第一篇：經(jīng)典電氣工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯(外文翻譯)

進(jìn)行中的工程——電力電子技術(shù)和可

再生能源實(shí)驗(yàn)課程的一體化

摘要

這個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的工作展現(xiàn)了研究工作和教育活動(dòng)在利用可替代能源的電力電子實(shí)驗(yàn)室和可再生能源作為未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)獲得可持續(xù)發(fā)展的解決方案和基于波多黎各國(guó)家實(shí)際需要的重要影響的散布推廣。這項(xiàng)正在進(jìn)行的工作主要集中在兩個(gè)方面：1）電力電子本科生課程實(shí)驗(yàn)室的實(shí)踐操作的集成以及可再生能源的應(yīng)用。2）本科生關(guān)于選定對(duì)于可再生能源在一個(gè)真實(shí)地理區(qū)域（例如我們的情況波多黎各）的應(yīng)用的電力電子拓?fù)涞难芯拷?jīng)驗(yàn)。最后，作為我們這篇論文的一個(gè)目的，我們希望可以使其他學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)注意到對(duì)于一個(gè)電力工程的教學(xué)大綱，增加包括電力電子學(xué)、可再生能源、和實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的課程對(duì)于他們國(guó)家益處的重要性以及必須性。

關(guān)鍵詞：教學(xué)工藝、實(shí)驗(yàn)室、電力電子學(xué)、太陽(yáng)能、熱能

引言

當(dāng)今世界范圍內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的變化給我們的日常生活帶來(lái)了巨大的影響。油價(jià)每天都在漲，但存儲(chǔ)量每天都在下降。同時(shí)，人口統(tǒng)計(jì)的變化會(huì)影響電力設(shè)施的可行性，并最終影響到工業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)上的未來(lái)。而且，二氧化碳排放量的減少為電力設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)提供了幫助。這就是為什么那么多國(guó)家希望集合可再生能源作為他們用持續(xù)發(fā)展方式發(fā)電的作為他們國(guó)家政策的一部分。

但是，任何改變電力基本設(shè)備的計(jì)劃和它的國(guó)家政策都需要有著傳統(tǒng)電力系統(tǒng)、電力電子拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和可行性的可再生能源方面專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的熟練勞動(dòng)工人。對(duì)于任何國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，他們的專(zhuān)業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)于使這個(gè)國(guó)家具有良好專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的熟練勞動(dòng)工人都扮演著十分重要的角色。這就是對(duì)于現(xiàn)在普通的學(xué)生（潛在的雇員）只學(xué)理論課程并不夠的原因；同時(shí)，一些實(shí)踐操作的實(shí)驗(yàn)也是必須的！為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，作者做的工作是把一些實(shí)際操作實(shí)驗(yàn)的一體化策略加入，以吸引和培養(yǎng)合適的電力電子、可再生能源和本科研究領(lǐng)域的ECE學(xué)生。

為什么實(shí)際操作實(shí)驗(yàn)如此重要？

第二篇：電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）

中英文對(duì)照翻譯

院（系部）工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān)業(yè)名稱(chēng) 電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化 年級(jí)班級(jí) 11級(jí)2班 學(xué)生姓名 蔡李良 指導(dǎo)老師 趙波

Infrared Remote Control System

Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support.Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit.It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal.The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272.Both chips are made in Taiwan.Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard.The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power.The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information.The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand.Keywords: Infrared dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Red outside transceiver Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance

Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported.Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmission have a very distinct advantage.Infrared transceiver products in the portable product of a great role.At present, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment.medical equipment and other fields widely used.For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface.With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient.With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.This chapter first describes the infrared transceiver IC design issues to the background and significance.then briefed the infrared data communications technology features and applications, and infrared transceiver product characteristics, domestic and international situation and development trend of the last under infrared remote transceiver system in practical application to establish a task of design orientation.1.2 Infrared Remote Control Transceiver System Infrared remote control system is divided into single-channel and multi-channel remote control.Only a command signal transmission channel, called single-channel remote control system;with more than two instructions signal transmission channel known as a multi-channel remote control system.Relatively simple single-channel remote control, in general, only a launcher directive Key receivers and only one circuit implementation.While in the receiving circuit to add more stable memory circuits that can be activated commands to launch a number of key, so that the receiver circuit multi stable memory circuit repeatedly to change the state, to realize many of the functional control, But such a state of change is the order.If we are to achieve an arbitrary control, resort to the use of multi-channel remote control system.Multi-channel remote control can be realized by the object of arbitrary multi-function remote control.As for the choice of several routes and what control methods, according to the actual situation(such as object, operational requirements and cost accounting, etc.)to decide.General infrared remote transceiver system by infrared remote control transmitter signal coding, infrared remote control signal receivers and decoders(or decoder chip MCU)and the external circuit consisting of three parts.Signal transmitter remote control code used to generate pulses of infrared emission-driven output infrared remote control signal, receiver completion of the remote control signal amplification and detection, plastic and demodulation encoding pulse.Infrared remote control coded pulse is going to obtain a continuous serial binary code, and for most of the infrared transceiver system, This serial code as micro-controller of the remote control input signals from the internal CPU completion of the remote control instruction decoder, on the other infrared remote control transceivers, the designers of electronic products, The internal micro-controller of the remote control decoder directive is not accessible.Therefore, people are using infrared encoder / decoder chip and microcontroller developed various generic infrared remote transceiver system, In various equipment infrared signals between the transceiver.Remote transceiver system generally transmitters and receivers is composed of two parts.Launchers from the general direction keys, coded instructions circuit modulation circuit, driving circuit, firing circuit of several parts.When pressed a key, the directive coding circuit, in the corresponding instructions encoded signal, the encoder signal to the carrier modulation, Driven by the power amplifier circuit after circuit fired from the field after firing instructions coded modulation signals.General receiver by the receiving circuit, the amplifier circuit, demodulation circuits, instruction decoder circuit, driving circuit, circuit implementation of several parts.Receiving Circuit will launch vehicles have been coded modulation signal receiving instructions from, and to enlarge evacuation demodulation circuit.Demodulation circuit will have the coding modulation signal demodulation, namely, reduction of signal coding.The instruction decoder to the encoder signal decoding, Driven by the final circuit to drive the implementation of various instructions circuit to control the operation.1.3 infrared remote control transceiver product profiles 1.3.1 infrared remote control transceiver product structure and type

Currently infrared transceiver in accordance with the mode of transmission rate and can be divided into four categories : Serial mode, the highest rate of 115.2 Kbps;medium-speed model : the highest rate of 0.567 Mbps and 1.152Mbps;High-speed mode : The maximum rate of 16 Mbps.Also according to the size chip power consumption can be divided into low-power consumption and standard two categories, low-power type normally used 3 V power supply, transmission distance closer to about 00.76μm so long little area, and adjacent to the visible light and infrared(including the far infrared, mid-infrared and near infrared foreign)accounts for the spectrum of 0.76 μm10mW).Chinese power(20mW100mW more)three categories.Use different power infrared LED, the allocation should be driven by the corresponding power control.Figure 2-2 by the reflected infrared light-emitting diodes to make produce optical modulation, Drivers only need to add the control of a certain frequency pulse voltage.Infrared transmitter and receiver in the way the two kinds of straight, and the second is reflective.Luminescence pointed straight pipe and tube receiver placed in a relatively controlled and fired on the two ends, a certain distance away from the middle;Reflective means luminescent tube and pipe parallel with the receiving peacetime, without always receiving tube light, luminescence only in possession of the infrared light reflected from encountered, the receiving tube received from the reflected infrared before work.2.2 infrared communication basic tenets

2.2.1 infrared communication Principle

Communication is the use of infrared wavelength of 900 nm-infrared waves from 1000 to serve as an information carrier, through infrared technology between the two close communication and confidentiality of information transmitted.Infrared communication system structure include : part launcher, channel, the receiver part.Launcher source letter issued after the binary signal from the high-frequency modulated infrared LED sent, receiving device regard the reception of high-frequency signals from the infrared receiver tube after receiving further demodulation photoelectric conversion of the original information of a mass communication lose way.Afterwards the former Information received after receiving part of the drive circuit connected to the expected completion of the various functions.To which the modulation coding style pulse width modulation(by changing the pulse width modulated signal PWM)and pulse modulation time(through change the pulse train interval time between the modulation signal PPM)two.2.2.2 infrared communication system elements(1)Launches : Currently there is a infrared wireless digital communications system sources of information including voice, data, images.Its methods of work for the launch of the receiver can be divided into different layout LOS way(Light-of-Sight , intracardiac way), diffuse(diffuse)mode.LOS way directional, it has good channel characteristics such advantages, but the existence of a “shadow” effect.difficult to achieve roaming function.Roaming means the main features of non-directional, and easy to implement roaming function, but its channel quality is better sometimes LOS way.Transmission of signals required for a few of(the sampling was quantified), the general need for baseband modulation, transmission, modulation, sometimes signal source coding, the above-driven signals from photoelectric converter complete optical signal transmission.Infrared wireless digital communications system and its scope of work-for-fired power distribution, the quality of the communication.While using various methods to improve optical transmitter power, the other using spatial diversity, holographic films and so on so diffuse light for the launch of space optical power evenly distributed.(2)Channel : infrared wireless digital communication channel refers to the transmitters and receivers in the space between.Due to natural light and artificial light sources such as light signals in the context of intervention, and the sourceand the digits represent narrow 0.Remote coding pulse signal(PPM code as an example)are usually guided by the code, the system code, the anti-code system, a feature code, functional anti-code signal components.Guide the code name for the initial code, by the width of 9 ms and the margin width of 4.5 ms to the low-level components(different remote control systems in the low-level high width of a certain distinction), remote coding used to mark the beginning of pulsed signals.System identification code is also called code, which used to indicate the type of remote control system, in order to distinguish other remote-control system, prevent the remote control system malfunction.Functional code is also called scripts, which represents the corresponding control functions, Receiver of the micro-controller functions under the numerical code to complete the various functions operating.Anti-code system and function codes are anti-system code and the functional code against code Anti-code can be joined to the receiver synchronization transmission process leads to errors.In order to improve performance and reduce interference power consumption, The remote control will be coded pulse frequency of 38 KHz(for the cycle of 26.3 ms)of the carrier signal pulse reshuffle system(PAM), and then sent to the buffer amplified infrared LED, the remote control signal transmitter away.Address code and data codes are composed of different pulse width expressed that the two narrow pulse “0”;2 pulse width “1”;a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an “F” is the code addresses “vacant.” Is the first part of a group a group of code, each code synchronization between separated.The plan is to enlarge the second half of a group code : a code from 12 AD(the address code plus data code For example, eight address code plus four data code), each with two AD-Pulse's : Pulse said the two “0”;2 pulse width “1”;a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an “F” is the code addresses “vacant.” Realize fired at each fired at least four groups code, PT2272 only twice in a row to detect the same address code plus data code data will be the code “1” is driven The data should be output to drive margin and VT terminal for synchronous serial.紅外遙控系統(tǒng)

摘 要

目前紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)是在世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛應(yīng)用的一種無(wú)線連接技術(shù)，它也可以被許多軟硬件平臺(tái)所支持。紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品具有成本低，體積小，傳輸速率快，點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)傳輸安全性好，不受電磁干擾等特點(diǎn)，可使得信息在幾個(gè)不同產(chǎn)品器件之間快速、便捷、安全地交換與傳輸。紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)在短距離無(wú)線傳輸領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有著十分顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)，紅外遙控收發(fā)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和存在具有非常高的運(yùn)用價(jià)值。目前，紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品在便攜式產(chǎn)品中的應(yīng)用潛力很大。全世界約有1億5千萬(wàn)臺(tái)設(shè)備和儀器是采用紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)的，在電子產(chǎn)品、工業(yè)設(shè)備、醫(yī)療設(shè)備等領(lǐng)域內(nèi)使用范圍很廣。幾乎所有筆記本電腦、手機(jī)都配置紅外收發(fā)器接口。伴隨著紅外數(shù)據(jù)傳輸技術(shù)的愈發(fā)成熟、生產(chǎn)和使用成本下降，紅外收發(fā)器在短距離通訊領(lǐng)域內(nèi)將會(huì)得到更加廣泛的應(yīng)用。

設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的目的是用紅外線作為傳輸媒介來(lái)傳輸操作者或用戶(hù)的操作信息和指令，然后由接收器電路翻譯出原信號(hào)，主要是利用編碼芯片和解碼芯片對(duì)信號(hào)進(jìn)行調(diào)制解調(diào)，這其中，編碼芯片用的是臺(tái)灣生產(chǎn)的PT2262，解碼芯片是PT2272。它們的主要工作原理是：通過(guò)編碼鍵盤(pán)可以為PT2262提供輸入信息，PT2262對(duì)輸入的信息進(jìn)行編碼并加載到38KHZ的載波上并調(diào)制紅外發(fā)射二極管，再將其輻射到空間，然后再由接收系統(tǒng)接收信號(hào)并解調(diào)出原始的信息內(nèi)容，由PT2272對(duì)原信號(hào)進(jìn)行解碼，從而驅(qū)動(dòng)相應(yīng)的電路完成用戶(hù)的操作指令和操作要求。

關(guān)鍵字：紅外線；編碼；解碼；LM386；紅外收發(fā)器。緒論

1．1 課題研究的背景及意義

目前，在世界范圍內(nèi)，紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)是被廣泛使用的一種無(wú)線連接技術(shù)，被許多的硬件和軟件平臺(tái)所支持。是一種通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)脈沖與紅外脈沖之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)線數(shù)據(jù)收發(fā)的技術(shù)。

紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品具有成本低，體積小，傳輸速率快，點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)傳輸安全性好，不受電磁干擾等特點(diǎn)，可使得信息在幾個(gè)不同產(chǎn)品器件之間快速、便捷、安全地交換與傳輸。紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)在短距離無(wú)線傳輸領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有著十分顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

目前，紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品在便攜式產(chǎn)品中的應(yīng)用潛力很大。全世界約有1億5千萬(wàn)臺(tái)設(shè)備和儀器是采用紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信技術(shù)的，在電子產(chǎn)品、工業(yè)設(shè)備、醫(yī)療設(shè)備等領(lǐng)域內(nèi)使用范圍很廣。幾乎所有筆記本電腦、手機(jī)都配置紅外收發(fā)器接口。而且隨著交換的數(shù)據(jù)量變大，紅外數(shù)據(jù)通訊將使手機(jī)的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸越來(lái)越方便。伴隨著紅外數(shù)據(jù)傳輸技術(shù)的愈發(fā)成熟、生產(chǎn)和使用成本下降，紅外收發(fā)器在短距離通訊領(lǐng)域內(nèi)將會(huì)得到更加廣泛的應(yīng)用。

本章主要內(nèi)容是闡述了“紅外收發(fā)集成電路設(shè)計(jì)”這個(gè)課題的背景和意義，然后簡(jiǎn)要介紹了紅外數(shù)據(jù)通訊技術(shù)的應(yīng)用特點(diǎn)和領(lǐng)域，紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品的特點(diǎn)、國(guó)內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀和未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，最后根據(jù)紅外遙控收發(fā)系統(tǒng)在實(shí)際操作中應(yīng)用性確立了本課題的設(shè)計(jì)定位和方向。

1．2 紅外遙控收發(fā)系統(tǒng)的簡(jiǎn)介

紅外遙控系統(tǒng)主要分為單通道遙控和多通道遙控。只有一個(gè)指令信號(hào)傳輸通道的稱(chēng)為單通道遙控系統(tǒng);具有兩個(gè)以上指令信號(hào)傳輸通道的稱(chēng)為多通道遙控系統(tǒng)。單通道遙控相對(duì)較為簡(jiǎn)單 ,通常,發(fā)射器只有一個(gè)指令鍵 ,接收器也只有一個(gè)執(zhí)行電路。單通道遙控雖然在接收電路中加入多穩(wěn)態(tài)記憶電路 ,可以根據(jù)按動(dòng)發(fā)射器指令鍵的次數(shù) ,使接收電路中的多穩(wěn)態(tài)記憶電路的狀態(tài)發(fā)生相應(yīng)改變 ,實(shí)現(xiàn)多項(xiàng)功能控制 ,但是這種狀態(tài)的改變是按順序進(jìn)行的。若想要實(shí)現(xiàn)任意一項(xiàng)的指定選擇控制 ,就需要采用多通道遙控系統(tǒng)。多通道遙控可以對(duì)被控對(duì)象進(jìn)行任意的多功能遙控。至于具體選用幾個(gè)通道及哪種控制方式 ,要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況(被控對(duì)象、操作要求及成本核算等)而定。普通的紅外遙控收發(fā)系統(tǒng)是由：紅外遙控信號(hào)編碼發(fā)送器、紅外遙控信號(hào)接收器和解碼器（解碼芯片或單片機(jī)）、外圍電路等三部分構(gòu)成。信號(hào)發(fā)送器可以用來(lái)產(chǎn)生遙控編碼脈沖，驅(qū)動(dòng)紅外發(fā)射管發(fā)出紅外遙控信號(hào)。接收器可以對(duì)遙控信號(hào)進(jìn)行放大、檢波、整形從而解調(diào)出編碼脈沖。紅外遙控編碼脈沖是一組組連續(xù)的串行二進(jìn)制碼，對(duì)于普通的紅外收發(fā)系統(tǒng)，此串行二進(jìn)制碼作為控制器的遙控輸入信號(hào)，由它內(nèi)部的CPU解碼遙控指令，對(duì)其他各種的紅外遙控收發(fā)類(lèi)電子產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)者而言，上述的微控制器內(nèi)部解碼出的遙控指令是不能直接使用的。因此，人們利用紅外編碼/解碼芯片及單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)出多種通用的紅外遙控收發(fā)系統(tǒng)，在各種設(shè)備之間進(jìn)行便捷快速的紅外信號(hào)的收發(fā)。

遙控收發(fā)系統(tǒng)一般由發(fā)射器和接收器兩部分組成。發(fā)射器一般由指令按鍵、指令編碼電路、調(diào)制電路、驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、發(fā)射電路等組成。當(dāng)用戶(hù)按下相應(yīng)按鍵時(shí) ,指令編碼電路會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的編碼信號(hào) ,編碼信號(hào)對(duì)載波進(jìn)行調(diào)制 ,再由驅(qū)動(dòng)電路進(jìn)行功率放大后由發(fā)射電路向外發(fā)射調(diào)制完成后的編碼信號(hào)。接收器一般由接收電路、放大電路、解調(diào)電路、指令譯碼電路、驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、執(zhí)行電路等組成。接收電路將發(fā)射器發(fā)射的調(diào)制完成的編碼指令信號(hào)接收下來(lái) ,并進(jìn)行放大后輸入解調(diào)電路。解調(diào)電路將已調(diào)制的編碼信號(hào)進(jìn)行解調(diào) ,即還原為編碼信號(hào)。指令譯碼器將編碼指令信號(hào)進(jìn)行譯碼 ,最后由驅(qū)動(dòng)電路來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)執(zhí)行電路實(shí)現(xiàn)各種用戶(hù)指令的操作控制。

1．3 紅外遙控收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品概況

1.3.1紅外遙控收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)和類(lèi)型

現(xiàn)在，紅外收發(fā)器按照工作模式和傳輸速率的不同可分為四大類(lèi)：串行模式，最高速率為115.2Kbps；中速模式：最高速率為0.567Mbps和1.152Mbps；高速模式：最高速率為16Mbps。

而按芯片功耗大小區(qū)分的話又可以分為低功耗型和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型兩類(lèi)，低功耗型一般需要使用3V電源，傳輸距離比較近，約為0-30cm，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型一般使用5V電源，傳輸距離比較遠(yuǎn)，最少可達(dá)1m以上。

1.3.2紅外遙控收發(fā)器在國(guó)內(nèi)外的現(xiàn)狀

紅外通信技術(shù)發(fā)展早期的時(shí)候，存在著好幾個(gè)紅外通信的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的紅外設(shè)備之間是不能進(jìn)行紅外通信的。為了使各種紅外設(shè)備能夠互通，在1993年，由20多個(gè)大廠商發(fā)起成立了紅外數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)會(huì)（IRDA），統(tǒng)一了紅外通信的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即目前被廣泛使用的紅外數(shù)據(jù)通信協(xié)議及規(guī)范，也就是IRDA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。自1993年IRDA設(shè)定至今，紅外數(shù)據(jù)協(xié)會(huì)的會(huì)員已發(fā)展到了150多個(gè)，IRDA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已經(jīng)獲得了業(yè)界的廣泛支持。已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出來(lái)的具備紅外通訊能力的設(shè)備已有一百多種，紅外模塊的年裝機(jī)量已達(dá)到了一億五千多萬(wàn)套。盡管現(xiàn)在市面上出現(xiàn)了同是近距離無(wú)線通訊的藍(lán)牙技術(shù)，但紅外通訊技術(shù)以其成本低廉和兼容性廣的優(yōu)勢(shì)，紅外數(shù)據(jù)通訊仍然會(huì)在將來(lái)的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，在短距離的無(wú)線數(shù)據(jù)通訊領(lǐng)域里扮演重要角色。

由IRDA協(xié)會(huì)的資料表明，國(guó)外公司的紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品起步比中國(guó)早，已形成了紅外收發(fā)器配套生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。由以下幾部分組成：Sharp等公司主要提供紅外發(fā)光二極管和光敏二極管；Agilent等公司主要設(shè)計(jì)制作紅外收發(fā)芯片；Infineon等公司主要從事紅外收發(fā)器封裝；IBM、Microsoft等公司則推出紅外數(shù)據(jù)收發(fā)器驅(qū)動(dòng)程序和紅外通信軟件。其中如Agilent等公司還具有生產(chǎn)紅外收發(fā)器系列產(chǎn)品的能力，而HP、IBM等大公司則專(zhuān)門(mén)為自己公司產(chǎn)品配備紅外收發(fā)器。

另外，在中國(guó)臺(tái)灣地區(qū)也形成了一批能生產(chǎn)紅外收發(fā)產(chǎn)品的廠家和公司，但在大陸地區(qū)只有這些國(guó)際公司和臺(tái)灣公司的代理商公司在做一些器件的銷(xiāo)售，具有我們自己自主產(chǎn)權(quán)的該類(lèi)產(chǎn)品極度缺乏。

1.3.3紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

在各種不同的紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品之間，雖然傳輸速率、傳輸距離等特性都有不同，但紅外收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品普遍都朝著提高傳輸速率，增大傳輸距離，降低功耗，擴(kuò)大發(fā)射接收角度等目標(biāo)發(fā)展。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展和成熟，傳輸方式正朝著點(diǎn)對(duì)多點(diǎn)的方向發(fā)展。因此紅外遙控收發(fā)器產(chǎn)品還有很寬廣的發(fā)展前景。紅外通信的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

2．1紅外線的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

2.1.1紅外線的概述

紅外線實(shí)質(zhì)上是電磁波。通過(guò)分析自然界中各種電磁波的組成波可知，波譜是由 ：射線，ｘ射線、紫外線、可見(jiàn)光、紅外線、微波和無(wú)線波組成的。從形式上看，它們之間似乎沒(méi)有關(guān)系，但如果按照他們的波長(zhǎng)依次排列，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)和我們形影不離的可見(jiàn)光只占了整個(gè)波譜中0.38μm-0.76μm長(zhǎng)的這么一點(diǎn)兒范圍，而和可見(jiàn)光相鄰的紅外線（包括遠(yuǎn)紅外線、中紅外線和近紅外線外）卻占了波譜中0.76μm-1000μm的一大段。其中微米波長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)又包括了紫外光、可見(jiàn)光、近紅外、中紅外、遠(yuǎn)紅外、微波。

從上述分析可知，紅外線是一種十分豐富的波譜資源，目前它己在生產(chǎn)、生活、軍事、醫(yī)療等多方面得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，例如紅外線加熱、紅外線醫(yī)療期間、紅外線通信、紅外線攝像、紅外線遙控等。紅外線遙控只是紅外線 眾多應(yīng)用中的一部分，目前在家用電器中廣泛應(yīng)用的彩電遙控器、錄像機(jī)遙控器、VCD遙控器、高保真音響遙控器等，都采用了紅外線遙控，它使這些家用電器的控制變得十分簡(jiǎn)單方便。

2.1.2紅外線的特性

紅外線是介于可見(jiàn)光和微波之間的一種電磁波，因此它具有相臨波的某些特性。在近紅外區(qū)，它和可見(jiàn)光相鄰，因此具有可見(jiàn)光的某些特性，如直線傳播、反射、折射、散射、衍射、可被某些物體吸收以及可以通過(guò)透鏡將其聚焦等。在遠(yuǎn)紅外區(qū)，由于它鄰近微波區(qū)，因此它具有微波的某些特性，如較強(qiáng)的穿透能力和能貫穿某些不透明物質(zhì)等。在自不論任何物體，然界中，也不論其本身是否發(fā)光（指可見(jiàn)光）只要其溫度高于絕對(duì)零度（-273℃），都會(huì)一刻不停地向周?chē)椛浼t外線。只不過(guò)是溫度較高的物體輻射的紅外線較強(qiáng)，溫度低的物體輻射的紅外線較弱。因此紅外線的最大特點(diǎn)是普遍存在于自然界中，又叫做熱輻射線簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)熱輻射。紅外線攝像、紅外線夜市、熱釋電紅外探測(cè)以及某些導(dǎo)彈的瞄準(zhǔn)等就是利用紅外線的這一特性工作的。

紅外線和可見(jiàn)光相比的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是，色彩豐富多樣。由于可見(jiàn)光的最長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)是最短波長(zhǎng)的1倍（780nm-380nm），所以也叫作一個(gè)倍頻程。而紅外線的最長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)是最短波長(zhǎng)的1倍，而紅外線的最長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)是最短波長(zhǎng)的10倍，即有10個(gè)倍頻程。因此如果可見(jiàn)光能表現(xiàn)為7種顏色，則紅外線便可能表現(xiàn)70種顏色，顯示了豐富的色彩。紅外線透過(guò)煙霧的性能好，這是它的又一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。

由于紅外線為不可見(jiàn)光 ,因此對(duì)環(huán)境影響很小。再由紅外光波的波長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)小于無(wú)線電波的波長(zhǎng) ,所以紅外線遙控不會(huì)影響鄰近的無(wú)線電設(shè)備。另外波長(zhǎng)小于 1.5μm 的近紅外光 ,在透明大氣中的傳輸特性要比可見(jiàn)光好得多 ,而且由于它靠近可見(jiàn)光的紅光邊緣 ,其直線傳播、反射、折射和被物質(zhì)吸收等物理特性與可見(jiàn)光非常相似。因此 ,它可以使用與可見(jiàn)光類(lèi)似的聚焦透鏡等光學(xué)裝置。由于紅外線遙控不具有像無(wú)線電遙控那樣穿過(guò)障礙物去控制被控制對(duì)象的能力 ,所以 ,在設(shè)計(jì)家用電器的紅外線遙控器時(shí) ,不必要像無(wú)線電遙控那樣 ,每一套(發(fā)射器和接收器)要有不同的遙控頻率或編碼(否則 ,就會(huì)隔墻控制或干擾鄰居的家用電器),所有同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品的紅外線遙控器 ,可以有相同的遙控頻率或編碼 ,而不會(huì)出現(xiàn)遙控信號(hào)“串門(mén)”的情況。這對(duì)于普及紅外線遙控提供了極大的方便。紅外線為不可見(jiàn)光線 ,具有很強(qiáng)的隱蔽性和保密性 ,因此 ,在防盜、警戒等安全保衛(wèi)裝置中也得到了廣泛地應(yīng)用。紅外線遙控具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、制作方便、成本低廉、抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、工作可靠性高等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn) ,是近距離遙控、特別是室內(nèi)遙控的優(yōu)選遙控方式。

2.1.3紅外發(fā)光二極管的特性

紅外線是不可見(jiàn)光，人眼是覺(jué)察不到的。電子技術(shù)中是用紅外發(fā)光二極管（又稱(chēng)紅外發(fā)射二極管）來(lái)產(chǎn)生紅外線。紅外遙控收發(fā)是利用近紅外光傳送遙控指令的波長(zhǎng)為 0.76μm～1.5μm。用近紅外光作為遙控光源 ,是因?yàn)槟壳凹t外發(fā)光二極管與紅外接收器件(光敏二極管、三極管及光電池)的發(fā)光與受光峰值波長(zhǎng)一般為 0.8μm～0.94μm ,在近紅外光波段內(nèi) ,二者的光譜正好重合 ,能夠很好地匹配 ,可獲得較高的傳輸效率及較高的可靠性。常用的紅外發(fā)光二極管，其外形和發(fā)光二極管LED相似，它的基本工作電路如圖2-2所示。圖中的三極管作開(kāi)關(guān)，當(dāng)基極上加有驅(qū)動(dòng)信號(hào)時(shí)，三極管飽和導(dǎo)通紅外發(fā)光管D也正向?qū)üぷ鳎l(fā)出紅外光（近紅外線約0.93μm）。D的管壓降約1.4V，工作電流一般為10－20mA。為了適應(yīng)不同的工作電壓，D的回路中常串有電阻作為紅外發(fā)光二極管的限流電阻。

發(fā)射電路發(fā)射紅外線去控制相應(yīng)的受控裝置時(shí)，其控制的距離與D的發(fā)射功率成正比。為了增加紅外線的控制距離，紅外發(fā)光二極管 D應(yīng)工作于脈沖狀態(tài)，即工作電流是脈動(dòng)的。因?yàn)槊}動(dòng)光（調(diào)制光）的有效傳送距離與脈沖的峰值電流成正比，只需盡量提高峰值電流Ip，就能增加紅外光的發(fā)射距離。提高Ip的方法，是減小脈沖占空比，即壓縮脈沖的寬度τ一些彩電紅外遙控器，其紅外發(fā)光管的工作脈沖占空比約為 1/4—1/3；一些電氣產(chǎn)品紅外遙控器，其占空比是1/10。減小脈沖占空比還可使小功率紅外發(fā)光二極管的發(fā)射距離大大增加。常見(jiàn)的紅外發(fā)光二極管，其功率分為小功率（1mW—10mW）、中功率（20mW－50mW）和大功率（50mW－100mW以上）三大類(lèi)。使用不同功率的紅外發(fā)光二極管時(shí)，應(yīng)配置相應(yīng)功率的驅(qū)動(dòng)管。由圖2-2可知，要使紅外發(fā)光二極管產(chǎn)生調(diào)制光，只需在驅(qū)動(dòng)管上加上一定頻率的脈沖電壓。

圖2-2

紅外線發(fā)射與接收的方式有兩種，其一是直射式，其二是反射式。直射式指發(fā)光管和接收管相對(duì)安放在發(fā)射與受控物的兩端，中間相距一定距離；反射式指發(fā)光管和接收管并列一起，平時(shí)接收管始終無(wú)光照，只在發(fā)光管發(fā)出的紅外光遇到反射物時(shí)，接收管收到反射回來(lái)的紅外線才工作。2．2紅外通信的基本原理

2.2.1紅外通信的工作原理

紅外通信是利用波長(zhǎng)為900nm-1000nm的紅外波作為信息的載體，通過(guò)紅外技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)兩點(diǎn)間的近距離保密通信和信息的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)。紅外通信系統(tǒng)組成結(jié)構(gòu)包括:發(fā)射器部分，信道部分，接收器部分。

發(fā)射裝置把信源發(fā)出的二進(jìn)制信號(hào)經(jīng)過(guò)高頻調(diào)制后由紅外發(fā)光二極管發(fā)送出去，接收裝置把接收的紅外高頻信號(hào)由接收管接收后經(jīng)光電轉(zhuǎn)換再解調(diào)為原來(lái)信息的一種通信傳輸方式。再接收到原信息后可在接收部分連接驅(qū)動(dòng)電路以完成預(yù)期的各種功能。其中對(duì)編碼的調(diào)制方式有脈寬調(diào)制（通過(guò)改變脈沖寬度調(diào)制信號(hào)PWM）和脈時(shí)調(diào)制（通過(guò)改變脈沖串之間時(shí)間間隔調(diào)制信號(hào)PPM）兩種。

2.2.2紅外通信系統(tǒng)基本組成

（1）發(fā)射器部分：目前己有紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字通信系統(tǒng)的信息源包括語(yǔ)音、數(shù)據(jù)、圖像等。其工作方式按發(fā)射 器 接 收器的布局不同可分為L(zhǎng)OS方式(Light-of-Sight，直視方式)，漫射(diffuse)方式。LOS方式是方向性的，它具有信道特性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但存在“陰影”效應(yīng)，難于實(shí)現(xiàn)漫游功能。漫游方式的主要特點(diǎn)是非方向性，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)漫游功能，但其信道質(zhì)量有時(shí)不如LOS方式。需傳輸?shù)男盘?hào)經(jīng)數(shù)化后(被采樣量化)，一般需要進(jìn)行基帶調(diào)制、傳輸調(diào)制，有時(shí)還進(jìn)行信號(hào)源壓縮編碼，以上所得電信號(hào)驅(qū)動(dòng)光電變換電路完成光信號(hào)發(fā)射。紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字通信系統(tǒng)的工作范圍與其光發(fā)射器的光功率空間分布、通信質(zhì)量有關(guān)。一方面采用各種方法提高光發(fā)射功率，另一方面采用空間分集、全息漫射片等使其光發(fā)射器的光功率空間分布均勻。

（2）信道部分：紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字通信的信道泛指發(fā)射器與接收器之間的空間。由于自然光及人工光源等背景光信號(hào)的介入，信源以及端設(shè)備中電學(xué)的、光學(xué)的噪聲與干擾的影響，紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字通信在有些場(chǎng)合質(zhì)量較差，此時(shí)還需加入信道編碼部分。在紅外無(wú)線通信系統(tǒng)中，由于光信號(hào)的反射、散射及背景光噪聲與干擾的影響等，紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字信道中存在多徑干擾及噪聲，這是提高信道質(zhì)量及進(jìn)行高速率應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)解決的問(wèn)題。紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字通信信道中常使用的光學(xué)元件主要有光學(xué)濾光片、聚光鏡等，它們的作用是:整形、濾波、視場(chǎng)變換、頻段劃分等，如可用透鏡對(duì)發(fā)射光進(jìn)行聚焦，利用光學(xué)濾光片濾除雜散光，利用透鏡擴(kuò)大光接收機(jī)的視場(chǎng)，還可利用光學(xué)元件進(jìn)行鏈路的頻分復(fù)用等。紅外無(wú)線通信信道中的光噪聲有:自然噪聲(太陽(yáng)光)及人為干擾(熒光燈燈光)等，可以由調(diào)制傳輸技術(shù)及加入濾光片等加以解決。

（3）接收器部分：信道中的光信號(hào)由光接收部分實(shí)現(xiàn)光電變換，為了去除噪聲及碼間干擾等功能。紅外無(wú)線數(shù)字通信系統(tǒng)接收部分包括光接收機(jī)部分及后續(xù)的采樣、濾波、判決、量化、均衡和解碼等部分。紅外無(wú)線光接收機(jī)常采用放大器，并要求為帶寬大、增益高、噪聲低、干擾小、頻率響應(yīng)與信道脈沖響應(yīng)匹配。為了濾去低頻噪聲及人為干擾需采用帶通濾波器。為了獲得大的光接收機(jī)工作范圍及瞬時(shí)視場(chǎng)，常采用球形光學(xué)透鏡。

2.2.3紅外通信的特點(diǎn)

無(wú)線通信的方式有很多種，利用紅外光進(jìn)行通信具有以下特點(diǎn)： ·頻率高，波長(zhǎng)短，所發(fā)射的能量集中空間傳播時(shí)的衰減系數(shù)小，可保證信號(hào)的有效傳送；

·紅外線是人的肉眼看不見(jiàn)的光線，保密性強(qiáng)，選用它作為信息載體，裝置工作時(shí)不存在視覺(jué)污染，對(duì)人體沒(méi)有傷害；

·傳播范圍不受局限，不存在頻率干擾問(wèn)題，與無(wú)線電波方式相比，不必就頻譜資源問(wèn)題向有關(guān)部門(mén)進(jìn)行申請(qǐng)和登記，易于實(shí)施；

·具有良好的指向性，當(dāng)傳送設(shè)備和紅外接收端口排成直線，左右偏差不超過(guò)15度的時(shí)候，紅外裝置運(yùn)行效果最好；

·紅外線不能穿過(guò)或繞過(guò)人和物體，在數(shù)據(jù)傳輸時(shí)，不能阻斷光路； ·目前產(chǎn)生和接收紅外信號(hào)的技術(shù)已經(jīng)比較成熟，元件體積小，成本低制作簡(jiǎn)單、易于產(chǎn)生和調(diào)制等優(yōu)勢(shì)。

2.3紅外通信編碼的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 通常，紅外遙控收發(fā)器將信號(hào)(二進(jìn)制脈沖碼)調(diào)制在38KHz的載波上，經(jīng)緩沖放大后送至紅外發(fā)光二極管，轉(zhuǎn)化為紅外信號(hào)發(fā)射出去。二進(jìn)制脈沖碼的形式有多種，其中最為常用的是PWM碼(脈沖寬度調(diào)制碼)和PPM碼(脈沖位置調(diào)制碼）。前者以寬脈沖表示1，窄脈沖表示0。后者脈沖寬度一樣，但是碼位的寬度不一樣，碼位寬的代表1，碼位窄的代表0。

遙控編碼脈沖信號(hào)（以PPM碼為例）通常由引導(dǎo)碼、系統(tǒng)碼、系統(tǒng)反碼、功能碼、功能反碼等信號(hào)組成。引導(dǎo)碼也叫起始碼，由寬度為9ms的高電平和寬度為4.5ms的低電平組成（不同的遙控系統(tǒng)在高低電平的寬度上有一定區(qū)別），用來(lái)標(biāo)志遙控編碼脈沖信號(hào)的開(kāi)始。系統(tǒng)碼也叫識(shí)別碼，它用來(lái)指示遙控系統(tǒng)的種類(lèi)，以區(qū)別其它遙控系統(tǒng)，防止各遙控系統(tǒng)的誤動(dòng)作。功能碼也叫指令碼，它代表了相應(yīng)的控制功能，接收機(jī)中的微控制器可根據(jù)功能碼的數(shù)值完成各種功能操作。系統(tǒng)反碼與功能反碼分別是系統(tǒng)碼與功能碼的反碼，反碼的加入是為了能在接收端校對(duì)傳輸過(guò)程中是否產(chǎn)生差錯(cuò)。為了提高抗干擾性能和降低電源消耗，將上述的遙控編碼脈沖對(duì)頻率為38KHz(周期為26.3ms)的載波信號(hào)進(jìn)行脈幅調(diào)制(PAM），再經(jīng)緩沖放大后送到紅外發(fā)光管，將遙控信號(hào)發(fā)射出去。

地址碼和數(shù)據(jù)碼都用寬度不同的脈沖來(lái)表示，兩個(gè)窄脈沖表示“0”；兩個(gè)寬脈沖表示“1”；一個(gè)窄脈沖和一個(gè)寬脈沖表示“F”也就是地址碼的“懸空”。

紅外遙控發(fā)射器發(fā)出的紅外編碼波形，可以明顯看到，上半部分是一組一組的字碼，每組字碼之間有同步碼隔開(kāi)。下半部分是放大的一組字碼：一個(gè)字碼由12位AD碼（地址碼加數(shù)據(jù)碼，比如8位地址碼加4位數(shù)據(jù)碼）組成，每個(gè)AD位用兩個(gè)脈沖來(lái)代表：兩個(gè)窄脈沖表示“0”；兩個(gè)寬脈沖表示“1”；一個(gè)窄脈沖和一個(gè)寬脈沖表示“F”也就是地址碼的“懸空”。

PT2262每次發(fā)射時(shí)至少發(fā)射4組字碼，PT2272只有在連續(xù)兩次檢測(cè)到相同的地址碼加數(shù)據(jù)碼才會(huì)把數(shù)據(jù)碼中的“1”驅(qū)動(dòng)相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)輸出端為高電平和驅(qū)動(dòng)VT端同步為高電平。

第三篇：電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system..Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:

（1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus

providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893

——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and500 kVforEHVclass.Thefirst750kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance..Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode.Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”

譯文：

電力系統(tǒng)

現(xiàn)代社會(huì)比以往任何時(shí)候更多地依賴(lài)于電力供應(yīng)。如果世界各地電力供應(yīng)中斷了,無(wú)法想象世界會(huì)變成什么樣。電力系統(tǒng)（或電力能源系統(tǒng)），提供電力到現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，已成為產(chǎn)業(yè)界不可缺少的組成部分。歷史上第一個(gè)完整的電力系統(tǒng)（包括發(fā)電機(jī)，電纜，熔斷器，計(jì)量，加載）由托馬斯愛(ài)迪生所建——紐約市珍珠街電站，始于1882年9月運(yùn)作。這是一個(gè)直流系統(tǒng)組成蒸汽發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的直流發(fā)電機(jī)，供電范圍面積約1.5公里，送給59個(gè)客戶(hù)。他們的負(fù)載，其中包括白熾燈，通過(guò)地下電纜系統(tǒng)提供110V電壓。一個(gè)個(gè)類(lèi)似的系統(tǒng)在世界各地大多數(shù)大城市運(yùn)行了數(shù)年。隨著弗蘭克斯普拉格在1884年對(duì)馬達(dá)的發(fā)展，電機(jī)負(fù)載被添加到這些系統(tǒng)，從此開(kāi)始發(fā)展成為世界上最大的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。最初的直流系統(tǒng)被廣泛使用，盡管如此，他們幾乎完全被交流系統(tǒng)所取代。到1886年，直流系統(tǒng)的局限性也日益明顯。他們從發(fā)電機(jī)提供功率只有很短的距離。

為了保持發(fā)射功率損失（I 2 R）和電壓下降到可接受的水平，長(zhǎng)途輸電電壓必須高。如此高的電壓發(fā)電和電力消耗是可以接受的，因此，電壓轉(zhuǎn)換有一個(gè)方便的手段成為了必要。法國(guó)的L.巴黎戈拉爾和JD吉布斯發(fā)展了變壓器和交流輸電并引領(lǐng)了交流電力系統(tǒng)。1889年，在北美波特蘭和威拉梅特大瀑布之間的俄勒岡州第一次實(shí)施交流傳輸線。這是一個(gè)單相線路傳輸為4,000伏，超過(guò)21公里距離的系統(tǒng)。隨著交流的發(fā)展多相系統(tǒng)由尼古拉特斯拉，成為更具吸引力的。在1888年，尼古拉特斯拉取得多項(xiàng)交流專(zhuān)利，包括電動(dòng)機(jī)，發(fā)電機(jī)，變壓器和輸電系統(tǒng)。西屋公司購(gòu)買(mǎi)了這些早期的發(fā)明專(zhuān)利，并形成了現(xiàn)在交流系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。19世紀(jì)90年代，有很大的爭(zhēng)議在于直流或交流電力行業(yè)是否應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一。到了世紀(jì)之交時(shí)，下面的原因使交流系統(tǒng)贏過(guò)了直流系統(tǒng)：

（1）交流系統(tǒng)電壓水平可以很容易地改變，從而提供了傳輸?shù)撵`活性，發(fā)電用不同的電壓和消費(fèi)。

（2）交流發(fā)電機(jī)比直流發(fā)電機(jī)簡(jiǎn)單得多。

（3）交流電機(jī)的馬達(dá)比直流簡(jiǎn)單且便宜得多。

首次三相交流電線1893年投產(chǎn)于北美南加州-1根 2300V，12公里長(zhǎng)的線路。在電力傳輸初期交流頻率并不規(guī)范。有許多不同頻率在使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫茲。這對(duì)互連的問(wèn)題。最后北美的60赫茲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獲得通過(guò)，雖然

50赫茲在許多其他國(guó)家仍在使用。較長(zhǎng)的距離越來(lái)越需要大量的電壓傳輸這激勵(lì)了他們逐步使用高壓。為了避免電壓增殖數(shù)值無(wú)限，業(yè)界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)了電壓水平。在美國(guó)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是115，138，161，和230千伏的高電壓（高壓）類(lèi)，345，500和765千伏級(jí)的特高電壓（超高壓）。在中國(guó)，各級(jí)使用電壓為10，35，110級(jí)高壓，220，330（僅在西北）和500千伏超高壓類(lèi)。第一個(gè)750 kVtransmission線將在不久的將來(lái)建在中國(guó)西北地區(qū)。隨著交流/直流轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備的發(fā)展，高壓直流（HVDC）傳輸系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為更具吸引力和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的特殊情況。高壓直流輸電可用于輸入大塊輸電和長(zhǎng)距離輸電，并提供不同系統(tǒng)間的異步連接，因?yàn)樵诮涣髀?lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)間是不切實(shí)際的，因?yàn)榉€(wěn)定考慮，或因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)間不同的頻率?；疽蟮诫娫聪到y(tǒng)是提供一個(gè)客戶(hù)可接受的電壓和頻率不間斷的能源供應(yīng)。由于電力無(wú)法用簡(jiǎn)單和經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法大量?jī)?chǔ)存，電力的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)必須同時(shí)進(jìn)行。系統(tǒng)在任何階段的故障或誤操作可能導(dǎo)致給客戶(hù)的電力供應(yīng)中斷。因此，一個(gè)正常的電力

系統(tǒng)能連續(xù)運(yùn)行提供可靠的電力供應(yīng)給客戶(hù)是至關(guān)重要的。電力系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定，可廣泛定義為干擾財(cái)產(chǎn)的權(quán)力系統(tǒng)，可繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的狀態(tài)下正常運(yùn)行的平衡條件和后向遭受恢復(fù)一個(gè)可以接受的平衡狀態(tài)。在電力系統(tǒng)的不穩(wěn)定可能會(huì)表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)營(yíng)方式和多種不同的方式上，這取決于系統(tǒng)配置。傳統(tǒng)上，穩(wěn)定性問(wèn)題一直是一個(gè)保持同步運(yùn)行最主要的問(wèn)題。由于電力系統(tǒng)的發(fā)電電力，一個(gè)令人滿(mǎn)意的系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的必要條件是，依靠同步電機(jī)都留在同步或通俗的“步驟”。這一方面是受穩(wěn)定的發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子的動(dòng)態(tài)角度和功角的關(guān)系，然后提到“轉(zhuǎn)子角穩(wěn)定”。

第四篇：測(cè)繪專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)論文外文翻譯

The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics(such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes)to the traditional surveying and mapping instruments methods produced profound effect.In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution.Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role.Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and production of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources,(in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly)information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting the resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station.In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs.Electronic tachometer, space information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly.This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its application in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range finder, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction.Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and magnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument.The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communication function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data.The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, Swiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc.Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer.Electronic tachometer has set up a file in the engineering survey, mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing.Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications.The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used inunderground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future.Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processing of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work.In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applied, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy

2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the mine.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the “3 S” technology(Remote Sensing:RS)、(Global Positioning System GPS)、(Grographic Information System：GIS)Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the important means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model(DTM)and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications.GPS as a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reduction of the navigation transport plays a significant role.Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, don't take points between depending on the point, without the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change.The geographic information system as the geographical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical support.With “3 S” integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious.With the space information technology for technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in.The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience.For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mining on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping.Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, high precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method.Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation.Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support.Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the application of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee.GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work.Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitoring, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology.Used in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system(MRIES).MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey.With mining area environment resources information system as a platform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system.Mine survey MREIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend.Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information system resources.Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, “3 S” technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial data information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3.the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mine The inertial measurement system(Inertial ISS)is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fast can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology.It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data(longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravity anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.)of a kind of technology system.ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes:(1)control measure, such as the existing control point review, encryption, and aerial control, etc.;(2)pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation;(3)underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure;(4)earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research;(5)shaft and cans of vertical way beam of monitoring, etc.GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request.This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly.The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above.ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop.With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFour other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project, measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related.Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer technology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages.Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey.With modern technology, mining engineering surveying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resources, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.測(cè)繪在礦山測(cè)量中的發(fā)展

七十年代以來(lái)，隨著電子技術(shù)和激光技術(shù)的發(fā)展，光電結(jié)合型的測(cè)繪儀器(如測(cè)距儀、全站儀、陀螺儀)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)繪儀器方法產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。以衛(wèi)星遙感、全球定位系統(tǒng)為代表的空間對(duì)地觀測(cè)技術(shù)在測(cè)繪科學(xué)中的應(yīng)用日趨成熟，以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、系統(tǒng)科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的地理信息系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用為多源測(cè)繪信息的獲取、分析、管理、處理及其充分應(yīng)用提供了有力的技術(shù)支持，自動(dòng)化、智能化的測(cè)繪系統(tǒng)已處于研究之中，因此可以說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù)正在經(jīng)歷著一場(chǎng)深刻的革命。礦山測(cè)量技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，在廣大的煤礦、金屬礦山、有色礦山等的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。礦山測(cè)量的現(xiàn)代任務(wù)是：在礦山勘探、設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)運(yùn)營(yíng)的各個(gè)階段，對(duì)礦區(qū)地面和地下的空間、資源、(以礦產(chǎn)和土地資源為主)和環(huán)境信息進(jìn)行采集、存儲(chǔ)、處理、顯示、利用，為合理、有效地開(kāi)發(fā)資源、保護(hù)資源、保護(hù)環(huán)境、治理環(huán)境服務(wù)，為工礦區(qū)的持續(xù)發(fā)展報(bào)務(wù)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務(wù)，礦山測(cè)量必須充分應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器和技術(shù)，將先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)同礦山測(cè)量的實(shí)際工作、具體特點(diǎn)相結(jié)合，拓寬礦山測(cè)量的生存空間和業(yè)務(wù)范圍，促進(jìn)礦山測(cè)量的改革和發(fā)展，適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和礦山體制改革的需要。全站儀、空間信息技術(shù)、慣性測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器技術(shù)均已在礦山測(cè)量中得到了應(yīng)用并正在不斷向縱深發(fā)展。為此本文對(duì)現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器技術(shù)的發(fā)展及其在礦山測(cè)量的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的分析和研究，以使礦山測(cè)量更好地服務(wù)于礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器、技術(shù)及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用： 1 全站儀及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用：

全站儀作為當(dāng)前應(yīng)用最為廣泛的測(cè)繪儀器，是電子技術(shù)與光學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展結(jié)合的光電測(cè)量?jī)x器，也是集測(cè)距儀、電子經(jīng)緯儀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)于一體的、應(yīng)用前途廣泛的儀器，智能化的全站儀是目前銷(xiāo)量最大的測(cè)繪儀器，也是今后發(fā)展的主要方向。智能型全站儀是集光、電、磁、機(jī)的最新科學(xué)成果，集測(cè)距、測(cè)角為一體的先進(jìn)儀器。國(guó)際上先進(jìn)的全站儀均以存儲(chǔ)卡、內(nèi)部存儲(chǔ)器或電子手簿的方式記錄數(shù)據(jù)，具有雙路傳輸?shù)耐ㄓ嵐δ?，能接收外部?jì)算機(jī)的指令，由計(jì)算機(jī)輸入數(shù)據(jù)，也能向外部計(jì)算機(jī)輸出數(shù)據(jù)。目前國(guó)際上較先進(jìn)的全站儀有日本SOKKIA生產(chǎn)的POWERSET系列全站儀及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站儀，瑞士Leica公司生產(chǎn)的ＴCA100及TCA1800全站儀，日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站儀等。我國(guó)目前僅有南方測(cè)繪儀器公司生產(chǎn)的NTS-200系列全站儀。全站儀已在工程測(cè)量、礦山測(cè)量、地籍測(cè)量等領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，其發(fā)展及應(yīng)用正處在飛速發(fā)展之中。全站儀由于兼具有經(jīng)緯儀和測(cè)距儀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，且以數(shù)字形式提供測(cè)量成果，其操作簡(jiǎn)便、性能穩(wěn)定、數(shù)據(jù)可通過(guò)電子手簿與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通訊等優(yōu)點(diǎn)使其在礦山測(cè)量中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。地面控制測(cè)量、地形測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量均可利用全站儀進(jìn)行，聯(lián)系測(cè)量、井下測(cè)量工作也可用全站儀進(jìn)行。以全站儀為代表的智能化、數(shù)字化儀器是礦山測(cè)量?jī)x器今后的發(fā)展方向之一?；谌緝x和現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)可建立礦山三維數(shù)據(jù)自動(dòng)采集、傳輸、處理的礦山測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，取代傳統(tǒng)的手簿記錄、手工錄入、繁瑣計(jì)算等大量的重復(fù)性的工作。此外，全站儀在礦山地表移動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)、礦區(qū)土地復(fù)墾工程實(shí)施、礦區(qū)施工等方面也都得到應(yīng)用，各大礦的測(cè)量機(jī)構(gòu)正在以全站儀取代傳統(tǒng)的儀器進(jìn)行日常的測(cè)量工作，既提高了效益，加快了速度，又減少了開(kāi)發(fā)，保證了精度?？臻g信息技術(shù)及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用：

空間信息技術(shù)的核心和主體是“3S”技術(shù)，即遙感(Remote Sensing：RS)、全球定位系統(tǒng)(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系統(tǒng)(Grographic Information System：GIS)。遙感包括衛(wèi)星遙感和航空遙感，航空遙感作為地形圖測(cè)繪的重要手段已在實(shí)踐中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，衛(wèi)星遙感用于測(cè)圖也正在礦究之中并已取得一些意義重大的成果，基于遙感資料建立數(shù)字地面模型(DTM)進(jìn)而應(yīng)用于測(cè)繪工作已獲得了較多的應(yīng)用。GPS作為一項(xiàng)引起傳統(tǒng)測(cè)繪觀念重大變革的技術(shù)，已經(jīng)成為大地測(cè)量的主要技術(shù)手段，也是最具潛力的全能型技術(shù)，在礦山測(cè)量、控制測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量、環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)以及交通運(yùn)輸工具的導(dǎo)航方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。由于GPS不僅具有全天候、高精度和高度靈活性的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且與傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)量技術(shù)相比，無(wú)嚴(yán)格的控制測(cè)量等級(jí)之分，不必考慮測(cè)點(diǎn)間通視，不需造標(biāo)，不存在誤差積累，可同時(shí)進(jìn)行三維定位等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在外業(yè)測(cè)量模式、誤差來(lái)源和數(shù)據(jù)處理方面是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)測(cè)繪觀念的革命性轉(zhuǎn)變。地理信息系統(tǒng)作為對(duì)空間地理分布有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行采集、處理、管理、分析的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)，其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用對(duì)測(cè)繪科學(xué)的發(fā)展意義重大，是現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù)的重大技術(shù)支撐。以“3S”一體化或集成為主導(dǎo)的空間信息技術(shù)體系已逐漸成為測(cè)繪學(xué)或地球信息學(xué)(Geoinformatics或Geomatics)新的技術(shù)體系和工作模式，其先進(jìn)性、時(shí)效性明顯。以空間信息技術(shù)為技術(shù)支撐，現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器、技術(shù)正處于快速的發(fā)展之中。遙感技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)歷了較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，并積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于航空遙感來(lái)說(shuō)，航空遙感資料可作為進(jìn)行礦區(qū)地形圖測(cè)繪的資料源，通過(guò)象片校正、目視判讀、野外調(diào)繪等工作，完成地形圖的測(cè)繪。較之傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)圖方法，利用遙感資料進(jìn)行測(cè)圖速度快、成本低、精度高，是一種應(yīng)用極為廣泛的測(cè)圖方法。航天遙感在礦山測(cè)量中應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵理論與技術(shù)也正處于研究之中。應(yīng)用遙感資料，可獲取礦區(qū)實(shí)時(shí)、動(dòng)態(tài)、綜合的信息源，對(duì)礦區(qū)環(huán)境進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)，為礦區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)提供決策支持。遙感資料用于找礦、礦區(qū)地質(zhì)條件研究、煤層頂?shù)装逖芯康确矫娑家训玫綉?yīng)用，所有這些，都說(shuō)明遙感技術(shù)應(yīng)用于礦山測(cè)量是礦山測(cè)量實(shí)現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務(wù)的重要保證。GPS技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用主要是取代傳統(tǒng)的地面測(cè)繪工作。如利用GPS技術(shù)進(jìn)行礦區(qū)地表移動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)、水文觀測(cè)孔高程監(jiān)測(cè)、礦區(qū)控制網(wǎng)建立或復(fù)測(cè)、改造等。隨著GPS接收機(jī)性能價(jià)格比的不斷上升，其應(yīng)用于礦山測(cè)量工作的地面部分已成為現(xiàn)代礦山測(cè)量的一項(xiàng)重要支撐技術(shù)。應(yīng)用于礦區(qū)的地理信息系統(tǒng)即為礦區(qū)地理信息系統(tǒng)，或稱(chēng)為礦區(qū)資料源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)(MRIES)。MREIS已成為礦山測(cè)量的重要發(fā)展方向。以礦區(qū)資源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)為平臺(tái)，以各種測(cè)量技術(shù)為數(shù)據(jù)獲取的途徑，可以建立集數(shù)據(jù)采集、處理、管理、分析、輸出于一體的自動(dòng)化、智能化的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)，作為礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展的決策支持系統(tǒng)。礦山測(cè)量工作是建立MREIS的前提性工作，而建立MREIS則是礦山測(cè)量發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。因此，GPS在礦區(qū)應(yīng)用首先就是應(yīng)用于礦山測(cè)量建立礦山測(cè)量信息系統(tǒng)，然后以此為基礎(chǔ)建立礦區(qū)資源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)?？臻g信息技術(shù)是礦山測(cè)量實(shí)現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務(wù)的重要的技術(shù)支撐和保證，以“3S”技術(shù)和其他測(cè)量?jī)x器技術(shù)的有機(jī)結(jié)合為基礎(chǔ)的礦區(qū)資料環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)就是空間信息技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中應(yīng)用的綜合性成果。慣性測(cè)量系統(tǒng)及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用：

慣性測(cè)量系統(tǒng)(Inertial Surveying System: ISS)是一種導(dǎo)航定位技術(shù)，具有全天候、自主式、快速多能和機(jī)動(dòng)靈活等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，為大地測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量和礦山測(cè)量作業(yè)的自動(dòng)化和全能性提供了另一種新的技術(shù)手段。它是利用慣性導(dǎo)航的原理，以同時(shí)獲取多種大地測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)(經(jīng)緯度、高程、方位角、重力異常和垂線偏差等)的一種技術(shù)系統(tǒng)。ISS可分為兩大類(lèi)：平臺(tái)式系統(tǒng)和捷聯(lián)式系統(tǒng)，ISS在測(cè)繪領(lǐng)域的主要應(yīng)用目標(biāo)包括：(1)控制測(cè)量，如對(duì)已有控制點(diǎn)的檢核、加密、航測(cè)控制等；(2)管線監(jiān)測(cè)、定位、地殼形變、地表沉陷觀測(cè)；(3)井下定位，各種工程和建筑測(cè)量；(4)地震、重力測(cè)量，地球物理研究；(5)井筒和罐道梁的垂直性監(jiān)測(cè)等。GPS/ISS組合系統(tǒng)是滿(mǎn)足高精度導(dǎo)航和定位要求的發(fā)展方向之一。這種組合系統(tǒng)可使GPS與ISS的性能得到很多互補(bǔ)，能夠以整體大地測(cè)量模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理，同時(shí)確定三維坐標(biāo)和大地水準(zhǔn)面，使定位和導(dǎo)航的精度穩(wěn)定，且顯著提高。慣性測(cè)量系統(tǒng)在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用主是在礦山井下測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用，進(jìn)行井下測(cè)量的各項(xiàng)工作，當(dāng)然其在地面也有廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，如前文所述。ISS在我國(guó)礦山測(cè)量中應(yīng)用的工作尚未深入開(kāi)展，有待繼續(xù)發(fā)展。以GPS+ISS組合系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用于礦山測(cè)量則是較有發(fā)展前途的一項(xiàng)技術(shù) 4 其他測(cè)繪新儀器新技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用：

其他的現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器如激光指向儀、陀螺經(jīng)緯儀、數(shù)字式水準(zhǔn)儀及相關(guān)的測(cè)繪技術(shù)等都在礦山測(cè)量中得到了應(yīng)用，并以這些儀器技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，形成了許多礦山測(cè)量的專(zhuān)用儀器，作為礦山測(cè)量應(yīng)用的現(xiàn)代儀器和技術(shù)。結(jié)論：

礦山測(cè)量作為一門(mén)交叉性學(xué)科，其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步與采礦技術(shù)和礦業(yè)工程的發(fā)展、測(cè)量科學(xué)技術(shù)與儀器設(shè)備的發(fā)展、其它學(xué)科如數(shù)理科學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)等的發(fā)展密切相關(guān)?，F(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù)是建立在電子技術(shù)、空間技術(shù)、光學(xué)技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等基礎(chǔ)上的綜合性技術(shù)，并具有智能化、自動(dòng)化等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)代測(cè)繪科學(xué)技術(shù)迅猛發(fā)展，必然會(huì)促進(jìn)礦山測(cè)量的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。以現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù)、礦業(yè)工程技術(shù)和相關(guān)科學(xué)技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的礦山測(cè)量，必將會(huì)形成集數(shù)據(jù)采集、處理、管理、傳輸、分析、表達(dá)、應(yīng)用、輸出為一體的智能化、自動(dòng)化的技術(shù)系統(tǒng)，為礦區(qū)資源環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)的建立提供基礎(chǔ)性的資料，促進(jìn)礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

第五篇：新聞專(zhuān)業(yè)外文翻譯

傳播起什么作用

新聞與傳播學(xué)院新聞07-1班武剛

我們是傳播的動(dòng)物；傳播滲透到我們所做的一切事情中。它是形成人類(lèi)關(guān)系的材料。它是流經(jīng)人類(lèi)全部歷史的水流，不斷延伸我們的感覺(jué)和我們的信思渠道。由于我們已實(shí)現(xiàn)從月球進(jìn)行寬波段通訊聯(lián)絡(luò)，我們目前正在尋求同其它世界的其它生物進(jìn)行交談。傳播是各種各樣技能中最富有人性的。

但是，讓我們更清醒地推敲一下這個(gè)說(shuō)法。傳播究竟能為我們做些什么，我們又利用傳播做了什么？

這個(gè)問(wèn)題乍聽(tīng)起來(lái)，好象問(wèn)別人“為什么要吃飯？”或“為什么要睡覺(jué)？”一樣愚蠢。我們吃飯是因?yàn)槲覀凁囸I。我們睡覺(jué)是因?yàn)槲覀兝Ь?。我們喊叫“救火！”是因?yàn)榉孔诱谌紵Ｎ覀冋f(shuō)“對(duì)不起！”是因?yàn)槲覀兣鲎擦藙e人．

對(duì)我們說(shuō)來(lái)，傳播是一種自然而然的、必需的、無(wú)所不在的活動(dòng)。我們建立傳播關(guān)系是因?yàn)槲覀円h(huán)境、特別是我們周?chē)娜祟?lèi)環(huán)境相聯(lián)系。正如上文引用的薩皮爾所寫(xiě)的那段話一樣，社會(huì)是一個(gè)主要由傳播所維持的這類(lèi)關(guān)系組成的網(wǎng)。對(duì)一名觀察者說(shuō)來(lái)，傳播就象血液流經(jīng)人的心血管系統(tǒng)一樣流過(guò)社會(huì)系統(tǒng)，為整個(gè)有機(jī)體服務(wù)，根據(jù)需要有時(shí)集中在這一部分，有時(shí)集中在另一部分，保持接觸和平衡以及健康，我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于生活在傳播的汪洋大海中，以致于很難設(shè)想要是沒(méi)有傳播．我們將怎樣生活。

不妨設(shè)想一個(gè)沒(méi)有傳播的社會(huì)是一個(gè)什么樣的國(guó)際社會(huì)？近幾年里，美國(guó)和中國(guó)之間的官方保持著毫無(wú)表情的沉默，但是卻通過(guò)許多渠道進(jìn)行了交流：經(jīng)由大眾媒介發(fā)表各種聲明、采取顯然是要轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)訊息的政治行動(dòng)、通過(guò)第三國(guó)彼此收集對(duì)方的情報(bào)。甚至有必要在中立國(guó)家安排大使級(jí)的“非官方”會(huì)議。雙方交換了各種各樣特殊的使節(jié)，如乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)員，通過(guò)他們，一個(gè)國(guó)家的高級(jí)官員能夠異常坦率地向另一個(gè)國(guó)家的人民發(fā)表講話。

在沒(méi)有傳播的情況下，群體社會(huì)又是什么樣的社會(huì)呢？西多會(huì)有一個(gè)“沉默的”苦修會(huì)教派的寺院禁止交談，但不禁止傳播。僧侶們只有靠無(wú)數(shù)的行動(dòng)傳播：一瞥或一笑，行政管理行動(dòng)，按日程辦事，遵守成員們通過(guò)虔誠(chéng)的行動(dòng)互相交流的某種承諾和信仰上的團(tuán)結(jié)一致。假定有一個(gè)隱士從人間世界退隱到他在山里的洞穴去冥思。他試圖避免與他人交流，除非是有人來(lái)向他求教。但是，沉思冥想這個(gè)行為本身就意味著內(nèi)心的傳播。這個(gè)隱士是在挖掘自己過(guò)去儲(chǔ)存的信息，加上從他的脫離人的環(huán)境所得到的信息，不斷思考，自己同自已討論。他是在同自己的每日祈禱書(shū)和自己的書(shū)籍進(jìn)行交流，而旦在某種意義上說(shuō)，是在同所有那些對(duì)他起過(guò)影響的思想進(jìn)行交流。他的退隱到山洞是向全體人類(lèi)傳播一個(gè)訊息。而且他可能象圣方濟(jì)一樣同鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)交談。

因此，即使是在極其罕見(jiàn)的情況下，傳播也照樣在進(jìn)行著。平時(shí)我們的大多數(shù)人對(duì)此是無(wú)意識(shí)的，除非有時(shí)自我意識(shí)到它。一名專(zhuān)業(yè)人員對(duì)于自己正在為一家雜志寫(xiě)的文章也許是很有自我意識(shí)和自我批評(píng)的。一個(gè)政治家對(duì)于自己正在背誦的演講可能是有自我意識(shí)的。但是生活漫無(wú)目的的孩子們卻是自然而然地發(fā)出和接受汛息，以他們整個(gè)有機(jī)體表現(xiàn)舉止行動(dòng)，不太考慮怎樣做這種行動(dòng)。他們知道喊一聲“爸爸”和后來(lái)知道講話時(shí)用‘請(qǐng)”字會(huì)受到父母的獎(jiǎng)賞，但是即使這種表現(xiàn)也是自然形成的。他們喜歡看電視和回憶他們最喜歡的節(jié)目。他們到學(xué)校去，對(duì)自己必須寫(xiě)的作文題變得有點(diǎn)自我意識(shí)，或者就一個(gè)小伙子來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)于第一次給一個(gè)姑娘打電話變得有點(diǎn)自我意識(shí)。但是，除非他們講話有缺陷，或者是耳聾，或者其它某種痛苦的困難，他們都是以他們自然學(xué)會(huì)的方式進(jìn)行傳播，利用他們摸索學(xué)會(huì)的舉止

來(lái)帶來(lái)他們想取得的結(jié)果。

即使在兒童長(zhǎng)大為成年人而且變得比較意識(shí)到傳播的影響和以不同方式進(jìn)行傳播的后果時(shí)，他們也仍然覺(jué)得難以用言詞描述為什么他們耍象他們所做的那樣進(jìn)行傳播。幾年前，紐約的報(bào)館罷工，伯納德?貝雷爾森利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)一批紐約人進(jìn)行抽樣調(diào)查，問(wèn)他們?cè)跊](méi)有報(bào)紙的情況下感到失去了什么。他的目的當(dāng)然是試圖找出為什么他們讀他們所讀的東西。但是，這些人甚至很難說(shuō)出他們失去了什么。他們可能列舉出他們不再收到的一些服務(wù)性情報(bào)——如天氣預(yù)報(bào)、電影上映時(shí)間表、晚間廣播節(jié)目等——但是使他們煩惱的主要并不是因?yàn)槭ミ@些情報(bào)。

許多人擔(dān)心他們正在失去某些對(duì)自已有重要意義的具體情報(bào)：回答問(wèn)題的好幾位年紀(jì)大的人認(rèn)為自己有些朋友可能死了而自己卻一點(diǎn)也不知道。還有感到比較惱火的是隱隱約約覺(jué)得自己生活中好象缺少什么東西。有的人說(shuō)，失去了“同世界的聯(lián)系，失去了被接觸的感覺(jué)”，或者簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)少了“某件我每天都做的事”。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的最重要發(fā)現(xiàn)也許是了解到讀報(bào)行為已多么充分地納入人們的日常生活中，這種傳播行為已成了多么自然的事，以及最初采用傳播的理由已多么深深地消失在過(guò)去的陰影中。

這就是為什么難以用言詞說(shuō)明“傳播起什么作用”的一個(gè)原因，另一個(gè)原因是利用傳播的各種理由往往是非常復(fù)雜而且不一定能從表面看出的。還有一個(gè)原因是明顯（有意）的傳播的功能，并不始終考慮潛伏（無(wú)意）的傳播的功能。這是羅伯特.默頓說(shuō)的話，實(shí)際上，他的意思是，傳播的實(shí)際后果并不始終是有意的后果。例如，提醒別人可能患癌癥的結(jié)果也許不是引導(dǎo)別人去體檢，而是把他們嚇得不敢去醫(yī)院。見(jiàn)面時(shí)高興地對(duì)人說(shuō)一聲“早上好”可能不是導(dǎo)致友誼。而是引起別人懷疑打招呼的人是想借錢(qián)。最后由于我們關(guān)于傳播功能的分析大部分不得不從外部進(jìn)行，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己總是試圖看到黑匣子的里面。

但是，我們每人至少能看見(jiàn)一上黑匣子的里面，那就是我們自己的黑匣子。你進(jìn)行傳播的目的是什么？我為什么要傳播？

今天早上我從家里走出來(lái)，看見(jiàn)一個(gè)穿運(yùn)動(dòng)衫的人，我朝他笑笑說(shuō)“早晨好”。如果有人真的照字面譯成新幾內(nèi)亞的部族語(yǔ)言可能會(huì)有困難。我不是說(shuō)這是一個(gè)“好的”——就是說(shuō)不錯(cuò)的——一早晨嗎？不，這是一個(gè)天氣惡劣的早晨，下著滂沱大雨，水從山上沖下來(lái)，幾乎使我浸泡在水里。我是不是就象我們說(shuō)“吉樣的星期五”一樣從某種道義上的角度談起這個(gè)早晨的好呢？不，這一天跟其它日子一樣。我是不是祝愿他有一個(gè)“好”—一就是說(shuō)愉快的——早晨呢？在某種程度上有這個(gè)意思，但是他看上去完全能夠安排他自已的早晨，而事實(shí)上我感到相當(dāng)惱火的是因?yàn)樗軌蛟诤＿叾冗^(guò)這個(gè)早晨，而我卻必須去上班。那么我同他說(shuō)話的意思究竟是什么呢？我能夠作出的最合理的解釋是，我是在履行我們自己的部族禮儀。我是在向他傳播，我屬于他的群體，屬于他的文化，不是一個(gè)外人，不是一個(gè)反叛者，也不是一個(gè)威脅。換句話說(shuō)，我是在證實(shí)一種愜意的關(guān)系。

他向我說(shuō)“你今天早晨好嗎？”我懷疑他很關(guān)心我的健康。他是在做我剛才在做的事情——傳播社會(huì)成員資格和某種程度的友誼。他期望我會(huì)說(shuō)“很好”，我也的確這么說(shuō)了。事實(shí)上，他們似乎是在向我們周?chē)渡渖缃焕走_(dá)射束，好比船只在霧中航行或飛機(jī)依靠?jī)x器飛行一樣，證實(shí)我們的身份以及在雷達(dá)屏上出現(xiàn)的別人的身份，證實(shí)我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)友好的文化群體中的成員資格，做著我們?cè)缇椭酪覀內(nèi)プ龅氖隆Ｄ切┌讶祟?lèi)關(guān)系說(shuō)成是“晚間經(jīng)過(guò)的船只”的作家，并不是描述我們最密切最親密的關(guān)系，而是描述我剛才談起的那種接觸。而它們占了我們生活中的接觸的很大一部分。盡管如此，傳播對(duì)我們說(shuō)來(lái)們起到雷達(dá)的作用，是說(shuō)明身份的信號(hào)，也是預(yù)警系統(tǒng)?；蛘咧辽僭谝幻^察者看來(lái)是如此。

再舉個(gè)例子：在煙霧繚繞和大家閑聊的雞尾酒會(huì)上，一位年青人問(wèn)一位漂亮姑娘，“抽煙嗎？”表面上，他是在問(wèn)她要不要抽支煙。實(shí)際上，他是在傳播興趣，而且毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)希望

她以同樣的方式作出反應(yīng)。他以問(wèn)她要不要抽煙的方式傳播自己在一種文化中的成員資格，他大概希望她以取一支煙的方式，或者至少以微笑謝絕方式，來(lái)證實(shí)她的成員資格，而不會(huì)因?yàn)樗毁澇沙闊熁蛘J(rèn)為男青年不應(yīng)未經(jīng)介紹就同姑娘說(shuō)話而打他一記耳光。換句話說(shuō)，這個(gè)局面同我們剛談起過(guò)的局面是一樣的：雷達(dá)、證明身份、預(yù)警。如果這個(gè)姑娘作出良好的反應(yīng)。他接著要問(wèn)的問(wèn)題很可能是，“我在什么地方見(jiàn)過(guò)你嗎？”實(shí)際上，這個(gè)問(wèn)題同他究竟見(jiàn)沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她是毫無(wú)關(guān)系的，這是一種搭訕，以便再多了解她一點(diǎn)，也許是要估計(jì)一下這個(gè)偶然的相識(shí)是否可能成為持久的相識(shí)。換句話說(shuō)，雷達(dá)行為與手段行為合并了。再舉個(gè)例子，我通常在每天傍晚六點(diǎn)鐘左右聽(tīng)到教堂的鐘聲。我傾聽(tīng)鐘聲是因?yàn)楹茈y做到不予理會(huì)，還因?yàn)樗鼈兊穆曇魫偠?，同日落的景色和傍晚的蔭影很調(diào)和。鐘聲使我產(chǎn)生一種滿(mǎn)足和溫暖的感覺(jué)。此外，鐘聲對(duì)我起了報(bào)時(shí)作用。如果我還在工作的話，那么是開(kāi)始考慮作一次傍晚的游泳和喝一杯雞尾酒的時(shí)候了。黃昏漸漸開(kāi)始，是回顧我曾經(jīng)制訂的計(jì)劃或答應(yīng)的約會(huì)的時(shí)候了。此外，鐘聲提醒我．宗教是我所屬的文化的一個(gè)組成部分，此刻，我的一部分鄰居正在祈禱。鐘聲還在我腦海中構(gòu)成令人悅目的圖象：教堂、燭光、風(fēng)琴、無(wú)伴奏齊唱樂(lè)和態(tài)度謙虛的人。

圣瑪麗教堂通過(guò)那些鐘聲試圖傳播什么呢？它正在號(hào)召信徒做禮拜。但是，參加那個(gè)特定儀式的大多數(shù)人，有的也許是聽(tīng)到鐘聲來(lái)的，有的也許沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到鐘聲就來(lái)的。鐘聲的目的也是要傳播某種人們可以得到的精神援助，假如有人需要這種鐘聲所象征的精神援助的話。鐘聲的目的也許是要讓我這樣的罪人聽(tīng)到，提醒我們注意我們的宗教義務(wù)，盡管我們很難得進(jìn)圣瑪麗教堂。圣

瑪麗教堂的鐘聲也許還在傳播，它自已是一種古老和光榮的傳統(tǒng)的一員，這種鐘聲作為這個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的標(biāo)志已整整好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。

因此，傳播行為的全部意義是難以從表面上看出來(lái)的。每一個(gè)傳播行為，每一個(gè)傳播者和接受者，都各自有一套目的和原因。但是，我們不能滿(mǎn)足于那種解釋。傳播行為相似之處多于不同之處。人類(lèi)傳播起什么作用，理應(yīng)得到更系統(tǒng)的解釋。

出處：[美]施拉姆《MEN,WOMEN,MESSAGES,AND MEDIA:UNDERSTANDING HUMAN COMMUNICATION》第二章，17-21頁(yè).