freedom of religion 審判Adjudication 審查制度Censorship 官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy 實證主義Positivism 封建主義Feudalism

革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政體Polity 政綱platform 政變Coup D’etat 政府Government 政府組成過程 Government formation process 政府首腦

Head of government 政府調查Public inquiry 政治Politics

政治義務Political obligation 政治文化Political culture 政治中的種族問題 Race in politics 政治心理學

Political psychology 政治發(fā)展

Political development

政治行動委員會（美國）Political action committee 政治行為研究 Political behaviour 政治地理學

Political geography

政治權力Political power 政治局（及常務委員會）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治溝通

Political communication 政治體系/政治系統(tǒng) Political system 政治參與

Political participation 政治財政Political finance 政治科學Political science 政治社會化

Political socialization 政治社會學

Political sociology 政治學的定量方法

Quantitative methods in politics 政治態(tài)度Political attitudes 政治腐敗

Political corruption 政治繼承

Political succession 政治理論Political theory 政治暴力Political violence 政治影響Political influence

政治整合/政治一體化Political integratio 政黨分贓制Spoils system 政黨認同Party identification 政黨代表大會 Party convention

政黨功能Parties,political:functions of 政黨組織Party organization 政黨核心集團Machine 政黨秘密會議Caucus 政策分析Policy analysis 政策實施Implementation

政策輸出研究Policy output studies 城市政府City government 城邦國家City state 貴族/貴族制Aristocracy 思想庫Think tank 看守政府 Caretaker government 選區(qū)Constituency 選民登記

Registration of electors 選擇投票Ticket-splitting 選擇領導Leadership selection 選舉Elections

選舉團Electoral college 選舉綱領Election program 選舉制度Electoral system 選票Ballot

重農主義Physiocracy 重劃選區(qū)Redistribution 重商主義Mercantilism 種族滅絕Genocide 種族主義Racism 種族隔離Apartheid 順從Deference

保守主義Conservatism 保守黨Conservative parties保護主義Clientelism 修正主義Revisionism 獨立機構

Independent agency

獨立宣言Declaration of Independence 獨裁主義，權威主義Authoritarianism 獨裁制Autocracy 帝國Empire

帝國主義Imperialism 美國革命

American Revolution 美國國會Congress 美國輝格黨Whig:U.S.首相（總理）/首相（總理）制政府

Prime minister/Prime ministerial government

總統(tǒng)，總統(tǒng)制President/Presidential system總罷工General strike 總督Governor-General 派別Faction 咨詢和同意

Advice and consent 宣傳Propaganda 憲法Constitutional law 憲法規(guī)約

Conventionofthe constitution

憲法/憲政Constitution/constitutionalism 神權政治Theocracy 神授王權

Divine right of kings 費邊主義Fabianism 絕對專制主義Absolutism 統(tǒng)治階級Ruling class 統(tǒng)治能力Governability 恐怖Terror 恐怖主義Terrorism 格勞修斯Grotius 監(jiān)護Tutelage 監(jiān)察專員Ombudsman 黨派首領Boss 罷免Recall 恩格斯Engels

缺席投票Absence voting 特權Prerogative 特許狀Charter 秘密警察Secret police 倒臺與政權更迭

Breakdown and regime change 候選人選擇

candidate selection 愛國主義Patriotism 被保護國Protectorate

競爭性政黨制度Competitive party system 競選運動Election campaign 部門Department

部長，部Minister/Ministry 部長會議Council of Ministers 準司法Quasi-judicial 準--非政府組織Quango 資歷制Seniority 資產階級Bourgeoisie 資本主義Capitalism 浮動投票人Floating vote 浪漫主義Romanticism 寬容Toleration 家長型控制Paternalism 調查委員會Selectcommittee 預算，預算編制Budget/Budgeting 陪審團Jury 理性Rationality

理性選擇方法Rational choice 教權主義Clericalism 教會與國家

Church and State 基本權利Fundamental right 基層黨組織

Primary party organization 職能代表

Functional representation 授權立法

Delegated legislation 授權學說Mandate theory 常設委員會

Standing committee 累計投票Cumulative vote 唯心主義Idealism 領導Leadership 第二院，上議院 Second chambers 康德Kant

混合政府Mixed government 彈劾Impeachment 隱私Privacy

殖民統(tǒng)治Colonial government 聯(lián)合，聯(lián)合政府 Coalition/Coalition government 聯(lián)合民主

Consociational democracy 協(xié)商民主

聯(lián)合國United Nations 聯(lián)邦制Federalism 聯(lián)邦黨人文集 Federalist Papers 聯(lián)盟，聯(lián)合League 超載Overload 超國家政府

Supranational government 博愛Fraternity 斯大林Stalin 斯賓諾莎Spinoza 斯密，亞當Smith,Adam 最低下限Droop quota 最高行政法院 Conseil d’Aetat

最高法院Supreme court 黑格爾Hegal 輝格黨與托利黨 Whigs and Tories 等級Estates

集體主義Collectivism

集體行動Collective action集體領導 Collective leadership 集合理論Coalition theory 街區(qū)選舉，集團投票 Block vote

普通法Common law 游說Lobbying

雇主組織Employer’s organization 強制性投票

Compulsory voting 鼓勵性行動

Affirmative action 路德，馬丁Luther,Martin 解散議會

Dissolution of parliament 意識形態(tài)Ideology 新左派New Left 新右派New Right 新政New deal

新教政黨Protestant parties 福利國家Welfare state

群眾性政黨Mass membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny 寡頭制Oligarchy 寡頭政治鐵律

Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主義Elites,Elitism 精英理論Doctrine of elites 腐敗選區(qū)Rotten borough 弊政Maladministration 熊彼特Schumpeter 影子內閣Shadow cabinet 暴力Violence 潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes 穆勒Mill

激進主義Radicalism 激進政黨Radical parties 整體主義Holism 辯證法Dialectic

辯證唯物主義Dialectical materialism 警察Police

警察國家Police state 時事政治詞匯

國內時事Domestic Affairs

中國共產黨第十七次全國代表大會 17th National Congress of Communist Party of China(17th NCCPC)中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央紀律檢查委員會 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中共中央委員會 CPC Central Committee 全國人民代表大會(簡稱 全國人大)National People’s Congress(NPC)

九屆全國人大四次會議 the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress 全國人大代表 deputy to the National People’s Congress 全國人民代表大會主席團 the NPC Presidium 全國人民代表大會常務委員會 the NPC Standing Committee 全國人民代表大會常務委員會辦公廳 the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee 中國人民政治協(xié)商會議全國委員會(簡稱全國政協(xié))National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)

中國政協(xié)委員 member of the National Committee of CPPCC 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court

最高人民法院院長President of the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民檢察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate

最高人民檢察院檢察長Procurator-General

國務院State Council

外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs

國防部Ministry of National Defense

國家發(fā)展計劃委員會State Development Planning Commission

國家經濟貿易委員會State Economic and Trade Commission

教育部Ministry of Education

科學技術部Ministry of Science and Technology

國防科學技術工業(yè)委員會Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

國家民族事務委員會State Ethnic Affairs Commission

公安部Ministry of Public Security

安全部Ministry of State Security

監(jiān)察部Ministry of Supervision

民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs

司法部Ministry of Justice

財政部Ministry of Finance

人事部Ministry of Personnel

勞動和社會保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security

國土資源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

建設部Ministry of Construction

鐵道部Ministry of Railways

交通部Ministry of Communications

信息產業(yè)部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications

水利部Ministry of Water Resources

農業(yè)部Ministry of Agriculture

對外貿易經濟合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation

文化部Ministry of Culture

衛(wèi)生部Ministry of Health

國家計劃生育委員會State Family Planning Commission

中國人民銀行People’s Bank of China

審計署Auditing Administration

fgA中國英語學習網

中共中央總書記 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee

政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee

政治局委員 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

書記處書記 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

中央委員 Member, Central Committee

候補委員 Alternate Member

省委/市委書記 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC

黨組書記 secretary, Party Leadership Group 中華人民共和國主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China

全國人大委員長/副委員長 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress

秘書長 Secretary-General

主任委員 Chairman

委員 Member

（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress

人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress

國務院總理 Premier, State Council

副總理Vice Premier

國務委員 State Councilor

秘書長 Secretary-General

（國務院各委員會）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for

（國務院各部）部長 Minister

部長助理 Assistant Minister

司長 Director

局長 Director

省長 Governor

常務副省長 Executive Vice Governor

自治區(qū)人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government

地區(qū)專員 Commissioner, prefecture

香港特別行政區(qū)行政長官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

市長/副市長 Mayor/Vice Mayor

區(qū)長 Chief Executive, District Government

縣長 Chief Executive, County Government

鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)長 Chief Executive, Township Government

秘書長 Secretary-General

辦公廳主任 Director, General Office

（部委辦）主任 Director

處長/副處長 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief

科長/股長 Section Chief

科員 Clerk/Officer

有中國特色的社會主義民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics 鄧小平理論 Deng Xiaoping Theory 三個代表 three represents theory(the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗幟，全面貫徹“三個代表”重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of “Three Represents” 堅持解放思想、實事求是的思想路線，弘揚與時俱進的精神 adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.兩大歷史性課題（提高黨的執(zhí)政能力和領導水平、提高拒腐防變和抵御風險能力）the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推進黨的建設的新的偉大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building 三講教育：講學習，講政治，講正氣three emphases education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)新聞發(fā)布會news conference 政府工作報告government’s work report 國有企業(yè)state-owned enterprises(SOE)人均國內生產總值per-capita gross domestic product(GDP)國民生產總值gross national product(GNP)經濟房low-cost housing 西部大開發(fā) the strategy of developing the western region 西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略develop-the-west strategy 擴大住房貸款，助學貸款和大件消費品貸款expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans 弱勢群體 disadvantaged groups(對弱勢群體給予特殊的就業(yè)援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.)西電東送 transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region 加快經濟結構調整 accelerate economic restructuring 購買力 purchasing power 消費者物價指數(shù)Consumer Price Index(CPI)城鎮(zhèn)社會保障體系 urban social security system 下崗職工基本生活費 subsistence allowances for laid-off workers 離退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金 basic pensions for retirees 特困行業(yè)和企業(yè) industries and enterprises in dire straits 試點項目 pilot project 抵抗全球經濟衰退 to combat the global economic slump 醫(yī)療改革 health care reform 農村剩余勞動力 surplus rural workers 擴大內需，刺激消費 expand domestic demand and consumption 鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè) township enterprises 地方保護主義local protectionism fgA中國英語學習網 不正當競爭unfair competition fgA中國英語學習網 與時俱進 advance with the times 綜合國力 overall national strength 可持續(xù)發(fā)展 sustainable development 三峽工程 Three-Gorges Project 三峽移民 Migrants from Three Gorges area 電視會議 televised meeting 常務委員 Standing Committee member 下崗職工 laid-off workers 再就業(yè) re-employment 再就業(yè)下崗人員 re-employment of laid-off workers 隱形就業(yè) hidden employment 國有企業(yè)改革 Reform of state-owned enterprises 醫(yī)保制度改革 Reform of medical insurance system 政府機構改革 Reform of government institutions 現(xiàn)代遠程教育 modern distance education 青藏鐵路 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 農村電網改造 projects to upgrade rural power grids 退耕還林、還草工程 Grain for Green Project 增收節(jié)支 increase revenue and cut government expenditure 全面小康社會 all-round well-off society 構建和諧社會to build a harmonious society 對某事予以嚴重關注express grave concern over sth.fgA中國英語學習網 對某事表示深切關注be deeply concerned about sth.fgA中國英語學習網 旨在做某事in a bid to do sth.海峽兩岸關系cross-Strait relations 國務院臺灣事務辦公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council 三通(指臺灣海峽兩岸實現(xiàn)通商，通航和通郵)three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits fgA中國英語學習網 一國兩制one country, two systemsfgA中國英語學習網 反對“臺獨” oppose the “Independence of Taiwan 一個中國的原則是和平統(tǒng)一的基礎

The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification 國際時事International Affairs 大使，使節(jié)ambassador大使館embassy 武裝部隊armed forces 逮捕arrest 當局 authorities 禁止ban 炸彈；轟炸bomb 人體炸彈body bomb 預算budget 內閣cabinet 運動，選舉campaign 候選人，選手candidate 傷亡casualty 停火cease-fire 首領，長官chief 倒塌collapse 譴責condemn 腐敗corruption 撞擊，墜毀crash 匯市 currency market 僵局deadlock 死亡數(shù)death toll 赤字deficit / 盈余 surplus 外交關系diplomatic tie 經濟復蘇economic recovery 選舉election

少數(shù)民族ethnic groups 證據(jù)evidence 驅逐，放逐expel 世界經濟global economy 有罪的guilty 劫機hijack 人質hostage 獨立independence 通貨膨脹inflation 投資invest 共同的joint 伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭Iraq War 多數(shù)majority 行動，步驟move 相互的mutual 核武器nuclear weapon 開槍，開火open fire 推翻，顛覆overthrow 國會parliament(Britain);congress(US)維和部隊peace-keeping force(美)五角大樓(美國國防部辦公樓)Pentagon 方針，政策policy 投票，民意測驗 poll 總統(tǒng)，主席 president 提議，提案proposal 抗議protest 經濟蕭條recession 區(qū)域的regional 收入revenue

暴動和搶劫rioting and looting 安全 security 間諜spy 戰(zhàn)略strategy 自殺suicide

高峰會議summit meeting 生還者survivor 恐怖主義terrorism 恐怖分子terrorist 被困的 trapped 臺風 typhoon 協(xié)議 treaty 動蕩 unrest 受害者victim 暴力violence

安全理事會Security Council

聯(lián)合國大會UN General Assembly

聯(lián)合國教育科學文化組織United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO

世界衛(wèi)生組織World Health Organization(WHO)世界貿易組織World Trade Organization(WTO)自由貿易協(xié)定Free Trade Agreement(FTA)fgA中國英語學習網

發(fā)展和平友好、平等互利、長期穩(wěn)定的關系to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability

發(fā)展民族經濟to develop the national economy

販賣軍火to peddle munitions

國家不分大小，應該一律平等All countries, big or small, should be equal

建立正常的國家關系to establish normal state relations

求得公平合理的解決to seek a fair and reasonable solution

取長補短to make up for each other’s deficiencies

通過外交途徑進行談判to negotiate through diplomatic channels

維護國家獨立和主權完整to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty

用和平手段解決爭端to solve disputes by peaceful means

維護世界和平to safeguard world peace

第五篇：實用寫作答案與小抄

填空題：

集中、確、簡明、平易、莊重。

3．中華人民共和國國家標準（GB∕T9704―1999）《國家行政機關公文格式》

三項內容。

5的三個基本要素。

和

345.作為法規(guī)與規(guī)章的一種，規(guī)定有很強的現(xiàn)實針對性，其

等三種。

6.按照記錄內容和記錄方式的不同，選擇題

1.按照行文關系和行文方向的不同，可將公文分為三種，其中下級機關向所屬上級機關呈送的公文屬于

規(guī)定：適用于對重要事項或重大行動做出安排，獎懲有關單位人員及人員，變更或者撤銷下級機關不適當?shù)臎Q定事項。3.4.表彰先進，批評錯誤，傳達重要精神或情況。

5.機關匯報工作，反映情況，答復上級機關的詢問。

6.向上級機關請求指示、批準。

7.相隸屬機關之間相互商洽工作，詢問和答復問題，請求批 2.對某一方面的工作或某一重大事項的處理方式及某一組織的宗旨、任務及其成員的職責權限等作出規(guī)定的3.有關機關或部門根據(jù)黨和國家的方針、政策及有關法規(guī)、4.向某個機構或個人介紹、推薦某人獲得某個職位、某 1.新聞的三行標題中，其作用主要是揭示新聞事實的性質、意義，或者交代背景、說明原因、烘托氣氛，從而引

2.將主要內容放入導語部分，并且由主到次、由重到輕

3.在開頭便對新聞事實進行評論，表明作者的態(tài)度和立場

4.產品說明書的特點是與其文體特征和具體功用聯(lián)系在一起的。下列三點中，哪點不應是產品說明書必備的特點：

事起訴狀或民事上訴狀的內容，針對原告提出的訴訟請求或上訴人提出的上訴請求作出答復，并依據(jù)事實與理由進行辯駁的法律文書。3.下列三點中，當事人、律師為解決行政糾紛，提起行政訴訟而依法制作的具有法律效力或法律意義的文書的總稱。

5.1.調查報告的寫作要求有哪些？

答：要寫好調查報告，必須做到以下幾點：（1）要認真進行調查研究，充分占有材料（2）要以正確的立場和方法，認真分析并合理組織材料（3）要講究結構形式和語言特點。

答：計劃通常由標題、正文和落款幾部分構成。制訂計劃要依循以下要求：（1）要符合政策（2）要從實際出發(fā)（3）要具體明確（4）要留有余地

3.撰寫總結，必須注意哪些問題？ 答：撰寫總結，必須注意以下幾點：（1）要充分占有資料，并實事求是地反映情況。（2）要善于分析材料，并找出規(guī)律性的東西來（3）要合理的取舍內容，以突出重點（4）要深入研究問題，以寫出特色

4.撰寫述職報告應當注意哪幾點？ 答：撰寫述職報告，應做到以下幾點：（1）內容要客觀真實（2）表述要具體實在（3）詳略要得當，重點要突出（4）語言要得體

1.撰寫經濟活動分析報告必須注意哪幾點？

答：撰寫經濟活動分析報告，必須注意以下幾點：（1）要準確、全面的掌握材料（2）要合理的運用分析方法（3）要及時完成報告

2.撰寫可行性研究報告應注意什么？ 答：撰寫可行性研究報告應該注意：（1）要放寬眼界（2）要實事求是（3）要講求科學（4）要充分論證（5）要注意運用專業(yè)知識

3.簽訂合同應注意哪幾點？ 答：簽訂合同必須注意：（1）要熟悉有關法律法規(guī)和方針、政策（2）要精通業(yè)務，了解情況（3）要在平等協(xié)商、取得一致意見的基礎上確定各項條款（4）要認真書寫，并不得隨意涂抹

1.請簡要說明民事起訴狀“事實與理由”部分的基本寫法及注意事項。答：陳述事實應當寫明原告與被告民事法律關系存在的事實，以及雙方發(fā)生民事權益爭議的時間、地點、原因、經過、情節(jié)和結果。陳述事實應當注意兩點：（1）必須實事求是的反映事實真相，不能隱瞞或者歪曲事實（2）要圍繞訴訟請求寫明事實，既要反映案件的全貌，又要突出重點。

闡述理由一般包含：首先依事論理，寫明被告的侵

權行為或者雙方爭議的性質、已經造成的后果以及被告應當承擔的民事責任；然后依法論理，寫明原告提起訴訟所依據(jù)的法律條款。闡述理由應當注意兩點：第一，依事論理要以事實為根據(jù)，要抓住重點，擊中要害；第二，依法論理要準確的引用法律條款

2.如何寫好民事答辯狀的正文？

答：正文是答辯的狀的核心部分，是具體陳述答辯理由的部分。一般來說：答辯理由可從兩個方面進行闡述：一是針對所寫事實不實進行反駁，二是針對法律不當進行反駁。答辯狀應當具備針對性和反駁性

4.如何利用圖書情報機構，提高文獻檢索的效率？請簡述之。

答：閱讀者應該做到：1.要熟悉圖書分類2.要善于使用檢索工具3.要選用合理的檢索方法

5.筆記主要有哪三種形式？請分別說明它們特點。答：筆記的形式主要有以下三種：

1.在文獻上加記號、寫眉批：其特點是隨讀隨批，不影響思維連貫性，不影響閱讀速度，簡便易行2.成冊筆記本：容量大，易于收藏、管理

3.卡片和活頁紙：方便靈活

3.行政起訴狀的正文包括哪幾部分？請簡要說明每一部分的寫法。

答：正文包括：訴訟請求、事實與理由、證據(jù)等內容。

訴訟請求一般寫的比較概括，主要寫向法院提起訴訟所要達到的目的事實與理由。在事實部分，首先寫明原告引起行政機關作出具體行政行為的事實；其次寫明行政機關所作出的具體行政行為；最后寫明原告是否申請過行政復議；在理由部分，首先應當指明具體行政行為的不妥之處，然后說明其錯誤所在，表明自己的行為不當應當受到此種處理或是處罰的原因和依據(jù)

證據(jù)，證據(jù)名稱要規(guī)范，要符合法律規(guī)定，要寫明證據(jù)名稱、來源，涉及證人證言的應當寫明證人的姓名和住址

起草一份轉發(fā)下列文件，要求下級機關做好該文件所安排

寫作要求：內容要明確，中心要突出；格式要正確，寫法要規(guī)范（可只寫標題、主送機關、正文、發(fā)文機關和發(fā)文時間幾個項目）；語言要準確、簡明、得體，書寫要清楚。

國務院辦公廳關于限制生產銷售使用塑料購物袋的通知

各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府，國務院各部委、各直屬機構：

二○○七年十二月三十一日

轉發(fā)關于國務院辦公廳限制生產銷售使用塑料購物袋的通知 各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府，國務院各部委、各直屬機構：

國務院辦公廳《關于限制生產銷售使用塑料購物袋的通知》已經國務院同意，現(xiàn)轉發(fā)給你們，請認真貫徹執(zhí)行。

*******印章

二零零八年一月*日

四、根據(jù)《建設部安全生產委員會會議紀要》

關于召開建設部安全生產委員會會議的通知 各建設部有關單位：

為構建和諧社會，總結2004年我部的安全生產工作，明確2005年我部的安全生產工作重點，經研究，決定召開建設部安全生產委員會會議，現(xiàn)將有關內容通知如下：

一、會議時間：2004年12月9日

二、會議地點：建設部314會議室

三、參會人員：建設部安全生產委員會各成員單位

四、聯(lián)系方式：

請各參會單位于2004年12月1日前將會議回執(zhí)

單傳真至建設部**司。

聯(lián)系人：***聯(lián)系電話：**************（傳真）

會期*天，屆時請您準時參加。附件：會議回執(zhí)單

建設部辦公室 二零零四年十一月二十五日

五、根據(jù)下面這份函的內容及給出的材料，起草一份

寫作要求：內容要明確，中心要突出；格式要正確，寫法要規(guī)范（可只寫標題、主送機關、正文、發(fā)文機關和發(fā)文時間幾個項目）；語言要準確、簡明、得體，書寫要清楚。

外語部關于商請聯(lián)合舉辦英語培訓活動的復函

繼續(xù)教育處：

你處《關于商請聯(lián)合舉辦英語培訓活動的函》收悉。經各領導研究同意，先復函如下：

一、經研究，基本同意與貴校聯(lián)合舉辦“旅游英語”、“生活英

語”培訓活動。

二、請貴校提供詳細的活動方案，活動方案應對活動的具體步驟、措施等作出安排。

三、雙方就有關事宜進行協(xié)商后，需要簽訂項目合作協(xié)議。

外語部

二○○X年X月X日

四、根據(jù)經濟新聞標題的寫法及要求，為下面兩則經濟新聞補寫標題。

（一）