第一篇：中國(guó)大學(xué)能打敗美國(guó)大學(xué)嗎？(中英文對(duì)照)

中國(guó)大學(xué)能打敗美國(guó)大學(xué)嗎？（中英文對(duì)照）

2012-10-16 來源:WSJ

Can US Universities Stay On Top?

在印度最好的工程學(xué)府之一印度理工學(xué)院(Indian Institute of Technology)的德里分校，我們見到了21歲的施拉姆(Shriram)。他在48.5萬名參加了該校入學(xué)考試的考生中，排名第十九位。我們管他叫第十九先生。這所學(xué)院的入學(xué)考試對(duì)考生要求極高。

施拉姆能告訴你他得知自己考試結(jié)果的具體日期和時(shí)間。這個(gè)考試，以及為之所做的準(zhǔn)備，幾乎是他青少年時(shí)期生活的全部?jī)?nèi)容。他在很小時(shí)就因?yàn)樵跀?shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)方面獨(dú)具天賦而作為“大天才”被挑選出來。為了備考印度理工學(xué)院的入學(xué)考試，他報(bào)名參加了一個(gè)私人培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)，這家機(jī)構(gòu)專為學(xué)生進(jìn)行備考前的強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練，訓(xùn)練內(nèi)容包括物理、化學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)這些主要的考試科目。按照施拉姆自己的估算，那兩年里，他每周學(xué)習(xí)90個(gè)小時(shí)。

來到印度理工學(xué)院后，施拉姆發(fā)現(xiàn)班里都是學(xué)習(xí)尖子。老師們則對(duì)學(xué)生寄予著厚望。在第一次數(shù)學(xué)考試中，他這個(gè)一年級(jí)班級(jí)同學(xué)的平均成績(jī)是30%。施拉姆也考得很差，不過很快成績(jī)就升上去了，為此他犧牲掉了部分睡眠，以便能夠多些時(shí)間用來學(xué)習(xí)。他說，“長(zhǎng)這么大，我最大的愿望就是到這里來。我知道如果我能夠進(jìn)入印度理工學(xué)院，學(xué)習(xí)工程學(xué)專業(yè)，努力工作，努力學(xué)習(xí)，那么我們的一生將會(huì)完美無憾。我將娶一個(gè)漂亮的女孩兒，開一家公司，幫助我的國(guó)家發(fā)展，實(shí)現(xiàn)家族的希望和夢(mèng)想?！?/p>

印度和中國(guó)都有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的全國(guó)統(tǒng)考制度，通過考試幫助國(guó)內(nèi)的頂尖大學(xué)選出最聰明的學(xué)生。其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之激烈、準(zhǔn)備過程之艱苦、舉國(guó)上下對(duì)考試結(jié)果之焦慮，無不讓美國(guó)的大學(xué)本科入學(xué)考試SAT看起來如同兒戲一般。在中國(guó)和印度，押在考試成敗之上的籌碼要沉重得多。那些考入前1%的幸運(yùn)兒們有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)入自己選擇的大學(xué)，未來職業(yè)之路從此被引入了快車道，將有更高的收入，并將開始享受中上層階層的生活。對(duì)于剩下的99%考生而言，統(tǒng)考制度帶來的結(jié)果并不怎么樣。在中國(guó)和印度有近4,000萬名大學(xué)生。大多數(shù)人就讀的學(xué)校只是在以低成本大批量地制造著畢業(yè)生而已。學(xué)生們抱怨他們所接受的教育如同工廠炮制一般，枯燥乏味。用人單位也是叫苦連天，稱許多畢業(yè)生需要先重新參加培訓(xùn)，之后方能完全勝任自己的工作。

目前來看，美國(guó)的大學(xué)體制仍是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先。不過再過十年，全球在下一代的教育方面，將有一爭(zhēng)，中國(guó)和印度有潛力改變當(dāng)前的力量均衡。隨著大量適齡學(xué)生即將進(jìn)入大學(xué)求學(xué)階段，這兩個(gè)國(guó)家已經(jīng)將改革本國(guó)大學(xué)列為重中之重的首要任務(wù)。

中國(guó)和印度還有多長(zhǎng)的路要走？在波士頓咨詢公司(Boston Consulting Group，簡(jiǎn)稱BCG)，我們開發(fā)了一套新的排名系統(tǒng)，對(duì)各國(guó)的教育競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力進(jìn)行比較，我們稱之為BCG E4指數(shù)。這套排名基于四個(gè)E：Expenditure（開支，即政府和家庭用于教育方面的投入水平）；enrollment（人數(shù)，即在校就讀的學(xué)生人數(shù)）；engineers（工程設(shè)計(jì)人才，即進(jìn)入就業(yè)大軍的合格工程設(shè)計(jì)人才數(shù)量）；eliteinstitution（精英學(xué)府，即在全球高等教育院校中名列前茅的學(xué)校數(shù)量）。

美國(guó)和英國(guó)分列第一和第二位，主要因其教育開支較高，且在全球排名靠前的大學(xué)以及工程類院校數(shù)量多。中國(guó)排名第三，印度是第五，主要是因在校就讀人數(shù)多（排在第四位的是德國(guó)）。美國(guó)獨(dú)占鰲頭的原因很明顯：其一，美國(guó)用在教育上的花費(fèi)最高，每年的教育開支達(dá)9,800億美元，是中國(guó)的兩倍，印度的五倍。

美國(guó)還是生產(chǎn)工程設(shè)計(jì)人才密度最大的國(guó)家，每一百萬名居民中就有981個(gè)工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)生，而中國(guó)和印度分別是553個(gè)和197個(gè)。

目前整體而言，美國(guó)大學(xué)在給學(xué)生提供就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備方面，做得最好。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇(WorldEconomic Forum)預(yù)計(jì)，美國(guó)81%的工程專業(yè)畢業(yè)生可以立刻勝任工作，而只有25%的印度畢業(yè)生做得到這一點(diǎn)，中國(guó)的這個(gè)比例是10%。中國(guó)某大學(xué)的系主任對(duì)我們說,“中國(guó)學(xué)生能夠照貓畫虎地解決一個(gè)問題，但一旦需要獨(dú)創(chuàng)的思維和自己的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造時(shí)，我們就沒轍了。我們正在非常努力地彌補(bǔ)這個(gè)不足，我們正努力讓我們的理工科教育成為解決問題的基礎(chǔ)?！?/p>

在中國(guó)，成立于1898年的北京大學(xué)(PekingUniversity)整體實(shí)力在國(guó)內(nèi)名列前茅。一位北大的學(xué)生以極其嚴(yán)肅的口吻告訴我們，“要能在圖書館占到位子那你運(yùn)氣夠好。哪怕是凌晨三點(diǎn)，你在那里都找不到空位?！?目前，北京大學(xué)是中國(guó)的九校聯(lián)盟之一，九校聯(lián)盟是中國(guó)借鑒美國(guó)常青藤盟校模式、于2009年建立的學(xué)校聯(lián)盟。其目的在于通過九大資金雄厚之院校的合作，吸引到最好的學(xué)生和教師。最近，這些院校每家從政府那里得到了2.7億美元的資金，他們還在吸引“海歸”（即那些在海外拿到博士學(xué)位的中國(guó)學(xué)子）回來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這場(chǎng)中國(guó)的文藝復(fù)興，給海歸的回遷紅包高達(dá)15萬美元。

盡管這九大院校最有實(shí)力闖入全球精英院校之列，不過中國(guó)政府還選出了一百家主要大學(xué)院校作為第二梯隊(duì)，政府為這批院校投入了總計(jì)28億美元的資金。

這兩批院校在校生之間的差距通常并不十分明顯。每年參加中國(guó)教育系統(tǒng)全國(guó)性高考的高中學(xué)生有1,000萬人，高考決定了他們的排名以及能夠進(jìn)入哪所大學(xué)。高考狀元們都成了全國(guó)皆知的明星。不過，批評(píng)者們認(rèn)為，高考過于強(qiáng)調(diào)記憶能力，依靠對(duì)事實(shí)的死記硬背以及考生的反應(yīng)速度就能決定是否可以被大學(xué)錄取，這未免過于武斷。有個(gè)最近高中畢業(yè)的考生告訴我們，“高考那天我感覺不太舒服，結(jié)果我的排名在前10%，不是很好，進(jìn)不去九校聯(lián)盟。我感覺好像生命就此完結(jié)了似的?！?/p>

與中國(guó)相比，印度未來要走的路更長(zhǎng)。印度理工學(xué)院德里分校一位資深系主任說，他每天要面對(duì)的事情就是去處理設(shè)備短缺、教師的薪酬過低以及學(xué)生指標(biāo)問題，有些時(shí)候一些不會(huì)說英文或是讀懂英文的學(xué)生會(huì)憑借指標(biāo)進(jìn)入大學(xué)（這個(gè)指標(biāo)旨在彌補(bǔ)印度種姓制度所造成的后果）。他在自己那間敞著門的酷熱辦公室里抱怨道，“我們資金不足，教師隊(duì)伍中拿博士學(xué)位的人太少，而我們的入學(xué)人數(shù)有五分之一被指標(biāo)生占據(jù)了，對(duì)此也沒有任何補(bǔ)救措施。”

印度大學(xué)資金不足的一個(gè)原因在于，印度中央政府拿出來的教育經(jīng)費(fèi)相對(duì)較少，只占教育總開支的15%。印度28個(gè)邦的教育開支則因富庶程度和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況而異，懸殊很大。不過，同中國(guó)不一樣，印度的私立教育系統(tǒng)很發(fā)達(dá)，私立學(xué)校有近20萬家，還有1.7萬所私立大學(xué)。世界銀行(World Bank)和私人投資者正源源不斷地將數(shù)十億美元投入印度的教育領(lǐng)域，而印度政府也計(jì)劃進(jìn)一步發(fā)展壯大印度最知名的綜合性大學(xué)以及社區(qū)院校。當(dāng)前這個(gè)五年計(jì)劃中建議將教育領(lǐng)域的投資提高到180多億美元。

不過，即便是加上目前所做的這些努力，中國(guó)和印度用于高等教育的資源合在一起也不過是勉強(qiáng)達(dá)到了320億美元──這是哈佛大學(xué)(Harvard)一所學(xué)校就能籌集到的資金水平。不過在中國(guó)和印度這些國(guó)家，就成功的基礎(chǔ)而言，重要的不只是資金，還有態(tài)度。印度理工學(xué)院那位第十九先生代表了發(fā)憤圖強(qiáng)、天資聰慧且有意改善自己生活狀態(tài)的一代學(xué)生。在北京大學(xué)一間學(xué)生宿舍，貼著的勵(lì)志箴言反映出了這一代學(xué)子上進(jìn)的決心：“只要功夫深，鐵杵磨成針。”

At the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi--one of thebest engineering academies in the country--we metShriram, a 21-year-old man who ranked 19 out of485,000 on the school's very demanding entranceexam.We call him Mr.Number 19.Shriram can tell you the date and time when he found outhis test results.The exam--and the preparation for it--dominated his teenage years.He was singled out as a'big talent' at an early age, with an aptitude formathematics and science.To get ready for the IITentrance exam, he enrolled at a private coachinginstitute that prepares students with aggressive drilling inthe major testing areas--physics, chemistry and math.Over those two years, Shriram estimates that he studied90 hours every week.When Shriram arrived at the IIT, he found a class filledwith academic superstars.The faculty has highexpectations.On the first math exam, his freshman classreceived an average grade of 30%.Shriram did poorlytoo but soon bounced back, sacrificing sleep so that hecould study.'All my life I wanted to be here,' he says.'Iknew that if I could go to IIT, major in engineering, workand study hard, my life would be perfect.I would marry abeautiful girl, start a company, help my country advanceand deliver on my family's hopes and dreams.'

Both India and China have intense national testingprograms to find the brightest students for their eliteuniversities.The competition, the preparation and thenational anxiety about the outcomes make the SATtesting programs in the U.S.seem like the minor leagues.The stakes are higher in China and India.The 'chosenones'--those who rank in the top 1%

--get their choiceof university, putting them on a path to fast-track careers,higher incomes and all the benefits of an upper-middle-class life.The system doesn't work so well for the other 99%.There are nearly 40 million university students in Chinaand India.Most attend institutions that churn out studentsat low cost.Students complain that their education is'factory style' and 'uninspired.' Employers complain thatmany graduates need remedial training before they arefully employable.For now, the U.S.university system is still far ahead.Butover the next decade, there will be a global competitionto educate the next generation, and China and India havethe potential to change the balance of power.With largepools of qualified students coming of age, the twocountries have made reforming their universities a toppriority.How far do they have to go? At the Boston ConsultingGroup, we have developed a new ranking to determinethe educational competitiveness of countries: the BCGE4 Index.It is based on four Es: Expenditure(the level ofinvestment in education by government and privatehouseholds);enrollment(the number of students in theeducational system);engineers(the number of qualifiedengineers entering the workforce), and elite institutions(the number of top global higher-education institutions).The U.S.and the U.K.are ranked first and second,driven by raw spending, their dominance in globallyranked universities and engineering graduation rates.China ranks third and India fifth, largely on enrollment(Germany is fourth).The reasons for U.S.supremacy areclear: For one, it spends the most money on education,disbursing $980 billion annually, or twice as much asChina and five times as much as India.It is also the mostengineer-intensive country, with 981 engineering degreesper million citizens, compared with 553 for China and 197for India.American universities currently do a better job overall atpreparing students for the workforce.The WorldEconomic Forum estimates that 81% of U.S.engineeringgraduates are immediately 'employable,' while only 25%of Indian graduates and 10% of Chinese graduates areequally well prepared.'Chinese students can swarm aproblem,' a dean at a major Chinese university told us.'But when it comes to original thought and invention, westumble.We are trying hard to make that up.We aretrying to make technical education the grounding fromwhich we solve problems.'

In China, Peking University, founded in 1898, is generallyranked as the country's top school.One student theretold us in a very serious tone:

'Good luck finding a placein the library.You can't find a seat even at three in themorning.' Peking University is now part of an effort launched in2009 to create a Chinese counterpart to the Ivies--calledthe C9 League.The objective is to attract the bestgraduates and faculty with an array of super-fundedinstitutions.The schools recently received $270 millioneach in government funding, and they are also drawingback 'sea turtles'

--Chinese Ph.D.s from abroad--to leadthe renaissance, with relocation bonuses as high as$150,000.Though the C9 schools have the greatest potential tobreak into the global elite, Chinese officials also identified100 key universities at the next level, where they haveinvested a total of $2.8 billion.The difference in student quality between these tiers isoften insignificant.The Gaokao is China's nationaleducational test, given to 10 million secondary studentsto determine their rank and placement at university.Thetop scorers become national celebrities.But critics saythat the test's emphasis on memorization, fact recall andprocessing speed can determine college admissions tooarbitrarily.'I did not feel well the day of the test,' onerecent graduate told us.'As a result I placed in the top10%, not good enough to get into the C9.I felt like mylife was over.'

Compared with China, India has farther to go.A seniordean at IIT Delhi said that he deals daily with shortagesof equipment, poor pay for teachers and quotas thatsometimes put students who can't read or speak Englishin the classroom.(The quotas are meant as a remedy forthe caste system.)

'We are underfunded, we have toofew Ph.D.s on faculty, and we have a fifth of ourenrollment taken by quota with no remedial programs,'he lamented in his hot, open office.One of the reasons for the underfunding is the relativeweakness of India's central government, which accountsfor only 15% of total expenditure on education.The 28states that account for the balance vary greatly by wealthand infrastructure.But unlike China, India has significantprivate education, with nearly 200,000 private schoolsand 17,000 private colleges.The World Bank and privateinvestors are pouring billions of dollars into educationthere, and the government plans to expand its best-known universities, as well as community colleges.Thecurrent five-year plan proposes higher-educationinvestments of more than $18 billion.Even with the current push, the combinedhigher-education resources of India and China will justbegin to match the $32 billion endowment of Harvardalone.But success in these countries is based as much onattitude as on funds.The IIT's Mr.Number 19 representsa generation of driven, talented students who are intenton improving their lives.In one student's room at PekingUniversity, the commitment to advancement is summedup with a phrase on a poster board: 'If you work hardenough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle.

第二篇：大學(xué)中英文對(duì)照

《大學(xué)》（中英文）

The Great Learning

By Confucius Written ca.500 B.C.E

總綱(右經(jīng)一章，蓋孔子之言，而曾子述之；其傳十章，則曾子之意，而門人記之也。舊本頗有錯(cuò)簡(jiǎn)，今因程子所定，而更考經(jīng)文，別為序次如左。)(凡傳十章：前四章統(tǒng)論綱領(lǐng)指趣；後六章細(xì)論條目工夫。其第五章乃明善之要。第六章乃誠(chéng)身之本，在初學(xué)；尤為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。讀者不可以其近而忽之也)

『１』大學(xué)之道在明明德，在親民，在止於至善。

What the great learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue;to renovate the people;and to rest in the highest excellence.『２』知止而後有定；定而後能靜；靜而後能安；安而後能慮；慮而後能得。The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is thendetermined;and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to.To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil repose.In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end.『３』物有本末；事有終始。知所先後則近道矣。

Things have their root and their branches.Affairs have their endand their beginning.To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning.『４』古之欲明明德於天下者先治其國(guó)。欲治其國(guó)者先齊其家。欲齊其家者先修其身。欲修其身者先正其心。欲正其心者先誠(chéng)其意。欲誠(chéng)其意者先致其知。致知在格物。

The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughoutthe kingdom, first ordered well their own states.Wishing to order welltheir states, they first regulated their families.Wishing to regulatetheir families, they first cultivated their persons.Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts.Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts.Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge.Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things.『５』物格而後知至。知至而後意誠(chéng)。意誠(chéng)而後心正。心正而後身修。身修 而後家齊。家齊而後國(guó)治。國(guó)治而後天下平。

Things being investigated, knowledge became complete.Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere.Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified.Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated.Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated.Their families being regulated, their

states were rightly governed.Their states being rightly governed, the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy.『６』自天子以至於庶人臺(tái)是皆以修身為本。

From the Son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all mustconsider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides.『７』其本亂而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄而其所薄者厚，未之有也。It cannot be, when the root is neglected, that what should springfrom it will be well ordered.It never has been the case that what wasof great importance has been slightly cared for, and, at the same time,that what was of slight importance has been greatly cared for.第一章(右傳之首章，釋明明德。)『１』康誥曰，「克明德。」

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, “He was able to make his virtue illustrious.”

『２』大甲曰，「顧 天之明命?！?/p>

In the Tai Chia, it is said, “He contemplated and studied the illustrious decrees of Heaven.”

『３』帝典曰：「克明峻德?！?/p>

In the Canon of the emperor(Yao), it is said, “He was able tomake illustrious his lofty virtue.”

『４』皆自明也。

These passages all show how those sovereigns made themselvesillustrious.第二章(右傳之二章，釋新民。)

『１』湯之盤銘曰：「茍日新，日日新，又日新。」

On the bathing tub of T'ang, the following words were engraved: “If you can one day renovate yourself, do so from day to day.Yea, letthere be daily renovation.”

『２』康誥曰，「作新民?！?/p>

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, “To stir up the newpeople.” 『３』詩曰：「周雖舊邦，其命維新?！?/p>

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Although Chau was an ancientstate the ordinance which lighted on it was new.”

『４』是故君子無所不用其極。

Therefore, the superior man in everything uses his utmostendeavors.第三章(右傳之三章，釋止於至善。)『１』詩云，「邦畿千里，惟民所止。」

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “The royal domain of a thousandli is where the people rest.”

『２』詩云，「緡蠻黃鳥，止於丘隅?！棺釉唬骸胳吨?，知其所止，可以人而不如鳥乎？」

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “The twittering yellow birdrests on a corner of the mound.” The Master said, “When it rests, it knows where to rest.Is it possible that a man should not be equal to this bird?” 『３』詩云，「穆穆文王，於緝熙敬止?！篂槿司轨度剩粸槿顺?，止於敬；為人子，止於孝；為人父，止於慈；與國(guó)人交，止於信。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Profound was King Wan.With how bright and unceasing a feeling of reverence did he regard his restingplaces!” As a sovereign, he rested in benevolence.As a minister, he rested in reverence.As a son, he rested in filial piety.As a father, he rested in kindness.In communication with his subjects, he rested in good faith.『４』詩云，「瞻彼淇澳，綠竹猗猗。有斐君子。如切如磋，如琢如磨。瑟兮兮，赫兮喧兮。有斐君子，終不可喧兮?！埂溉缜腥绱琛拐撸缹W(xué)也；「如琢如磨」者，自修也；「瑟兮 兮」者，恂栗也；「赫兮喧兮」者，威儀也；「有斐君子，終不可喧兮」者，道盛德至善，民之不能忘也。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Look at that winding course of the Ch'i, with the green bamboos so luxuriant!Here is our elegant andaccomplished prince!As we cut and then file;as we chisel and then grind: so has he cultivated himself.How grave is he and dignified!How majestic and distinguished!Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten.” That expression-“As we cut and then file,” the work of learning.“As we chisel and then grind,” indicates that of self-culture.“How grave is he and dignified!” indicates the feeling of cautious reverence.“How commanding and distinguished!indicates an awe-inspiring deportment.”O(jiān)ur elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten,“ indicates how, when virtue is complete and excellence extreme, the people cannot forget them.『５』詩云，「於戲前王不忘！」君子賢其賢，而親其親。小人樂其樂，而利其利。此以沒世不忘也。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”Ah!the former kings are notforgotten.“ Future princes deem worthy what they deemed worthy, and love what they loved.The common people delight in what delighted them, and are benefited by their beneficial arrangements.It is on this account that the former kings, after they have quitted the world, are not forgotten.第四章(右傳之四章，釋本末。)

子曰：「聽訟，吾猶人也。必也，使無訟乎？」無情者，不得盡其辭，大畏民志。此謂知本。

The Master said, ”In hearing litigations, I am like any other body.What is necessary is to cause the people to have no litigations.“ So, those who are devoid of principle find it impossible to carry out their speeches, and a great awe would be struck into men's minds;-this is called knowing the root.第五章(右傳之五章，蓋釋格物致知之義，而今亡矣。閑嘗竊取程子之意，以補(bǔ)之曰：「所謂致知在格物者：言欲至吾之知，在即物而窮其理也，蓋人心之靈，莫不有知，而天下之物，莫不有理。惟於理有未窮，故其知有不盡也。是以大學(xué)始教，必使學(xué)者即凡天下之物。莫不因其已知之理，而益窮之，以求至乎其極。至於用力之久，而一旦豁然貫通焉。則眾物之表里精粗無不到，而吾心之全體大用，無不明矣。此謂物格。此謂知之至也。)

『１』此謂知本?！海病淮酥^知之至也。

This is called knowing the root.This is called the perfecting of knowledge.第六章(右傳之六章，釋誠(chéng)意。)

『１』所謂誠(chéng)其意者：毋自欺也，如惡惡臭，如好好色。此之謂自謙。故君子必慎其獨(dú)也。

What is meant by ”making the thoughts sincere.“ is the allowing no self-deception, as when we hate a bad smell, and as when we love whatis beautiful.This is called self-enjoyment.Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone.『２』小人閑居為不善，無所不至，見君子，而後厭然。其不善，而著其善。人之視己，如見其肺肝然，則何益矣。此謂誠(chéng)於中，形於外。故君子必慎其獨(dú)也。There is no evil to which the mean man, dwelling retired, will not proceed, but when he sees a superior man, he instantly tries to disguise himself, concealing his evil, and displaying what is good.The other beholds him, as if he saw his heart and reins;-of what use is his disguise? This is an instance of the saying-”What truly is within will be manifested without.“ Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone.『３』曾子曰，「十目所視，十手所指，其嚴(yán)乎。」

The disciple Tsang said, ”What ten eyes behold, what ten handspoint to, is to be regarded with reverence!“

『４』富潤(rùn)屋，德潤(rùn)身。心廣體胖。故君子必誠(chéng)其意。

Riches adorn a house, and virtue adorns the person.The mind isexpanded, and the body is at ease.Therefore, the superior man must make his thoughts sincere.第七章(右傳之七章，釋正心修身。)

『１』所謂修身在正其心者：身有所忿，則不得其正。有所恐懼，則不得其正。有所好樂，則不得其正。有所憂患，則不得其正。

What is meant by, ”The cultivation of the person depends on rectifying the mind may be thus illustrated:-If a man be under the influence of passion he will be incorrect in his conduct.He will be the same, if he is under the influence of terror, or under the influence of fond regard, or under that of sorrow and distress.『２』心不在焉，視而不見，聽而不聞，食而不知其味。

When the mind is not present, we look and do not see;we hear anddo not understand;we eat and do not know the taste of what we eat.『３』此謂修身在正其心。

This is what is meant by saying that the cultivation of the persondepends on the rectifying of the mind.第八章(右傳之八章，釋修身齊家。)

『１』所謂齊其家在修其身者：人之其所親愛而辟焉。之其所賤惡而辟焉。之其所畏敬而辟焉。之其所哀矜而辟焉。之其所敖惰而辟焉。故好而知其惡，惡而知其美者，天下鮮矣。

What is meant by “The regulation of one's family depends on thecultivation of his person is this:-men are partial where they feel affection and love;partial where they despise and dislike;partial where they stand in awe and reverence;partial where they feel sorrow and compassion;partial where they are arrogant and rude.Thus it is that there are few men in the world who love and at the same time know the bad qualities of the object of their love, or who hate and yet know the excellences of the object of their hatred.『２』故諺有之曰，「人莫知其子之惡，莫知其苗之碩?！?/p>

Hence it is said, in the common adage,”A man does not know thewickedness of his son;he does not know the richness of his growingcorn.“

『３』此謂身不修，不可以齊其家。

This is what is meant by saying that if the person be not cultivated, a man cannot regulate his family.第九章(右傳之九章，釋齊家治國(guó)。)

『１』所謂治國(guó)必先齊其家者：其家不可教，而能教人者，無之。故君子不出家，而成教於國(guó)。孝者，所以事君也；弟者，所以事長(zhǎng)也；慈者，所以使眾也。What is meant by ”In order rightly to govern the state, it is necessary first to regulate the family,“ is this:-It is not possible for one to teach others, while he cannot teach his own family.Therefore, the ruler, without going beyond his family, completes the lessons for the state.There is filial piety:-therewith the.sovereign should be served.There is fraternal submission:-therewith elders and superiors should be served.There is kindness:-therewith the multitude should be treated.『２』康誥曰，「如保赤子，心誠(chéng)求之?！闺m不中、不遠(yuǎn)矣，未有學(xué)養(yǎng)子，而後嫁者也。

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, ”Act as if you were watching over an infant.“ If a mother is really anxious about it, though she may not hit exactly the wants of her infant, she will not be far from doing so.There never has been a girl who learned to bring up a child, that she might afterwards marry.『３』一家仁，一國(guó)興仁；一家讓，一國(guó)興讓；一人貪戾，一國(guó)作亂。其機(jī)如此，此謂一言僨事，一人定國(guó)。

From the loving example of one family a whole state becomes loving,and from its courtesies the whole state becomes courteous while, from the ambition and perverseness of the One man, the whole state may be led to rebellious disorder;-such is the nature of the influence.This verifies the saying, ”Affairs may be ruined by a single sentence;a kingdom may be settled by its One man.“

『４』堯舜帥天下以仁，而民從之。桀紂帥天下以暴，而民從之。其所令反其所好，而民不從。是故君子，有諸己，而後求諸人。無諸己，而後非諸人。所藏乎身不恕而能喻諸人者，未之有也。

Yao and Shun led on the kingdom with benevolence and the peoplefollowed them.Chieh and Chau led on the kingdom with violence, and people followed them.The orders which these issued were contrary to the practices which they loved, and so the people did not follow them.On this account, the ruler must himself be possessed of the good qualities, and then he may require them in the people.He must not have the bad qualities in himself, and then he may require that they shall not be in the people.Never has there been a man, who, not having reference to his own character and wishes in dealing with others, was able effectually to instruct them.『５』故治國(guó)在齊其家。

Thus we see how the government of the state depends on the regulation of the family.『６』詩云，「桃之夭夭，其葉蓁蓁，之子於歸，宜其家人?！挂似浼胰?，而後可以教國(guó)人。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”That peach tree, so delicateand elegant!How luxuriant is its foliage!This girl is going to her husband's house.She will rightly order her household.“ Let the household be rightly ordered, and then the people of the state may be taught.『７』詩云，「宜兄宜弟?！挂诵忠说?，而後可以教國(guó)人。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”They can discharge their dutiesto their elder brothers.They can discharge their duties to their younger brothers.“ Let the ruler discharge his duties to his elder and younger brothers, and then he may teach the people of the state.『８』詩云，「其儀不忒，正是四國(guó)?！蛊錇楦缸有值茏惴ǎ崦穹ㄖ?。In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”In his deportment there isnothing wrong;he rectifies all the people of the state.“ Yes;when theruler, as a father, a son, and a brother, is a model, then the people imitate him.『９』此謂治國(guó)，在齊其家。

This is what is meant by saying, ”The government of his kingdomdepends on his regulation of the family.“

第十章（右傳之十章，釋治國(guó)平天下）

『１』所謂平天下在治其國(guó)者：上老老，而民興孝；上長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)，而民興弟；上恤孤，而民不倍。是以君子有榘之道也。

What is meant by ”The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happydepends on the government of his state,“ this:-When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become final;when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission;when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.『２』所惡於上，毋以使下。所惡於下，毋以事上。所惡於前，毋以先後。所惡於後，毋以從前。所惡於右，毋以交於左。所惡於左，毋以交於右。此之謂榘之道。

What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in thetreatment of his inferiors;what he dislikes in inferiors, let him notdisplay in the service of his superiors;what he hates in those who arebefore him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him;what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left;what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called ”The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct.“

『３』詩云：「 樂只君子，民之父母。」民之所好好之；民之所惡惡之。此之謂民之父母。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!“ When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is calledthe parent of the people.『４』詩云：「節(jié)彼南山，維石巖巖。赫赫師尹，民具爾瞻?！褂袊?guó)者不可以不慎。辟則為天下矣。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”Lofty is that southern hill,with its rugged masses of rocks!Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you.“Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.『５』詩云，「殷之未喪師，克配上帝。儀監(jiān)於殷，峻命不易?！沟赖帽姡瑒t得國(guó)；失眾，則失國(guó)。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”Before the sovereigns of theYin dynasty had lost the hearts of the people, they could appear beforeGod.Take warning from the house of Yin.The great decree is not easilypreserved.“ This shows that, by gaining the people, the kingdom is gained, and, by losing the people, the kingdom is lost.『６』是故君子先慎乎德。有德，此有人；有人，此有土；有土，此有財(cái)；有財(cái)，此有用。

On this account, the ruler will first take pains about his ownvirtue.Possessing virtue will give him the people.Possessing the people will give the territory.Possessing the territory will give him its wealth.Possessing the wealth, he will have resources for expenditure.『７』德者本也。財(cái)者末也。

Virtue is the root;wealth is the result.『８』外本內(nèi)末，爭(zhēng)民施奪。

If he make the root his secondary object, and the result his primary, he will only wrangle with his people, and teach them rapine.『９』是故財(cái)聚，則民散。財(cái)散，則民聚。

Hence, the accumulation of wealth is the way to scatter the people;and the letting it be scattered among them is the way to collect thepeople.『１０』是故言悖而出者亦悖而入；貨悖而入者亦悖而出。

And hence, the ruler's words going forth contrary to right, willcome back to him in the same way, and wealth, gotten by improper ways,will take its departure by the same.『１１』康誥曰，「惟命不於常?！沟郎苿t得之，不善則失之矣。

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, ”The decree indeed maynot always rest on us“;that is, goodness obtains the decree, and the want of goodness loses it.『１２』楚書曰，「楚國(guó)無以為寶；惟善以為寶?！?/p>

In the Book of Ch'u, it is said, ”The kingdom of Ch'u does notconsider that to be valuable.It values, instead, its good men.“

『１３』舅犯曰，「亡人，無以為寶；仁親以為寶?！?/p>

Duke Wan's uncle, Fan, said, ”O(jiān)ur fugitive does not account that to be precious.What he considers precious is the affection due to hisparent.“

『１４』秦誓曰，「若有一介臣，斷斷兮，無他技，其心休休焉，其如有容焉，人之有技，若己有之，人之彥圣，其心好之，不啻若自其口出，實(shí)能容之：以能保我子孫黎民，尚亦有利哉。人之有技，疾以惡之，人之彥圣而違之，俾不通，不能容：以不能保我子孫黎民，亦曰殆哉。

In the Declaration of the Duke of Ch'in, it is said, ”Let me havebut one minister, plain and sincere, not pretending to other abilities,but with a simple, upright, mind;and possessed of generosity, regarding the talents of others as though he himself possessed them, and, where he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, loving them in his heart more than his mouth expresses, and really showing himself able to bear them and employ them:-such a minister will be able to preserve my sons and grandsons and black-haired people, and benefits likewise to the kingdom may well be looked for from him.But if it be his character, when he finds men of ability, to be jealous and hate them;and, when he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, to oppose them and not allow their advancement, showing himself really not able to bear them: such a minister will not be able to protect my sons and grandsons and people;and may he not also be pronounced dangerous to the state?“

『１５』唯仁人，放流之，迸諸四夷，不與同中國(guó)。此謂唯仁人，為能愛人，能惡人。

It is only the truly virtuous man who can send away such a man and banish him, driving him out among the barbarous tribes around, determined not to dwell along with him in the Auddle Kingdom.This is in accordance with the saying, ”It is only the truly virtuous man who can love or who can hate others.“

『１６』見賢而不能舉，舉而不能先，命也。見不善而不能退，退而不能遠(yuǎn)，過也。

To see men of worth and not be able to raise them to office;toraise them to office, but not to do so quickly:-this is disrespectful.To see bad men and not be able to remove them;to remove them, but notto do so to a distance:-this is weakness.『１７』好人之所惡，惡人之所好：是謂拂人之性。必逮夫身。

To love those whom men hate, and to hate those whom men love;-thisis to outrage the natural feeling of men.Calamities cannot fail to come down on him who does so.『１８』是故君子，有大道必忠信以得之；驕泰以失之。

Thus we see that the sovereign has a great course to pursue.Hemust show entire self-devotion and sincerity to attain it, and by prideand extravagance he will fail of it.『１９』生財(cái)有大道，生之者眾，食之者寡。為之者疾，用之者舒。則財(cái)恒足矣。

There is a great course also for the production of wealth.Let the producers be many and the consumers few.Let there be activity in theproduction, and economy in the expenditure.Then the wealth will alwaysbe sufficient.『２０』仁者，以財(cái)發(fā)身。不仁者，以身發(fā)財(cái)。

The virtuous ruler, by means of his wealth, makes himself moredistinguished.The vicious ruler accumulates wealth, at the expense ofhis life.『２１』未有上好仁，而下不好義者也。未有好義，其事不終者也。未有府庫(kù)財(cái)非其財(cái)者也。

Never has there been a case of the sovereign loving benevolence,and the people not loving righteousness.Never has there been a case where the people have loved righteousness, and the affairs of the sovereign have not been carried to completion.And never has there been a case where the wealth in such a state, collected in the treasuries and arsenals, did not continue in the sovereign's possession.『２２』孟獻(xiàn)子曰，「畜馬乘，不察於雞豚。伐冰之家不畜牛羊。百乘之家不畜聚斂之臣，與其有聚斂之臣。寧有盜臣。此謂國(guó)不以利為利，以義為利也。The officer Mang Hsien said, ”He who keeps horses and a carriagedoes not look after fowls and pigs.The family which keeps its stores of ice does not rear cattle or sheep.So, the house which possesses a hundred chariots should not keep a minister to look out for imposts that he may lay them on the people.Than to have such a minister, it were better for that house to have one who should rob it of its revenues.“ This is in accordance with the saying:-”In a state, pecuniary gain is not to be considered to be prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness.“

『２３』長(zhǎng)國(guó)家而務(wù)財(cái)用者，必自小人矣，彼為善之。小人之使為國(guó)家，害并至，雖有善者，亦無如之何矣。此謂國(guó)不以利為利，以義為利也。

When he who presides over a state or a family makes his revenueshis chief business, he must be under the influence of some small, meanman.He may consider this man to be good;but when such a person is employed in the administration of a state or family, calamities from Heaven, and injuries from men, will befall it together, and, though a good man may take his place, he will not be able to remedy the evil.This illustrates again the saying, ”In a state, gain is not to be considered prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness."

THE END

第三篇：美國(guó)大學(xué)十佳畢業(yè)典禮演講精選(中英文對(duì)照)

Top 10 Commencement Speeches Quotes in American Universities

美國(guó)大學(xué)十佳畢業(yè)典禮演講精選

閱讀難度☆☆☆

每年的五六月，是美國(guó)大學(xué)舉行畢業(yè)典禮的季節(jié)。按照慣例，各界名流都會(huì)受邀到各大名校去作激動(dòng)人心的演講。本文精選了近年來美國(guó)最有影響力的十佳畢業(yè)典禮演講，與已經(jīng)或即將畢業(yè)的讀者朋友們共勉。

1.Steve Jobs

史蒂芬·喬布斯

CEO of Apple Computers 蘋果電腦CEO

Stanford University斯坦福大學(xué)

June 12, 20052005年6月12日

Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.記著你總會(huì)死去，這是我知道的防止患得患失的最佳辦法。赤條條來去無牽掛，還有什么理由不隨你的心？！

你的時(shí)間是有限的，因此不要把時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在過別人的生活上。不要被教條所困——使自己的生活受限于他人的思想成果。不要讓他人的意見淹沒了你自己內(nèi)心的聲音。最重要的是，要有勇氣跟隨你的內(nèi)心與直覺，它們好歹已經(jīng)知道你真正想讓自己成為什么。其他的，都是次要的。

2.David Foster Wallace

大衛(wèi)·福斯特·華萊士

Novelist小說家

Kenyon College肯尼恩學(xué)院

May 21, 20052005年5月21日

There are these two young fish swimming along and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, “Morning, boys.How's the water?” And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, “What the hell is water?”

...simple awareness;awareness of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, all the time, that we have to keep reminding ourselves over and over:

“This is water.”

“This is water.”

It is unimaginably hard to do this, to stay conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out.有兩條小魚一起在水里游，碰到一條老魚迎面游過來。老魚向他們點(diǎn)點(diǎn)頭，并說：“早上好，孩子們。水怎么樣？”這兩條小魚繼續(xù)往前游了一會(huì)兒后，其中一條小魚實(shí)在忍不住了，看了一下另一條小魚，問道：“水到底是什么東西？”

??簡(jiǎn)單的意識(shí)；對(duì)我們生活中如此真實(shí)、如此必不可少、無處不在、無時(shí)不在的事物的意識(shí)，需要我們一遍一遍地提醒自己：

“這是水。”

“這是水?！?/p>

天天都保持意識(shí)清醒而鮮活，在成人世界中做到這點(diǎn)，是不可想象地難。

3.Michael Uslan

邁克爾·奧斯蘭

Movie Producer電影制片人

Indiana University 印第安納大學(xué)

May 06, 20062006年5月6日

You must believe in yourself and in your work.When our first Batman movie broke all those box-office records, I received a phone call from that United Artists exec who, years before, had told me I was out of my mind.Now he said, “Michael, I'm just calling to congratulate you on the success of Batman.I always said you were a visionary.” You see the point here — don't believe them when they tell you how bad you are or how terrible your ideas are, but also, don't believe them when they tell you how wonderful you are and how great your ideas are.Just believe in yourself and you'll do just fine.And, oh yes, don't then forget to market yourself and your ideas.Use both sides of your brain.You must have a high threshold for frustration.Take it from the guy who was turned down by every studio in Hollywood.You must knock on doors until your knuckles bleed.Doors will slam in your face.You must pick yourself up, dust yourself off, and knock again.It's the only way to achieve your goals in life.你必須相信你自己，對(duì)自己的工作充滿信心。當(dāng)我們的第一部電影《蝙蝠俠》創(chuàng)下史無前例的票房紀(jì)錄時(shí)，我接到了藝術(shù)家聯(lián)合會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)的電話，他在數(shù)年之前曾說我瘋了。如今他說：“邁克爾，我給你打電話祝賀《蝙蝠俠》的成功。我總說你是一位有遠(yuǎn)見的人?！蹦憧矗P(guān)鍵在這里，當(dāng)他們說你有多差，你的想法有多糟的時(shí)候，不要信他們的話，同時(shí)，當(dāng)他們告訴你你有多么了不起，你的想法多美妙時(shí)，也不要相信他們。你就只相信你自己，這樣你就能做好。還有，那就是，不要忘記推銷你自己和你的想法。左右大腦你都得用。

要能經(jīng)受得住挫敗。這是被好萊塢每一家制片廠拒絕過的人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。你必須去敲一扇扇的門，直到指關(guān)節(jié)流血。大門會(huì)在你面前砰然關(guān)上，你必須重振旗鼓，彈去身上的灰塵，再敲下一扇門。這是實(shí)現(xiàn)你人生目標(biāo)的唯一辦法。

4.Woody Hayes

伍迪·海耶斯

College Fooball Coach大學(xué)橄欖球教練

Ohio State University俄亥俄州立大學(xué)

May 14, 19861986年5月14日

In football we always said that the other team couldn't beat us.We had to be sure that we didn't beat ourselves.And that’s what people have to do, too — make sure they don't beat themselves....you'll find out that nothing that comes easy is worth a dime.As a matter of fact, I never saw a football player make a tackle with a smile on his face.Never.在橄欖球場(chǎng)上，我們總是說其他隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)勝不了我們。我們必須做到不把自己打垮。所有人也都必須這么做，確保自己不要被自己打垮。

??你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，來得容易的東西總是一文不值。事實(shí)上，我從來沒有看到哪位橄欖球運(yùn)動(dòng)員是帶著微笑完成阻截的。

5.Bradley Whitford

布蘭德利·惠特福德

Actor演員

University Wisconsin-Madison威斯康辛大學(xué)麥迪遜分校

May 17, 20062006年5月17日

Number One: Fall in love with the process and the results will follow.Number Two: Do your work.Number Three: Once you're prepared, throw your preparation in the trash.Number Four: You are capable of more than you think.Number Five: Listen.Number Six: Take action.You have a choice.You can either be a passive victim of circumstance or you can be the active hero of your own life.Action is the antidote to apathy and cynicism and despair.第一，愛上過程，結(jié)果自然會(huì)來。

第二，做你的事。

第三，一旦準(zhǔn)備好，就付諸行動(dòng)。

第四，你能做的，超出了你的想象。

第五，聆聽。

第六，采取行動(dòng)。

你有一個(gè)選擇。要么你成為環(huán)境的被動(dòng)受害者，要么你主動(dòng)成為自己生活的英雄。行動(dòng)可以消除冷漠、玩世不恭與絕望。

6.Jerry Zucker

杰瑞·朱克

Director, movie producer 導(dǎo)演、電影制片人

University of Wisconsin威斯康辛大學(xué)

May 17, 20032003年5月17日

It doesn't matter whether your dream came true if you spent your whole life sleeping.Ask yourself one question: If I didn't have to do it perfectly, what would I try?

Nobody else is paying as much attention to your failures as you are.You're the only one who is obsessed with the importance of your own life.To everyone else, it's just a blip on the radar screen, so just move on.如果你一生都在睡覺，你的夢(mèng)想是否實(shí)現(xiàn)就無關(guān)緊要了。

問你自己一個(gè)問題：如果我不是必須做得完美，那我還努力什么呢？

沒有人會(huì)像你自己那樣對(duì)自己的失敗那么在意。你是唯一一個(gè)能追求自己的生活意義的人。對(duì)于其他所有人來說，你只是雷達(dá)熒光屏上的一個(gè)光點(diǎn)。所以，只管前行吧。

7.Earl Bakken

厄爾·巴肯

Businessman商人

University of Hawaii 夏威夷大學(xué)

By all reckoning, the bumblebee is aerodynamically unsound and shouldn't be able to fly.Yet, the little bee gets those wings going like a turbo-jet and flies to every plant its chubby little body can land on to collect all the nectar it can hold.Bumblebees are the most persistent creatures.They don't know they can't fly, so they just keep buzzing around.Never give in to pessimism.Don't know that you can't fly, and you will soar like an eagle.Don't end up regretting what you did not do because you were too lazy or too frightened to soar.Be a bumblebee!And soar to the heavens.You can do it.無論怎么考量，大黃蜂從空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)上講是不健全、不應(yīng)該會(huì)飛的。但是，這種小蜜蜂卻像渦輪噴氣飛機(jī)一樣地展翅飛行，飛到它圓乎乎的身體能夠降落的任何植物上去采蜜。

大黃蜂最堅(jiān)韌的生靈，它們不知道自己不能飛，因此它們只管到處嗡嗡地飛個(gè)不停。

千萬不要悲觀。不知道你不會(huì)飛，你會(huì)像鷹一樣高高飛翔。不要到頭來后悔自己因?yàn)樘珣谢蛱赂唢w而無所作為。做一只大黃蜂。飛到天上去。你能做到的。

8.John Walsh

約翰·沃爾什

Author and art historian作家和藝術(shù)歷史學(xué)家

Wheaton College惠頓學(xué)院

20002000年

Do one thing at a time.Give each experience all your attention.Try to resist being distracted by other sights and sounds, other thoughts and tasks, and when it is, guide your mind back to what you're doing.I'm not warning against learning many things on many subjects.My warning is against distraction, whether you invite it or just let it happen.In baseball, high-percentage hitters know better: it's “focus” they talk about, and they prize it as much as strength.Psychologists describe skilled rock climbers and tennis players and pianists as going beyond focus, to what they have called a “flow” experience, a sense of absorption with the rock or the ball or the music in which the “me versus it” disappears and there's a kind of oneness with the task that brings a joyful higher awareness, as well as successful performance.I've had these experiences, too little but not too late, and probably you have, too.They are a supreme kind of pleasure.You will have more of them if you do one thing at a time.一次做一件事情。全力關(guān)注你每一次的經(jīng)歷。決不要被別的聲色之物和其他想法、任務(wù)分心。一旦分心了，引導(dǎo)你的注意力重新回到你做的事情上。

我不是在反對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)多個(gè)學(xué)科的眾多知識(shí)。我所警告的是分心與干擾，無論是你主動(dòng)招惹的，還是讓它發(fā)生的。在棒球場(chǎng)上，得分高的擊球員對(duì)此有更深體會(huì)：他們談的是“專注”，他們把它看得跟力量一樣重要。在心理學(xué)家的描述中，高技能的攀巖者、網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員、鋼琴家已經(jīng)超越了專注，達(dá)到了他們所稱的經(jīng)驗(yàn)之“流”，那是一種跟巖石、網(wǎng)球或音樂融為一體的感覺，“我與它”已然消失，跟任務(wù)合二為一，給人以更高水平的愉悅體驗(yàn)，而不僅僅是成功地完成了任務(wù)。我有這種體驗(yàn)，雖然很少，但來得還不算遲，或許你也有這種體驗(yàn)。這是一種最高形式的快樂。如果你一次專注于一件事情，你就會(huì)有更多這樣的體驗(yàn)。

9.David L.Calhoun

大衛(wèi)·卡爾霍恩

Businessman商人

Virginia Tech弗吉尼亞理工大學(xué)

May 13, 20052005年5月13日

to isolate the subject he spoke most passionately to me about, over all those years, it is that SELF CONFIDENCE is the most important, the indispensable characteristic of success, the common characteristic shared by great leaders whose talents may have varied widely in most other respects.So, how do you get it? What is the secret to developing your own brand of self-confidence?

First, you must resolve to grow intellectually, morally, technically, and professionally every day through your entire work and family life.You need to ask yourself every day: Am I really up to speed or falling behind? Am I still learning? Or am I just doing the same stuff on a different day or as Otis Redding sings, “Sitting on the dock of the bay...watching the tide roll away?”

The lust for learning is age-independent.Another important way to build your confidence is to seek out the toughest jobs, the most daunting scientific, engineering or management challenges.我在通用公司為一個(gè)名叫杰克·韋爾奇的家伙工作了20年。他既是一位偉大的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，也是一位偉大的導(dǎo)師，過去是，現(xiàn)在也是。如果我必須找出那些年里他充滿激情地對(duì)我說的最主要的話，那就是：自信是最重要的，它是成功必不可少的，是所有在其他多數(shù)方面才能也許大相徑庭的偉大領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的共同特征。

如何獲得自信？培養(yǎng)你特有的自信的秘訣是什么？

首先，你必須下決心每天都通過你的工作和家庭生活去獲得智力、道德、技術(shù)與專業(yè)上的提高。你需要每天問自己：我是在加速前進(jìn)還是在后退？我還在學(xué)習(xí)嗎？我是在每天重復(fù)做同樣的事情或就像奧蒂斯·瑞汀所唱的那樣，“坐在海灣的碼頭上，看潮起潮落”？

對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的渴望是不受年齡限制的。

培養(yǎng)自信的另一個(gè)重要途徑是尋找最難做的工作，最棘手的科學(xué)、工程或管理方面的難題。

10.Marc S.Lewis

馬克·劉易斯

Clinical psychology professor臨床心理學(xué)教授

University of Texas at Austin得克薩斯大學(xué)奧斯汀分校

May 19, 20002000年5月19日

There are times when you are going to do well, and times when you're going to fail.But neither the doing well, nor the failure is the measure of success.The measure of success is what you think about what you've done.Let me put that another way: The way to be happy is to like yourself and the way to like yourself is to do only things that make you proud.There's that old joke, not very funny, that goes, “No matter where you go, there you are.” That's true.The person who you're with most in life is yourself and if you don't like yourself you're always with somebody you don't like.有時(shí)候你會(huì)干得很漂亮，有時(shí)候你會(huì)失敗，但二者都不是衡量成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。衡量成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是你自己對(duì)你的所為怎么看。讓我換一句話說：讓自己幸福的辦法是喜歡你自己，喜歡自己的辦法是只做讓你自己感到驕傲的事情。

有一個(gè)老笑話，不是很好笑，它是這么說的：“無論你走到哪里，你都在那里。”這是真的。你一生中跟你在一起最多的人是你自己，如果你不喜歡你自己，那你就會(huì)總是跟你不喜歡的人在一起。

第四篇：大學(xué)課程中英文對(duì)照

會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)

accountancy 美國(guó)研究

American studies 解剖與生物結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)

anatomy &structural biology 古代史

ancient history 動(dòng)物行為學(xué)

animal behaviour 動(dòng)物認(rèn)知學(xué)

animal cognition 動(dòng)物科學(xué)與心理

animal science & physiology 南極研究

Antarctic studies 人類學(xué)

anthropology 應(yīng)用行為分析

applied behaviour analysis 應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)/金融學(xué)

applied economics/ finance 應(yīng)用科學(xué)

applied science 建筑研究/技術(shù)

architecture studies/ technology 藝術(shù)策展

art curatorship 藝術(shù)史與理論

art history & theory 藝術(shù)與語言教育

arts & languages education 藝術(shù)（應(yīng)用型）arts(applied)亞洲語言

Asian languages 亞洲研究

Asian studies

天文學(xué)與天體物理學(xué)

astronomy & astrophysics 聽覺學(xué)

audiology 行為分析

behaviour analysis 生化工程

biochemical engineering 生物化學(xué)

biochemistry 生物工程/生物加工工程

bioengineering/ bioprocess engineering 生物信息學(xué)

bioinformatics 生物科學(xué)

biological sciences 生物數(shù)學(xué)

biomathematics 生物醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)/工程

biomedical science/ engineering 生物安全

biosecurity/ bioprotection 生物技術(shù)

biotechnology 廣播

broadcasting 建筑科學(xué)/技術(shù)

building science/ technology 工商管理

business administration 商業(yè)電腦

business computing 商業(yè)管理

business management 商務(wù)

business/ commerce 細(xì)胞與分子生物科學(xué)/生物科技

cell & molecular 化學(xué)工程/技術(shù)

chemical engineering/ technology 化學(xué)物理

chemical physics 化學(xué)

chemistry 兒童與家庭心理學(xué)

child & family psychology 兒童權(quán)益

child advocacy 中文

Chinese 基督教思想與歷史

Christian thought & history 電影研究

cinema studies 土木工程

civil engineering 古典學(xué)

classics 臨床心理學(xué)

clinical psychology 臨床教學(xué) clinical teaching

服裝與紡織學(xué)

clothing & textile science 認(rèn)知科學(xué)

cognitive science 商業(yè)法

commercial law 通訊障礙

communication disorders 通訊研究/管理

communication studies/ management 社區(qū)牙科

community dentistry 社區(qū)營(yíng)養(yǎng)

community nutrition 比較文學(xué)

comparative literature 比較生理學(xué)

comparative physiology 計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)

computational & applied mathematics 計(jì)算機(jī)建模

computational modelling 計(jì)算機(jī)平面設(shè)計(jì)

computer graphic design 計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)

computer science 計(jì)算機(jī)安全與驗(yàn)證

computer security & forensics 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)/系統(tǒng)工程/網(wǎng)絡(luò)

computer systems/ systems engineering/ networks 計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)/工程

computing technology/ engineering 計(jì)算機(jī)/計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用

computing/ applied computing 保育生物學(xué)

conservation biology 施工管理

construction management 咨詢

counseling 創(chuàng)意寫作

creative writing 刑事學(xué)

criminology 文化研究

cultural studies 舞蹈

dance 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)

demography 牙科衛(wèi)生/手術(shù)/技術(shù)/治療

dental hygiene/ surgery/ technology/ therapy 設(shè)計(jì) design 發(fā)展研究/經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

development studies/ economics 電子設(shè)計(jì)

digital design 電子音樂/聲音藝術(shù)

digital music/ sonic art 外交與國(guó)際關(guān)系

diplomacy & international relations 爭(zhēng)議解決

dispute resolution 戲劇

drama 土地與土壤科學(xué)

earth & soil science 生態(tài)及健康

ecology & health 生態(tài)學(xué)/生物多樣性/生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

ecology/ biodiversity/ ecosystems 電子商務(wù)/電子商務(wù)技術(shù)

e-commerce/ e-commerce technology 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)/經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)量學(xué)

economics/ econometrics 教育

education 教育與教學(xué)（幼兒教育）education & teaching(early childhood)教育與教學(xué)（小學(xué)）education & teaching(primary)教育與教學(xué)（中學(xué)）education & teaching(secondary)教育管理（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）

educational administration(leadership)電子/電氣與電子工程

electronics/ electrical & electronics engineering 應(yīng)急管理

emergency management 雇傭關(guān)系

employment relations 能源研究與管理

energy studies & management 工程

engineering 工程與工業(yè)管理

engineering & industrial management 工程地質(zhì)學(xué)

engineering geology 工程管理

engineering management 工程數(shù)學(xué)

engineering mathematics

英語語言能力

English language proficiency 英語教學(xué)/第二語言教學(xué)

English language teaching/ TESOL/ second language teaching 英語/英國(guó)問文學(xué)

English/ English literature 企業(yè)發(fā)展

enterprise development 創(chuàng)業(yè)/創(chuàng)新

entrepreneurship/ innovation 環(huán)境健康

environmental health 環(huán)境管理/規(guī)劃

environmental management/ planning 環(huán)境科學(xué)/工程

environmental science/ engineering 倫理學(xué)

ethics 民族音樂學(xué)

ethnomusicology 歐洲研究

European studies 歐盟研究

European Union studies 活動(dòng)管理

events management 生物進(jìn)化學(xué)

evolutionary biology 高層管理培訓(xùn)

executive education 時(shí)尚

fashion 電影/電視/屏幕與媒體

film/ television/ screen & media 金融

finance 美術(shù)

fine art 消防工程

fire engineering 魚類生理學(xué)

fish physiology 食品科學(xué)/工程/技術(shù)

food science/ engineering/ technology 法醫(yī)學(xué)

forensic science 林業(yè)/林業(yè)工程/農(nóng)林業(yè)

forestry/ forestry engineering/ agro forestry 預(yù)科

foundation studies 法語

French 淡水管理

freshwater management 人體機(jī)能生物學(xué)

functional human biology 性別與婦女研究

gender & women’s studies 遺傳學(xué)

genetics 地理信息系統(tǒng)

geographic information system 地理

geography 地質(zhì)

geology 地球物理學(xué)

geophysics 德語

German平面設(shè)計(jì)

graphic design 古典希臘學(xué)

Greek(classic)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估與管理

hazard assessment & management 保健發(fā)展與政策

health development & policy 健康科學(xué)

health sciences 歷史

history 歷史與科學(xué)哲學(xué)

history & philosophy of science 人類發(fā)展

human development

計(jì)算機(jī)人機(jī)界面技術(shù)

human interface technology 人力資源管理/發(fā)展 human resource management/ development 人性化服務(wù)

human services 水文學(xué)/水科學(xué)與技術(shù)

hydrology/ water science & technology 免疫學(xué)

immunology 原住民研究

indigenous studies 工業(yè)與組織心理學(xué)

industrial & organizational psychology 工業(yè)生物科學(xué)

industrial bioscience 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

industrial design 勞資關(guān)系與人力資源管理

industrial relations & human resource management 感染與免疫

infection & immunity 信息與通訊工程

information & communication engineering 信息科學(xué)

information science 信息系統(tǒng)/管理/技術(shù)

information system/management/ technology 創(chuàng)新科技

innovation & technology 室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)

interior design 國(guó)際商務(wù)/經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

international business/ economics 國(guó)際法律與政治

international law & politics 國(guó)際管理

international management 國(guó)際關(guān)系/外交/安全研究

international relations/ diplomacy/ security studies 口譯

interpreting 毛利解讀與翻譯

interpreting & translating Maori 意大利語

Italian 日語

Japan 新聞學(xué)

journalism 韓語

Korean 勞工研究

labor studies 土地與空間信息研究

land & spatial information management 土地規(guī)劃與發(fā)展

land planning& development 拉丁文

Latin（classic）拉丁美洲研究

Latin American studies 法律

law 圖書館與信息管理

library &information management 語言學(xué)/應(yīng)用語言學(xué)

linguistics/ applied linguistics 物流與供應(yīng)鏈管理

logistics & supply chain management 管理與可持續(xù)發(fā)展

management & sustainability 管理科學(xué)

management science 管理溝通/管理/系統(tǒng)

management communication/ management/ systems 制造系統(tǒng)工程

manufacturing systems engineering 毛利與本土文化

Maori & indigenous knowledge 毛利與太平洋發(fā)展

Maori & pacific development 毛利商務(wù)/毛利資源開發(fā)

Maori business/ Maori resource development 毛利研究/語言

Maori studies/ language 毛利視覺藝術(shù)

Maori visual arts 海洋科學(xué) marine science 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷

marketing 市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷與傳媒

marketing& communication 大眾傳媒

mass communication 材料與工藝工程

materials & process engineering 材料科學(xué)/技術(shù)

materials science/ technology 數(shù)學(xué)物理

mathematical physics 數(shù)學(xué)與哲學(xué)

mathematics & philosophy 數(shù)學(xué)教育

mathematics education 數(shù)學(xué)/應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)

mathematics/ applied mathematics 機(jī)電一體化/機(jī)械工程

mechatronics / mechanical engineering 媒體研究

media studies 醫(yī)療檢驗(yàn)學(xué)

medical laboratory science 醫(yī)療物理學(xué)

medical physics 醫(yī)療物理學(xué)

medical physics（clinical）醫(yī)療科學(xué)

medical science 醫(yī)藥學(xué)

medicine 中世紀(jì)與近代歐洲研究

medieval & early modern European studies 心理健康

mental health 微生物

microbiology 現(xiàn)代語言

modern languages 分子生物科學(xué)/生物科技

molecular biosciences / biotechnology 分子醫(yī)學(xué)

molecular medicine 貨幣與金融

money & finance 多媒體

multimedia 博物館研究/文物研究

museum studies/ heritage studies 音樂

music 音樂（古典表演）

music（classical performance）音樂（合成）

music（composition）音樂（爵士樂）

music（jazz）音樂教育/歷史/教學(xué)

music education/history/ teaching 音樂表演（器樂與聲樂）/音樂才能

music performance(instrumental & vocal)/ musicianship 自然資源經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)/管理

natural resource economics/ management 自然資源工程學(xué)

natural resource engineering 神經(jīng)學(xué)

neuroscience 新西蘭法律研究

New Zealand legal studies 新西蘭研究

New Zealand studies 護(hù)理學(xué)

nursing 護(hù)理與助產(chǎn)

nursing & midwifery 營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)

nutrition 職業(yè)健康

occupational health 職業(yè)理療師

occupational therapy 運(yùn)營(yíng)管理

operations management 運(yùn)籌學(xué)

operations research 驗(yàn)光

optometry 組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與發(fā)展

organizational leadership & development 組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與心理

organizational leadership & psychology 戶外教育

outdoor education 太平洋研究

pacific studies 繪畫

painting 公園與康樂管理

parks & recreation management 病理

pathology 和平研究

peace studies 表演藝術(shù)

performing arts 個(gè)人理財(cái)規(guī)劃

personal finance planning 藥理學(xué)/藥學(xué)

pharmacology/ pharmaceutical science 藥房

pharmacy 哲學(xué)

philosophy 攝影/攝影傳媒與設(shè)計(jì)

photography/ photographic media & design 物理教育

physical education 物理學(xué)

physics 生理學(xué)

physiology 理療

physiotherapy 植物生物學(xué)/植物學(xué)

plant biology/ botany 植物生物技術(shù)

plant biotechnology 波蘭語（語言與文化）Polish（language & culture）政治學(xué)

political science 人口研究

population studies 版畫制作

print making 產(chǎn)品開發(fā)

product development 專業(yè)進(jìn)修研究

professional studies 資產(chǎn)研究

properly studies 精神病學(xué)

psychiatry 心理學(xué)/應(yīng)用心理學(xué)

psychology/ applied psychology 心理治療

psychotherapy 公共衛(wèi)生

public health 公共政策

public policy 公共關(guān)系/管理

public relations/ management 康樂研究

recreation management 宗教研究

religious studies/theology 資源及環(huán)境規(guī)劃/區(qū)域規(guī)劃

resource & environmental planning/ regional planning 資源管理

resource management 俄語

Russian 薩摩亞研究

Samoan studies 科學(xué)

science 科學(xué)與技術(shù)

science & technology 科學(xué)與技術(shù)教育

science & technology education 科學(xué)與創(chuàng)業(yè)

science and entrepreneurship 科學(xué)傳媒

science communication 科學(xué)教育

science education 科技創(chuàng)新與創(chuàng)業(yè)

science innovation & entrepreneurship 科技、毛利與本土文化

science、Maori and indigenous knowledge 雕塑

sculpture 社會(huì)政策與分析

social policy/ analysis 社會(huì)科學(xué)

social science 社會(huì)科學(xué)研究

social science research 社會(huì)工作

social work 社會(huì)學(xué) sociology 軟件開發(fā)

software development 軟件工程

software engineering 土壤學(xué)

soil science 南亞研究

south Asia studies 西班牙語

Spanish 空間設(shè)計(jì)

spatial design 特殊教育

special education 言語與語言治療

speech & language therapy 體育商業(yè)管理

sport business management 體育教練

sport coach 體育與運(yùn)動(dòng)

sports & exercise 運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)

sports medicine 統(tǒng)計(jì)

statistics 戰(zhàn)略管理

strategic management 供應(yīng)鏈管理

supply chain management 系統(tǒng)開發(fā)

systems development 系統(tǒng)工程

systems engineering 稅務(wù)與會(huì)計(jì)

taxation & accounting 技術(shù)

technology 技術(shù)教育

technology education 電訊

telecommunication 電視制作

television production 紡織品設(shè)計(jì)

textile design 戲劇研究

drama studies 時(shí)基媒體

time-based media 湯加

Tongan 旅游資源、影響與規(guī)劃

tourism resources、impacts & planning 旅游/旅游與酒店管理

tourism/ tourism & hospitality management 毒理學(xué)

toxicology 翻譯研究

translation studies 運(yùn)輸工程/研究

transportation engineering/ studies 懷唐伊條約研究

treaty of Waitangi studies 城市設(shè)計(jì)

urban design 估價(jià)與物業(yè)管理

valuation & property management 視覺藝術(shù)/人文/通信設(shè)計(jì)

visual arts/ culture/ communication design 葡萄栽培/釀酒

viticulture/ oenology 網(wǎng)絡(luò)與數(shù)據(jù)密集型系統(tǒng)

web & data-intensive system 動(dòng)物學(xué)

zoology

第五篇：大學(xué)課程中英文對(duì)照

軍事理論Military Theory

馬克思主義原理Principle of Marxism

大學(xué)英語English

高等數(shù)學(xué)Advanced Mathematics

大學(xué)物理College Physics

線性代數(shù)Linear Algebra

概率論P(yáng)robability Theory

復(fù)變函數(shù)與積分變換Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations

體育Physical Education

機(jī)械制圖Mechanical Graphing

理論力學(xué)Theoretical Mechanics

材料力學(xué)Mechanics of Materials

C語言C language

機(jī)械原理Theory of Machines and Mechanisms 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)Design of Machinery

工程材料Engineering Materials

金工實(shí)習(xí)Metalworking Practice

機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)Fundamentals of Manufacturing Technology機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)Technology of Mechanical Manufacture機(jī)械工程英語Mechanical Engineering English

液壓傳動(dòng)Hydraulic Transmission

模擬電子電路Analogical Electronics

數(shù)字電子電路Digital Electronics

微機(jī)控制技術(shù)Microcomputer Control Technology

計(jì)算機(jī)接口技術(shù)Computer Interface Technology

信號(hào)處理Signal Processing

控制工程基礎(chǔ)Control Engineering Foundation

測(cè)試技術(shù)Testing Technology

生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)Production Practice

機(jī)電工程學(xué)院

School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering

機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化

Machinery Design and Manufacturing and Its Automation

機(jī)械工程Mechanical Engineering

機(jī)械制造及自動(dòng)化Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation