第一篇：大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程unit b2

B2

Advertising

Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention.This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose.In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services.For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy—food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad.Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads;in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them.A classified ad is usually only a few lines long.It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising.Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment.Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area.To bring their message to a large audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines.Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazines ads.The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads.The most important purpose is to catch the eye.The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising.Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.Television ads are short—usually only 15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising.If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising—and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising.They must decide on the audience they want to reach.They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience.They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan.In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.

第二篇：大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程(上冊)

本課程的名稱為“大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程（上冊）”，它是高等教育自學(xué)考試各專業(yè)（英語專業(yè)除外）專科階段的公共實踐課，檢測好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是會不會靈活運(yùn)用這門語言?？荚嚧缶V規(guī)定，大學(xué)英語的教學(xué)目標(biāo)是“使學(xué)習(xí)者能比較熟練地掌握英語基礎(chǔ)知識和語言技能，做到具有較好的閱讀能力、一定的英譯漢能力和初步的聽、說、讀、寫及漢譯英能力，為獲得專業(yè)所需要的信息及進(jìn)一步提高英語水平打下較扎實的基礎(chǔ)”。

本課程包括較系統(tǒng)的英語語法知識、英語單詞約3000個和詞組約500個，閱讀量為30000余詞。本課程的重點(diǎn)是英語的基本詞匯和語法，課程的主要目的是培養(yǎng)閱讀能力。

本課程的主要考試內(nèi)容是從詞匯、語法、閱讀和翻譯著手的。從2000年開始考試題型已改為如下七種：A.客觀題部分：1.單項選擇10%；2.完型填空10%；3.閱讀理解30%；B.主觀題部分：4.單詞拼寫10%；5.詞形轉(zhuǎn)換10%；6.漢譯英15%；7.英譯漢15% 為了幫助大家在英語學(xué)習(xí)、考試方面能達(dá)到事半功倍的效果，以及從我這幾年教受英語課程的經(jīng)驗來看，想給大家提幾點(diǎn)建議，：

第一，要勤讀、多讀。我們這里所說的“讀”包括朗讀和閱讀，正確的發(fā)音，流利的朗讀，對于熟練掌握單詞、句子和課文，提高閱讀速度都有根本意義；

第二，記牢單詞。我知道這歷來是考生們最頭疼的事情，但是我認(rèn)為只要大家有好的適合自己的方法，那么對于大綱要求的這3000詞匯來說應(yīng)該只是a piece of cake(小事一莊)。發(fā)音要正確，背單詞要有計劃，讀寫結(jié)合，注意常用詞的詞類和變化規(guī)則，記單詞要和學(xué)習(xí)課文結(jié)合起來，不能死記硬背，最后一環(huán)是和遺忘作斗爭的最有效手段---復(fù)習(xí)。英語中有一句諺語：Rome wasn’t built in one day!譯成中文是：冰凍三尺非一日之寒。記憶單詞尤應(yīng)記住它；

第三點(diǎn)，學(xué)好語法。學(xué)語法的主要目的是為了用。對于英語教學(xué)我最擅長的就是講解語法，一般我會將語法現(xiàn)象融入所學(xué)課文中，讓大家感覺不是那么晦澀難懂。只有在錯綜復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象中學(xué)和用，才能真正掌握語法。

英語學(xué)習(xí)不是一句兩句就說的完的，今后我會在教學(xué)中逐步讓大家感受到學(xué)英語的樂趣，它不僅僅是我們通向事業(yè)成功的一座橋梁，也將豐富大家的日常生活。但學(xué)習(xí)畢竟是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我將四個英文字母以及一句諺語送給我們每一位自學(xué)者：IIpp----Interest, Intention, patience and persistence.Where there is a will, there is a way!(有志者事竟成！)Good luck!下面我們開始上課。我想在第一課開始之前對大家提幾點(diǎn)要求：1.每人都必須有課本，即高遠(yuǎn)主編的《大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程》（上）；2.每講后必須要復(fù)習(xí)、做作業(yè)；3.最好能提前看看下講的課文；4.每5個單元有測驗，請大家務(wù)必認(rèn)真完成;5有問題隨時問，學(xué)習(xí)上不要害羞。

本教程共計25個單元。每單元分A，B兩篇文章，一般A 位重點(diǎn)文章，精講；B為培養(yǎng)閱讀能力的文章，略講。

Unit one: Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner?

Ⅰ.New Words: 1.successful: a 成功的；

succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功;success n;successfully ad(*)a.She wished him success_ in his new job.b.Were you successful in finding a new house? c.I finished my training successfully.d.He succeeds in finding a good job.2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(與某人有分歧，意見不一致), n disagreement, a disagreeable;反義詞：agree, agreement, agreeable e.g.I always disagree with him.3.guarantee:n / v 保證、擔(dān)保、保修

e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee.(n保修)2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year.(v 保修)4.intelligent:a 聰明的、明智的，n intelligence 聰明、智慧 5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的

6.similar:a 相似的、類似的，短語be similar to sth / sb in sth(*)e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾氣)to her mother.7.independent:a 獨(dú)立的、自主的，independence n 獨(dú)立、自主、自立，（*）字根：depend(v):依靠、依賴，depend on / upon dependence: n 信賴、信任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的 a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.b.Children depend on their parents for food.c.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.8.clue:n 線索、提示，常用短語：clue to something 9.adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的

a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now.b.His behavior isn’t adult.10.conclusion: n 結(jié)論、推論；v conclude.decide v 決定，decision n 決定、決心

11.communicate: v 交流、通訊、傳播，習(xí)語： ①communicate sth to sb: 傳播某事給某人； ②communicate with sb: 同某人交流

名詞：communication: a communication satellite 通訊衛(wèi)星；

a communication network 通訊網(wǎng)，telecommunication:電訊、電信，China telecommunication中國電信

12.inexact: a 不正確的，反義詞：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反義詞：complete 13.purpose: n 目的、意圖，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的，purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*)a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 經(jīng)常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的

15.technique: n 技術(shù)、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 輪廓、大綱

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的成年人會不同意這種說法的。

①本句主語為：Most adults who are learning a second language;謂語為：would disagree with；賓語為：this statement ②主語中包含有一個語法點(diǎn)，定語從句。這是英語中一個非常重要的語法點(diǎn).顧名思義，定語從句應(yīng)該在整個句中做定語，請對比如下兩句: He bought an interesting book.(定語)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定語從句）。具體介紹該語法點(diǎn)：

修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞。定語從句必須放在先行詞后面，它需由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。

通常引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).關(guān)系副詞有：when(時間), where(地點(diǎn)), why(原因)。不管是關(guān)系代詞還是副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，要在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修飾先行詞most adults, who 是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中作主語。下面我們一起來看另幾個例句：仔細(xì)聽我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? ③would此時為助動詞，表示“可能，將會”。

④需掌握的短語：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice?

hundreds of:幾百，當(dāng)hundred, thousand, million用作不確定數(shù)目時，需用復(fù)數(shù)形式，并加介詞of;當(dāng)它們用作確定的數(shù)目時，不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.譯：語言學(xué)習(xí)不同于其他種類的學(xué)習(xí)。短語：be different from:與?不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)譯：有些人很聰明，在他們自己的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域很有成就，但發(fā)現(xiàn)很難成功地學(xué)習(xí)語言。

①本句主語Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，謂語find，賓語difficult to succeed in language learning，it語法上稱作形式賓語:當(dāng)賓語較長時，常將它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定語從句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修飾先行詞some people, who在定語從句中作主語。

③需掌握的習(xí)語：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地?)這句話意思和結(jié)構(gòu)與上句相似，口頭分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.(*)譯：語言學(xué)習(xí)研究顯示成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者在許多方面都是相似的。

①本句主語Language learning research；謂語：shows；賓語：that引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句。在賓語從句中successful language learners是主語；are是系動詞；similar in many ways是表語

②重要短語be similar(to sb/sth)in sth在?方面與某人/某事相似

7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.(*)譯：不是等這老師解釋，而是自己努力去發(fā)現(xiàn)各種句型和規(guī)則。

①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介詞短語作狀語，主語：they；謂語：try to find；賓語：the patterns and the rules for themselves ②介詞of后的動詞要用動名詞waiting ③短語：instead of sth;wait for sb to do sth;try to do sth;8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.(*)譯：他們尋找說這種語言的人，當(dāng)他們說錯時就請這些人幫助指正。

①這是一個由and連接的并列句，其中有一個定語從句who speak the language，修飾先行詞people;有一個時間狀語從句when they make a mistake ②correct: v 指正、糾正，短語：make a mistake 犯錯誤

9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.譯：他們不害怕重復(fù)他們聽到的或說一些奇怪的東西。①what they hear是repeat的賓語從句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 從句 a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.c.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.譯：當(dāng)交流困難時，他們會接受不準(zhǔn)確或不完整的信息。

本句中包含一個時間狀語從句When communication is difficult，一個定語從句that is inexact or incomplete，修飾先行詞information，在從句中that作主語。

11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.(*)譯：對他們來說，學(xué)會用所學(xué)的語言來思考比學(xué)會每個單詞的意思更重要。

①it作形式主語，真正主語是動詞不定式to learn to think in the language.原句語序應(yīng)是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.用形式主語的目的是因為不定式作主語太長，為避免句子頭重腳輕，用it代替真正的主語。e.g.For many people to learn English well is very difficult.=It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well ②短語：learn to do sth學(xué)會做?;more important than ?更重要

12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.= For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 譯：對他們來說，學(xué)會這種語言以便同這些人交流并向他們學(xué)習(xí)是非常必要的

①這句話較復(fù)雜，it作形式主語，動詞不定式是真正的主語，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我們稱作目的狀語

②短語：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;learn from sb:向?學(xué)習(xí)13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.譯：因為他們想學(xué)會這種語言，所以他們發(fā)現(xiàn)不斷地練習(xí)實際應(yīng)用這種語言是容易的。①it作形式賓語，真正的賓語to practice using the language regularly，原因狀語從句because they want to learn with it.②practice是動詞,英式英語拼寫形式是practise,美式英語動詞和名詞拼寫都是practice.作動詞時，后面只能用動名詞，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)譯：如果你是一名成功的語言學(xué)習(xí)者，你大概一直在獨(dú)立地、主動地、目的明確地學(xué)習(xí)。①if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，主句中的have been learning是動詞的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，表示動作從以前開始一直不間斷地進(jìn)行到現(xiàn)在。

②三個副詞：independently, actively, and purposefully 要會拼寫。15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.譯：另一方面來說，如果你的語言學(xué)習(xí)一直不太成功，你不妨試試上面提到的一些學(xué)習(xí)技巧。①If your language learning has been less than successful是條件狀語從句。②短語：on the other hand: 另一方面來說;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一種委婉語氣，不妨?，最好?.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with ?(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from?(3段1行);4.succeed in sth?(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do?(4段4行);8.similar in sth?(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do?(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do?(7段6行);17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)

B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, purposefully;12.regularly;13.technique;14.outline.C.Key to part exercises:(from page 8 to 12)

一、課文練習(xí)： Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;Ⅱ.1.task;2.intelligent;3.tudy;4.clue;5.conclusion;6.repeat;7.communication;8.purpose;9.probably;10.outline Ⅲ.1.Instead of;2.therefore;3.more?than;4.even;5.first of all;6.because;7.on the other hand;8.finally;9.looking for;10.conversely Ⅳ.1.見課文；

2.Language learning is active learning.Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language.3.Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful.4.見一講作業(yè)。

5.The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.二、詞匯練習(xí)：

Ⅰ.1.2.4.見一講詞匯講解部分； 3.cover: v 覆蓋； uncover: v 揭開，為cover的反義詞；discover: v 發(fā)現(xiàn)，同義詞：find,習(xí)題答案為：covered;uncover;discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact;2.technique;3.outlined;4.communicate;5.regularly;6.clue;7.intelligent;8.incomplter;9.similar;10.statement Ⅲ.1.disagree;2.independent;3.incomplete;4.inexact;5.uncover/discover Ⅳ.1,3,4,見一講作業(yè)3,4,5題。2見課文 5.We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般了解，屬閱讀理解課文，對于text B的文章來說，雖然較A篇稍長，但難度稍低，檢測閱讀結(jié)果的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是能夠獨(dú)立地完成課后的習(xí)題。

A.Some new words: 1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、實例，常用短語for instance，例如。

2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，waitress女服務(wù)員、女招待

3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp.to a far away place travel: v 旅游

4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man 5.exact 反義詞inexact 6.consist;v 短語： consist of 組成 e.g.My class consists of 20 students.7.simply: adv, simple adj 簡單的 B.Some language points: 1.not only?but also?不但?而且，并列連詞。(連接兩個并列成分)e.g.? I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.? ?, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.2.neither?nor:既不?也不，并列連詞，連接兩個并列成分。

e.g.? Autumn is a good season.It’s neither hot nor cold.? people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)4.in this way:介詞短語，用這種方法

e.g.I learn English by myself.In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.5.The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.a.本句包含有一個定語從句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修飾先行詞The Englishman。

b.短語：by this time到此時為止； not at all根本不?

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.譯：語言是由聲音組成的，但具有一定意義的聲音并不都是話語。

短語：consist of, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)中包含有一個定語從句。Key to the part exercises: page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2 Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words: 1.tax: n 稅；vt 對?征稅

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得稅。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同義詞：usually, 常用語：generally speaking, general adj

3.type: n 類型、種類；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工資，salaried: adj 拿工資的 5.earn: v 掙錢、賺錢，earnings n 賺得的錢

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用數(shù)詞(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 變化、改變； varied adj 有變化的、多樣的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介詞in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售 9.charge: v 收費(fèi)、控告

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 額外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混亂、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion? d.They confused me by asking so many questions.11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介詞of, about.complaint: n 抱怨、投訴（*）a.Students always complain about too much homework.b.She complained that the exam was too hard.c.He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory.(訴說有病)d.There is no reason for complaint.12.useless: adj 無用的，反義詞 useful;careful→careless;helpful→helpless;hopeful→hopeless etc.13.impractical: adj 不切實際的，反義詞 practical;practice v 實踐、實際 14.program: n 計劃、節(jié)目、程序；v 編程序

15.tend: v 易于、傾向于，tendency n 趨勢、傾向 a.people tend to get fat as they grow older.b.prices continue to show an upward tendency.(物價呈持續(xù)上升趨勢。)

B.Intensive reading: 1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)譯：美國人常說，一個人一生中只有兩件事可以肯定會發(fā)生：死亡和納稅。

分析：主語：Americans；謂語：say；that引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，還包含有一個省略了關(guān)聯(lián)代詞的定語從句，a person can be sure in life修飾two things.當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作賓語時，?？墒÷?。

e.g.1>.The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）2>.The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.請試著翻譯句子：

1你一直在找的那個人來了。

2昨天我媽給我的錢已經(jīng)被偷走了。Answer: 1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.短語；be sure of:對?確信、確定 e.g.We can be sure of his honesty.2.Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)譯：美國人并不壟斷“死亡”市場，但很多人感到美國卻以最重的賦稅在世界上名列前茅。

短語：have a corner on something:壟斷?;lead with因?領(lǐng)先 e.g.China leads the world with her silk products.3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.譯：由于高額的稅款，每年4月15日人們很不開心，因為這一天是上繳聯(lián)邦稅款的日子。

分析：With the high cost of taxes,介詞短語作原因狀語，with = because of,由于?, when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定語從句，修飾on April 15。When 叫關(guān)系副詞。

Where, when, why是定語從句中的三個關(guān)系副詞，分別在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語、時間狀語、原因狀語。

a.This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)b.I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)

c.please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)另外，若定語從句和先行詞之間用逗號分開稱為非限定性定語從句。它對先行詞只是進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明，刪除后不會影響整個句子的基本語意，譯成漢語時一般單獨(dú)翻譯。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)譯：有些洲有與聯(lián)邦政府類似的個人所得稅。

分析：代詞that指an income tax, 英文中兩個進(jìn)行比較的事物必須是平等的，如在口語中我們可說“北京的天氣比廣州干燥”，但譯為英語不能寫成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天氣進(jìn)行比較，要改為：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)譯：其他洲征收銷售稅，對你在該洲所買的任何商品征收一定比例的稅。

分析：包含有兩個定語從句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定語從句，修飾a sales tax。其中還含有另一個限定定語從句which you buy in that state修飾先行詞any item.charged to表示“向?征收”charged 過去分詞作定語修飾a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)譯：有些洲除了征收銷售稅，還征收個人所得稅來增加稅收。

短語：in addition to 除?還有?(+)e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加稅收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.譯：他們經(jīng)?？棺h政府對他們交納的稅金使用不當(dāng)。他們認(rèn)為政府在一些沒用或不切實際的項目上花錢太多。

短語：use sth in the wrong way,錯誤地使用?, spend sth on sth在?花費(fèi)，或spend sth in doing sth.e.g.Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)譯：盡管美國人在許多問題上有不同的觀點(diǎn)，但他們往往在這一點(diǎn)上達(dá)成共識：稅收太高。

短語：have different views on sth對?有不同觀點(diǎn)，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend?on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、課文練習(xí)：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.diverse;4.consisted of;5.similar;6.tends to;7.complaining about;8.i addition to;9.issue;10.agree on Ⅳ.1.How much do you charge for a haircut? 2.We are trying to raise funds for the Red Cross.3.He earned a good reputation for honesty.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protested government’s foreign policy.二、詞匯練習(xí)：

Ⅰ見2講講課內(nèi)容。

Ⅱ.1.charge;2.department;3.due;4.diverse;5.earns;6.vary;7.property;8.leading;9.fund;10.tends

Ⅱ.Text B: It’s about advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.Some are from TV, some are from radio, some are from newspaper, and others are from magazines and even Internet.When you find so many ads have penetrated into all the corners of our life, then do you think it’s good or bad? Now let’s find something from our text.A.New words: 1.advertise: v 做廣告、登廣告；advertisement: n 縮寫ad;advertising company廣告公司；advertiser: n 登廣告的人

2.attract: v 吸引；attraction: n 吸引力；attractive: adj 吸引人的 3.design: v 設(shè)計； designer 設(shè)計師

4.persuade: v 勸說，常用習(xí)語：persuade sb to do sth 5.leisure: n 空暇、悠閑，at leisure有空，清閑。6.classified: a 分類的；classify v 分類 7.edition: n 版本，a paperback edition（平裝版）, a rare edition（珍藏版）, a deluxe edition（精裝版）, a revised edition（修訂版）；edit: v;editor: n 8.entertainment: n 娛樂、款待 9.audience: n 觀眾、聽眾。

10.characteristic: a 典型的； n 特性、特征

11.commercial: adj 商業(yè)的； n 商業(yè)廣告； commerce n 商業(yè)。12.responsible: a 有責(zé)任的； responsibility n 責(zé)任 13.particular: a 特定的

14.estimate: n / v 估計、評價

15.management: n 管理、經(jīng)營； manage: v 管理； manager: n 經(jīng)理 16.approve: v 贊成、同意、批準(zhǔn)； approval: n 17.involve: v 牽涉、卷入，be involved in sth;involvement: n

B.Some difficult sentences: 1.Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it’s the part that attracts the most attention.譯：廣告僅僅是整個銷售活動的一部分，但就是這部分最能吸引人們的注意力。

注意本句的主語advertising是動名詞作主語，表示登廣告。再如： playing football is my favorite sport.短語：attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力。

2.Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.（*）

譯：色彩和畫面配上聲音和音樂，既好看又好聽。

重點(diǎn)掌握短語：1>.add sth to sth加?到?, e.g.I don’t like add milk to/into my coffee.2>.catch the ear, catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，吸引眼睛 3>.as well as:也 ,除了?還有?(+)e.g.I like Chinese as well as English.3.Television ads are short, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.(*)譯：電視廣告時間很短，但它們被反復(fù)播放，可以使觀眾看聽許多遍。

短語：over and over again一遍又一遍； so that = in order that表目的；

audience:稱作集體名詞，當(dāng)單形集體名詞被看作一個整體時，具有單數(shù)概念；被看作若干個個體時，具有復(fù)數(shù)概念。像這樣的名詞有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases: 1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.詞匯練習(xí)：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海員； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反義詞willing：愿意的，常用短語：be willing to do?, be unwilling to do?;副詞：unwillingly, willingly;名詞：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不尋常的、與眾不同的，反義詞：usual, 副詞：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.4.salty: a 咸的，salt: n 鹽；salted用鹽腌的 a.The sea water is salty.b.The salted beef is delicious.5.average: n/a/v平均數(shù)、平均的、平均常用短語：on the average(*)a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3.b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.c.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey.6.range: n 山脈、范圍；v 變化，排列成行 a.She has a wide range of interests.b.He ranged the books by size.7.peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反義詞：off-peak peak hour = rush hour 8.eastward, westward, northward, southward: adj adv 9.crew:集體名詞

10.becalm: v become calm;calm: a平靜的、安靜的, please keep calm.11.current: n 水流、電流；adj 流行的

a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river.b.Turn off the current while making repairs.c.of all her dresses, only one is still current.12.affect: v 影響、打動；effect n 影響，have an effect on sth;affecting adj 動人的；effective adj 有影響的、有效的。（*）

a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children.b.Music can affect some people very strongly.c.The law is no longer effective.13.furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture.B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠詞的用法

please look at the following sentences from the text: a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that ?.b.The narrowest place is between the bulge of ?.c.The Azores are the tops of the peak ?.1.冠詞（articles）:是一種虛詞，放在一個名詞前，幫助說明該名詞的含義。它分為定冠詞和不定冠詞兩種。2.定冠詞the的用法如下： ①重復(fù)上文提到過的人或物：

e.g.There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.The refrigerator is white.(第一次提到用不定冠詞，第二次用定冠詞，表特指。)②特指談話雙方都知道的人或物。e.g.How do you like the film? ③指世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。

e.g.The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.④常用在樂器前：

e.g.I want to play the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事業(yè)名稱前, e.g.I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema.⑥用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級之前，e.g.the first time, the biggest.⑦用在某些專有名詞前，e.g.the people’s Republic of China, the great wall, the white house ⑧特指某些江河、山脈、海洋、湖泊，e.g.the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake ⑨和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人, e.g.the rich, the poor, the dead, the young ⑩用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表一家人, e.g.The Greens are watching TV.另外，還用在許多習(xí)慣用語中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A: 1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.譯：大西洋是隔斷新世界和舊世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞oceans,注意此時只能用that,不能用which.如下的情況屬只能用that的情況：

1>.當(dāng)先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞時。He is the best person that always helps others 2>.當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或前面有一個序數(shù)詞時。He is the last person that I want to see.3>.當(dāng)主語已有疑問詞who或which時。Which is the bike that you lost? 4>.當(dāng)先行詞是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等詞時。We should hand in all that you have found.5>.當(dāng)先行詞前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等詞時。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短語：separate sth from sth把?與?分開

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）譯：好幾個世紀(jì)以來，它使美洲一直未被歐洲人發(fā)現(xiàn)

短語：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做謀事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being動名詞，discovered過去分詞

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)譯：許多關(guān)于大西洋的錯誤觀點(diǎn)使得早期的水手不愿遠(yuǎn)航駛?cè)氪笪餮蟆?/p>

分析： 主語：many wrong ideas；謂語：made； 賓語：the early sailors； 賓補(bǔ)：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短語：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 遠(yuǎn)航駛?cè)?；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

譯：一種觀點(diǎn)是大西洋遠(yuǎn)達(dá)世界的邊緣。

分析：that引導(dǎo)的是表語從句。它是名詞從句的一種。主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句屬于名詞從句。在四種從句中只有賓語從句能省略that這個關(guān)系連詞，在其它從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用，但絕對不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主語從句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（賓語從句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位語從句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表語從句）4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)譯：雖然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍數(shù)的比較：倍數(shù) + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours.b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.譯：哥倫布穿越大西洋的航線有4000多英里寬。

基數(shù)詞 + 形容詞→作度量狀語。a.He is only five years old.b.The river is three meters deep.c.The classroom is five meters long.6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands.Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.譯：這么大的一個海洋卻只有少數(shù)幾個島嶼，并且它是世界上鹽分含量最高的海洋。（這是大西洋最大的兩大特點(diǎn)。）

7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is.譯：大西洋中有多得令人難以想象的海水。

So?that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。(so + adj / adv)It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.譯：假設(shè)不再有雨水降入大西洋，也沒有河水匯入。本句存在一個重要的語法現(xiàn)象：虛擬語氣，即表示非真實的假設(shè)。該語法放到text B中進(jìn)行詳講。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up.譯：它大約需要4000年的時間才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少時間作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work.10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.譯：我們現(xiàn)在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎變小了。

短語：such + n + that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，注意和so?that?比較。

a.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much.b.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much.seem to 仿佛、好像

Ⅱ.Brief summary about the useful phrases: 1.separate?from?(1段1行);2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行);3.make sb do sth(2段1行);4.boiling hot(2段5行);5.so?that?(5段1行);6.no more(5段2行);7.on the average(5段4行);8.pile up(10段2行);9.such?that?(11段1行);10.seem to(11段2行);11.be unwilling to do?(2段1行)

Text B:做一般了解。A.New words: 1.observation: n 觀察，observe: v 觀察；observer: n 觀察者

2.continually: adv 不停地，continue v 繼續(xù), continual adj 不停的 3.merely: adv 同義詞only 4.absolutely: adv 完全地、絕對地，同義詞：completely, entirely, thoroughly.5.uncomfortably: adv 不舒適地，反義詞：comfortably;uncomfortable, comfortable 6.inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit;v 居住 7.occasionally: adv 偶爾地； occasional: adj, occasion: n 場合、機(jī)會

B.Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虛擬語氣

它是謂語動詞的一種形式，表示非真實的假設(shè)、或表示命令、建議或說話人的主觀愿望。a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind?

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun?

虛擬語氣的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真實條件句中：條件句分為真實和非真實兩種。非真實條件句包括違背現(xiàn)在事實的假設(shè)、過去事實的假設(shè)、以及不希望將來某種愿望實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.為了便于大家學(xué)習(xí)，在初學(xué)階段可先記住如下表格：

條件從句

結(jié)果主句

對現(xiàn)在事實的違背

過去式

should + 動詞原形

would + 動詞原形

對過去事實的違背 had + 動詞過去分詞

should + have + 動詞原形

would + have + 動詞原形 對將來事實的違背 Should + 動詞原形 should + 動詞原形

Were + 動詞不定式 would + 動詞原形

C.Further notes on some sentences: 1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.譯：除了太陽，月球是天空中看起來最大的物體。except for:除了?,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.總結(jié)：從整體中去除與主語是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物與主語不是同類項用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引導(dǎo)從句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)譯：我們總是發(fā)現(xiàn)面對著太陽的那一面是亮的，而背離太陽的那部分則是黑的。

這是一個難句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的賓語從句，其中包含有一個定語從句which faces towards the sun修飾the part，一個時間狀語從句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，還有一個現(xiàn)在分詞做定語facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun?

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.譯：只有被太陽照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美術(shù)家牢記這一點(diǎn)，也許能使他們的畫畫得更好。

本句是對現(xiàn)在某種情況的假設(shè)，因此用了虛擬語氣。

短語：keep sth in mind牢記謀事；light up:點(diǎn)亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.譯：同樣整個地球表面將充足的陽光反射到月球表面，使我們能夠看到原本會是黑暗的那部分月球表面。

這是一個難句，隱含有一個虛擬語氣句：which would otherwise be dark.That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark.短語：in the same way用同樣的方式； reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到?;be able to do 能做?

D.useful phrases: 1.except for(2段1行);2.face towards sth(3段4行);3.face away from sth(3段4行);4.keep sth in mind(3段6行);5.light up(3段6行);6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行);7.speak of(4段3行);8.know sth well(4段5行);9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行);10.in the same way(4段7行);

homework: 從所給詞中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)奶钊肟崭駜?nèi)； boil narrow unusual salty average spot peak crew affect highway 1.The ___ hours of traffic means the times when the traffic is highest.2.All the ____ members on the ship are ready for sail.3.Jack’s work at school is well above the ____, but he is still not happy with himself.4.When water ___, it changes into steam.5.His ____ ideas surprised everyone.6.The information super ____ makes the world smaller and smaller.7.He road was too ___ for trucks to pass.8.He wants to know why sea water is _____.9.He showed the police the very ____ where he was beaten.10.He said that the climate ____ his health.Key: 1.peak;2.crew;3.average;4.boils;5.unusual;6.highway;7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;10.affected 漢譯英：

1、這座山有泰山的一半高。

2、這所學(xué)校平均每個班有45人。

3、昨晚他過了好一會兒才入睡。

4、電視里的廣告太多，無法記住到底有多少。

5、許多錯誤的想法導(dǎo)致哥倫布時代的人不愿西行。Key: 1.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.2.on the average, there are 45 students in each class in this school.3.Last night it took him quite a long time to fall asleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it’s impossible to remember the exact number.5.Many wrong ideas made people in the days of Columbus unwilling to sail westward.Homework for 2nd lecture: 1.He is not only a teacher, _____ also a friend.however but as and 2.Deaf and dumb people “talk” to each other with the help of their ____ fingers eyes faces mouths 3.Music is different from languages.It can be ____ by people from different countries.spoke understood known taken 4.An Italian entered a restaurant and sat down ____ a table.on in to at 5.Moving one’s head up and down generally _____ “yes”.means says brings makes 6.He was just going to give up _____ another chance came.when while although however 7.We have ____ people to finish the job today.seldom little enough much 8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly 9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into 漢譯英：

1某些洲除了征收銷售稅還征收收入所得稅。2中國以其絲綢產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)先于世界。3銷售稅隨你所購物品的價格而變。4人們總是在抱怨著不斷上漲的物價。5納稅是每個公民應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。Key: 1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn this text, you will get something useful to help you improve your memory.please listen carefully and intensively.Unit 4 Text A: Improving Your Memory Ⅰ.New words: 1.psychological: adj 心理學(xué)的;psychology: n 心理學(xué);psychologist: n 心理學(xué)家;psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）

a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短語：focus on sth ；n 焦點(diǎn) a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基礎(chǔ);basically: adv 基本上、根本上

4.meaningfulness: n 富有意義； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意義的； meaningless:adj 無意義的;meaning: n 含義(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 組織、團(tuán)體；organize: v 組織 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 組織者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 聯(lián)合、協(xié)會； associate: v 把?同?聯(lián)系起來；n 同伙；adj 副的 a.NBA means National Basketball Association.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.c.John and paul are associates.d.Mr.Liu is an associate manager in this company.7.visualize: v 想象、設(shè)想；visualization: n想象、設(shè)想 8.rhyme:字母h不發(fā)音。9.ability: n 能力，短語：to the best of one’s ability,盡力而為。同義詞capacity;able: adj有能力的，短語：be able to do sth, 反義詞：unable.10.random: adj/n 胡亂的、隨便，常用短語：at random,隨便地。He took a book at random.11.categorize: v 分類；category: n 種類

12.needless 不需要的,不必要的；needful 需要的，必要的 13.refer: v 涉及、參與；reference: n reference book please refer to the dictionary if you come across a new word.14.relate: v 有關(guān)聯(lián)，敘述，講述；related: adj 有關(guān)聯(lián)的；relation: n 關(guān)系、關(guān)聯(lián) a.I can’t relate what he said with what he did.（我不能將他所說與所做聯(lián)系起來。）b.This part relates to the current situation.(這部分指的是目前的形式。)

15.accurately: adv 準(zhǔn)確地，同義詞：exactly；accurate: adj;accuracy: n 16.memorize: v 記住；memory: n 記憶力；memorandum(memo)備忘錄 17.improvement: n 改進(jìn)、增進(jìn)；improve: v 18.image: n 形象、印象；imagery: n 肖像的總稱，意象;imagine: v 想象 19.repetition: n 重復(fù)、反復(fù)；repeat: v;repeated: adj a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 體力的

21.preserve: v 保護(hù)、維持；preservation: n保護(hù)、維持;preservative: adj 保護(hù)性的，保存的

Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.physical research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory.譯：心理學(xué)研究集中在一些有利于記憶的基本原則上。

本句包含有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾basic principles.短語：focus on sth;a number of = many 許多；basic principles: 基本原則 a.please focus your attention on your work.b.A number of students are studying English.c.The number of students studying English is increasing.2.It’s useful to know how these principles.本句的主語為：to know how these principles；it為形式主語。通常由于動詞不定式作主語、主語從句作主語、動名詞作主語太長，使句子顯得頭重腳輕，因而借助于形式主語。

a.To have a good sleep before the exam is very necessary.It’s necessary to have a good sleep before the exam.b.playing with fire is dangerous.It’s dangerous playing with fire.c.That the earth is round is true.It’s true that the earth is round.3.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.譯：對你毫無意義的信息是很難記住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定語從句，修飾information.這句話還可改為： It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短語：make some/no sense:有/沒有一定意義 a.What you said makes no sense.b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense? 4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

譯：不用說，第二種詞表要比第一種詞表更容易記憶。短語：needless to say不用說

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.譯：聯(lián)想意思是把我們要記住的材料與我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)確記住的東西聯(lián)系起來。分析：主語Association;謂語：refers to；賓語：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，動名詞作賓語。包含定語從句：we want to remember，修飾the material； we remember accurately修飾something.短語：refer to sth指?;relate sth to / with sth把?同?聯(lián)系起來。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.譯：與通過反復(fù)法記憶生詞的人只記住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人記住了80%到90%。分析：using imagery現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。短語：compare with拿?與?對比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)譯：如果一個圖書館的圖書陳列得雜亂無章，那么這個圖書館會有什么用呢？ 這句話需注意：虛擬語氣.in?order以?順序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分構(gòu)詞法：

在英語中，詞的構(gòu)成法有四種：派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、縮略法。

1．合成法：由兩個或更多的詞合成一個詞。如：black + board = blackboard 2．轉(zhuǎn)化法：由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或其他詞類。如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．縮略法：將原詞縮略，在讀音和寫法上成為新的形式。

如：bicycle縮為bike;examination縮為exam;the United Nation縮為UN etc.4．派生法：在詞根上加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成新詞，這是四種方法中最為常見、較難掌握的一種。我將分幾講用表格的形式介紹給大家，請注意平常學(xué)習(xí)時的總結(jié)、記憶！

主要的名詞后綴：

后 綴 例 詞

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

-ness busy→business;ill→illness;kind→kindness etc.-ship friend→friendship;citizen→citizenship etc

-th deep→depth;true→truth;long→length etc.-tion,-sion decide→decision;invent→invention;organize→organization etc.-ty safe→safety;difficult→difficulty;active→activity etc.-sure,-ture create→creature;please→pleasure, mix→mixture etc

Ⅳ.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.focus on(1段1行)；2.a number of(1段1行);3.basic principle(1段1行);4.make sense(2段2行);5.for instance(2段4行);6.make a difference in sth(3段1行);7.be kept in random order(3段2行);8.for example(3段5行);9.as follows(3段10行);10.needless to say(3段11行);11.refer to(4段1行);12.relate sth to sth(4段2行);13.associate sth with sth(4段3行);14.compared with(5段6行);

Text B: There are two kinds of memory: long-term memory and short-term memory.And information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating it over and over again while information in long-term memory may be kept for days or weeks.So I think when you learn English, the long-term memory is welcomed by everyone.A.New words: 1.short-term, long-term: 是合成形容詞。

2.contrast: n/v,兩個詞性發(fā)音不同。短語：in contrast with;contrast with sth;3.release: n/v 釋放、解放，release sth from sth;4.reward: n/v 獎賞、報答

5.proficiency: n proficiency at/in sth;proficient: adj熟練的

B.Grammar point: passive Voice(被動語態(tài))please look at the following sentences from text B: 1.Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed.2.The information may be kept for days or weeks.3.The two experiences here show how short-term memory has been studied.以上每句話中都含有被動語態(tài)。接近于中文中的“被”字句。

1．語態(tài)是表示主語和謂語的關(guān)系的。若主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，動詞要用主動語態(tài)；反之若主語是動作的承受者，則要用被動語態(tài)。

2．英語中共有16中時態(tài)，其中常用的10中存有被動語態(tài)。為了便于大家學(xué)習(xí)，我將被動語態(tài)列為6個公式，請大家套用。

1>.s + be + p.p(動詞的過去分詞)（一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時）

a.Her room isn’t cleaned today.b.Her room was cleaned yesterday.2>.s + be + being + p.p（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時）a.White Snow is being told by the teacher.b.White Snow was being told by the teacher yesterday afternoon.3>.s + has/have/had + been + p.p(現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時)a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般將來時、過去將來時)a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(現(xiàn)在將來完成時、過去將來完成時)a.Thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情態(tài)動詞 + be + p.p(情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài))a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)課文練習(xí)：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high Ⅲ.見上講作業(yè)。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose 詞匯練習(xí)：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5 Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 謬論、謬誤

2.quality: n 質(zhì)量、素質(zhì)；quantity;n 數(shù)量 3.deer: n 單復(fù)數(shù)同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蠻的；n 野人； v 殘害

5.bravery: n 英勇、勇敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

6.eager: adj 渴望的，常用短語：be eager to do sth, be eager for sth.eagerly:adv(*)aShe is eager for knowledge.b.He is eager to know if he has passed the exam.7.civilized: adj 文明的，反義詞savage;civilize: v 使?文明；civilization: n 文明（*）

a.Education can help people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a highly civilized society.c.In China, Marco polo found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.8.magical: adj 魔術(shù)的、不可思議的；magic: n 魔術(shù)； magician: n 魔術(shù)師 9.poisonous: adj 有毒的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒藥 our children are poisoned by violent TV program.10.overseas: adj/adv海外的、在海外

a.There are many overseas students in Britain.b.We are used to living overseas.11.widespread: 合成形容詞

12.digest: v 消化，n 文摘；digestion: n 消化；digestive: adj 消化的;digestible: adj 易消化的；indigestible: adj 不易消化的（*）

a.Some foods digest more easily than others.b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer.It was not very digestible.c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion.d.Water makes the digestive juices flow more freely and makes the food more digestible.e.We often read Reader’s Digest.13.foundation: n 根據(jù)、基礎(chǔ)；found: v 奠定基礎(chǔ) 14.mixture: n 混合物；mix: v 混合

15.belief: n 信念、信仰；believe: v 相信 16.combination: n 結(jié)合、聯(lián)合；combine: v combine sth with sth 17.protein,carbohydrate, fat, vitamin:食物的主要養(yǎng)分。

18.contain: v 包含、包括

A kilometer contains one thousand meters.19.sustitute: n 替代品，v 代替

a.Vegetable oil is a good substitute for animal oil.b.She substituted for the professor who was ill.B.Intensive reading: 1.Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.譯：許多原始人相信通過吃某種動物，他們就能獲得它的某些長處。

分析：主語Many primitive peoples；謂語believed；that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves是賓語從句，其中by eating an animal是方式狀語；peoples:指不同的種族。

2.They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.譯：例如，他們認(rèn)為吃鹿肉能使他們跑得跟鹿一樣快。Eating deer是動名詞作賓語從句得主語。短語：make sb do sth;as + adj/adv + as

3.They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.(*)譯：西紅柿被稱作愛之果，誰吃了它，誰就會墜入愛河。

注意被動語態(tài)的用法：were called被稱作?，were supposed to被認(rèn)為?.;fall in love 短語.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一個同位語從句the idea that they were poisonous,它屬名詞從句的一種.它所表達(dá)的意思就是與之同位的名詞所表達(dá)的意思.通常同位語從句前的名詞必須是表事實的抽象名詞: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在該從句中雖不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位語從句和定語從句經(jīng)常是貌似,請加以區(qū)分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位語從句,第二句是定語從句.根據(jù)that在從句中是否擔(dān)任成分來判斷,若that在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,則是同位語從句,反之為定語從句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)難句！!譯:如果那些認(rèn)為西紅柿有毒的人們知道在二戰(zhàn)期間有成百萬磅的西紅柿供應(yīng)給在海外作戰(zhàn)的士兵,他們將會多么吃驚!分析:這是由how surprised引導(dǎo)的感嘆句.整句的主語是the people;謂語would be;who thought tomatoes poisonous是定語從句修飾the people;if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.是條件狀語從句.本句還含有一個語法點(diǎn):虛擬語氣,對現(xiàn)在假設(shè)的虛擬.短語:be supplied to/for sb?供應(yīng)給?;supply sb with sth供應(yīng)? a.They supplied the poor with food and clothes.c.They supplied food and clothes to/for the poor.6.Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful.譯:喝水將食物沖下而代替咀嚼不是一個好辦法,但人們發(fā)現(xiàn)吃飯時喝些水是有益的.動名詞Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing作主語.as a substitute for chewing介詞短語,作為?的替代品.短語:substitute for sth

7.A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal.(*)譯:幾年前,橘汁和牛奶在同一餐中不能飲用的這種看法變得十分普遍.that引導(dǎo)同位語從句,修飾belief.should never be drunk是情態(tài)動詞得被動語態(tài).8.It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.譯:不要同時吃肉和土豆,這種看法是愚蠢的,就像說不能吃面包或不要喝牛奶一樣.正常語序是: To say that one should never eat meat and tomatoes together is just as foolish as to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.主語太長用形式主語it.還要注意英文中講究balance the sentence.即,主語是不定式,表語也要是不定式.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.make sb do sth(1段3行);2.be eager to do sth(1段6行);3.be supposed to do sth(2段4行);4.fall in love(2段5行);5.be supplied to sb(3段4行);6.a great many(4段1行);7.substitute for sth(6段2行);8.have sth to do with(7段2行);9.have no foundation(7段1行);10.as a matter of fact(7段5行);11.in the same way(8段4行);12.think of sth as sth(8段3行)

Text B: Do Animals Think? A.New words: 1.engage: v 從事, engage in sth, His father engages in politics.2.arrange: v 安排,籌劃;arrangement: n, arrange sb to do sth.3.creature: n 生物;create: v 產(chǎn)生 4.imitate: v 模仿;imitation : n 5.instinct: n 本能,直覺, by instinct The birds can fly by instinct.6.variety: n 變化;vary: v 變化

7.unlike: prep 不像;dislike: v 不喜歡

B.Important phrases: 1.a great deal(1段2行);2.be true with/of(1段3行)(3段4行);3.as well(1段4行);4.engage in(2段5行);5.search for sth(4段2行);6.in some respects(5段2行);7.a great many(5段3行);8.connect with(5段4行);9.take care of(5段7行);10.make improvement in sth(6段1行);11.by instinct(7段3行);12.speak of(8段1行);13.a great variety of sth(8段3行);14.no use doing sth(8段8行);15.have no knowledge of sth(9段7行)

C.Grammar point: 倒裝句

1.The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play.2.Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.3.Nor is this all.我們知道,通常主語應(yīng)該在謂語之前,這是自然語序,但有時出于某種需要,會對主謂的有特殊的要求,出現(xiàn)部分謂語或全部謂語置于主語之前,這樣的語序稱作倒裝.今天介紹幾種常見的倒裝的情況.1.當(dāng)表示否定意義的詞放在句首時,句子需部分倒裝,即將助動詞,情態(tài)動詞或be提至主語之前.常見的這樣的詞有:never, hardly, little, not only, rarely, scarcely etc.e.g.Hardly had he said anything before he left.2.only引出的狀語放在句首時.a.only after class did he go home.b.only when you finish your homework can you watch TV.3.句首為so, nor, neither等副詞,表明前句說明的情況也適用于本句.a.He can speak fluent English.So can I.b.I can’t play computer games.Nor can he.4.在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中.1>.adj + as + 主語 + be: Young as he is, he knows a lot.2>.n(不帶冠詞)+ as +主語 + be: King as he is, he is unhappy.3>.adv + as + 主語 + 動詞: Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with her.4>.動詞 + as + 主語 + 助動詞: Try as she does, she will never pass it.5.當(dāng)句子主語過長或需要強(qiáng)調(diào)某些詞時.More important is the question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, and even death.6.在非真實條件句中,若從句有had, should, were時將它們倒裝到主語之前.a.If I had left earlier, I would have caught the train.= Had I left earlier, I would have caught the train.b.If it should drain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would call off our picnic.7.當(dāng)here, there, then, thus等副詞放在句首,并且謂語動詞為come, go, be等不及物動詞時.a.Here is a book for you.b.There goes the bell.c.Here comes the bus!8.用在may + 主語 + 動詞原形?句式中,表示祝愿,希望.a.May you succeed!b.May you be happy!該語法可參閱課本p569.The 7th lecture of College English one Key to exercises: p120:Ⅰ.b, d, d, c, c;p122:Ⅱ.1.bravery;2.eager;3.civilized;4.overseas;5.substitute;6.foundation;7.combination;8.belief;9.protein;10.contain p122.Ⅲ.1.pianos, violins;2.firemen;3.data;4.deer;5.potatoes, tomatoes Ⅳ.1.During the Second World War, soldiers ate a number of potatoes.3.It remains unproved that fish is the best brain food.4.Milk contains rich proteins and many people have it for breakfast.p123.Ⅰ.2.a.free;b.freedom;c.freely;4.a.scientists;b.scientific;c.science.p124.Ⅱ.1.mixture;2.poisonous;3.suppose;4.digest;5.widespread;6.overseas;7.similar;8.foundation;9.eager;10.substitute p124.Ⅲ.1.digestion;2.mixture;3.belief;4.civilization;5.combination Ⅳ.4.Some stories are very widespread, while others are not.6.people often think of a school as a small society.p131:Ⅰ.T, T, T, F, T, T， T, T, F, T

Unit 6 Text A: Diamonds A.New words: 1.rare: adj 稀有的、難得的（不是數(shù)量少，而是物種稀有，區(qū)別于scarce）,rarely: adv 同義詞：unusual 2.sustance: n material 物質(zhì) 3.slight: small adj 輕微的

4.extreme: a 極端的；n 極端；adv extremely 5.pressure: n 壓力；press v 壓住

6.popular: adj 流行的、受歡迎的 be popular with/among;popularity: n;popularize: v 使?流行、普及（*）

a.our products have enjoyed general popularity.b.They are trying to popularize their new methods of farming.c.Madonna’s songs are extremely popular with young people.7.handful: n 一把；hand: n 手；v 遞給（*）

a.please put your hand up if you can answer the question.b.please hand me that model plane.c.only a handful of people came into the meeting.8.formation: n 形成、構(gòu)成；form: n 表格；v 形成（*）a.They formed a friendship when they were in the army.b.parents play an important role in the formation of their children’s habits.c.Football and tennis are different forms of sports.9.volcano: n 火山；volcanoes 10.somewhat: adv 有點(diǎn)

I’m somewhat surprised about his behavior.11.elevator: n 同義詞：lift

12.impressive: adj 印象深刻的；impress: v 留下深刻印象；impression: n 印象（*）a.What was your first impression of Beijing? b.We listened to a very impressive speech yesterday.c.I was deeply impressed by his noble deeds.13.experienced: adj 有經(jīng)驗的；inexperienced 無經(jīng)驗的；experience: n 經(jīng)驗、經(jīng)歷;v 經(jīng)歷(*)a.She has much experience in teaching, so she’s an experienced teacher.b.I had a funny experience in Africa last year.14.miner: n 礦工；mine: n 礦，gold mine 15.immediately: adv 立刻，at once

B.Intensive reading: 1.They are the hardest substance found in nature.譯:它是被發(fā)現(xiàn)的自然界中最堅硬的物質(zhì)。found作定語，短語：in nature

2.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.（*）譯：人們發(fā)現(xiàn)的金剛石主要產(chǎn)區(qū)只有四個。where引導(dǎo)一個定語從句。

3.Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.became popular with sb:在?受歡迎，流行。

4.India’s supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2500years of mining the stones.譯：2500年的開采終于使印度的金剛石資源枯竭。run out 用盡、枯竭； We are running out of our fresh water.5.These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago.譯：這些金剛石可能是在兩萬年前，隨著覆蓋于地球表面的冰川，從它們的形成漂移至印度的。這句話注意它的從句：where they were formed作介詞from的賓語從句，詞性相當(dāng)于后面的India，不是定語也不是狀語；that covered parts of the earth 20000 years ago是定語從句修飾great sheets of moving ice。

6.Diamonds, as they are found, don’t look very impressive.譯：金剛石剛采出時，并不十分吸引人。

7.But some people have carried around an unusual pebble for weeks before finding out that they had got a diamond.譯：而有的人數(shù)周后才發(fā)現(xiàn)帶在身邊的不尋常的鵝卵石原來是一顆金剛石。finding out that they had got a diamond作介詞before的介賓。

find out與find不同，find out強(qiáng)調(diào)通過努力之后的發(fā)現(xiàn)，而find含有偶然性。a.I found my lost pen on the floor.b.I found out that he is a cheat.C.Summary about the phrases: 1.in nature(1段2行);2.be made from/of(2段1行);3.chang sth into sth(3段2行);4.be popular with(5段4行);5.run out(6段3行);6.pick up(8段2行);7.sort out(8段3行);8.so that(9段8行);9.stick to(9段10行);10.find out(10段4行)Text B: We all know that plants are different form animals.What’s their difference? Most of us will say that plants have leaves and roots and flowers, but animals haven’t them.But have you ever found it’s true or not? The answer is in the text.A.New words: 1.beneath: prep 和某物接觸并在下面，反義詞是on;under:強(qiáng)調(diào)垂直在下，反義詞over.2.aside: adv 在旁邊，短語：put sth aside 3.magnify: v 放大、擴(kuò)大；magnifying glass:放大鏡

4.puzzle: v 迷惑；n 智力測驗 jigsaw puzzle智力拼圖；puzzled, puzzling: adjl;puzzlement: n a.I’m puzzled by his puzzling answer.b.He stared at those sentences in complete puzzlement.5.former, latter: Xiao Li is talking with Xiao Zhao.The former is a doctor, and the latter is an engineer.6.inorganic: adj無機(jī)的，organic:有機(jī)的 7.dissolve: v 溶解、融化

B.Several important sentences: 1.You may look at a group of cows standing under the trees or catch a bee at his early drink in a morning-glory bell, and you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant.譯：你可能會看著樹下的一群奶牛，或者當(dāng)你捕捉牽?；ɡ镆恢徽缙鸩擅鄣拿鄯鋾r，若有人問你能否區(qū)分哪是動物，哪是植物，你會覺得好笑。

分析：standing under the trees作a group of cows的賓補(bǔ)，類似句型：see sb do/doing sth, hear sb do/doing sth, etc;you would laugh if any one should ask you whether you can tell an animal from a plant是虛擬語氣，對將來某種情況的假設(shè)。其中tell sth from sth:區(qū)分某事物。I can’t tell her from her twin sister.2.Students of nature are not satisfied with guessing, but they observe, day after day, the changes which take place in an object;and they see many things which most people would fail to see.譯：大自然的研究者不滿意于猜測，而是日復(fù)一日地觀察物體所發(fā)生的變化；他們看到了大多數(shù)人沒能看到的東西。

分析：這是一個并列句，用；隔開。有很多短語需掌握：

①be satisfied with sth:對?滿意； ②day after day: 日復(fù)一日地；

③take place: 發(fā)生（偶然）； ④fail to do sth:沒有作成?

3.It was long supposed that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.譯：很長一段時間，人們認(rèn)為動植物的主要差別是前者能移動而后者不能。

分析：it是形式主語；真正的主語是that the main difference between animals and plants was that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t。其中又包含有一個表語從句：that the former could move about while the latter couldn’t.這兩句話的連詞that均不能省略。

短語：the difference between sth and sth;move about/around.4.No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth, if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings.譯：如果不是先出現(xiàn)植物把地球變?yōu)檫m應(yīng)更高一級生物生存的地方，就沒有鳥，沒有魚，也沒有其他動物。

分析：本句含有兩個語法點(diǎn)：No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth否定詞在句首需倒裝；虛擬語氣，對過去某種情況的假設(shè)，條件從句if the plants hadn’t come first and fitted it for the dwelling place of a higher order of beings，結(jié)果主句No bird nor fish nor other animal could ever have lived on this earth。

D.Summary about the phrases: 1.neither?nor（1段5行）;2.seem to（1段6行）;3.look up/down（2段1行）;4.a matter of some difficulty（2段5行）;5.tell sth from sth（3段4行）;6.turn aside from（4段1行）;7.be satisfied with sth（5段1行）;8.not?but（5段1行）;9.day after day（5段2行）;10.take place（5段2行）;11.fail to do sth（5段3行）;12.lie in（5段5行）;13.hold good（6段5行）;14.whether?or（7段1行）;15.live on（7段2行）;16.fit for（8段4行）;17.take in（9段3行）;18.suck up（10段3行）;19.take up（10段4行）;20.dissolved in sth（10段4行）;21.be different from（11段1行）

Grammar knowledge:句子的分類

英語中的句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為四種：簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句、并列復(fù)合句。

1.簡單句：只有一個主語（或多個并列主語）和一個謂語（或多個并列謂語）的句子稱為簡單句。

a.We learn English.b.My father and mother go to work at 8a.m.and come home at 6p.m.2.并列句：由兩個或兩個以上并列而又相互獨(dú)立的簡單句構(gòu)成。它們中間常用等立連詞，或用分號、冒號、逗號等連接。

a.I help him and he helps me.b.I’ve just got a piece of good news: I was accepted by Xi’an Foreign Language University.3.復(fù)合句：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子。主句是句子的主體，從句只是整個句子的一部分，不能單獨(dú)作句子。如：我們經(jīng)常見到的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句、狀語從句等。

a.We should never pretend to know what we don’t know.b.The boy whose father is a pilot has come.c.What I want to say is that you shouldn’t give up, even if you have failed again.4.并列復(fù)合句：在一個并列句中的一個或更多的分句中，包含有一個或更多的從句稱為并列復(fù)合句。

a.Last year I met a boy who is an orphan, and now we have become good friends.b.They always help those who are in trouble and they are respected by them.詳情見p135

The 8th lecture of College English one

Unit 7 Text A: Families We know that family is the basic unit of a society.There are many kinds of families nowadays: nuclear families, extended families, DINK families, the single parent families, remarried families etc.so let’s study families from our text.A:New words: 1.definition: n 定義；動詞，下定義：define 2.marriage: n 婚姻，marriage certificate, marry: v;反義詞：divorce 3.descend: v 遺傳、下來；后裔：descendant,反義詞：ancestor 祖先

4.household: n 家庭 adj家庭的 a household name；householder: n 家長、戶主；

5.relative: n 親戚，adj 相對的；relate: v relate to;relation: n 關(guān)系(*)a.My uncle is one of my nearest relatives.b.There is no relation between those two events.c.Does what you say relate to what you have done?

6.traditional: adj 傳統(tǒng)的；tradition: n;traditionally: adv(*)a.Drinking tea is a Chinese tradition.b.Traditionally, women stayed at home taking care of the children.c.He believes in traditional Chinese medicine.7.security: n 安全 the Security Council安理會，security guard保安 8.basically: adv, basic: adj;base

9.nuclear: adj 核心的，nucleus: n 核心；nuclear energy核能；nuclear war,nuclear weapon, nuclear-free area無核區(qū)

10.extended: adj 延伸的，extended family;extend: v 延伸；extension: n;extensive: adj 廣泛的、廣闊的（*）

a.The extension of the house became a kitchen.b.The professor has an extensive knowledge of Chinese history.c.They have extended the road from ten miles to sixty miles.11.agicultural: adj 農(nóng)業(yè)的；agriculture: n 農(nóng)業(yè)

12.industrial: adj 工業(yè)的；industry: n 工業(yè)、行業(yè)；industrialize: v 工業(yè)化；industrialization: n(*)a.These cities are highly industrialized.b.England became the center of the Industrial Revolution.c.The air transport industry is developing very rapidly.13.earner: n 賺錢者；earn;v 賺錢； earnings: n 賺得的錢 14.split: n/v 撕裂、裂口

a.He split the wood with an ax.b.There is a split in the blackboard.15.social: adj 交際的、社會的；society: n 社會；socialize: v 交往、交際；socialism社會主義

16.remarry: marry again;

B.Intensive reading: 1.?, having a family simply means having children.（*）譯：有家意味著有孩子。

主語是動名詞，為了平衡整個句子賓語也是動名詞。

2.No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is.譯：無論年輕還是古老，大還是小，傳統(tǒng)還是現(xiàn)代，每個家庭都有自己對其理解和感受。No matter?引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

3.It’s that feeling of belongings, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.譯：那是共同居住、彼此幫助、互相分享而產(chǎn)生的歸屬感，互愛感和安全感。

4.There are basically two kinds types of families: nuclear families and extended families.(*)譯：家庭大致有兩種類型：核心家庭和大家庭。

5.The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry.(*)譯：孩子們在核心家庭中生活一直到長大結(jié)婚。

6.With the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many families moved away from the family home in order to find work.（*）

譯：隨著農(nóng)業(yè)社會向工業(yè)社會的轉(zhuǎn)變，許多核心家庭為了尋找工作而從家中搬出去。

7.The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing.（*）

譯：由于父母都愿意要更少的孩子，核心家庭日趨縮小，而無子女家庭日益增多。注意：the number of sth后用單數(shù)謂語動詞。

8.Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house and the children.（*）

譯：傳統(tǒng)上，核心家庭由父親掙錢養(yǎng)家，而母親照看家庭和孩子。短語：care for = take care of

9.Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again?(*)

譯：大多數(shù)單親父母發(fā)現(xiàn)獨(dú)自一人照料一個家庭很難，于是很快他們再婚。。分析：it是形式賓語，短語take care of sth照料、照看。

C.Brief summary about phrases: 1.and so on(1段5行);2.think of sth as sth(1段5行);3.far away from(1段8行);4.in order to(4段4行);5.care for(5段5行);6.take care of(5段9行);7.split up(5段10行);8.talk of(6段2行)

Text B: The Changing American Family

A.New words: 1.generation: n generation gap代溝

2.customary: adj習(xí)慣上的；custom: n習(xí)慣、習(xí)俗；customer: n 顧客； customs: n 海關(guān) 3.similarity: n 相似、類似；similar: adj 相似的；similarly: adv 4.emotional: adj 感情的；emotion: n 感情

5.provider: n 供應(yīng)者；provide: v 供應(yīng)，provide sb with sth;provide for sb.6.preparation: n 預(yù)備、準(zhǔn)備；prepare: v 準(zhǔn)備

7.primary: adj初級的，primary school.primary colors 8.preschool: adj學(xué)齡前的，pre前綴，反義詞post, prewar, postwar.9.baby-sitter: n 臨時看小孩的人；baby-sit: v 幫人照看小孩

B.Important phrases in text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行);2.all over the world(1段1行);3.provide for(2段4行);4.be expected to do(2段5行);5.on the other hand(3段1行);6.in addition(3段8行);7.share sth with sb(3段10);8.in contrast(3段12行);9.give up(4段4行);10.instead of(4段7行);11.be busy doing sth(5段9行);12.in conclusion(6段1行);13.help sb with sth(3段11行)

Grammar knowledge: Tenses時態(tài)

這是英語

（一）考試的重點(diǎn)，無論選擇、完形填空、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、翻譯都會出有關(guān)時態(tài)的題目。因此這部分語法很重要。請大家一定要100%掌握。見課本p159 1.時態(tài)實際是指：時間和體。英語中共有16種時態(tài)，我們著重講考試的6種。

2．它們分別是：一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時，現(xiàn)在完成時，過去完成時，將來完成時，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。其余的書上寫得很詳細(xì)，大家自己看。

1>.一般現(xiàn)在時的用法有6點(diǎn)：經(jīng)?；虬l(fā)生的動作行為；主語的特征、性格、能力；客觀事實或永久不變的真理；計劃或安排好的事情；用在某些從句中；用于某些慣用表達(dá)語中；

a.He often goes home at four o’clock every afternoon.b.Light travels in straight lines.c.I like any kind of fruit.d.The train leaves at 6a.m.and arrives at 10p.m.e.I’ll thank you if you give me a lift.f.There goes the bell.2>.一般過去時的3種常見用法：過去某一段時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；過去接連發(fā)生的一系列動作；用于某些從句中。并且常和時間狀語連用。

a.I was born in 1971.b.They got married last year.c.This morning they got up at seven o’clock, and then went out to work.d.She told me that she would come back in 2 hours.3>.現(xiàn)在完成時有“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法。該時態(tài)指動作開始在過去，但對現(xiàn)在留下某種結(jié)果和影響。這是它區(qū)別于一般過去時的主要特點(diǎn)。

a.He has turned off the light.b.I have taught English for 6 years.4>.過去完成時表示在過去某個時間或動作之前就已經(jīng)完成的動作。即我們常說的“過去的過去”。它也同樣分為“已完成”和“未完成”兩種用法。

a.I had hardly got home when the telephone rang.b.She said she had worked in that factory since 1990.5>.將來完成時:表示在將來某一時間以前已經(jīng)完成的動作。請注意該時態(tài)的時間狀語。a.By the time you come back, I’ll have prepared supper.b.By 2008, Beijing will have built 37 stadiums.6>.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時可以表示一個動作開始于過去某個時間，一直延續(xù)到說話時刻未結(jié)束，還可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行；也可表示到說話時刻為止該動作已結(jié)束。

a.It has been raining for three hours.b.I have been waiting for you for five hours.另外，還有一個考點(diǎn)就是“時態(tài)呼應(yīng)”，即，當(dāng)主句有過去時出現(xiàn)的時候，從句必須要用過去的某種時態(tài)進(jìn)行時態(tài)呼應(yīng)。但有幾點(diǎn)除外；

1.所說的是真理或客觀事實。

The teacher told us that the earth is round.2.說話者強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行或?qū)l(fā)生。He told me the train leaves at three.作練習(xí)p169.The 9th lecture of College English one: Key to some exercises: p138.Ⅱ.1.B;2.D;3.D;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.C;8.C;9.D;10.A(講解)p146.Ⅰ.b, a, b, c, c.Ⅱ.1.rare;2.substance;3.slight;4.pressure;5.crystal;6.crack;7.gem;8.elevator;9.crush;10.pebbles Ⅲ.1.stick to;2.change?into;3.stick to;4.running out;5.pick up;6.changed into;7.ran out;8.picked up;9.sorting out;10.sort out p149.Ⅱ.1.experienced;2.extreme;3.formation;4.pressuer;5.blasted;6.handful;7.crystal;8.destroyed;9.unusual;10.flow Ⅲ.1,4,5見課后作業(yè)。

2.The price of the lift is somewhat higher than expected.3.These designs are very popular with / among young people.p156.Ⅰ.F, T, F, F, F, T, F, T, T, T.p157.Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e Ⅱ.1.puzzled, 2.dissolve;3.aside;4.magnifying;5.latter;6.observes;7.beneath;8.broad p169:這部分練習(xí)講解。（*）Ⅰ.1.died;2.doesn’t guarantee;3.advised;4.is looking;5.comes;6.was going;7.will have left;8.would help;9.will be sitting;10.were playing;11.will go;12.had helped;13.would be;14.will have locked;15.had been getting;16.had been helping;17.had happened;18.will tell;19.had finished;20.has passed, failed Ⅱ.1.B;2.B;3.D;4.D;5.B;6.B;7.D;8.A;9.D;10.A Ⅲ.1.invented;2.offer;3.have been sitting;4.brought;5.has not paid;6.had seen;7.was making;8.has been working;9.am preparing;10.has happened Ⅳ.1.The students of a medical school are observing an operation.2.The wind in March blows hard.3.Where are you going to hang that picture? 4.She fell when she was going downstairs.5.How many years has Henry been learning the cook from Miss Smith? 6.The history teacher said that the first World War ended in 1918.7.Mary has been waiting for you this morning.8.My sister told me that the programs weren’t interesting at all.9.You can see him at the office if you come at eight tomorrow morning.10.---Have you seen this movie?---Yes, I have.I saw it in Nanjing.p179.Ⅰ.b, b, d, b, c.Ⅱ.1.divorce;2.single;3.extended;4.together;5.traditional;6.increase;7.result;8.like/love;9.earn;10.usually p182.Ⅱ.1.relatives;2.extend;3.marriage;4.desended;5.nucleus;6.traditional;7.social;8.definition;9.security;10.basically Ⅲ.1,4, 8見課后作業(yè)。

2.She is a teacher while her brother is an engineer.3.Traditionally, Chinese young people live with their parents until they grow up.5.In some families, both parents work and take care of their home and children.6.The group was split into two, for it’s too big.7.They plan to extend their research in this field.p188.Ⅰ.F, F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, T.p189.Ⅰ.1.d;2.a;3.b;4.c;5.d Ⅱ.1.dependent;2.primary;3.structurd;4.similarities;5.role;6.partners;7.customary 關(guān)于語法：被動語態(tài)，前面已經(jīng)講過，大家自己看看書，今天講解練習(xí)。

Ⅰ.1.are being printed;2.are guaranteed;3.will be pulled;4.were developed;5.will be built;6.was praised;7.have been translated;8.had been sent;9.would be given;10.is being done.Ⅱ.口頭練習(xí)。

Ⅲ.1.is spoken;2.can’t be kept;3.was turned off;4.were believed;5.shouldn’t be eaten;6.were let out;7.were taken care of;8.can be remembered;9.would be becalmed;10.are lit up.Ⅳ.1.Was the United Nation founded in 1945? 2.It’s said that he was badly injured.3.The building will be designed by Dr.Ford.4.Where was the last meeting held? 5.Was America discovered by Columbus in 1492? 6.The task must be performed by you.7.The patient should be treated with care.8.She was warmly welcomed at the railway station.9.He’s called Lao Wang, though he’s not old at all.10.The gate was closed when I went back.Unit 8 Text A: Telecommunication via Satellite We live in a highly developed society.Everybody knows telecommunication, which can not only transmit television broadcasts, but also telephone calls and printed materials.So do you know it also has shortcoming? If you want to know the answer, you must read our today’s text.This is a very important text.A.New words: 1.telecommunication: n 電信,communication 通信，tele表示遠(yuǎn)距離的、電的 telephone, telegraph etc.2.via: prep拉丁文，by way of,經(jīng)由

3.transmit: v 播送、發(fā)射，transmit sth to sth.名詞：transmission 4.photograph: n 簡稱photo, photos.5.establish: v 建立、創(chuàng)立，同義詞：found;established: adj;establishment: n(*)a.The university was established 150 years ago.b.You should not break the established rule.c.They suggested the establishment of a school for the blind.6.signal: n/v信號，發(fā)信號。sign: n 標(biāo)識；signature: n 簽名(*)a.Sailors signal with flags by day and with lights at night.b.The traffic signal turned red.c.There is a non-smoking sign on the wall.7.orbit: v 繞軌道運(yùn)行，n 軌道

a.How many planets are orbiting the sun? b.The earth’s orbit round the sun.8.capable: adj able有能力的，ability, capacity.be capable of doing, be able to do, 9.broadcast: n/v 廣播、播音

BBC: British Broadcast Corporation 10.theory: n 理論，theoretic adj理論的，短語：in theory = theoretically 11.access: n 進(jìn)入的機(jī)會，accessible: adj 可接近的，常用短語：have access to sth可接近，可進(jìn)入

12.unlimited: adj無限的，反義詞：limited, limit: v 限制，n 界限(*)a.He is not very clever and his ability to improve his work is very limited.b.our life has a limit, but knowledge is without limit.c.There is an unlimited number of stars in the sky.13.entertain: v 娛樂、招待；entertainment: n;entertainer: n 供人娛樂者 a.A cinema is a place of entertainment.b.He may not be a great actor but he is a very popular entertainer.c.He entertains himself with his piano when he is free.14.demonstrate: v 說明、演示；demonstration: n 15.educational: adj 教育的；education: n 教育；educate：v 使人受教育 a.Higher-education self-taught exam are held twice per year.b.In order to keep up with our times, we have to educate ourselves in the evening class after work.16.remote: adj 遙遠(yuǎn)的、偏僻的

17.isolate: v 隔離、孤立，isolated: adj 孤立的；isolation: n

18.instruction: n 教學(xué)、指示；instruct: v;instructor: n 指導(dǎo)者

19.conversation: n 談話，converse with sb about/on sth(正式用法)20.simultaneously: adv at the same time, in the meanwhile

21.risk: n風(fēng)險；v 冒?的風(fēng)險，risky: adj有危險的risk doing sth, risk one’s a health/fortune/neck

22.privacy: n 隱私，private: adj 私人的

23.contact: n/v,短語：make contact with與?接觸，結(jié)識 a.I don’t have much contact with her family.b.I will contact you next month.24.harm: n/v傷害、損害；harmful, harmless 25.expert: n 專家；adj熟練的。expert in/at sth 26.application: n 申請、應(yīng)用；apply: v B.Intensive reading:

1.By the middle of the century, both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and/or pictures.譯：到二十世紀(jì)中葉為止，廣播和電視已成為公認(rèn)的傳送聲音和/或圖象的工具。

分析：由于用了時間狀語：by the middle of the century,因此要用完成時態(tài)。若時間是過去的，用過去完成時；若時間是將來的，用將來完成時。

a.By the end of 2000, we had learned 50 texts.b.By the end of 2003, we will have learned 100 texts.means: n 單復(fù)數(shù)同形，方法、手段。

2.In 1964, the olympic Games in Tokyo became the first to be transmitted via satellite.譯:1964年，東京奧林匹克運(yùn)動會是第一次通過衛(wèi)星傳送的節(jié)目。to be transmitted是動詞不定式作定語。

3.The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information, will change ever home into an education and entertainment center.譯：衛(wèi)星傳送信息，電腦儲存信息，電視播放信息，把三者結(jié)合起來能使每個家庭成為一個教育娛樂中心。

分析：雖然句子長，但成分簡單。the combination是主語，will change是謂語。從satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information是介詞of的賓語。每個詞都包含有一個非限定性定語從句。

短語：change sth into sth

4.In theory, every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.(*)譯：從理論上講，人們都能獲得無限量的信息。

短語：in theory, have access to sth, amount of sth(un)

5.The most common use of telecommunication satellites, however, has been for transmitting telephones calls.譯：然而，通信衛(wèi)星最廣泛的用途還是電話的傳送。注意該句的時態(tài)。

6.Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily.譯：電信使得人們能快捷方便地使用來自世界各地的信息。注意：短語make sth available to sth使?被獲得

7.It’s important to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us.(*)譯：同一技術(shù)既可助人也可害人，認(rèn)識到這點(diǎn)很重要。

to realize that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是真正的主語，it是形式主語。that the same technology that helps us may also harm us是賓語從句；

that helps us是定語從句修飾the same technology.8.It’s the intelligent application of technology that will lead us to success.(*)譯：只有明智地運(yùn)用技術(shù)才能獲得成功。這是一個強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。正常的句子應(yīng)是：The intelligent application of technology will lead us to success.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本公式：It is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that(who)+ 其余成分。請注意該句式不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語部分，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語、狀語。

Ann had a heavy cold last week.我們可強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語、狀語。a.It was Ann that/who had a heavy cold last week.b.It was a heavy cold that Ann had last week.c.It was last week that Ann had a heavy cold.C.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.at the beginning of(1段1行);2.by the middle of(1段3行);3.in order to(2段1行);4.such as(2段1行);5.pick up(2段5行);6.be capable of(2段7行);7.change?into(3段3行);8.have access to(3段4行);9.in remote areas(4段3行);10.for the first time(4段4行);11.provide sth to sb(5段1行);12.follow sb’s instruction(5段5行);13.care for(5段5行);14.at the same time(6段7行);15.make sth available to sth(7段1-2行);16.pay for(7段5行);17.isolate from(8段1行);18.as well as(8段4行);19.prevent from(9段2行);20.lead to(9段5行);21.in theory(3段4行)

The 10th lecture of College English one Unit 8 Text B: What people Don’t Know about Air

We all know that without air, we couldn’t live.It’s like fish couldn’t live without water.But do you know if there weren’t air, we would have no sound, no wind or clouds? So if you are interested all of these, please read the text very carefully.A.New words: 1.obvious: adj 明顯的，obviously: adv 2.shelter: n/v 掩蔽、庇護(hù)；shelter from sth 3.atmosphere：n 大氣；atmospheric: adj大氣的

4.electrical: adj 電的、電氣的；electricity: n 電；electrician: n 電工 5.existence: n 存在；exist: v存在 6.lightening: n 閃電，thunder:打雷； 7.unending: adj不盡的、不停的；ending 8.atomic: adj 原子的，atom: n 原子

9.explosion: n 爆炸、爆發(fā)；explode: v 爆炸；explosive: n 炸藥、adj爆炸性的

B.Grammar point: Subjunctive Mood(2)第一講中介紹過在非真實條件句中的虛擬語氣的主要用法，難點(diǎn)在于句子的時態(tài)比真實條件句的時態(tài)后退一步。即：現(xiàn)在時→過去時；過去時→過去完成時；將來時→過去將來時；在今天這講中將繼續(xù)將它在一些從句中的用法介紹給大家。

1在賓語從句中的用法：

1>.在suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command等含有希望、建議、命令等語氣的賓語從句中。（*）句型：主語 + should(省略)+ 動詞原形

a.I suggest that we(should)do it at once.b.I insist that he(should)give up smoking.2>.在wish后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣，而其時態(tài)的用法與非真實條件句一樣。（時態(tài)后移）a.I wish I were you.(與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望)b.I wish I had learned more.(與過去事實相反的愿望)c.I wish I would have another chance.(與將來事實相反的愿望)注意區(qū)分：wish + 從句：表示不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，必須用虛擬語氣；而hope + 從句：表示可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，不用虛擬語氣。

a.He hopes we’ll go there with him.b.He wishes we would go there with him.3>.在would rather后的從句中.句型：主語 + would rather + 從句（用一般過去時）I would rather you stayed at home.2.在主語從句中的用法。

在下列結(jié)構(gòu)的主語從句中，謂語必須用虛擬語氣。見課本p542?？荚嚨目键c(diǎn)時should的省略。

3.在表語從句和同位語從句中的用法。

當(dāng)賓語從句中那些使用虛擬語氣的動詞的名詞形式出現(xiàn)在表語從句和同位語從句中時，必須用虛擬語氣。即，suggestion, order, insistence, demand, request etc.a.My suggestion is that we(should)try again.(表語從句)b.My suggestion that we(should)try again is accepted by them.（同位語從句）

4.在定語從句中的用法。

It is time + that + 主語 + 動詞的過去時。It is time that you left.= It is tome for you to leave.5.在含蓄條件句中的用法。

有時一個假設(shè)的情況并不是用條件從句表示，而用其它方式表示，稱含蓄條件句。1>.用with, without介詞結(jié)構(gòu)代替條件從句。

We might have died you without your help.= We might have died if you hadn’t helped us.2>.用相當(dāng)于if的其它連詞表示虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。常見的連詞有：otherwise, in that case, on condition that, provided that, but for, etc.a.I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you.= I as very busy last week.If I hadn’t been busy, I would have come to see you.b.But for the storm, we should have arrived early.= If we hadn’t met the storm, we should have arrived early.6.在錯綜時間條件句中的用法。

有時非真實條件句中，主句謂語動詞所表示的動作和條件句中的謂語動詞不是同時發(fā)生，這時可按照需要來調(diào)整各自的時間。

a.If you had followed the doctor’s advice then, you would have be all right now.主句與從句發(fā)生的時間不同，進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

b.If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would have been all right then.主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生。

請注意：碰到這種從句要特別注意它的時間狀語，必須明確給出時間，否則按同時發(fā)生使用。

7.虛擬語氣的倒裝與省略。

符合下列條件，可以省略if,并進(jìn)行倒裝。①必須是非真實條件句。

②只有當(dāng)從句中出現(xiàn)were, had, should時，才可省略if，并把這些詞放在主語之前。a.If I should meet her, I would tell her.= Should I meet her, I would tell her.b.If I were in your position, I would do it better.= Were I in your position, I would do it better.請閱讀課本p539-p545，并完成課后練習(xí)。看看本文中出現(xiàn)的虛擬語氣句：

1.Without air, we could not exist.2.If we didn’t have air, there would be no sound.3.Without air, there would be no wind or clouds.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.be important to sb(1段1行);2.be forced to do(3段3行);3.shelter from(3段3行);4.consist of(5段1行);5.rest upon(5段4行);6.gazt at sth(6段5行);7.in wonder(6段5行);8.not?until(6段6行);9.large amounts of(7段3行);10.the same?as(8段3行);11.learn to(9段1行);12.in the meantime(9段3行);13.pay attention to(9段4行);14.add to(9段6行);15.in order to(2段4行);16.protect?from?(3段4行)

D.本文在寫作時有一個非常明顯的特點(diǎn)，運(yùn)用了大量的同根詞，即在這句話中出現(xiàn)的是動詞，在下句中就出現(xiàn)它的名詞或形容詞。我們總結(jié)一下：

1.exist→existence;2.atmosphere→atmospheric;3.pressure→press;4.weigh→weight;5.electric→electrical,electricity

Unit 9 Text A: Learned Words and popular Words In fact, every language has the similarity.For example, in Chinese we call potatoes tudou, and malingshu.In our oral language, we say tudou but not malingshu.So can you tell me the difference between them? obviously, one is popular word while the other is learned word.So now we can say it’s just the two classes of words that consist of the whole vocabulary.Now let’s learn our text A and know more about the words.A.New words: 1.learned: adj 有學(xué)問的，博學(xué)的；learn: v;learner: n 2.cultivated: adj 耕種的、有修養(yǎng)的；cultivate: v 耕種、培養(yǎng)；cultivation: n 耕種、培養(yǎng)；cultivator: n 耕種者（*）

a.Workers work in their factories while farmers cultivate their land.b.Cultivated people should have good manners.c.The old man pays much attention to the cultivation of her mind.3.concern: v 涉及、使關(guān)心、掛念；n 關(guān)心、掛念;concerned: adj 擔(dān)心的、焦慮的

常用的短語：so/as far as ? concerned:至于，對?而言；be concerned for/about sth/sb:對人或事關(guān)心、掛念。

a.we are all concerned for his happiness.b.As far as the structure is concerned, the article is quite good.4.stock: v 儲備、儲存；n 庫存、股票

sth in stock/ out of stock某物有庫存/沒有庫存

5.possession: n 所有、擁有；possessions: n 所有物； possess: v 所有、擁有； 6.relatively: adv 比較而言；relate: v;relation: n;relative: adj

7.educated: adj 有知識的；educate: v 受教育；education: n 教育； educational: adj教育的(*)a.Higher education plays an important role in one’s life.b.She has been doing educational work for forty years.c.The man had to educate himself in the evening after finishing his work.d.our society needs more educated people.8.acquaintance: n 認(rèn)識、熟人；acquaint: v 使?熟悉/通曉 9.formal: adj 正式的，反義詞：informal;formally: adv（*）

a.Although the visit he paid to the country was informal, he thought it was quite necessary.b.Formal dresses are required for such an important party.c.He formally presented his application form.10.highly: adv 非常、高度地；high: adj 高的；height: n 高度（*）a.She spoke highly of his discovery.b.He is 1.76 meters in height.c.The church tower is 20 meters high.11.elevated: adj 提高的、高貴的；elevate: v 提高； elevation: n 提高； elevator: n 電梯

12.importantce: n 重要性； important: adj 重要的；unimportant, unimportance.13.grown-up: n 成年人；adj 成熟的；adult.14.apply: v 申請、應(yīng)用；application: n；applicant: n 申請人(*)常用習(xí)語：apply to sb for sth:向某人申請某物；apply to sth:適用某物;apply sth to sth:將?運(yùn)用到?中。

a.She applied to the university for her degree of Master of Arts.b.What he said applies to us all.c.We should apply what we have learned to our work.15.absolute: adj 絕對的、完全的；absolutely: adv

16.popularity: n;popular: adj；popularize:

17.clssification: n 分類；classify: v 分類；classified: adj 分類的

18.convenient;adj 方便的, convenience: n ；反義詞：inconvenient, inconvenience

19.avoid: v 后用動名詞；avoidance: n；avoidable: adj 可避免的；unavoidable: 不可避免的。

I am trying to avoid meeting him.20.misconception: n 誤解，反義詞：conception.前綴：mis-含有“錯誤地”，mistake, misunderstand, misapply etc.21.presence: n 出席、存在；present: adj到場的

22.literature: n 文學(xué)；literary: adj文學(xué)的

B.Intensive reading: 1.First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.(難句！！)譯：首先是那些我們在日常交談中逐漸熟悉的詞語，即我們從家人、朋友那兒學(xué)來的和那些即使不會讀寫也應(yīng)該知道和會用的詞。

分析：主語：those words,在它之后有三個定語從句修飾它，①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, ②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and ③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.看出這一點(diǎn)對于理解整個句子是至關(guān)重要的。下面分別看看這三個定語從句。①with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation,掌握短語：become/be familiar with sth對?熟悉。

注意：在定語從句中若介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，介詞賓語只能用which代物，whom代人，其余的關(guān)系代詞都不能用。這是考點(diǎn)！

a.This is the hero of whom we are proud.= This is the hero who/that/whom/省略 we are proud of.b.I want to find the pen with which I finished my papers.= I want to find the pen that/which/省略 I finished my papers with.②which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends,掌握短語：that is to say = that is所作成分屬插入語;Learn from sb向某人學(xué)習(xí)。We should learn from LeiFeng at any time.③which we should know and use even if we could not read or write 本句包含一個讓步讓步狀語從句，even if?即使?.2.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language.譯：這些詞和生活中的普通事情相關(guān)，是所有使用這門語言的人的常備詞匯。短語：stock in trade: 庫存、常用手段。

3.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.譯：這些詞可以被稱為“普通詞”，因為它們屬于廣大的普通百姓，而不只為有限范圍內(nèi)的一個階層所有。

since為因為，短語：belong to: 屬于?;at large: 普遍地、逍遙法外地 a.These books belong to me.b.Do the people at large approve of the government’s economic policy? c.The escaped prisoner is still at large.4.our first acquaintance with them comes not from our mother’s lips or from the talk of our classmates, but from books that we read, lectures that we hear, or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.(2段4行起)譯：我們初識這些詞不是從母親的口中或同學(xué)的話中，而是從我們所讀的書中，所聽的課中，或從對某一特殊話題進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅的討論的受過高等教育的人們的較正式談話中首詞次了解到的。本句的難點(diǎn)實際上是名詞的修飾語多。

分析：主語our first acquaintance with them；謂語：comes;剩余部分為賓語部分。在該部分中有一個大結(jié)構(gòu)：not?but不是?而是。books, lectures, conversation三個名詞后有很多的修飾關(guān)系，請大家注意。

C.Summary about the phrases: 1.learned words;2.popular words;3.make up（1段2行）;4.be familiar with（1段3行）;5.that is to say（1段4行）;6.even if（1段5行）;7.stock in trade（1段7行）;8.belong to（1段8行）;9.at large（1段8行）;10.on the other hand（2段1行）;11.a large number of sth（2段1行）;12.be known to（2段3行）;13.acquaintance with（2段4行）14.not? but?（2段5-6行）15.come up（4段6行）;16.as to（4段6行）;17.as a whole（4段11行）;18.be due to（4段14行）;19.rather than（4段15行）

The 11th lecture of College English one: Check the exercises on p545:（講解）

Ⅰ.1.knew;2.were;3.were;4.would have been;5.would eat;6.could build;7.hadn’t come;8.earn;9.didn’t have;10.would be;11.apply;12.go;13.would be;14.were;15.had been;16.bought;17.be put off;18.would get;19.had been caused;20.had grown up Ⅱ.1.C;2.B;3.B;4.D;5.A;6.D;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.D Ⅲ.1.If only the Englishman had spoken Italian.2.If you should have a panic attack, what would you do? 3.I wish I could lose one pound in weight per day.4.It’s very important that you take responsibility for your own health.5.Without water and air, all living things would die.6.If I were you, I would join the army.7.If we had paid more attention to those factors, we would have greatly reduced he risk of heart disease.8.If you had taken my advice then, you wouldn’t have got into trouble.9.It’s suggested that each class give a performance.10.If he hadn’t been so busy then, he would have given you more help.Exercise on p206: Ⅰ.1.c;2.a;3.b;4.d;5.d Ⅱ.1.transmit;2.access;3.remote;4.demonstrate;5.instruction;6.simultaneously;7.travel;8.available;9.privacy;10.application p210:Ⅱ.1.displayed;2.theory;3.established;4.remote;5.visual;6.signal;7.access;8.channel 9.transmitted;10.transportation Ⅲ.1.Satellites are capable of transmitting not only TV broadcasts, but also telephone calls.3.You should follow the doctor’s instructions on how to take this kind of medicine.4.Computer systems can transmit sound as well as pictures at the same time.6.This patient should be isolated from the other patients.7.The soldier displayed courage and skills.8.His experiments fully demonstrated that principle of psychology.p216:Ⅰ.F, T, T, T, F, F, T, T, T, F.p218:Ⅰ.d, c, b, e, a Ⅱ.1.atmosphere;2.existence;3.thorough;4.radar;5.elements;6.protect from;7.created;8.rest on p237:Ⅰ.c, a, d, b, a Ⅱ.1.to concern;2.possession;3.situation;4.acquaintance;5.lively;6.grown-up;7.classification;8.principle;9.convenient;10.presence p240.Ⅱ.1.style;2.occasions;3.highly;4.concern;5.possessions;6.topics;7.formal;8.cultivated;9.convenient;10.absolute Ⅲ.2.After he arrived in that country, he found there few occasions to speak Chinese.4.No two leaves are exactly the same in the world.5.When I say they’re friends, I don’t mean they share everything.6.The meeting concerns trade and agriculture.7.Serious problems may come up if the situation becomes worse.Text B: How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary? I think this is a question concerned by anyone.You can find some best ways in this text to give you some help, I am sure.We can get more words through context and through word parts.Maybe you have more of your ways.No matter which, I just hope you can succeed in English studying!

A.New words: 1.vocabulary: n 詞匯表

2.context: n 上下文，from context;through context;contextual: adj 上下文的 3.securely: adv 安全地；secure: adj;security;n 4.intend: v 打算，intend to do sth;intention: n 意圖 5.preference: n 偏愛,用介詞for； prefer: v 用介詞to.a.I prefer to do it myself.b.She has a preference for blue.6.prefix前綴，suffix后綴

7.apparently: adv 同義詞：obviously，明顯地。

8.consult: v 請教、查閱；consultation: n;consultant: n 顧問；常用短語： consult with sb:討論謀事；consult sb about sth:向某人請教謀事 9.personally: adv = in person;personal: adj;10.heighten: v 提高、加高；high: adj;highly: adv;height: n 高度

11.maximum: n 最大量；反義詞：minimum:最小量

12.effectiveness: n 有效性；effective: adj 有效的；effect: n 影響；affect: v 13.sharpen: v 削尖；sharp: adj尖的

14.awareness: n 意識、覺悟；aware: adj有意識的，be aware of sth;無意識的：unaware 15.accuracy;n 準(zhǔn)確性；accurate: adj準(zhǔn)確的

16.ease: n 舒適、安逸，feel at ease with sb;v 緩和;easy: adj 容易的。The aspirins eased my headache.B.Some important sentences in the text: 1.When students in a college were asked what should be done when they came across a new word in their reading,84% said, “l(fā)ook it up in the dictionary.” If you do so, you interrupt the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.譯：當(dāng)問大學(xué)生閱讀時遇到生詞時該怎么辦，84%的人回答是“查字典”。然而，這么做，你就會打斷最富有成效所需的思維進(jìn)程。

短語：①come across偶然遇到。

I came across one of my schoolmates in the street yesterday.②look sth up in?在?中查閱

I often look some grammar knowledge in reference books.③make sth + adj使?如何 please make the room warm.2.It all depends.(*)= It all depends on the situation.（金牌口語句）

依情況而定。

3.That’s why it makes such good sense to begin with context.譯：這就是為什么我們得從上下文入手。

why引導(dǎo)表語從句。make such good sense:有充足的理由；begin with從?開始

4.only when you go through the mental exercise to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you’re right.譯：只有在你經(jīng)過一番腦力活動想出一個推測性的定義后，才應(yīng)該打開字典來看看你的猜測是否正確。

注意：由于only+時間狀語從句放在句首，用了部分倒裝。短語：①go through:仔細(xì)研究或檢查，I’ve gone through all my pockets but I can’t find my keys.②come up with:想出、提出

He came up with a new suggestion.5.Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, parts, Dictionary.Use it!the exercises which follow will give you specific step-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease.The result will be like money in the bank.譯：好，你的新公式—上下文，構(gòu)詞成分，字典。運(yùn)用它！隨后的練習(xí)將具體地、循序漸進(jìn)地幫你敏銳察覺到上下文提示，學(xué)會最有用的構(gòu)詞成分和越來越輕松地使用字典。其結(jié)果就像你在銀行里存了一筆錢。

這是本文的最后一句總結(jié)全文的句子，它給大家最好的提示：如何最有效地記住單詞。請大家參照著做。但也應(yīng)因人而宜。最后一句：The result will be like money in the bank.Means that as long as you have mastered good methods in English studying, the longer you study English, the bigger vocabulary you’ll build up.在這里我也把這句話送給大家。May you succeed!

New grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(非謂語動詞)英語中的動詞根據(jù)它是否能單獨(dú)做句子的謂語分為：謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩種。不能單獨(dú)作句子謂語的稱作非謂語動詞。它又分三類：動詞不定式，分詞，動名詞。今天先介紹動詞不定式。

A.不定式（Infinitive）：大多數(shù)是由不定式標(biāo)記to加動詞原形構(gòu)成，但有一些是以省略to的形式出現(xiàn)的。

B.在句中它除了不能作謂語外，可擔(dān)任其他句子成分：主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。

1.不定式作名詞時在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語和表語.a.He likes to play basketball.b.For him to learn English well in such a short time is not easy.c.His job is to clean all the windows.注意：1>.當(dāng)作主語的不定式較長時，常用it作形式主語而將真正的主語放在謂語后，將上面b可改為：It’s not easy for him to learn English well in such a short time.2>.在這種情況下我們常用for sb.或of sb.來做不定式的 邏輯主語，但是有區(qū)別的。

for sb.常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：easy, difficult, hard, important, interesting, impossible etc.of sb常用表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如：good, kind, foolish, clever, etc.a.It’s important for us to say something directly.b.It’s clever of him to leave that country.3>.不定式作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

4>.不定式作賓語時，若賓語有自己的表語，常用it作形式賓語。I know to finish the work so soon impossible.I know it impossible to finish the work so soon.2.不定式作形容詞的用法：通常在句中擔(dān)任定語。，并且放在它所修飾的名詞后面。He always has a lot of meetings to attend.注意：1>.有時不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點(diǎn)，工具，不定式后應(yīng)該加上必要的介詞。

please pass me some paper to write on.2>.當(dāng)一句話中既有形容詞又有不定式修飾something, anything, nothing這三個詞時，請注意詞序：something/anything/nothing + 形容詞 ＋ 不定式

Do you have anything interesting to read?

3>.不定式作定語時有時用主動語態(tài)表示被動含義。a.There is a letter to write.b.There is no time to lose.c.Mary has three babies to look after.3.不定式作副詞的用法；在句中擔(dān)任狀語

a.He is lucky to get there on time.(原因狀語)b.He came here to help me with my math.(目的狀語)c.After that day they were separated, never to see each other.(結(jié)果狀語)

請注意以下固定句型中不定式的用法： 1>.too + adj/adv + for sb + to do sth The book is too hard for the boy to read.2>.enough的用法：

a.He is old enough to go to school.b.The road is wide enough for three horses to go.3>.不定式在句中作為獨(dú)立成分：

a.To tell you the truth, I don’t like this film.b.To be frank, you are lying.c.To make matters worse, it began to get dark.4.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。

a.I don’t want her to leave here so quickly.b.We allow you to enter the room.注意以下省去to的情況：

1>.在某些感官動詞和使役動詞后作賓補(bǔ)時省略to，但在被動語態(tài)中不可省略to.a.I hear someone sing this morning.b.The workers were made to work day and night.c.please let the dog go out!

2>.當(dāng)介詞but, except, besides前面有實義動詞do時，可省to.The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender.3>.在下列固定詞組中：

①had better do sth;②would rather do sth than do sth;③can’t but do;a.You had better not go now.b.He would rather look after the baby than do his homework.c.I can’t but think so.C.不定式的否定形式：not + 不定式

My father told me not to skate on the lake.D.連接代詞或副詞＋不定式，相當(dāng)于一個名詞短語，一般充當(dāng)賓語。a.Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult problem.b.please decide as soon as possible when to start.E.不定式的常用時態(tài)有：一般式，進(jìn)行式，完成式三個.a.He has decided to give her some money.b.He pretended to be studying when his father came in.c.I am sorry to have kept you waiting.F.不定式的被動語態(tài)：to be done;to have been done a.It’s an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.b.He seems to have been taken good care of by the nurse.見課本p219--p226

The 12th lecture of College English one:

Review some important phrases in text B: 1.come across(1段2行);2.look sth up in?(1段3行);3.at top speed(2段4行);4.after all(2段6行);5.make good sense(2段8行);6.begin with(2段9行);7.provide sb with sth(3段2行);8.preference for sth(3段3行);9.come up with(5段5行);10.find out(6段3行);11.lead to(6段4行);12.in black and white(6段6行);13.build up

Unit 10 *Text A: Scientific Attitudes From very early time science began in the earth.Because we are curious about anything around us, we often ask many questions, such as: why the sun only come out at daytime;why the sky is blue;why we have four different seasons etc.then in this text we won’t study those questions but what attitudes we should have when we study the science.So I think its very necessary for us to learn them.A: new words: 1.scientific: adj 科學(xué)的； scientifically: adv 科學(xué)地； science: n 科學(xué)； scientist: n 科學(xué)家

2.attitude: n 姿勢、態(tài)度，常用介詞：to, towards 3.environment: n 環(huán)境；environmental: adj環(huán)境的，environmental protection環(huán)保(*)4.curiosity: n 好奇心；curious: adj好奇的,常用短語：be curious about sth / to do sth(*)

5.imagination: n 想象力；imagine: v想象；imaginative: adj富于想象的

6.stimulate: v 刺激、鼓勵；stimulation: n刺激、鼓勵；stimulant: n 刺激物、興奮劑

7.phenomenon: n 現(xiàn)象，phenomena(復(fù)數(shù))8.unknown: adj未知的，反義詞：known被人所知的，know: v;短語：be known to / be unknown to被人所知/所不知;be known as被認(rèn)為是?(*)a.He was known as a successful writer b.That actor was almost unknown before he played that part.c.You never know what the result is till you finish the test.9.open-minded: adj無偏見的，open-mindedness: n minded是形容詞，表示具有某種心智、頭腦的，如：strong-minded;feeble-minded;narrow-minded;absent-minded etc.10.regardless: adj/adv 不留心的、不關(guān)心的，不顧、不惜；regard: v 注視、認(rèn)為，n 問候；regarding: prep關(guān)于；常用短語：regard sth as sth;regardless of sth(*)a.please give my kind regard to your grandparents.b.His experiment is always regarded as a dig success.c.He tried again and again regardless of the failure.11.previously: adv 在前地、早先地；previous: adj 12.disagreeable: adj讓人討厭的，反義詞：agreeable另人愉快的、宜人的 13.failure: n 失?。籪ail: v 失敗，fail to do sth;fail in sth Failure is the mother of success.14.solution: n 解決辦法，solution to/for/of sth 15.adapt: v 適應(yīng)、改編 adapt to sth 適應(yīng)?；adapt for sth:適用于?;adaptation: n;adaptable: adj適應(yīng)的，(*)a.She found it difficult to adapt herself to the life in a foreign country.b.He is not adapted for this job.16.perfect: adj完美的，反義詞:imperfect No one is perfect.人無完人。

17.acceptable: adj可以接受的，accept: v 接受；acceptance: n 接受;acceptability: n 可接受性

a.Is this program acceptable to you? b.The acceptability of the proposal is under discussion.c.He asked her to marry him and she accepted him.18.frequently: adv usually;frequent: adj;frequency: n 頻繁(*)a.He has written to me frequently since I went abroad.b.Rains are very frequent here in summer.c.The frequency of her visit surprised him.19.determine: v 決定，determine to do sth;determined: adj;determination: n 20.growth: n;grow: v

B:Intensive reading: 1.Science had its beginning when man started asking questions about his environment.譯：科學(xué)源于人們/人類開始對周圍事物提出疑問的時候。

Starting asking?動名詞作start的賓語。ask question about sh

2.Not all his answers were correct, but at least he did want to know.譯：并非所有的答案都正確，但至少那時的人們確實想了解他周圍的世界。

當(dāng)not放在all, both表示半否定，若要表示全否定兩者間用neither,三者用none.a.They both are my friends.b.Not both of them are my friends.c.Neither of them is my friend.d.They are all good students.e.They are not all good students.f.None of them is good students.3.Curiosity and imagination are important qualities which help stimulate the discovery of new facts and advance science.譯：好奇心和想象力是幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)新的事實并推動科學(xué)發(fā)展的重要素質(zhì)。help do sth, help to do sth，4.Scientifically minded people believe in a “cause-and-effect” relationship.譯：具有科學(xué)頭腦的人們相信因果關(guān)系。短語：believe in sth相信

5.Changes such as these, which are easily observed, are called phenomena.(*)譯：像這些容易被人觀察到的變化稱之為現(xiàn)象。

這句話包含有兩個被動語態(tài)，一個出現(xiàn)在定語從句中，另一個出現(xiàn)在主句中。

6.In cases where the explanation is unknown the scientific point of view is that there is a reason if it can only be discovered.譯：對于一些人們不知其解的現(xiàn)象，科學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)是必有其因，只是尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)罷了。分析：主語the scientific point of view；系動詞：is；后跟表語從句that there is a reason if it can only be discovered。In cases where the explanation is unknown是狀語。In cases:在?情況下，后跟定語從句。注意if it can only be discovered的翻譯：尚欠缺的唯一條件。

7.This means the ability to face the facts as they are regardless of what one has previously thought.譯：這指的是面對現(xiàn)存的事實而不管自己原來想法的能力。分析：to face the facts是動詞不定式作定語修飾the ability;as they are表示按照它們的實際情況；regardless of常用短語，不管、不顧。what one has previously thought作介詞of的介詞賓語。

8.Thomas Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp.(*)譯：托馬斯。愛迪生失敗了成千次才成功制造了第一盞電燈。

注意本句的幾個考點(diǎn)：thousands of times;succeed in producing;連詞before

9.The solutions to real problems can’t be seen in advance.(*)譯：實際問題的解決方法是不能事先預(yù)見的。

注意考點(diǎn)：the solutions to sth;can’t be seen;in advance短語：事先。

10.Scientists must be able to change their thinking and to adapt their theories to new facts as they are discovered.譯：科學(xué)家們必須能改變思路，調(diào)整自己的理論，使之于新發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實相適應(yīng)。

分析：change their thinking改變思路；adapt their theories to new facts使?適應(yīng)?； as they are discovered狀語從句。

11.This is another way of saying that man’s understanding is always less than perfect.（*）

譯：這是人的理解總是不盡完美的另一種說法。考點(diǎn)：動名詞saying；短語less than

12.A scientific truth offers an explanation that is acceptable only in the light of what is known at a particular time.譯：科學(xué)的真理提供了一種解釋，這種解釋為人們所接受，使相對于某一特定時間內(nèi)人們的知識而言的。

分析：that is acceptable定語從句修飾an explanation;what is known at a particular time作介詞of的賓語。注意：in the light of sth按照、根據(jù) = according to;be known;at a particular time.13.區(qū)分下面兩句話中的被動語態(tài)用法：

?.Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.?.New ideas are frequently very slow to be accepted.當(dāng)碰到hard, difficult, easy時后面的不定式用主動表被動，除此外其他的形容詞要用過去分詞表被動。

14.It may take time for new acts to become available.譯：新事實的發(fā)現(xiàn)、獲得使需要時間的。

基本句型：It takes sb some time to do sth;

C.Summary about all the phrases: 1.start doing(1段1行);2.at least(1段5行);3.lay aside sth(2段1行);4.be curious about sth(2段3行);5.take apart sth(2段3行);6.wonderabout sth(3段1行);7.combine sth with sth(3段1-2行);8.carry out(3段2行);9.believe in(4段1行);10.cause and effect;11.in case(4段7行);13.point of view(4段8行);14.regardless of sth(5段2行);15.be willing to do(5段6行);16.thousands of(5段6行);17.succeed in doing(5段7行);18.in advance(6段1行);19.adapt sth to sth(6段2行);20.once and for all(6段4行);21.make a change in sth(6段4行);22.in the light of sth(6段8行);23.respect for(7段1行);24.come up(7段3行);25.be laughed at(8段2行);26.in all fields of knowledge(8段4行).Text B: 1.arouse: vt 引起、喚起，區(qū)別：rise: vi;raise: vt;arise: vi出現(xiàn)、呈現(xiàn)(*)a.His behavior aroused my suspicion.b.A new difficulty has arisen.c.The sun rises in the ease and sets in the west.d.He raised his voice to make everyone hear.e.once his curiosity has been aroused, he uses certain methods and procedures to obtain new knowledge?

f.problems arise in a variety of ways.2.obtain: v 得到，get, gain.3.biological: adj 生物學(xué)的；biology: n 生物學(xué)；biologist: n 生物學(xué)家 4.account: n 敘述、帳戶；v account for sth說明?的原因;accountant:會計 a.I have 2000 yuan in my account.b.His illness can account for his absence.5.logical: adj 符合邏輯的，反義詞：illogical 6.analysis: n 分析；analyze: v;analyst: n 分析者 7.indicate: v 指示；indicator: n;indication: n 8.inference: n推論；infer;v;類似的詞還有：refer, reference;prefer, preference 9.prediction: n;predict: v 預(yù)計

10.confidence: n 信心；confident: adj有信心的； self-confidence自信 11.unreliable: adj 靠不住的，反義詞：reliable.12.accurate: adj;accuracy: n

The 13th lecture of College English one: A.Intensive reading Text B: 1.please look at the second paragraph on page 275.I’ll read and then I’ll translate it, especially pay attention to those phrases。

譯：首先要認(rèn)識問題。只有問題找對了，才能得出正確的答案。解決問題始于透徹的理解。問題的出現(xiàn)有各種情況。它們有時產(chǎn)生于偶然的觀察，有時可能出自于閱讀、實驗或僅僅思考，也有可能來于新的發(fā)展或人類新的不同的需求。例如：今天，許多問題產(chǎn)生于核物理、生物工程和微電子領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)現(xiàn)。工業(yè)的發(fā)展也已經(jīng)帶來了大量的必須被解決的問題。

短語：?first of all首先；?only if除非；?grow out of=arise from產(chǎn)生于；?result from產(chǎn)生于；?bring about導(dǎo)致；?large number of大量的

2.Sometimes it will suggest areas that are in need of further study.(5段)譯：有時未回答的問題會顯示需要進(jìn)一步研究的領(lǐng)域。注意在這句話中suggest不是“建議”而是“暗示，顯示”，因此不用虛擬語氣。a.He suggested that we leave the country at once.(虛擬語氣)b.His face suggested that he was angry.（非虛擬語氣）

短語: in need of sth需要?

3.Should the observation or predictions turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.(8段)譯：如果所觀察到的或預(yù)測結(jié)果正如所料，科學(xué)家對他假說的可靠性就增加了信心。

通過翻譯我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話包含有一個虛擬語氣，并且省略了if，進(jìn)行了倒裝。原句應(yīng)是： If the observation or predictions should turn out to be as expected, the scientist has added confidence in the probable truth of his hypothesis.但請大家注意此時主句用了陳述語氣，屬于非正式用法。短語：turn out 結(jié)果是?

He turned out to be a cheat.4.Experiments have to be made under carefully controlled conditions.（*）譯：實驗必須在嚴(yán)格控制的條件下進(jìn)行。

考點(diǎn)：under carefully controlled conditions.B.Important phrases: 1.first of all(2段1行);2.only if(2段2行);3.grow out of/arise from(2段4/8行);4.result from(2段5行);5.bring about(2段10行);6.large number of(2段10行);7.build a firm foundation(4段5行);8.in need of sth(5段5行);9.build up(6段1行);10.turn out to be(8段1行);11.give up(8段4行);12.check with(9段1行);13.a variety of sth(2段3行);14.carry out(7段2行)

C.Grammar knowledge: Non-finite Verbs(2)Gerund and participles：（動名詞和分詞）Ⅰ.Gerund: 動名詞是三種非謂語動詞的一種。由動詞原形加ing構(gòu)成。具有某些動詞的特點(diǎn)，在句中起名詞的作用，由此得名動名詞。它可以有自己的賓語和狀語，這是動詞的特點(diǎn)；在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓語，及定語，這屬于名詞的特點(diǎn)。

a.Learning English very well is not easy.(主語)b.His job is teaching computer at college.（表語）c.I enjoy sleeping.（動賓）

d.She is thinking of finding another better job.（介賓）

e.Take some sleeping pills, and you will fall asleep.（定語）

動名詞也可根據(jù)需要在前面加上物主代詞或名詞所有格來表示它的邏輯主語。a.Mary’s being late again made me very angry.b.Do you mind my/me opening the door?

1.動名詞作主語：

a.Seeing is believing.b.Talking too much is no use.注意：用動名詞作主語，有時也可用it作形式主語。如上面的第二句可改為： It’s no use talking too much.常用的句型有：It’s no use doing sth;it’s no good doing sth a.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.b.It’s no good eating so many ice creams.2.動名詞作表語：一般表示比較抽象的習(xí)慣性的動作，這時表語和主語?？苫Q。a.What he likes best is making jokes.b.Making jokes is what he likes best.3.動名詞作賓語：既可作動詞賓語，也可作介詞的賓語。有些動詞后面必須用動名詞，請記住下列常考動詞：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, deny, mind, practice, risk, suggest, postpone, miss, can’t help, put off, give up, keep on etc.a.She denied stealing her money.b.I tried my best to avoid meeting him in the street.c.You’d better put off having the meeting because of SARS.d.If you want to make great progress, you must practice speaking every day.e.I am considering doing it again.動名詞常跟在一些固定的詞組后面，如：

insist on, look forward to, be used to, succeed in, be interested in, be engaged in, depend on, be busy doing, stick to, devote to, etc

注意：有些動詞后面既可用不定式作賓語也可用動名詞作賓語，且差別不大，如：continue, begin start, prefer etc.a.I prefer making a plan before I go over my lessons.b.I prefer to make a plan before I go over my lessons 但有些動詞區(qū)別卻很大，如：remember, forget, regret, go on, try, etc.(*)a.I remember giving money to him.(表示give這個動作已在remember 前發(fā)生過了。)b.I remember to give money to him.（表示give這個動作還未在remember 前發(fā)生。）c.I regret accepting your advice.d.I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.e.They went on talking about it.f.They went on to talk about it.g.They stopped talking.h.They stopped to talk.4.動名詞作定語：一般表示所修飾詞的用途，如：drinking water, writing desk, reading room, etc.5.動名詞的否定式：not + 動名詞

I’m sorry not getting there on time.6.動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)：

1>.一般時表示一般性的動作，發(fā)生的時間不明確。而完成時表示動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生。a.I am looking forward to seeing you soon.b.Thank you for having helped me so much.2>.當(dāng)動名詞邏輯上的主語是它所表示的動作的對象時，要用它的被動語態(tài)。a.He insisted on being sent to hospital.b.He insisted on sending her to hospital.3>.當(dāng)句子謂語是want, need, require, deserve時，常用動名詞的主動形式表被動含義。a.The radio needs repairing.(= The radio needs to be repaired.)b.The babies require examining.(= The babies require to be examined.)4>.主語 + be worth doing / 主語 + be worthy + to be done/of being done.a.The book is worth reading.b.The book is worthy to be read.c.The book is worthy of being read.Ⅱ.participle:分詞也是非謂語動詞的一種，它有兩種形式：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。分詞可以有自己的賓語和狀語，也可有邏輯主語，在句中擔(dān)任表語，定語，狀語和賓補(bǔ)。

a.The story is interesting.I’m interested in it.（表語）b.This is a moving film.（定語）

c.She came in, singing and dancing.（狀語）d.He saw that man jumping off the wall.(賓補(bǔ))1.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別：從語態(tài)上講，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，而過去分詞表示被動；從時態(tài)上講，現(xiàn)在分詞表正在進(jìn)行的動作，而過去分詞表示已完成的動作。

a.Do you know the woman talking to Tom? b.We can see only the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.c.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.d.Look!The falling leaves are yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.2.分詞作表語：一般當(dāng)主語是物時，用現(xiàn)在分詞，含有“令人?” ；當(dāng)主語是人時一般用過去分詞，表示“感到?”.a.They got very excited after watching the exciting movies.b.We are encouraged by the encouraging news.

第三篇：大學(xué)英語寫作教程

大學(xué)英語寫作教程：（四六級范文集）

目錄

1.大學(xué)英語四六級寫作基本要求，范文兩篇（了解題目，提綱，字?jǐn)?shù)，時間等要求）

2.分析題目提綱，歷年作文題目每類兩個（對比觀點(diǎn)題；問題解決題型；利弊分析題型；原因解

釋題型；綜合類題型（敘事型）；通知、海報、啟事與指令；講話稿的撰寫；申請信、簡歷、介紹信、推薦信）

3.篇章寫作

對比觀點(diǎn)題 兩篇例文找出模板句型，模板句型介紹

經(jīng)典用語

案例分析（列舉一篇以前學(xué)生寫過的作業(yè)，隨堂分析，包括用詞，語法，觀點(diǎn)陳述）--一篇類型相同，不同題目的文章，分析完案例，學(xué)生隨堂寫一篇同樣題目的文章，作為比較

4.附錄：范文（1.思路分析，即范文中的body部分內(nèi)容概述，幫助學(xué)生對于各種話題擴(kuò)展思路和信息量；

2.經(jīng)典用語）

第四篇：古詩詞自學(xué)教程

古詩詞自學(xué)教程

第一章 詩詞的四大要素 ??????????????? 02

一、押韻 二、四聲

三、平仄

四、對仗

第二章 詩韻和詞韻 ????????????????? 03

一、平水韻（舊韻）

二、普通話韻表（新韻）

第三章 詩律（律詩和絕句）????????????? 05

一、古體和近體?? 05 二、五言和七言 ??? 06

三、律詩 ???? 06

四、絕句（律絕和古絕）09

五、粘與對 ??? 11

六、拗句和拗救 ??? 11

七、所謂“一三五不論”

八、古風(fēng)式的律詩??? 13

九、近體詩的避忌

十、近體詩的對仗??? 14

十一、如何記住近體詩的格式？ ???????? 14 第四章 詞律（破譯宋詞的遺傳密碼）????????? 15

一、詞和詞牌（什么是詞？詞牌的來歷；單調(diào)、雙調(diào)、三疊、四疊）

二、詞譜（常見的12個詞牌的詞譜）

三、正體和變體，二者的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系，同調(diào)異名，同名異調(diào)

四、填詞（依聲填詞、依句填詞、依數(shù)填詞、自度曲、自過腔、創(chuàng)調(diào)；可平可仄字的問題）

五、詞的平仄規(guī)律

六、入聲、上聲可以代替平聲的問題 ???????? 15

七、詞的押韻和對仗

八、詞譜的制定（例作的選擇；古人制定詞譜的方法和局限；正體和變體的區(qū)分）

九、《朱天王＊詞律新編》（一百○八個常見詞牌,含部分變體）

第五章 詩詞創(chuàng)作的八大誤區(qū) ?????????????? 18

一、不要格律——這是最大的誤區(qū)！

二、格律極端化

三、多填詞牌

四、和韻、回文等文字游戲

五、貪圖長度

六、貪圖數(shù)量

七、追求華麗辭藻

八、自創(chuàng)詞牌

《詞律新編》——小令 第一卷 ????????????? 21 十六字令、憶江南、漁父、搗練子、江南春、憶王孫

《詞律新編》——小令 第二卷 ????????????? 23 調(diào)笑令、如夢令、長相思、相見歡、生查子、昭君怨

《詞律新編》——小令 第三卷 ????????????? 28 點(diǎn)絳唇、浣溪沙、霜天曉角、菩薩蠻、訴衷情、采桑子 《詞律新編》——小令 第四卷 ????????????? 33 卜算子、減字木蘭花、巫山一段云、謁金門、好事近、憶秦娥 《詞律新編》——小令 第五卷 ????????????? 38 清平樂、一絡(luò)索、更漏子、阮郎歸、畫堂春、喜遷鶯

《詞律新編》——小令 第六卷 ????????????? 40 攤破浣溪沙、桃源憶故人、烏夜啼、眼兒媚、朝中措、人月圓 《詞律新編》——小令 第七卷 ????????????? 43 太常引、柳梢青、武陵春、酒泉子、西江月、少年游〗 《詞律新編》——小令 第八卷 ???????????? 46 醉花蔭、南歌子、浪淘沙、鷓鴣天、鵲橋仙、玉樓春〗 《詞律新編》——小令 第九卷

虞美人、南鄉(xiāng)子、一斛珠、踏莎行、小重山〗

第一章 詩詞的四大要素

一、押韻

韻是詩詞的基本要素之一。詩詞中所謂的韻，大致等于現(xiàn)代漢語中的韻母。

所謂押韻，是指把同韻部的兩個或更多的字放到同一位置上，一般都放在句尾，所以又叫韻腳！

押韻的目的是為了聲韻的諧和。同類的樂音在同一位置上的重復(fù)，這就構(gòu)成了聲音的回環(huán)的美。

古人押韻是按韻書的。古人所謂的“官韻”，就是朝廷頒布的韻書。這種韻書，在唐代，和口語是基本上一致的，按韻書壓韻也是很和諧的。宋代以后，由于語音的變化較大，詩人仍然按舊韻書壓韻，就不那么和諧了！今天如果我們寫舊體詩，并不一定要按古人的韻書，但是如果要學(xué)習(xí)舊體詩詞，還是要了解古代的韻書的，這樣，我們才不致誤認(rèn)為古人寫詩不押韻！二、四聲 四聲，指漢語的四種聲調(diào)?，F(xiàn)代漢語（普通話）有陰平（第一聲）、陽平（第二聲）、上聲（第三聲）、去聲（第四聲）四個聲調(diào)，古代漢語的四聲則是平聲、上聲、去聲、入聲。

二者關(guān)系如下：

１、平聲，后代演變成陰平和陽平。２、上聲，后代有一部分演化成去聲。

３、去聲，后代絕大部分仍然是去聲。

４、入聲，在普通話里完全消失，分別并入陰、陽、上、去聲。

辨別四聲是辨別平仄的基礎(chǔ)，下面我們；來討論平仄的問題。

三、平仄平仄是詩詞格律的一個術(shù)語：詩人們把四聲分成平仄兩大類，平就是平聲（陰平、陽平），仄就是上去入三聲。

四、對仗 詩詞中的對偶，叫做對仗。就是把同類的或?qū)α⒌母拍畈⒘衅饋?。一般講對偶，指兩句相對。上句叫出句，下句叫對句。一般規(guī)則是名詞對名詞，動詞對動詞，形容詞對形容詞，等等。下文將詳細(xì)討論。??

第二章 詩韻和詞韻

一、平水韻（舊韻）

古人寫律詩，是嚴(yán)格按韻書押韻的。韻書有詩韻和詞韻之分，詞韻比詩韻寬松。詩韻共106個韻：平聲30韻，上聲29韻，去聲30韻，入聲17韻。詞韻則將詩韻合并成19部。

律詩一般只用平聲韻，古體詩則可用仄聲韻。詩韻如下：

上平聲15韻： 一東，二冬，三江，四支，五微，六魚，七虞，八齊，九佳，十灰，十一真，十二文，十三元，十四寒，十五刪。

下平聲15韻： 一先，二蕭，三肴，四豪，五歌，六麻，七陽，八庚，九青，十蒸，十一尤，十二侵，十三覃，十四鹽，十五咸。

上聲29韻： 一董，二腫，三講，四紙，五尾，六語，七麌(語），八薺，九蟹，十賄，十一軫，十二吻，十三阮，十四旱，十五潸（閃），十六銑，十七篠（?。?，十八巧，十九皓，二十哿，二十一馬，二十二養(yǎng)，二十三梗，二十四迥，二十五有，二十六寢，二十七感，二十八儉，二十九豏（現(xiàn)）。

去聲30韻： 一送，二宋，三絳，四寘（制），五未，六御，七遇，八霽，九泰，十卦，十一隊，十二震，十三問，十四願（愿），十五翰，十六諫，十七霰，十八嘯，十九效，二十號，二十一箇（個），二十二祃（罵），二十三漾，二十四敬，二十五徑，二十六宥，二十七沁，二十八勘，二十九艷，三十陷。

入聲17韻： 一屋，二沃，三覺，四質(zhì)，五物，六月，七曷，八黠，九屑，十藥，十一陌，十二錫，十三職，十四輯，十五合，十六枼（葉），十七洽

東冬等字都只是韻的代表字，他們只表示韻母的種類。至于東冬這兩個韻（以及其它相似的韻）讀音上有什么分別，現(xiàn)在我們不需要追究它。我們只需要知道：最初時候可能是有區(qū)別的，后來混而為一了，但是古代詩人們依照韻書，寫律詩時還不能把它們混用。但是在古體詩和詞里，可以把近似的韻（稱為鄰韻）合并使用。

例如詞韻：

第一部平聲：一東二冬通用，仄聲：上聲一董二腫、去聲一送二宋通用

第二部平聲：三江七陽通用，仄聲：上聲三講二十二養(yǎng)、去聲三絳二十三漾通用

第三部平聲：四支五微八齊十灰[半]通用，仄聲：上聲四紙五尾八薺十賄[半]、去聲四寘 五未八霽九泰[半]十一隊[半]通用

第四部平聲：六魚七虞通用，仄聲：上聲六語七麌、去聲六御七遇通用

第五部平聲：九佳(半)十灰(半)通用，仄聲：上聲九蟹十賄(半)、去聲九泰(半)十卦(半)十一隊(半)通用

第六部平聲：十一真十二文十三元(半)通用，仄聲：上聲十一軫十二吻十三阮(半)、去聲 十二震十三問十四愿(半)通用

第七部平聲：十三元(半)十四寒十五刪一先通用，仄聲：上聲十三阮(半)十四旱十五潸十六銑、去聲十四願(半)十五翰十六諫十七霰通用

第八部平聲：二蕭三肴四豪通用，仄聲：上聲十七篠十八巧十九皓、去聲十八嘯十九效二十號通用

第九部平聲：五歌[獨(dú)用] 仄聲：上聲二十哿、去聲二十一箇通用

第十部平聲：九佳(半)六麻通用，仄聲：上聲二十一馬、去聲十卦(半)二十二祃通用

第十一部平聲：八庚九青十蒸通用，仄聲：上聲二十三梗二十四迥、去聲二十四敬二十五徑通用

第十二部平聲：十一尤[獨(dú)用]，仄聲：上聲二十五有 去聲二十六宥通用

第十三部平聲：十二侵[獨(dú)用]，仄聲：上聲二十六寢、去聲二十七沁通用

第十四部平聲：十三覃十四鹽十五咸通用，仄聲：上聲二十七 感二十八儉二十九豏去聲二十八勘二十九艷三十陷通用 第十五部 入聲：一屋二沃通用

第十六部 入聲：三覺十藥通用

第十七部 入聲：四質(zhì)十一陌十二錫十三職十四緝通用

第十八部 入聲：五物六月七曷八黠九屑十六枼通用

第十九部 入聲：十五合十七洽通用

二、普通話韻表（新韻）

現(xiàn)在寫詩詞，不必按照古音寫，用普通話即可！關(guān)于普通話押韻表，各家大同小異，這是比較合理的一種！

新韻部 韻母及韻母組合 對應(yīng)的古詞韻

一、佳麻 a ia ua 第十部 麻、佳半，部分入聲

二、開來 ai uai 第五部 佳半、灰半

三、先寒 an ian uan üan 第七部 寒、刪、先、元半，十四部 覃、鹽、咸

四、江陽 ang iang uang 第二部 江陽

五、逍遙 ao iao 第八部 蕭肴豪

六、國歌 e o uo 第九部 歌，部分入聲

七、灰微 ei ui 第三部 支微齊，部分入聲

八、森林 en in un ün 第六部 真、文、元半，十三部 侵

九、冬青 eng ing ong iong 第一部 東冬，十一部 庚青蒸

十、希奇（兒）i（er并入）第三部 支微齊，部分入聲

十一、詩詞 i（整體認(rèn)讀）第三部 支微齊，部分入聲

十二、別疊 ie(y)e 部分入聲，佳麻二韻部分字

十三、憂愁 ou iu 十二部 尤

十四、讀書 u 第四部 魚虞，部分入聲

十五、須臾 ü 第四部 魚虞，部分入聲

十六、絕學(xué) üe 部分入聲

第三章 詩律（律詩和絕句）

一、古體和近體

從格律上看，詩可以分成古體詩和近體詩。古體詩又稱古詩或古風(fēng)；近體詩又稱今體詩，包括律詩和絕句。從字?jǐn)?shù)上看，可以分成四言詩，五言詩，七言詩（六言詩很少見的）。唐代以后，四言詩 很少見了，所以一般詩集只分成五言和七言兩類。

古體詩是依照古代的詩體寫的，在唐朝人看來，從詩經(jīng)到南北朝的詩，都算是古，因此所謂依照古代的詩體，也就沒有一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是詩人們所寫的古體詩，有一點(diǎn)是一致的，那就是不受近體詩格律的束縛。我們可以說，凡不受近體詩格律束縛的，都是古體詩！它包括隋唐以前的詩，還有后人寫的古風(fēng)。例如：李白的《蜀道難》、白居易的《賣炭翁》、《琵琶行》，杜甫的《石壕吏》等。

近體詩以律詩為代表。律詩的韻、平仄、對仗，都有許多講究，由于格律很嚴(yán)，所以稱為律詩。它有以下特點(diǎn)：

１、每首限定八句，五律共四十字，七律共五十六字。

２、押平聲韻。

３、每句平仄都有規(guī)定。

４、每篇必須有對仗，對仗的位置也有規(guī)定。

有一種超過八句的律詩，稱為“長律”。長律自然也是近體詩。長律一般是五言，也有七言的，往往在題目上標(biāo)明韻數(shù)，如杜甫的《風(fēng)疾舟中伏枕書懷三十六韻》，就是三百六十字。這種長律除了尾聯(lián)（或除了首尾兩聯(lián)）以外，一律用對仗，所以又叫排律。

絕句比律詩字?jǐn)?shù)少一半。五絕只有二十字，七絕只有二十八字。絕句實際可以分成律絕和古絕兩類。古絕可以用仄韻，即使用平韻，也不受近體詩格律的束縛。這可以歸入古體詩這一類。律絕不但押平聲韻，而且依照近體詩的平仄規(guī)則。在形式上相當(dāng)于半首律詩，所以可以歸入近體詩。

總括起來，一般所謂古風(fēng)屬于古體詩，而律詩（包括長律）則屬于近體詩。絕句里律絕屬于近體，古絕屬于古體。二、五言和七言

五言就是五個字一句，七言就是七個字一句。五言古詩稱為五古，七言古詩稱為七古；五言律詩稱為五律，七言律詩稱為七律；五言絕句成為五絕，七言絕句稱為七絕。

古體詩除了五古和七古外，還有所謂雜言。雜言指長短句雜混在一起主要是三字句、五字句、七字句，偶然也有四字句、六字句、甚至七言以上的句子。雜言詩一般不另列一類，而是歸入七古（即使沒有七字句）。

三、律詩

舉例的詩里有一些入聲字，在必須用仄聲的位置上的已經(jīng)注明，其它的入聲字不再標(biāo)注。格式說明： 注“＊”的字可平可仄，注“·”的必須入韻！

（一）五言律詩：分平起和仄起四種

１、仄起首句不入韻

仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]杜甫《春望》

國破山河在，城春草木深。感時花濺淚，恨別鳥驚心，峰火連三月，家書抵萬金。白頭搔更短，渾欲不勝簪。

注：別，入聲。

２、仄起首句入韻，首句換“仄仄仄平平”，其余不變。

仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]李白《訪戴天山道士不遇》

犬吠水聲中，桃花帶露濃。樹深時見鹿，溪午不聞鐘。

野竹分青靄，飛泉掛碧峰。無人知所去，愁倚兩三松。注：竹，入聲。[唐]王維《觀 獵》

風(fēng)勁角弓鳴，將軍獵渭城。草枯鷹眼疾，雪盡馬蹄輕。

忽過新豐市，還歸細(xì)柳營?；乜瓷涞裉?，千里暮云平。

注：疾，入聲。看，平仄兩讀。第七句是拗句（詳見下文）。

３、平起首句不入韻，平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]王維《山居秋螟》

空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。明月松間照，青泉石上流。竹喧歸浣女，蓮動下漁舟。隨意春芳歇，王孫自可留。注：石、歇，入聲。

［唐］杜甫《登岳陽樓》 昔聞洞庭水，今上岳陽樓。吳楚東南坼，乾坤日夜浮。親朋無一字，老病有孤舟。戎馬關(guān)山北，憑軒涕泗流。

４、平起首句入韻，首句換“平平仄仄平”，其余不變。

平平仄仄平，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。

＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]王維《送趙都督赴代州》

天官動將星，漢地柳條青。萬里鳴刁斗，三軍出井陘。

忘身辭鳳闕，報國取龍庭。豈學(xué)書生輩，窗間老一經(jīng)！

注：出、國、學(xué)、一，入聲。

（二）七言律詩：分平起和仄起四種

１、平起首句入韻

平平仄仄仄平平仄仄平平仄仄平仄仄平平平仄仄平平仄仄仄平平

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄平平仄 仄仄平平仄仄平仄仄平平平仄仄平平仄仄仄平平

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]白居易《錢塘湖春行》

孤山寺北古亭西，水面初平云腳低。幾處早鶯爭暖樹？誰家新燕啄春泥？ 亂花漸欲迷人眼，淺草才能沒馬蹄。最愛湖東行不足，綠楊陰里白沙堤。

注：啄、足、白，入聲。

毛澤東《長征》

紅軍不怕遠(yuǎn)征難，萬水千山只等閑。五嶺逶迤騰細(xì)浪，烏蒙磅礴走泥丸。金沙水拍云崖暖，大渡橋橫鐵索寒。更喜岷山千里雪，三軍過后盡開顏。

注：礴、拍，入聲。

２、平起首句不入韻

平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

例句：：[唐]劉禹錫《酬樂天揚(yáng)州初逢席上見贈》

巴山蜀水凄涼地，二十三年棄置身。懷舊空吟聞笛賦，到鄉(xiāng)翻似爛柯人。沉舟側(cè)畔千帆過，病樹前頭萬木春。今日聽君歌一曲，暫憑杯酒長精神。

注：

十、笛，入聲。

３、仄起首句入韻

仄仄平平仄仄平，平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · 仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[宋]陸游《書憤》

早歲那知世事艱？中原北望氣如山。樓船夜雪瓜州渡，鐵馬秋風(fēng)大散關(guān)。

塞上長城空自許，鏡中衰鬢已先斑。出師一表真名世，千載誰堪伯仲間？

注：那，平聲。

４、仄起首句不入韻

仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · 仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]杜甫《聞官軍收河南河北》

劍外忽傳收薊北，初聞涕淚滿衣裳。卻看妻子愁何在？漫卷詩書喜欲狂！

白日放歌須縱酒，青春作伴好還鄉(xiāng)。即從巴峽穿巫峽，便下襄陽向洛陽。

注：峽，入聲。

四、絕句（律絕和古絕）

上文說過，絕句實際可以分成律絕和古絕兩類。我們分開討論。

（一）律絕 五言絕句：分平起和仄起入韻與否四種

１、平起首句不入韻

平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：［唐］柳宗元《零陵早春》

問春從此去，幾日到秦原？憑寄還鄉(xiāng)夢，殷勤入故園。

［無名氏］《畫》

遠(yuǎn)看山有色，近聽水無聲。春去花還在，人來鳥不驚。注：看、聽都是平仄兩讀！

２、平起首句入韻，首句換“平平仄仄平”，其余不變。

平平仄仄平，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ · 例句：［唐］李益《鷓鴣詞》

湘江斑竹枝，錦翅鷓鴣飛。處處湘云合，郎從何處歸？ 注：竹、合，入聲。

３、仄起首句不入韻

仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]王之煥《登鸛鵲樓》

白日依山盡，黃河入海流。欲窮千里目，更上一層樓。

４、仄起首句入韻，首句換成“仄仄仄平平”，其余不變。

仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：盧倫《塞下曲》

夜黑雁飛高，單于夜遁逃。欲將輕騎逐，大雪滿弓刀。

注：黑，入聲。騎，名詞，仄聲。

七言絕句：分平起和仄起入韻與否四種

１、平起首句入韻

平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]李白《早發(fā)白帝城》

朝辭白帝彩云間，千里江陵一日還。兩岸猿聲啼不住，輕舟已過萬重山。

２、平起首句不入韻，首句換成“平平仄仄平平仄”，其余不變。

平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]白居易《大林寺桃花》

人間四月芳菲盡，山寺桃花始盛開。長恨春歸無覓處，不知轉(zhuǎn)入此中來！

３、仄起首句入韻

仄仄平平仄仄平，平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

例句：[唐]張繼《楓橋夜泊》

月落烏啼霜滿天，江楓漁火對愁眠。姑蘇城外寒山寺，夜半鐘聲到客船。

４、仄起首句不入韻，首句換成“仄仄平平平仄仄”，其余不變。

仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · 例句：[唐]杜甫《絕句》

兩個黃鸝鳴翠柳，一行白鷺上青天。窗含西嶺千秋雪，門泊東吳萬里船。

注：泊，入聲。

（二）古絕

古絕是和律絕對立的，它是不受格律束縛的。凡符合下面情況之一的（或都具備的），應(yīng)該認(rèn)為屬于古絕：

（１）用仄韻；

（２）不用律句的平仄，有時還不粘，不對。即使用平聲韻，也屬于古絕。

例如：

［唐］李白《靜夜思》

床前明月光，疑是地上霜。舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉(xiāng)。

［唐］孟浩然《春曉》

春眠不覺曉，處處聞啼鳥。夜來風(fēng)雨聲，花落知多少。

［唐］賈島《尋隱者不遇》

松下問童子，言師采藥去。只在此山中，云深不知處。

［唐］柳宗元《江雪》

千山鳥飛絕，萬徑人蹤滅。孤舟蓑笠翁，獨(dú)釣寒江雪。

詩律（律詩和絕句）

五、“粘”和“對”

律詩和絕句講究“粘”和“對”。

“粘”指出句(單數(shù)句）和前一個對句(雙數(shù)句）的第二字平仄一致！“對”指對句（雙數(shù)句）和出句（單數(shù)句）的第二字平仄相反！知道了這個規(guī)律，記律詩和絕句的格式就很容易了！不論長律有多長，都要符合粘對規(guī)則！違反了粘的規(guī)則，叫“失粘”。違反了對的規(guī)則叫“失對”。唐朝前期，由于律詩尚未定型，有些詩人的一些作品就有失粘、失對的情況。

例如：

［唐］李白《登金陵鳳凰臺》２、３句失粘。４、５句失粘。

鳳凰臺上鳳凰游，鳳去臺空江自流。吳宮花草埋幽徑，晉代衣冠成古丘。三山半落青天外，二水中分白鷺洲?？倿楦≡颇鼙稳?，長安不見使人愁。

到了后代，失粘的情況非常罕見。至于失對，更是詩人們所留心避免的了！

六、拗句和拗救

凡是平仄不依常格的句子，叫拗句。如果拗了，就要“救”！一般來說，前面該用平聲的地方用了仄聲，后面必須（或經(jīng)常）在適當(dāng)位置補(bǔ)償一個平聲。常見的有：

１、特定的一種平仄格式：

在五言“（平）平平仄仄”這個句型中，可以換成“平平仄平仄”。七言則變成“（仄）仄平平仄平仄”。但是要注意，一旦用了這種格式，五言句第一字，七言句第三字就不再是可平可仄的了！

這種格式在唐宋的律詩里是很常見的，幾乎和常規(guī)的律句一樣常見：

[唐]王維《觀 獵》

風(fēng)勁角弓鳴，將軍獵渭城。草枯鷹眼疾，雪盡馬蹄輕。

忽過新豐市，還歸細(xì)柳營?；乜瓷涞裉帲Ю锬涸破?。[唐]杜甫《恨別》

洛城一別四千里，胡騎長驅(qū)五六年。草木變衰行劍外，兵戈阻絕老江邊。

思家步月清宵立，憶弟看云白日眠。聞到河陽近乘勝，司徒急為破幽燕。

這兩首的第七句就是這種格式！

２、該用“平平仄仄平”的地方,第一字用了仄聲（孤平,即：仄平仄仄平），第三字應(yīng)該補(bǔ)償一個平聲，變成“仄平平仄平”。七言則是由“（仄）仄平平仄仄平”換成“（仄）仄仄平平仄平”。這是本句自救。

例如：［唐］李白《夜宿山寺》

危樓高百尺，手可摘星辰。不敢高聲語，恐（拗）驚天（救）上人。

３、該用“仄仄平平仄”的地方，第四字用了仄聲（或三、四兩字都用了仄聲），就在對句第三字改平聲來補(bǔ)償。這樣就成了“（仄）仄（平）仄仄，（平）平平仄平”。七言則成為“（平）平（仄）仄（平）仄仄，（仄）仄（平）平平仄平”。

例如：［唐］白居易《賦得古原草送別》

離離原上草，一歲一枯榮。野火燒不（拗）盡，春風(fēng)吹（救）又生。遠(yuǎn)芳侵古道，晴翠接荒城。又送王孫去，萋萋滿別情。

４、第２、３種拗救情況可以聯(lián)合使用！

５、在該用“仄仄平平仄”的地方，第三字用了仄聲，七言是第五字用了仄聲，這是半拗，可救可不救。

６、還有一種罕見的拗句“平平仄仄仄”，七言則是“仄仄平平仄 仄仄”，不要救，但是很少用。

例如：［唐］杜甫《八陣圖》

功蓋三分國，名成八陣圖。江流石（入聲）不（入聲）轉(zhuǎn)，遣恨失吞吳。第三句就是“平平仄仄仄”。

七、所謂“一三五不論”

關(guān)于律詩的平仄，有這樣一個口訣：“一三五不論，二四六分明?！边@是指七律和七絕說的。意思是說：第一、三、五字的平仄可以不拘，第二、四、六字的平仄必須分明。至于第七字，自然也要分明的。如果就五律和五絕來說，就是“一三不論，二四分明?！? 這個口訣對于初學(xué)者是有用的，因為它簡單明了。但是，它也是不全面的，很容易引起誤導(dǎo)，且影響很大，所以不能不批評！

先說“一三五不論”這句話是不全面的。五言“平平仄仄平”這個格式中，第一字不能不論，同樣在七言“仄仄平平仄仄平”這個格式里，第三字也是不能不論的，否則要犯孤平。

在五言“平平仄平仄”這個特定格式中，第一字也不能不論，同理，七言“仄仄平平仄平仄”的第三字也不能不論。以上講的是五言第一字，七言第三字在一定情況下不能不論。至于五言第三字，七言第五字，在一般情況下，更是以“論”為原則了！

總之，七言仄腳的句子可以有三個字不論，平腳的句子可以有兩個字不論。同理，五言仄腳的句子可以有兩個字不論，平腳的句子只能有一個字不論?！耙蝗宀徽摗钡脑捠遣粚Φ模?/p>

再看“二四六分明”這句話也是不全面的。五言第二字分明是對的,七言二四兩字分明是對的。但是五言第四字,七言第六字就不一定“分明”。依五言“平平仄平仄”來看,第四字并不一定分明；又依“仄仄平平仄平仄”來看,第六字并不一定分明。又如“仄仄平平仄”這個格式可以換成“仄仄（平）仄仄”，只需要在對句第三字補(bǔ)償一個平聲就是了。七言由此類推?！岸牧置鳌钡脑捯彩遣粚Φ?！

八、古風(fēng)式的律詩

在律詩還未定型化的時候，有些律詩還沒有完全依照律詩的平仄格式，而且對仗也不完全工整。例如：

［唐］崔顥《黃鶴樓》

昔人已乘黃鶴去，此地空馀黃鶴樓。黃鶴一去不復(fù)返，白云千載空悠悠。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ 晴川歷歷漢陽樹，芳草萋萋鸚鵡洲。日暮鄉(xiāng)關(guān)何處是？煙波江上使人愁。

這首詩前半首是古風(fēng)的格調(diào)，后半首才是律詩。按照上文律詩的格式用＊標(biāo)注的四個字都“出律”了。當(dāng)然這種“出律”是按后人的眼光看的，在律詩未定型化的時代，根本沒有“出律”的問題。

后來也有人有意識地寫一些古風(fēng)式的律詩，古人稱之為“拗體”。當(dāng)然拗體不是律詩的正軌，后代模仿這種詩體的人是很少的。

九、近體詩的避忌

１、孤平，是格律詩的大忌！該用“平平仄仄平”的地方，第一字用了仄聲，叫孤平，因為除了韻腳之外,只有一個平聲了。七言則是“（仄）仄平平仄仄平”第三字用了仄聲。在詞、曲之中也一樣。

２、三平調(diào) 在平腳的句子里，末尾三子都是平聲，即：“（仄）仄平平平”、“（平）平平平平”、“（平）平（仄）仄平平平”或“（仄）仄（平）平平平平”，叫“三平調(diào)”，也是大忌！絕對不允許的！在古風(fēng)和古絕里則可以使用。

３、重字 重字損傷詩的意境，所以要回避！但如果不損傷意境，可以重字！例如：

一道殘陽鋪水中，半江瑟瑟半江紅?？蓱z九月初三夜，露似珍珠月似弓。＊＃＃＊＊ · ·

十、近體詩的對仗

律詩第一二句叫首聯(lián)，第三四句叫頷聯(lián)，第五六句叫頸聯(lián)，第七八句叫尾聯(lián)。頷聯(lián)和頸聯(lián)一般是必須對仗的，而首聯(lián)和尾聯(lián)是可對可不對的。絕句形式上等于律詩的一半，對仗與否是自由的。對仗要求同類的詞相對，詞大約可分為下列九類：

１、名詞 ２、形容詞 ３、數(shù)詞（數(shù)目字）４、顏色詞 ５、方位詞 ６、動詞 ７、副詞 ８、虛詞 ９、代詞

注：a、數(shù)目自成一類，“孤”“半”等字也算數(shù)目。b、顏色自成一類。c、方位自成一類。d、不及物動詞常常和形容詞對。e、代詞“之”“其”歸入虛詞。連綿字只能和聯(lián)綿字對，而且詞性同類。如：鸚鵡對鴛鴦(名詞），逶迤對磅礴(形容詞），躊躇對踴躍(動詞）。

專名只能對專名，最好人名對人名，地名對地名。

名詞還可以細(xì)分：天文、時令、地理、宮室、服飾、器用、植物、動物、人倫、人事、形體??

十一、如何記住近體詩的格式？

其實詩的基本句式就四種，七言只是五言的擴(kuò)展（可平可仄字有規(guī)律）。記住這些后，再掌握粘對規(guī)律和拗句拗救，詩律就掌握了！

（仄仄）平平仄仄平，（仄仄）平平平仄仄，（平平）仄仄仄平平，（平平）仄仄平平仄。??

親愛的朋友：

你掌握詩律了嗎？如果已經(jīng)熟練掌握了律詩和絕句，那么我們現(xiàn)在就進(jìn)入詞律的學(xué)習(xí)！如果你還沒有掌握，就不要急著學(xué)詞律，否則你很難理解詞律的！

第四章 詞律（破譯宋詞的遺傳密碼）

六、入聲、上聲可以代替平聲的問題

有人認(rèn)為古人寫詞時常用入聲、上聲代替平聲使用，許多詞牌的一些字必須用平聲！例如： 各家詞譜，基本都把《如夢令》的四個四字句標(biāo)注成“特種律”的格式（第五字必平?。┊?dāng)我們讀李清照另一首《如夢令》時卻難以理解：

常記溪亭日暮，沉醉不知?dú)w路。興盡晚回舟，誤入藕花深處。爭渡，爭渡，驚起一灘鷗鷺。

第一句第五字“日”是入聲，難道李清照出律嗎？——有人說這是因為入聲可以代替平聲。其它一些詞人在四個四字句第五字用仄聲時也多是入聲或上聲。

再看看其它詞牌，也有許多類似的例子?！镀兴_蠻》上下闋末句第三字有人認(rèn)為必須用平，理由就是入聲、上聲可以代替平聲?。ǘ鄶?shù)詞人用仄時用的都是入聲或上聲）。此外，《好事近》《更漏子》等詞牌中的“仄平平仄”、“仄仄仄平平仄”等句式，明明倒數(shù)第二字有人用仄聲（多數(shù)是入聲和上聲），詞譜卻非要規(guī)定必須平！——看起來很有道理呀?。靠蓪嶋H上是不對的！

古人確實有用入聲、上聲代替平聲的情況，但是不是常規(guī)。如韋莊的“白頭誓不歸”（《菩薩蠻》）、辛棄疾的“可憐白發(fā)生”（《破陣子》）、楊萬里的“看十五十六”（《好事近》）等，如果不用這個理論解釋，肯定是出律的！但是，這種情況很少見！

綜合以上情況，入聲和上聲代替平聲確實存在，但是是在不得已情況下的補(bǔ)救辦法，并非常規(guī)。絕大多數(shù)情況下，入聲和上聲仍然是作仄聲的！至于為什么有人認(rèn)為入聲和上聲代替平聲很常見，實際上這些所謂的“格律專家”（首推龍榆生）根本沒有仔細(xì)校對過詞譜！卻把古人的話曲解并當(dāng)成不可違反的理論！

七、詞的押韻和對仗

（一）、詞的押韻和對仗

和律詩一樣，詞也講究押韻，平聲、入聲單用，上聲去聲通用。由于有許多詞牌，所以詞的押韻和律詩有些不同，有的詞牌必須用平聲韻，有的必須用仄聲韻，還有的是平仄韻交替押韻。某詞牌規(guī)定用平聲韻，就不能用仄聲韻；規(guī)定用仄聲韻，就不能用平聲韻。除非有另一體。

同時用平聲韻和仄聲韻的詞牌有兩種情況，一種是平仄韻同部，另一種是平仄韻不同部。同部的如《西江月》： ‖仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄?！?‖＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊· ‖

例：《西江月》 宋·辛棄疾

明月別枝驚鵲，清風(fēng)半夜鳴蟬。稻花香里說豐年，聽取蛙聲一片。七八個星天外，兩三點(diǎn)雨山前。舊時茅店社林邊，路轉(zhuǎn)溪橋忽見。

韻腳“蟬、年、片、前、邊、見”都是同部的。

不同部的如《菩薩蠻》：

平平仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平平仄。（換平）＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · 仄仄仄平平，仄平平仄平。（換仄）＊ · ＊ ＊ ·平平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄。（換平）＊ · ＊ · 仄仄仄平平，仄平平仄平。＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

例：《菩薩蠻》唐·李白

平林漠漠煙如織，寒山一帶傷心碧。暝色入高樓，有人樓上愁。玉階空佇立，宿鳥歸飛急。何處是歸程，長亭連短亭。

入聲韻獨(dú)立性很強(qiáng)，有些詞牌習(xí)慣上是用入聲韻的，例如：《憶秦娥》、《念奴嬌》、《滿江紅》等。但是并非不能用上聲和去聲韻。

（二）詞的對仗

詞的對仗，有固定的，有一般用對仗的，也有自由的。

固定的對仗，例如《西江月》上下闋的前兩句。此類固定的對仗是很少見的。（實際上，西江月這兩句也有少數(shù)的詞人沒有用對仗）

一般用對仗的（也可不用），例如《沁園春》上闋第二三句，第四五句和第六七句，第八九句；下闋第三四句和第五六句，第七八句。又如《浣溪沙》下闋頭兩句。再如《滿江紅》上闋第五六句，下闋第六七句。凡是前后句字?jǐn)?shù)相同的，都有用對仗的可能。但是用不用對仗是完全自由的！詞的對仗，有兩點(diǎn)與律詩不同。第一，詞的對仗不一定要以平對仄，以仄對平。第二，詞的對仗允許同字相對。如：“我住長江頭，君住長江尾?！保ɡ钪畠x《卜算子》）

八、詞譜的制定（例作的選擇；古人制定詞譜的方法和局限；正體和變體的區(qū)分）

（一）例作的選擇 制定詞譜，先要選例作。例作的選擇直接影響到詞譜的準(zhǔn)確性。一般應(yīng)選唐朝、五代、宋朝的作品。宋朝以后，由于元朝統(tǒng)治者重武輕文，詞的格律規(guī)則部分失傳，詞人對格律的理解已經(jīng)和前人不同，有的詞人僅僅滿足于字?jǐn)?shù)和句數(shù)的相同，平仄全然不顧，所以不能使用他們的作品。至于現(xiàn)代的作品，更不能作為例作來校對詞譜了（少數(shù)合律的還是可以用來舉例的，）！

（二）古人制定詞譜的方法和局限

古人制定詞譜，將古人同詞牌的作品放在一起，比較其句讀、押韻、平仄以及變通與否，制成詞譜，規(guī)定字?jǐn)?shù)、句數(shù)、平仄、押韻、對仗等要求，以及哪些字可平可仄等。格式有不同的，另列一體，選最早或最常見的名家所作一體作正體。

但是這種方法有缺陷：第一，有的詞牌例作太少，或者編者見到的作品太少，詞譜中就會有許多可平可仄字校對不出來！嚴(yán)重影響詞譜的準(zhǔn)確性。第二，正體和變體區(qū)分不合理，區(qū)分過于嚴(yán)格，反而使正體的例作更加缺乏！如《滿江紅》，戴復(fù)古有首作品比正常格式多押一個韻，其它格式根本沒有明顯區(qū)別，就被另立一體。又如《水調(diào)歌頭》，賀鑄又一首作品用了平仄韻同部通押（他喜歡這樣做，其它詞牌也好如此），也被另立一體！還有什么樣的體是正體，有人認(rèn)為最早的是正體，名家作品是正體。實際上有的作品出現(xiàn)雖早，但是格律沒有定型，后人模仿者極少，根本不能做正體！如李煜的《破陣子》（四十年來家國）、韓幄的《生查子》（侍女動妝奩）等。還有的詞牌，格律根本沒有定型，各家，甚至同一詞人的各首作品格式都不一致，根本沒有正體可選！

那么正體和變體如何區(qū)分呢？

（三）正體和變體的區(qū)分

１、正體的特點(diǎn)：（１）符合格律規(guī)則，以律句為主或基本用律句。

（２）使用頻率最高和（或）出現(xiàn)最早。

２、變體特點(diǎn)：在正體基礎(chǔ)上，出現(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)、句讀、平仄、押韻等變化，但是大部分格式仍然與正體一致的變調(diào)稱為變體，變化過多，就不再是變體，而是同名異調(diào)！

３、成為正體的條件：正體的使用頻率最好能占該詞牌的５０％ 以上或更高。而且使用頻率最好明顯高于使用頻率最高的變體。出現(xiàn)最早并不是正體的決定條件。

４、正體和變體如何劃分？

總則：按格律嚴(yán)格程度，小令＞中調(diào)＞長調(diào)，正體變體劃分的嚴(yán)格程度亦相同。

（１）字?jǐn)?shù)變化：某句字?jǐn)?shù)的增減都能成為變體，如《卜算子》。不過有人認(rèn)為是襯字。

（２）平仄句式的變化：如果某一句的平仄格式變化，如“平平仄仄”變成“仄仄平平”，就可能是變體。變化可以是一種律句變成另一種律句，也可以是律句和拗句的轉(zhuǎn)換。在小令里很嚴(yán)格，在長調(diào)里如果不涉及關(guān)鍵句子，且多個句子變化交織，可以不算變體。如《水調(diào)歌頭》、《念奴嬌》、《沁園春》等。

（３）押韻變化：平仄韻全篇變動，同時拌有句式平仄變化，肯定是變體！如《滿江紅》、《憶秦娥》等詞牌有平韻、仄韻兩體。如果只是１、２句押韻的增減，往往可以不算變體。例如《沁園春》首句可以入韻，但是這是完全自由的，所以不算變體。

（４）句讀變化：明顯的句讀變化肯定是變體。但是要注意：五字句可以拆成２＋３，六字句可以拆成２＋４，九字句可以由上三下六變成上六下四。十一字句可以是上四下七或上五下六。等等。一般可以不認(rèn)為是變體。

九、《朱天王＊詞律新編》（一百○八個常見詞牌，含部分變體）目前網(wǎng)上最權(quán)威的詞譜！

鑒于目前的詩詞格律書籍疏漏太多（無論市面上的還是網(wǎng)上的），各家作者和網(wǎng)站又互相抄襲，對初學(xué)者常常產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)，在下自己經(jīng)過大量唐宋詞校對，制定了《朱天王*詞律新編》，供大家查詢使用！如有疏漏，敬請指出！謝謝！

第五章 詩詞創(chuàng)作的八大誤區(qū)

一、不要格律的誤區(qū)——這是最大的誤區(qū)！

格律是舊體詩詞創(chuàng)作要過的第一關(guān)，沒有了格律，律詩就不成律詩，絕句就不成絕句，詞也就不成詞了。當(dāng)然，古風(fēng)和古絕是不拘格律的。

現(xiàn)在寫詩詞的人很多，數(shù)以百萬（甚至千萬），但是不懂格律或不肯學(xué)格律的卻占很大部分。有許多人認(rèn)為格律束縛太嚴(yán)，不肯學(xué)，還以“突破格律”自詡。事實上，這些“突破”的背后，往往隱含 著對音韻的無知和在詞匯組織方面的無能！漢語里同意詞，近意詞相當(dāng)多，這給了作者很大的選擇余地，同一意思完全可以用平仄相反的詞來表達(dá)。如果詞匯嚴(yán)重匱乏，自然無法適應(yīng)格律的要求！

有人認(rèn)為格律可有可無,實際上他根本沒有領(lǐng)會格律在詩詞發(fā)展史上的作用。格律是古人總結(jié)了上千年經(jīng)驗才制定的,它使得詩詞不但歌唱時優(yōu)美動聽,還使得詩詞在朗讀時一樣擁有抑揚(yáng)頓挫的音韻美,所以,即使樂譜失傳,歌詞仍然可以流傳至今?，F(xiàn)代的歌曲,雖然歌唱時很動聽,但是一旦用來朗讀,頓時覺得拗口——正是因為沒有了格律的緣故。如果沒有了曲譜，幾百年后誰還會記得現(xiàn)在的這些歌詞？

二、格律極端化

與第一種誤區(qū)相反，有的創(chuàng)作者走向了相反的極端。

格律雖然嚴(yán)格，卻仍然有許多可以變通的地方供作者自由發(fā)揮。無論律詩、絕句、詞、曲都有許多字是可平可仄的。但是仍然有少數(shù)（實際上也不少）為了追求絕對的完美，填詞時竟然要求一個字的平仄都不許變通，甚至連四聲都要限制。例如宋朝的方千里，把周邦彥的一百多首詞全部和了一遍，不但韻腳，連每個字的四聲都一樣。還有許多人制作的詞譜（作者自詡是格律專家，還有許多人對這樣的詞譜奉若神明），沒有用多首作品校驗，僅把例作的平仄、韻腳、句讀標(biāo)注了一遍，要求大家一個字平仄都不能錯地照填（龍榆生《唐宋詞格律》最甚），也屬于這種情況。

這種做法嚴(yán)重束縛了作者的手腳，使得詩詞創(chuàng)作完全失去了意義,成了文字游戲。大家可以看看名家（方千里之流除外）的作品，同一名家同一詞牌（尤其是中長調(diào)）的幾首作品，有沒有平仄完全一樣的？答案肯定是“沒有”！

三、多填詞牌 據(jù)《欽定詞譜》，詞牌有800多個,加變體共2000多個體。但常見的僅100個左右。有的作者為了炫耀自己學(xué)識淵博,誓將全部詞牌都填一遍。今天填一個,明天填一個,后天再填一個,到頭來如同狗熊掰玉米,掰一個丟一個,最后一個詞牌也沒有熟練掌握！古代名家詞人作品雖多,詞牌并非很多,除了少數(shù)幾個創(chuàng)調(diào)大戶(柳永、周邦彥等）,所用詞牌很少能超過100個,有誰能把詞牌填完了？

另一方面，填少見詞牌，更容易逃避格律（詞譜難找，還有的格律根本就沒有定型，變體很多），使得許多對格律了解不深的人無法看出他有沒有出律，因此反對格律或不懂格律的人更喜歡填少見詞牌。于是，填少見詞牌就成了逃避格律的絕好辦法！（不過，想逃 過我的眼睛是很難的?。┮虼宋医ㄗh：禁止使用少見詞牌！尤其是罕見詞牌！非要使用，必須附帶古人例作和詞譜！

四、和韻、回文等文字游戲

和韻又叫“步韻”，就是寫詩詞時所用的韻腳完全和某篇前人的作品一樣。在韻腳全部被限定的情況下,作者組織詞匯將受到比格律嚴(yán)十倍的限制,因此自古以來,幾乎沒有絕世名篇出現(xiàn)！眾多名家的傳世名篇,全是靠自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)作的,即使是蘇軾、秦觀等步韻高手,也都是靠自由創(chuàng)作的作品,而非靠步韻作品聞名于世。宋朝的方千里可謂步韻專家,可作品多數(shù)都是垃圾！因此古代名家對步韻多數(shù)持否定態(tài)度。但是此風(fēng)越演越烈,竟把文字游戲當(dāng)作衡量詩詞水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?，F(xiàn)代的詩詞作者,為炫耀自己的學(xué)識,追求步韻者極多。自由創(chuàng)作尚沒有佳作,況步韻乎？無異于舍本逐末！至于不懂格律的人寫步韻詩詞，更是東施效顰了！此外，回文、鶴頂、轆轤體等情況都屬于文字游戲，但是總有許多人借以炫耀自己的“才華”。

步韻的作品，我僅寫了一首《念奴嬌·紀(jì)念抗美援朝50周年》（蘇軾原韻）

史書一冊,憶當(dāng)初,多少風(fēng)云人物。朝鮮鏖兵,三八線,筑起銅墻鐵壁。立馬橫刀,饑餐渴飲，笑臥江邊雪。青山座座，長眠多少英杰。

難忘彭大將軍,似廉頗未老,六軍齊發(fā)。排壑怒濤難遏抑,滾滾狼煙淹滅。舊日功臣,斑斑雙鬢，后繼青青發(fā)。長纓在手，豈容妖霧遮月?

雖然經(jīng)過深思熟慮,順利完成,格律合格，語句通順，而且發(fā)表在《軍旗頌》里,但我還是要說：今生今世再不和第二首！如果要我當(dāng)詩詞主編，我肯定要對這些文字游戲（尤其是步韻）下封殺令！

五、貪圖長度 詩詞貴精不貴長。由于受現(xiàn)代文學(xué)長大之風(fēng)的影響，有的人偏好寫長調(diào)和長古，結(jié)果語言拖沓,內(nèi)容空洞,又臭又長,令人反胃。長調(diào)和長古的創(chuàng)作,必須有足夠的內(nèi)容作基礎(chǔ),還要考慮整篇結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡,難度實際上比律詩、絕句、小令、中調(diào)更大。有人說絕句和小令易成不易工,這沒有錯誤,但是長調(diào)和長古既不易成也不易工,易放難收,弄不好會結(jié)構(gòu)失衡,虎頭蛇尾——絕非字?jǐn)?shù)多了就好！

六、貪圖數(shù)量 詩詞貴精不貴多,李白留下的作品有700多，杜甫有1000多,佳作只是一部分，絕世名篇更占少數(shù)，其他名家亦類同。名家尚且如此，何況我等？清朝乾隆皇帝寫詩幾萬首,可是沒 有一首是佳作！全部是垃圾！我們的作品又能如何？有的人只重數(shù)量不重質(zhì)量，只怕連乾隆都不如也！

七、追求華麗辭藻 有人喜歡華麗的辭藻,寫的作品雖然漂亮,實際上卻做作得很！古人的許多絕世名篇,并沒有什么華麗辭藻,反而淺顯易懂,語言流暢,渾然天成！并廣為流傳。當(dāng)然，“淺顯易懂”、“渾然天成”的背后,實際上隱含了深厚的語言文字功底，絕非信手得來！

八、自創(chuàng)詞牌 每個學(xué)詩詞的人肯定都有過這個念頭：“我什么時候也能創(chuàng)造詞牌呀？”隨著詩詞學(xué)習(xí)的深入,有的人真的創(chuàng)造了自己的“詞牌”。請問：你對詩詞格律真正了解了多少？格律的許多規(guī)則你熟練掌握了沒有？常見詞牌的詞譜你能熟記多少？可平可仄字的位置有什么規(guī)律？律句和拗句轉(zhuǎn)換又有什么要求？別人的一首作品拿給你，你能否在幾分鐘內(nèi)準(zhǔn)確判定是否出律？還是用拗句？你敢不敢否定“專家”制定的詞譜？——只怕沒有多少人能全部做到！如果做不到，那你還沒有創(chuàng)造詞牌的資格！

還有一條非常重要：你創(chuàng)造的詞牌能否流行？如果不能流行，還是不要創(chuàng)造為好！柳永、周邦彥、姜夔等人創(chuàng)造了那么多詞牌，多數(shù)都沒有流行起來，反而成了垃圾！況且，常見的100多個詞牌已經(jīng)有很大的選擇余地，沒有再造詞牌的必要了。偶爾玩玩還可以。

《詞律新編》——小令 第一卷

〖十六字令〗〖憶江南〗〖漁父〗〖搗練子〗〖江南春〗〖憶王孫〗 ※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

《十六字令》

十六字，單調(diào)，平韻。又名：《蒼梧謠》《歸字謠》《花嬌女》等。

●正體

平。仄仄平平仄仄平。平平仄，仄仄仄平平?！?＊ · ＊ · 《蒼梧謠》宋·蔡伸

天。休使圓蟾照客眠。人何在？桂影自嬋娟。

注：第三句前二字有的詞譜標(biāo)注成可平可仄字，但是本人還沒有見到唐宋詞人的例作?！褡凅w：末句變“平平仄仄平”不可犯孤平?。?＊

《十六字令》毛澤東 山，快馬加鞭未下鞍。驚回首,離天三尺三。

《憶江南》 原為單調(diào)二十七字，平韻。宋人改雙調(diào)。又名：《望江南》《謝秋娘》《江南好》《春去也》《望江樓》《夢江南》《望江梅》《歸來曲》《望蓬萊》《歸塞北》《思晴好》《滇春好》《南徐好》《夢江口》《安陽好》《夢仙游》《步虛生》《壺山好》等，雙凋又名《江南柳》《逍遙令》等。

●正體，單調(diào)，二十七字平韻

平平仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《憶江南》唐·白居易

江南好。風(fēng)景舊曾諳。日出江花紅勝火，春來江水綠如藍(lán)。能不憶江南？

●正體，雙調(diào)，五十四字，平韻。

平平仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

首句可以換“仄平仄”

《望江南》宋·戴復(fù)古

石屏老，家住海東云。本是尋常田舍子，如何呼喚作詩人。無益費(fèi)精神。千首富，不救一生貧。賈島形模元自瘦，杜陵言語不妨村。誰解學(xué)西昆。

《漁父》

二十七字，單調(diào)，平韻。又名：《漁父樂》《君不悟》《君看取》《無一事》《誰學(xué)得》等?！对~律》把它與《漁歌子》混為一調(diào),實誤！●正體

仄仄平平仄仄平，平平仄仄仄平平。平仄仄，仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ·

《漁父》唐·張志和

西塞山前白鷺飛，桃花流水鱖魚肥。青箬笠，綠蓑衣。斜風(fēng)細(xì)雨不須歸。

《漁父》五代蜀·李珣

避世垂綸不記年，官高爭得似君閑。傾白酒，對青山。笑指柴門待月還。

●變體有多種組合：一、二、四句分別可以用平平仄仄仄平平、仄仄平平仄仄平、仄仄平平仄仄平＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《漁父》宋·陸游

石帆山下雨空濛，三扇香新翠箬篷。蘋葉綠，蓼花紅，回首功名一夢中。

《搗練子》 二十七字 單調(diào),平韻。又名：《深院月》《夜搗衣》《夜如年》《杵聲齊》《剪征袍》《望書歸》等。

●正體

平仄仄，仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。

· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《搗練子》南唐·李煜

深院靜，小庭空。斷續(xù)寒砧斷續(xù)風(fēng)。無奈夜長人不寐，數(shù)聲和月到簾櫳。

《江南春》

寇準(zhǔn)小令三十字，平韻。吳文英慢詞一百○六／一百○九字，仄韻?！裥×钇截曝?，仄平平。平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。

· ＊ ＊ ·

平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《江南春》宋·寇準(zhǔn)

波渺渺，柳依依。孤村芳草遠(yuǎn)，斜日杏花飛。江南春景離腸斷，蘋滿汀洲人未歸。

《憶王孫》 三十一字 單調(diào)，平韻。別名:《獨(dú)腳令》《憶君王》《豆葉黃》《化娥眉》《闌干萬里心》等。另一體名《怨王孫》雙調(diào)五十四字，仄韻，實際是另一詞調(diào)。

●正體平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

仄仄平平仄仄平。仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ·

《憶王孫》宋·李重元

萋萋芳草憶王孫，柳外樓高空斷魂。杜宇聲聲不忍聞。欲黃昏，雨打梨花深閉門。

●《怨王孫》雙調(diào)五十四字，仄韻。實際是另一詞調(diào)！

仄仄平平平仄仄,平仄仄、平平平仄。平平仄仄仄平平, 仄仄仄、平平仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《怨王孫》宋·李清照

湖上風(fēng)來波浩渺，秋已暮 紅稀香少。水光山色與人親，說不盡 無窮好。蓮子已成荷葉老，青露洗 蘋花汀草。眠沙鷗鷺不回頭，似也恨 人歸早。

《詞律新編》——小令 第二卷

〖調(diào)笑令〗〖如夢令〗〖長相思〗〖相見歡〗〖生查子〗〖昭君怨〗

《調(diào)笑令》 三十二字,單調(diào)，又名：《轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)曲》《三臺令》《宮中調(diào)笑令》《古調(diào)笑》等。

●正體

平仄，平仄(疊句），仄仄平平仄仄。平平仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄平。

· · ＊＊＊ ＊· ＊＊＊ ＊· ＊＊＊＊ ·

平仄（顛倒前句末二字），平仄（疊句），仄仄平平平仄。

· · ＊＊＊ ＊·

（共用三個韻，兩頭兩個仄韻，中間一個平韻。可平可仄字十六個，占50％，比率為所有詞牌中最高者。其它詞譜書籍，還沒有達(dá)到如此完備的程度。）

《轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)曲》唐·戴叔倫

邊草，邊草，邊草盡來兵老。山南山北雪晴，千里萬里月明。明月，明月，胡笳一聲愁絕。

《調(diào)笑令》唐·韋應(yīng)物

胡馬，胡馬，遠(yuǎn)放閼氏山下。跑沙跑雪獨(dú)嘶，東望西望路迷。迷路，迷路，邊草無窮日暮。

《宮中調(diào)笑》唐·王建

團(tuán)扇，團(tuán)扇，美人病來遮面。玉顏憔悴三年，無復(fù)商量管弦。弦管，弦管，春草昭陽路斷。

（調(diào)笑令平仄韻律都比較復(fù)雜，所以舉三個例句?。?/p>

●變體，又名《調(diào)笑令轉(zhuǎn)踏》，三十八字，仄韻，與此調(diào)不同。倒數(shù)第二句可用“（平）平（仄）仄平仄仄”。

平仄，平平仄。仄仄平平平仄仄。平平仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平仄。＊· ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊·平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊·

《調(diào)笑令》宋·秦觀

春夢，神仙洞。冉冉拂墻花影動。西廂待月知誰共？更覺玉人情重。紅娘深夜行云送。困□釵橫金鳳。

《如夢令》 三十三字 單調(diào)，仄韻。別名:《憶仙姿》《宴桃源》《比梅》《無夢令》《不見》《古記》《玩華胥》等。雙凋六十六字，又名《如意令》。

●正體

仄仄仄平平仄，仄仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平仄，平仄（疊句），仄仄仄平平仄?！?· ＊ ＊ ·

《如夢令》宋·李清照

昨夜雨疏風(fēng)驟，濃睡不消殘酒。試問卷簾人，卻道海棠依舊。知否？知否？應(yīng)是綠肥紅瘦！

●注：四個六字句多用“仄仄仄平平仄”少用“仄仄平平仄仄”。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《長相思》 三十六字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名：《長相思令》《相思令》《雙紅豆》《憶多嬌》《琴凋相思令》《吳山青》《越山青》《青山相送迎》《山漸青》《長思仙》等。

●正體

‖仄仄平，仄仄平（疊后二字），仄仄平平仄仄平。平平仄仄平。‖

＊＊· ＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

（末句不能犯孤平。）

《長相思》唐·白居易

汴水流，泗水流，流到瓜州古渡頭。吳山點(diǎn)點(diǎn)愁。思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到歸時方始休。月明人倚樓。

《長相思》宋·萬俟詠

一聲聲，一更更，窗外芭蕉窗里燈。此時無限情。夢難成，恨難平，不道愁人不喜聽?？针A滴到明。

《長相思》宋·林逋

吳山青，越山青。兩岸青山相送迎。誰知離別情。君淚盈，妾淚盈。羅帶同心結(jié)未成，江頭潮已平。

●變體（和正體僅一字可平可仄之差，但是朗讀效果明顯不同，正體抑揚(yáng)頓挫，變體卻平和許多）‖仄仄平，仄仄平（疊后二字），仄仄平平仄仄平。平平仄仄平?！?/p>

＊＊· ＊＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《長相思》宋·晏幾道

長相思，長相思。若問相思甚了期，除非相見時。長相思，長相思。欲把相思說似誰，淺情人不知。

●注：上下闋前二句后二字多疊用或用二疊字（如：一聲聲，一更更。）

《相見歡》

三十六字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名：《烏夜啼》《月上瓜州》《上西樓》《秋夜月》《西樓子》《憶真妃》《烏啼月》等。

●正體

平平仄仄平平，仄平平，仄仄平平平仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ＊ · 仄平仄（換仄），仄平仄，仄平平（復(fù)平）。仄仄仄平平仄仄平平。＊＊· ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

●注：上下闋末句可以是上二下

七、上四下

五、上六下三。

《相見歡》南唐·李煜

無言獨(dú)上西樓，月如鉤，寂寞梧桐深院鎖清秋。剪不斷，理還亂，是離愁。別是一番滋味在心頭。

《生查子》 又名：《綠羅裙》《愁風(fēng)月》《楚云深》《梅和柳》《陌上郎》《晴色入青山》《遇仙楂》等。

●正體四十字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。

‖平平仄仄平，仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄?！?/p>

＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

（第一句不能犯孤平。）

《生查子·元夕》宋·歐陽修（？）

去年元夜時，花市燈如晝。月上柳梢頭，人約黃昏后。今年元夜時，月與燈依舊。不見去年人，淚濕（一本作“滿”）春衫袖！

●變體四十、四十一、四十二字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。已知道六種：

（一）四十字，下闋首句變“仄仄仄平平” ＊

《生查子》宋·晏幾道

關(guān)山魂夢長，魚雁音塵少。兩鬢可憐青，只為相思老。歸夢碧紗窗，說與人人道。真?zhèn)€別離難，不似相逢好。

（二）四十字，上闋首句變“仄仄仄平平” ＊ 《生查子》宋·晏幾道

長恨涉江遙，移近溪頭住。閑蕩木蘭舟，誤入雙鴛浦。無端輕薄云，暗作廉纖雨。翠袖不勝寒，欲向荷花語。

（三）四十字，上下闋首句變“仄仄仄平平” ＊

《生查子》宋·晏幾道

墜雨已辭云，流水難歸浦。遺恨幾時休，心抵秋蓮苦。忍淚不能歌，試托哀弦語。弦語愿相逢，知有相逢否。

（四）四十字，或作五言詩，《欽定詞譜》以此為正體，大誤！仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄。平平仄仄平，仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · 仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平，平平仄平仄。＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《生查子》唐·韓偓

侍女動妝奩，故故驚人睡。那知本未眠，背面偷垂淚。懶卸鳳凰釵，羞入鴛鴦被。時復(fù)見殘燈，和煙墜金穗。

（五）四十一字，下闋首句變“仄仄平，平仄仄” ·

《生查子》宋·牛希濟(jì)

春山煙欲收，天淡稀星小，殘月臉邊明，別淚臨清曉。語已多，情未了?；厥转q重道：記得綠羅裙，處處憐芳草。

（六）四十二字,下闋前二句變“平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄”

＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《生查子·藥名閨情》宋·陳亞

相思意已深，白紙書難足。字字苦參商，故要檀朗讀。分明記得約當(dāng)歸，遠(yuǎn)至櫻桃熟。何事菊花時，猶未回鄉(xiāng)曲？

注：本作用了“相思”、“薏苡”、“白芷”、“苦參”、“狼毒”、“當(dāng) 歸”、“遠(yuǎn)志”、“櫻桃”、“菊花”、“茴香”十個藥名。

《昭君怨》

四十字，雙調(diào)，兩仄韻兩平韻。又名：《洛妃怨》《宴西園》《一痕沙》《明妃怨》《道無情》《德抱怨》《一葉舟》等。

●正體

仄仄平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄仄。(換平韻）仄仄仄平平，仄平平。(換仄韻)＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ · · 仄仄平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄仄。(換平韻)仄仄仄平平，仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ · ·

●注：末句有人用“仄仄平”，但不是常規(guī)！

《昭君怨·詠荷上雨》宋·楊萬里

午夢扁舟花底，香滿西湖煙水。急雨打蓬聲，夢初驚。卻是池荷跳雨，散了真珠還聚。聚作水銀窩，泛清波。

《詞律新編》——小令 第三卷

〖點(diǎn)絳唇〗〖浣溪沙〗〖霜天曉角〗〖菩薩蠻〗〖訴衷情〗〖采桑子〗 ※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

《點(diǎn)絳唇》

●正體：四十一字 雙調(diào)，仄韻。又名：《點(diǎn)櫻桃》《十八香》《南浦月》《樂府烏衣怨》《尋瑤草》《沙頭雨》《萬年春》等。

仄仄平平，平平仄仄平平仄。仄平平仄。仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊· ＊ ·

仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄。平平仄。仄平平仄。仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊· ＊ ·

注：上下闋倒數(shù)第二句多用“仄平平仄”。

《點(diǎn)絳唇》 宋·李清照

蹴罷秋千，起來慵整纖纖手。露濃花瘦，薄汗輕衣透。見客人來，襪劃金釵溜。和羞走。倚門回首。卻把青梅嗅。

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《浣溪沙》

四十二字，雙調(diào)，平韻。別名:《減字浣溪沙》《浣沙溪》《小庭花》《滿園春》《試香羅》《廣寒枝》《慶雙椿》《玩丹砂》《玩溪紗》《怨啼鵑》等。

四、五兩句常對仗。南唐李煜有仄韻之作，用者不多。

●正體，平韻。

仄仄平平仄仄平，平平仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · 注：首句可以用“仄仄仄平平仄平”

《浣溪沙》宋·晏殊

一曲新詞酒一杯，去年天氣舊亭臺。夕陽西下幾時回？ 無可奈何花落去，似曾相識燕歸來。小園香徑獨(dú)徘徊。

●變體

（一）平韻。首句變“（仄）仄（平）平平仄仄”

《浣溪沙》五代·薛昭蘊(yùn)

紅蓼渡頭秋正雨，印沙鷗跡自成行。整鬟飄袖野風(fēng)香。不語含嚬深浦里，幾回愁煞棹船郎。燕歸帆盡水茫茫。

●變體

（二）仄韻

仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平平仄仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

平平仄仄平仄仄，仄仄平平平仄仄，仄仄平平平仄仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《浣溪沙》南唐·李煜

紅日已高三丈透，金爐次第添香獸，紅錦地衣隨步皺。佳人舞點(diǎn)金釵溜，酒惡時拈花蕊嗅，別殿遙聞簫鼓奏。

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《霜天曉角》 又名：《月當(dāng)窗》《踏月》《長橋月》《山莊勸酒》等。四十三／四十四字。有平韻、仄韻兩體。仄韻例用入聲！

●正體仄韻四十三字

平平平仄，仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平仄，平平仄，仄平仄。＊ ＊· ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊＊·

仄平平仄仄(或平仄,平仄仄),仄平平仄仄。仄仄平平平仄,平平仄,仄平仄。

＊ · ＊· · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊＊· 注：第二句可以用仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ ·

上下闋倒數(shù)第二句多用“平平仄，平仄仄”，末句多用“仄平仄、平平仄”。下闋首句分成兩句時多用“平仄，平仄仄。”

《霜天曉角·梅》宋·范成大

晚晴風(fēng)歇，一夜春威折。脈脈花疏天淡，云來去，數(shù)枝雪。勝絕，愁亦絕。此情誰共說。惟有兩行低雁，知人倚，畫樓月。

《霜天曉角·題采石蛾眉亭》宋·韓元吉

倚天絕壁，直下江千尺。天際兩蛾凝黛，愁與恨，幾時極！暮潮風(fēng)正急，酒闌聞塞笛。試問謫仙何處？青山外，遠(yuǎn)煙碧。

●變體，平韻四十三字

仄仄平平，平平仄仄平。仄仄仄平平仄，平仄仄，仄平平。＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

平平仄仄平(或平平,平仄平),平平仄仄平。仄仄平平平仄,平仄仄,仄平平。

＊ ＊ · · · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

注： “平平仄仄平”的句子不能犯孤平！

＊ ＊

《霜天曉角》宋·蔣捷

人影窗紗，是誰來折花？折則從他折去，知折去、向誰家。檐牙，枝最佳，折時高折些。說與折花人道：須插向、鬢邊斜。

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《菩薩蠻》

四十四字，雙調(diào)，又名：《子夜歌》《重疊金》《梅花句》《花間意》《花溪碧》《城里鐘》《晚云烘日》等。

●正體

平平仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平平仄。(換平)仄仄仄平平,仄平平仄平。(換仄)＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·＊ ＊ ·

平平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄。（換平）仄仄仄平平，仄平平仄平。＊ · ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

（共用四個韻，上下闋后二句字?jǐn)?shù)平仄相同，末句不能犯孤平。有人認(rèn)為上下闋末句第三字必須用平聲，大誤?。?/p>

《菩薩蠻》唐·李白 平林漠漠煙如織，寒山一帶傷心碧。暝色入高樓，有人樓上愁。玉階空佇立，宿鳥歸飛急。何處是歸程，長亭連短亭。

《菩薩蠻》唐·溫庭筠

南園滿地堆輕絮，愁聞一霎清明雨。雨后卻斜陽，杏花零落香。無言勻睡臉，枕上屏山掩。時節(jié)欲黃昏，無聊獨(dú)（入聲）倚門。

《菩薩蠻》五代·韋莊 如今卻憶江南樂，當(dāng)時年少春衫薄。騎馬倚斜橋，滿樓紅袖招。翠屏金屈曲，醉入花叢宿。此度見花枝，白（入聲代平聲）頭誓（去聲）不歸。

●注：溫庭筠（杏花含露團(tuán)香雪）第六句曾用“平仄仄平仄”，高觀國（春風(fēng)吹綠湖邊草）第三句曾用“仄仄仄仄平”。都是特例，非常規(guī)用法！

●變體，四十九字

平平仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄、仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平。＊ · ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《菩薩蠻》無名氏——敦煌曲子詞

枕前發(fā)盡千般愿，要休且待青山爛。水面上秤錘浮，直待黃河徹底枯。白日參辰現(xiàn)，北斗回南面，休即未能休，且待三更見日頭！

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《訴衷情》

正體四十四字，雙調(diào)。變體三十七字，單調(diào)。四十一、四十五字，雙調(diào)。又名：《桃花水》（四十一字）《訴衷情令》《魚父家風(fēng)》《步花間》《一絲風(fēng)》《畫樓空》《偶相逢》《試周郎》等。另有《訴衷情近》雙調(diào)七十五字，仄韻。

●正體，四十四字

平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平仄，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平仄仄，仄平平，仄平平。仄平平仄，仄仄平平，仄仄平平。· · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · 第五句例用“平仄仄”，罕見“仄仄仄”等。

《訴衷情》宋·陸游

當(dāng)年萬里覓封侯，匹馬戍梁州。關(guān)河夢斷何處？塵暗舊貂裘！胡未滅，鬢先秋，淚空流。此生誰料，心在天山，身老滄洲！

●四十四字變體

（一）第三句變“仄仄平平仄仄” ＊ ＊ ＊

《訴衷情》宋·張先

花前月下暫相逢?？嗪拮鑿娜?。何況酒醒（平仄兩讀）夢斷，花謝月朦朧?；ú槐M，月無窮。兩心同。此時愿作，楊柳千絲，絆惹春風(fēng)。

●四十四字變體

（二）第二、三句變“平平平仄平，平平仄平平仄”； ＊ · ＊

《訴衷情》宋·仲殊

楚江南岸小青樓，樓前人檥舟。別來后庭花晚，花上夢悠悠。山不斷，水空流，謾凝眸。建康宮殿，燕子來時，多少閑愁。

●四十四字變體

（三）第二、三句變“平平平仄平，平平仄平平仄”第九句變“仄平平仄” ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊

《訴衷情》宋·仲殊

清波門外擁輕衣，楊花相送飛。西湖又還春晚，水樹亂鶯啼。閑院宇，小簾幃，晚初歸。鐘聲已過，篆香才點(diǎn)，月到門時。

●四十四字變體

（三）第九句變“仄平平仄”

＊ ＊

《訴衷情》宋·仲殊

長橋春水拍堤沙，疏雨帶殘霞。幾聲脆管何處，橋下有人家。宮樹綠，晚煙斜，噪閑鴉。山光無盡，水風(fēng)長在，滿面楊花。

●四十四字變體

（四）第三句變“平平仄平平仄”

《訴衷情》宋·仲殊

涌金門外小瀛洲，寒食更風(fēng)流。紅船滿湖歌吹，花外有高樓。晴日暖，淡煙浮，恣嬉游。三千粉黛，十二欄桿，一片云頭。

●綜述：第二句可以變“平平仄仄平”

＊ ·

第三句可以變“平平仄平平仄”、“仄仄平平仄仄” ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊

第九句可以變“仄平平仄”

＊ ＊

以上情況可單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)，也可以同時出現(xiàn)。不再一一列舉！

●三十七字體

●四十一字體，又名：《桃花水》 ●四十五字體

第四句五字變六字“仄仄仄，仄平平” ＊＊ ·

《訴衷情》宋·歐陽修

清晨簾幕卷輕霜，呵手試梅妝。都緣自有離恨，故畫作、遠(yuǎn)山長。思往事，惜流光，易成傷。未歌先斂，欲笑還顰，最斷人腸。

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《采桑子》

四十四字 雙調(diào)平韻 別名:《丑奴兒》《丑奴兒令》《羅敷媚》《羅敷艷歌》另有《添字采桑子》／《添字丑奴兒》，四十八／五十四字；《促拍采桑子》，五十字；《攤破采桑子》六十字；皆平韻。還有《采桑子慢》／《丑奴兒慢》／《丑奴兒近》等。

●正體

‖平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平。仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平?！?/p>

＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《丑奴兒》宋·辛棄疾

少年不識愁滋味，愛上層樓。愛上層樓，為賦新詞強(qiáng)說愁。而今嘗盡愁滋味，欲說還休。欲說還休，卻道“天涼好個秋”！（注意：上下闋二三句不一定要疊句。）

●變體《添字采桑子》四十八字，上下闋末句變成

“仄仄平平仄仄仄平平”。＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《添字采桑子》宋·李清照

窗前種得(一作誰種）芭蕉樹？陰滿中庭，陰滿中庭。葉葉心心、舒卷(一作展)有馀情(一作清）。傷心枕上三更雨，點(diǎn)滴凄清(一作霖霪），點(diǎn)滴凄清（一作霖霪）。愁損離(一作北）人，不慣起來聽。

《詞律新編》——小令 第四卷

〖卜算子〗〖減字木蘭花〗〖巫山一段云〗〖謁金門〗〖好事近〗〖憶秦娥〗

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《卜算子》

四十四字，雙調(diào)。又名：《缺月掛疏桐》《百尺樓》《楚天遙》《眉峰碧》《卜算子令》《黃鶴洞中仙》等。

●正體

‖仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄。仄仄平平仄仄平，仄仄平平仄?！?/p>

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《卜算子》宋·蘇軾

缺月掛疏桐，漏斷人初靜。時見幽人獨(dú)往來，縹緲孤鴻影。驚起卻回頭，有恨無人省。揀盡寒枝不肯棲，寂寞沙洲冷。

《卜算子》宋·陸游

驛外斷橋邊，寂寞開無主。已是黃昏獨(dú)自愁，更著風(fēng)和雨。無意苦爭春，一任群芳妒。零落成泥碾作塵，只有香如故。

《卜算子·詠梅》 毛澤東

風(fēng)雨送春歸，飛雪迎春到。已是懸崖百丈冰，猶有花枝俏。俏也不爭春，只把春來報。待到山花爛漫時，它在叢中笑。

●變體

（一）下闋首句變“仄仄平平仄”，四十四字 ＊ ·

《卜算子》宋·嚴(yán)蕊

不是愛風(fēng)塵，似被前緣誤?；浠ㄩ_自有時，總賴東君主。去也終須去，住也如何??！若得山花插滿頭，莫問奴歸處。

●變體

（二）首句變“平平仄仄平”，四十四字

《卜算子》宋·楊冠清

蒼生喘未蘇，賈筆論孤憤。文采風(fēng)流今尚存，毫發(fā)無遺恨。凄惻近長沙，地僻秋將盡。長使英雄淚滿襟，天意高難問。

●變體

（三）上下闋首句變“仄仄平平仄”，四十四字 ＊ ·

《卜算子》宋·石孝友

見也如何暮，別也如何遽。別也應(yīng)難見也難，后會無憑據(jù)。去也如何去，住也如何住。住也應(yīng)難去也難，此際難分付。

●變體

（四）下闋末句變“仄仄仄，平平仄”，四十五字 ＊＊ · 《卜算子》宋·李之儀

我住長江頭，君住長江尾。日日思君不見君，共飲長江水。此水幾時休，此恨何時已。只愿君心似我心，定不負(fù)、相思意。

注：“我住長江頭”的“長”字未拘格律。因為前后兩句都要用

“長江”才能更好表達(dá)意境，就只好破例了！

●變體

（五）上闋首句變“平平仄仄平”下闋首句變“仄仄平平仄”

＊ ·

末句變成“平仄仄，平平仄”，四十五字。＊＊ ·

《卜算子》宋·徐俯

天生百種愁，掛在斜陽樹。綠葉陰陰自得春，草滿鶯啼處。不見凌波步，空憶如簧語。柳外重重疊疊山，遮不斷、愁來路。

●變體

（六）上闋首句變“平平仄仄平”下闋首句變“仄仄平平仄” ＊ ·

上下闋末句變成“仄平仄，平平仄”。四十六字 ＊＊ ·

《卜算子》宋·杜安世

尊前歌一曲，歌里千重意。才欲歌時淚已流，恨應(yīng)更、多于淚。試問緣何事？不語如癡醉。我亦情多不忍聞，怕和我、成憔悴。

●變體

（七）上下闋首句變“仄仄平平仄” 上闋末句“仄仄仄，平平仄”，＊ · ＊＊ · 下闋末句“平平仄仄平平仄”，四十七字

＊ ＊ ·

《眉峰碧》宋·無名氏

蹙破眉峰碧，纖手還重執(zhí)。鎮(zhèn)日相看未足時，忍便使鴛鴦隻！薄暮投村驛，風(fēng)雨愁通夕。窗外芭蕉窗里人，分明葉上心頭滴。

●綜述：上下闋首句可以換“（仄）仄平平仄”，并入韻；或者用“平平仄仄平”。上下闋末句可以換成“（仄）（仄）仄，平平仄”。在《眉峰碧》里，下闋末句變成了“平平仄仄平平仄”。除掉《眉峰碧》以外，44～46字體總共變化組合為36種。據(jù)《唐宋詞學(xué)大辭典》，《卜算子》有變體30余種。在下共見到其中七種變體。但是眾多的體，只有一種使用最多，便成了正體！

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《減字木蘭花》

四十四字，雙調(diào)。又名：《減蘭》《木蘭香》《天下樂令》《金蓮出玉花》《益壽美金花》《四仙韻》等。

●正體

‖平平仄仄，仄仄平平平仄仄。仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平?！?/p>

＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

（每兩句一換韻）

《減字木蘭花》宋·秦觀

天涯舊恨，獨(dú)自凄涼人不問。欲見回腸，斷金金爐小篆香。黛蛾長斂，任是春風(fēng)吹不展。因困危樓，過盡飛鴻字字愁。

●變體《偷聲木蘭花》，五十字。

‖平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平平仄仄。仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄平＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·（不可犯孤平）?！績删湟粨Q韻）

《偷聲木蘭花》宋·張先

畫橋淺映橫塘路，流水滔滔春共去。目送殘（一作斜）暉，燕子雙高蝶對飛。風(fēng)花將盡持杯送，往事只成清夜夢。莫更登樓，坐想行思已是愁。

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《巫山一段云》

正體雙調(diào)四十四字，平韻。變體四十六字，上闋平韻，下闋兩仄韻，兩平韻。又名：《金鼎一溪云》。

●正體雙調(diào)四十四字，平韻。

‖仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平?！?/p>

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

上下闋第二句沒有見到“仄平平仄平”的用法，如果有用的，不算出律。但是不可犯孤平！

《巫山一段云》五代·李珣

古廟依青嶂，行宮枕碧流。水聲山色鎖妝樓，往事思悠悠！云雨朝還暮，煙花春復(fù)秋。啼猿何必近孤舟，行客自多愁。

●變體四十六字，上闋平韻，下闋兩仄韻，兩平韻。仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄平。（換仄韻）＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

仄仄平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄仄。(換平)平平仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄平。

＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

三個“平平仄仄平”都不可犯孤平！

《巫山一段云》唐·李曄

蝶舞梨園雪，鶯啼柳帶煙。小池殘日艷陽天，苧蘿山又山。青鳥不來愁絕，忍看鴛鴦雙結(jié)。春風(fēng)一等少年心，閑情恨不禁。

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《謁金門》

四十五字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。又名：《聞鵲喜》《空相憶》《出塞》《花自落》《揚(yáng)花落》《東風(fēng)吹酒面》《不怕醉》《垂楊碧》《春早湖山》《醉花春》等。

●正體

平仄仄，仄仄仄平平仄。平仄平平平仄仄，平平平仄仄。

＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

仄仄平平仄仄，仄仄平平平仄。平仄仄平平仄仄，仄平平仄仄。＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《謁金門》五代·馮延巳

風(fēng)乍起，吹皺一池春水。閑引鴛鴦芳徑里，手捋紅杏蕊。斗鴨闌干獨(dú)倚，碧玉搔頭斜墜。終日望君君不至，舉頭聞鵲喜。

《好事近》

四十五字，雙調(diào)，仄韻，例用入聲！又名：《釣船笛》《翠園枝》《秦刷子》《倚秋千》等。

●正體

仄仄仄平平,仄仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄(上一下四）。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊·

平平仄仄仄平平,仄仄仄平仄。仄仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄(上一下四）。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊·

注：三個“仄仄仄平平仄”句多用“仄仄仄平平仄”。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊

上下闋末句“仄仄平平仄（上一下四）”多用“仄仄平平仄”。＊ ＊ ＊

《好事近》宋·胡銓

富貴本無心，何事故鄉(xiāng)輕別。空使猿驚鶴怨，誤薜蘿秋月。囊錐剛要出頭來，不道甚時節(jié)。欲駕巾車歸去，有豺狼當(dāng)轍。

●變體：下闋首句變“平平仄仄平平仄”

＊ ＊

《好事近》宋·楊萬里

月未到誠齋,先到萬花川谷。不是誠齋無月,隔一林修竹。如今

才是十三夜,月色已如玉。未是秋光奇絕,看十五（上聲代平聲）十六。

《憶秦娥》

四十六字，雙調(diào)，平韻仄韻兩體，仄韻體例用入聲。又名：《秦樓月》《碧云深》《雙荷葉》《蓬萊閣》《庾樓月》《雙荷葉》《華溪仄》《子夜歌》《花深深（平韻體）》等。

●仄韻，例用入聲。

平平仄，平平仄仄平平仄。平平仄（疊三字），仄平平仄，仄平平仄。

＊· ＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

平平仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平平仄。平平仄(疊三字）,仄平平仄,仄平平仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

（上下闋后三句字?jǐn)?shù)、平仄相同；末句多用“仄平平仄”。）

《憶秦娥·思秋》唐·李白

簫聲咽，秦娥夢斷秦樓月。秦樓月，年年柳色，灞陵傷別。樂游原上清秋節(jié)，咸陽古道音塵絕。音塵絕，西風(fēng)殘照，漢家陵闕。

《憶秦娥·婁山關(guān)》毛澤東

西風(fēng)烈，長空雁叫霜晨月。霜晨月，馬蹄聲碎，喇叭聲咽。雄關(guān)漫道真如鐵，而今邁步從頭越。從頭越，蒼山如海，殘陽如血。

●變體，平韻

平平平，平平仄仄平平平。平平平（疊三字），平平仄仄，仄仄平平。＊ · ＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

平平仄仄平平平,平平仄仄平平平。平平平(疊三字）,平平仄仄，仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《憶秦娥》賀鑄

曉朦朧。前溪百鳥啼匆匆。啼匆匆。凌波人去，拜月樓空。去年今日東門東。鮮妝輝映桃花紅。桃花紅。吹開吹落，一任東風(fēng)。

《詞律新編》——小令 第五卷

〖清平樂〗〖一絡(luò)索〗〖更漏子〗〖阮郎歸〗〖畫堂春〗〖喜遷鶯〗

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《清平樂》

四十六字，雙調(diào)，又名：《憶蘿月》《醉東風(fēng)》等。

●正體

平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄。仄仄平平平仄仄，仄仄平平仄仄。＊ ＊· ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊·平平仄仄平平，平平仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·（下闋換平聲韻。）《清平樂》辛棄疾

茅檐低小，溪上青青草。醉里吳音相媚好，白發(fā)誰家翁媼？ 大兒鋤豆溪東，中兒正織雞籠；最喜小兒無賴，溪頭臥剝蓮蓬。

《清平樂·六盤山》 毛澤東

天高云淡，望斷南飛雁。不到長城非好漢，屈指行程二萬！六盤山上高峰，紅旗漫卷西風(fēng)。今日長纓在手，何時縛住蒼龍？

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《一絡(luò)索》

別名：《一落索》《洛陽春》《玉連環(huán)》《上林春》《窗下繡》《金絡(luò)索》等。四十四字到五十字多體，雙調(diào)，仄韻。

●四十六字體 ‖仄仄平平平仄，平平仄仄。平平仄仄仄平平。平仄仄，平仄仄。‖

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ·

《一落索》宋·舒亶

正是看花天氣。為春一醉。醉來卻不帶花歸，誚不解、看花意。試問此花明媚。將花誰比。只應(yīng)花好似年年，花不似、人憔悴。

《更漏子》

四十六字，雙調(diào)。又名：《付金釵》《獨(dú)依樓》《翻翠袖》《無漏子》等。

●正體

仄平平（或平仄平），平仄仄（或仄平仄），仄仄仄平平仄。＊· ＊ ＊ ＊·（換平韻）平仄仄，仄平平，仄平平仄平（不可犯孤平）。

＊ · ＊ ＊ ·(換仄韻）平仄仄(或仄平平），仄平仄(或平仄仄)，仄仄仄平平仄。

＊·（可不入韻）＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊·(換平韻）平仄仄（或仄平仄），仄平平，仄平平仄平(不可犯孤平）。

＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《更漏子》唐·溫庭筠

玉爐香,紅蠟淚，偏照畫堂秋思。眉翠薄,鬢云殘，夜長衾枕寒。梧桐樹，三更雨，不道離情正苦。一葉葉，一聲聲，空階滴到明。

《更漏子》唐·溫庭筠

柳絲長,春雨細(xì)，花外漏聲迢遞。驚塞雁,起城烏，畫屏金鷓鴣。香霧薄，透重幕，惆悵謝家池閣。紅燭背，繡簾垂，夢君君不知。

《阮郎歸》

四十七字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名：《碧春桃》《醉桃源》《宴桃源》《憶桃源》《好溪山》《濯纓曲》《道成歸》等。

●正體

平平仄仄仄平平，平平平仄平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄平平仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·平仄仄，仄平平，平平平仄平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄平平仄平?！?＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

注意：四個五字句不能犯孤平！

《阮郎歸·踏青》歐陽修

南園春半踏青時，風(fēng)和聞馬嘶。清梅如豆柳如眉，日長蝴蝶飛?；吨兀轃煹?，人家簾幕垂。秋千慵困解羅衣，畫堂雙燕歸。

《畫堂春》

雙調(diào)，仄韻。四十六至四十九字四體?！袼氖咦煮w

平平仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ · 仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《畫堂春·本意》宋·秦觀

東風(fēng)吹柳日初長，雨余芳草斜陽。杏花零落燕泥香，睡損紅妝。寶篆煙銷龍鳳，畫屏云鎖瀟湘。夜寒微透薄羅裳，無限思量。

●四十七字體

平平仄仄仄平平，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ · 仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《畫堂春》宋·張先

外湖蓮子長參差，霽山青處鷗飛。水天溶漾畫 遲，人影鑒中移。桃葉淺聲雙唱，杏紅深色輕衣。小荷障面避斜暉，分得翠陰歸。

《喜遷鶯》

有小令、長調(diào)二體。小令又名《春光好》、《鶴沖天》、《萬年枝》等。雙調(diào)四十七字，上闋四平韻，下闋兩仄韻兩平韻。長調(diào)雙調(diào)一百○三字，仄韻。

●小令

仄仄仄，仄平平。仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。＊＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

平平仄，平平仄。仄仄仄平平仄。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。＊＊· ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《喜遷鶯》南唐·李煜

曉月墮，宿云微，無語枕頻攲。夢回芳草思依依，天遠(yuǎn)雁聲稀。啼鶯散，余花亂，寂寞畫堂深院。片紅休掃盡從伊，留待舞人歸。

《詞律新編》——小令 第六卷

〖攤破浣溪沙〗〖桃源憶故人〗〖烏夜啼〗〖眼兒媚〗〖朝中措〗〖人月圓〗

※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

《攤破浣溪沙》

四十八字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名《山花子》《添字浣溪沙》《南唐浣溪沙》《感恩多令》等。

●正體

仄仄平平仄仄平，平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平平仄仄，仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · 仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平平仄仄，仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

《攤破浣溪沙》南唐·李璟

菡萏香消翠葉殘，西風(fēng)愁起綠波間。還與韶光共憔悴，不堪看。細(xì)雨夢回雞塞遠(yuǎn)，小樓吹徹玉笙寒。多少淚珠何限恨！倚闌干。

（“還與韶光共憔悴”用了拗句仄仄平平仄平仄，但一般都用仄仄平平平仄仄。）

※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

《桃源憶故人》

四十八字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。又名《虞美人影》《轉(zhuǎn)聲虞美人》《杏花風(fēng)》《胡搗練》《醉桃園》等?！裾w

‖平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平平仄。仄仄平平平仄，仄仄平平仄?！?/p>

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

上下闋２、３句第五字常用平聲，暫沒有見到用仄聲者。

《桃源憶故人》宋·陸游

中原當(dāng)日三川震，關(guān)輔回頭煨燼。淚盡兩河征鎮(zhèn)，日望中興運(yùn)。秋風(fēng)霜滿青青鬢，老卻新豐英俊。云外華山千仞，依舊無人問！

《烏夜啼》

雙調(diào)，四十七字，平韻。又有四十八字體，首句較前者多一字，或名《錦堂春》。此調(diào)與《相見歡》之別名《烏夜啼》不同。

●四十八字體，正體。

‖仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄仄平平。‖

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ · 《烏夜啼》宋·陸游

紈扇嬋娟素月，紗巾縹渺輕煙。高槐葉長陰初合，清潤雨余天。弄筆斜行小草，鉤簾淺醉閑眠。更無一點(diǎn)塵埃到，枕上聽新蟬。

●四十七字體

首句六字變五字“（仄）仄平平仄”

《烏夜啼》南唐·李煜

昨夜風(fēng)兼雨，簾幃颯颯秋聲。燭殘漏滴（一作斷）頻攲枕，起坐不能平。世事漫隨流水，算來一夢（一作夢里）浮生。醉鄉(xiāng)路穩(wěn)宜頻到，此外不堪行。

《眼兒媚》

四十八字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名：《秋波媚》《小闌干》《東風(fēng)寒》等。●正體

平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。＊＊＊＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

上下闋后四句同調(diào)。首句前四字可以是“（平）平（仄）仄”或“（仄）仄平平”，不能用其它格式！切記！

《眼兒媚》宋·朱淑真

遲遲春日弄輕柔，花徑暗香流。清明過了，不堪回首，云鎖朱樓。午窗睡起鶯聲巧，何處喚春愁。綠楊影里，海棠亭（一作枝）畔，紅杏梢頭。

《朝中措》

四十八字，雙調(diào)，平韻。始見于歐陽修詞。又名《照紅梅》《芙蓉曲》《梅月圓》《醉偎香》等。

●正體

平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《朝中措（一作醉偎香）》宋·歐陽修

平山欄檻倚晴空，山色有無中。手種堂前垂（一作楊）柳，別來幾度春風(fēng)。文章太守，揮毫萬字，一飲千鐘。行樂直須年少，尊前看取衰翁。

《人月圓》

四十八字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名《人月圓令》《青衫濕》等。

●正體

平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

上下闋后三句同調(diào)。

《人月圓》宋·李持正

小桃枝上春風(fēng)早，初試薄羅衣。年年樂事，華燈競處，人月圓時。禁街簫鼓，寒輕夜永，纖手重攜。更闌人散，千門笑語，聲在簾幃。

《詞律新編》——小令 第七卷

〖太常引〗〖柳梢青〗〖武陵春〗〖酒泉子〗〖西江月〗〖少年游〗 ※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※

《太常引》

四十九／五十字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名：《太清引》《臘前梅》等 ●正體四十九字

平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄、平平仄平。＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ · ＊＊ ·平平仄仄,平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄、平平仄平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊＊ ·

《太常引》宋·辛棄疾

一輪秋影轉(zhuǎn)金波，飛鏡又重磨。把酒問桓娥，被白發(fā)、欺人奈何！乘風(fēng)好去，長空萬里，直下看山河。斫去桂婆娑，人道是、清光更多。

●五十字體，第二句變六字“仄仄仄、仄平平”

《太常引》宋·辛棄疾

君王著意履聲間。便令押、紫宸班。今代又尊韓。道吏部、文章泰山。一杯千歲，問公何事，早伴赤松閑。功業(yè)後來看。似江左、風(fēng)流謝安。

《柳梢青》

四十九字，平韻、仄韻兩體。又名：《隴頭月》《早春怨》《玉水明沙》《云淡秋空》《雨洗云霄》等。

●平韻體

仄仄平平，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。仄仄平平，平平仄仄，仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄平平, 仄仄仄、平平仄平。仄仄平平,平平仄仄,仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《柳梢青》宋·劉過

泛菊杯深，吹梅角遠(yuǎn)，同在京城。聚散匆匆，雪邊孤雁，水上浮萍。教人怎不傷情。覺幾度、魂飛夢驚。后夜相思，塵隨馬去，月逐舟行。

●仄韻體

仄仄平平，平平仄仄，平平仄仄。仄仄平平，平平仄仄，平平仄仄。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊·平平仄仄平平,仄仄仄、平平仄仄。仄仄平平,平平仄仄,平平仄仄。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊·

《柳梢青》宋·賀鑄

子規(guī)啼血,可憐又是,春歸時節(jié)。滿院東風(fēng)，海棠鋪繡，梨花飛雪。丁香露泣殘枝，算未比,愁腸寸結(jié)。自是休文，多情多感，不干風(fēng)月。

《武陵春》

四十八字或四十九字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名《武林春》《花想容》等。

●四十九字體，除最后一句五字變六字（有人認(rèn)為是襯字）外，與四十八字正體完全一樣。

仄仄平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄平，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ · 仄仄平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄平，仄仄仄、仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊＊ ·

《武陵春》宋·李清照

風(fēng)住塵香花已盡，日晚倦梳頭。物是人非事事休，欲語淚先流。聞?wù)f雙溪春尚好，也擬泛輕舟。只恐雙溪舴艋舟，載不動、許多愁。

●四十八字正體

‖仄仄平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄平，仄仄仄平平?！?/p>

＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

《武陵春》宋·辛棄疾

桃李風(fēng)前多嫵媚，楊柳更溫柔。喚取笙歌爛熳游。且莫管閑愁。好趁春晴連夜賞，雨便一春休。草草杯盤不要收。才曉便扶頭。

●四十八字變體，下闋首句用“（平）平（仄）仄平平仄”還可能有其它的變法。

《武陵春》宋·張先

秋染青溪天外水，風(fēng)棹采菱還。波上逢郎密意傳，語近隔叢蓮。相看忘卻歸來（一作來時）路，遮日小荷圓（一作家在柳城前）。菱蔓雖多不上船，心眼在郎邊。

《酒泉子》

有二體，一體見于《花間集》，四十至四十五字，另一體見于敦煌曲子詞，四十九字，又名《憶余杭》，●四十九字體

平仄平平，仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ·（換仄）平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平平仄仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ·

（換平）平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ·

下闋第二句最后三字可以用“仄平仄”。

《酒泉子》宋·潘閬

長憶西湖，盡日憑欄樓上望。三三兩兩釣魚舟，島嶼正清秋。笛聲依約蘆花里，白鳥成行忽驚起。別來閑整釣魚竿，思入水云寒。

《西江月》

五十字,雙調(diào),一、二句，五、六句例用對仗！又名：《步虛詞》《江月令》《白蘋香》《雙錦瑟》《晚香時候》《玉爐三澗雪》等。唐五代詞本平仄韻異部間協(xié)，宋以后均為上下闋各兩平韻一仄韻，例須同部。另有《西江月慢》，一百○三字，例用入聲，與此調(diào)無關(guān)?！裾w

仄仄平平仄仄，平平仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平仄仄。＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊·

《西江月》 宋·辛棄疾

明月別枝驚鵲，清風(fēng)半夜鳴蟬。稻花香里說豐年，聽取蛙聲一片。七八個星天外，兩三點(diǎn)雨山前。舊時茅店社林邊，路轉(zhuǎn)溪橋忽見。

《西江月》宋·辛棄疾 醉里且貪歡笑，要愁那得工夫。近來始覺古人書。信著全無是處。昨夜松邊醉倒，問松：“我醉何如”。只疑松動要來扶。以手推松曰：“去！”

《西江月》宋·劉過

堂上謀臣尊俎，邊頭將士干戈。天時地利與人和。燕可伐歟？曰可！今日樓臺鼎鼐，明年帶礪山河。大家齊唱大風(fēng)歌。不日四方來賀。

《少年游》

又名《玉臘梅枝》《小闌干》《少年游令》等。雙調(diào)五十至五十二字，平韻，各家所作，字?jǐn)?shù)、句法以及用韻，頗有參差。《欽定詞譜》以晏殊（芙蓉花發(fā)去年枝）為正體（柳永體與之同，最早）。在下共見到十體。又張先有《少年游慢》，八十四字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。

●正體

平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄，平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平，平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《少年游》宋·柳永

長安古道馬遲遲。高柳亂蟬棲。夕陽島外，秋風(fēng)原上，目斷四天垂。歸云一去無蹤跡，何處是前期。狎興生疏，酒徒蕭索，不似少年時。

《少年游》宋·晏殊

芙蓉花發(fā)去年枝，雙燕欲歸飛。蘭堂風(fēng)軟，金爐香暖，新曲動簾帷。家人拜上千春（一作秋）壽，深意滿瓊卮。綠鬢朱顏，道家裝束，長似少年時。

《詞律新編》——小令 第八卷

〖醉花蔭〗〖南歌子〗〖浪淘沙〗〖鷓鴣天〗〖鵲橋仙〗〖玉樓春〗

《醉花陰》

五十二字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。

●正體

仄仄平平平仄仄, 仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平,仄仄平平,仄仄平平仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平平仄仄平平仄, 仄仄平平仄。仄仄仄平平,仄仄平平,仄仄平平仄。＊ ＊ · ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

下闋第二句可以是上一下四或上二下三，上一下四時第一字必須用仄！上下闋后四句同調(diào)。

《醉花陰·重九》 宋·李清照 薄霧濃云愁永晝,瑞腦銷金獸。佳節(jié)又重陽，玉枕紗廚，半夜涼初透。東籬把酒黃昏后,有暗香盈袖。莫道不消魂，卷簾西風(fēng)，人比黃花瘦。

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《南歌子》

有單調(diào)雙調(diào)兩種體，單調(diào)二十三字或二十六字，平韻；雙調(diào)五十二字，平韻、仄韻兩體，以平韻為正體。又名《南柯子》《鳳蝶令》《春宵曲》《水晶簾》《碧窗夢》《十愛河》《宴齊云》《醉懨懨》《斷腸聲》《望秦川》《悟南柯》等。

●正體五十二字，平韻。

仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平仄仄仄平平。＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ · 上下闋前二句多用對仗，第二句暫未見到“仄平平仄平”的用法。

《南歌子》宋·歐陽修

鳳髻金泥帶，龍紋玉掌梳。走來窗下笑相扶，愛道畫眉深淺入時無。弄筆偎人久，描花試手初。等閑妨了繡功夫，笑問鴛鴦兩字怎生書。

●單調(diào)二十六字體即雙調(diào)的一半?！駟握{(diào)二十三字體

仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平。平仄仄平平。仄平平仄仄，仄平平。· · ·

《南歌子》唐·溫庭筠

懶拂鴛鴦?wù)?，休縫翡翠裙。羅帳罷爐熏。近來心更切，為思君。

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《浪淘沙》

五十四字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名《浪淘沙令》《賣花聲》《過龍門》《龍門令》《曲入冥》《煉丹砂》等。原有小曲二十八字體，即七言絕句，分平起、仄起兩種，首句均入韻。南唐李煜始作《浪淘沙令》，五十四字，后人多用之。另有《浪淘沙慢》，柳永體一百三十五字，周邦彥體一百三十三字。與此調(diào)無關(guān)。

仄仄仄平平,仄仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄平平平仄仄,仄仄平平。

＊ ·＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《浪淘沙令》南唐·李煜

簾外雨潺潺，春意闌珊。羅衾不耐五更寒。夢里不知身是客，一晌貪歡。獨(dú)自莫憑欄，無限江山。別時容易見時難。流水落花春去也，天上人間。

《鷓鴣天》五十五字，雙調(diào)，平韻。又名《思越人》《思佳客》《思遠(yuǎn)人》《半死桐》《醉梅花》《千葉蓮》《錦鷓鴣》《于中好》《鷓鴣引》《剪朝霜》《避少年》《驪歌一疊》《第一花》《禁煙》《看瑞香》《洞中天》等。

仄仄平平仄仄平,平平仄仄仄平平平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·平仄仄,仄平平。平平仄仄仄平平。平平仄仄平平仄,仄仄平平仄仄平。

· ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ · 注：上下闋末句不能犯孤平！

《鷓鴣天》宋·辛棄疾

唱徹陽關(guān)淚未干，功名馀事且加餐。浮天水送無窮樹，帶雨云埋一半山。今古恨，幾千般。只應(yīng)離合是悲歡，江頭未是**惡，別有人間行路難。

《鷓鴣天》 宋·趙鼎

客路那知?dú)q序移？忽驚春到小桃枝。天涯海角悲涼地，記得當(dāng)年全盛時?；ㄅ?，月流輝。水晶宮殿五云飛。分明一覺華胥夢，回首東風(fēng)淚滿衣。

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《鵲橋仙》

五十五字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。又名《金風(fēng)玉露相逢曲》《廣寒秋》《梅已謝》《憶人人》《蕙香囊》 等。

平平仄仄,平平仄仄,仄仄平平仄仄。平平仄仄仄平平。仄仄仄、平平仄仄。

＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊· ＊ ＊ ＊＊ ＊ ＊·

注：上下闋末句三字豆可以用“平仄仄”、“仄仄仄”、“仄平仄”，沒有見到“平平仄”；

《鵲橋仙》宋·秦觀

纖云弄巧，飛星傳恨，銀漢迢迢暗度。金風(fēng)玉露一相逢，便勝卻、人間無數(shù)。柔情似水，佳期如夢，忍顧鵲橋歸路？兩情若是久長時，又豈在、朝朝暮暮？

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《玉樓春（木蘭花）》

《玉樓春》和《木蘭花》本是二調(diào)，宋人混而為一。五十六字，雙調(diào)，仄韻。又名：《惜春容》《西湖曲》《夢相親》《玉樓春令》《歸朝歡令》《滿朝歡令》《木蘭花令》等。

●正體

平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平平仄仄。平平仄仄仄平平，仄仄平平平仄仄。

＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ · ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ·

《玉樓春》宋·辛棄疾

三三兩兩誰家女？聽取鳴禽枝上語：提壺沽酒已多時，婆餅焦時須早去。醉中忘卻來時路，借問行人家住處。只尋古廟那邊行，更過溪南烏桕樹。

●變體多種，有首句變“仄仄平平平仄仄”的，有上下闋首句變“仄仄平平平仄仄”的，有次句變“平平仄仄平平仄”的??《木蘭花》早期格式也與后來不同，且有換韻，《減字木蘭花》即從《木蘭花》減字而成，并繼承了換韻的格式。

第五篇：大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)英語閱讀教程英語卷子

一． Use the proper form to fit into each

sentence below.(10*1′)

1.Spanish students _________ U.S.students in science.(perform)

2.Don’t feel ___________to do what he says---he’s got no authority.(constrain)

3.Lau has shown herself to be a __________defender of the poor.(passion)

4.Can we reach a ____________on the issue?(consensus)

5.The government has repeatedly _____that it will not change its policy.(assert)

6.Inspectors will have to do a thorough _________of the project before we can continue.(evaluate)

7.They are currently ________at the bottom of the league.(languish)

8.One other possible method of smoothing would be to use means rather than______.(median)

9.We start with an ___________of the student’s abilities.(assess)

10.And while voting is protected against discrimination elsewhere in the constitution the actual right to vote is __________protected nowhere.(explicit)