第一篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)合同英語

近三年來，我給英語系四年級學(xué)生講授對外經(jīng)貿(mào)英語及合同寫作的選修課。我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生們對 這門課感到困難的地方倒不在于對外經(jīng)貿(mào)方面的知識(shí)，也不在專業(yè)詞匯的理解和記憶，因?yàn)橛行?/p>

業(yè)詞匯比中文還好記，比如forward-trading一詞，從英文字義上講是將來的交易，便很快就會(huì)明 白，是指中文的“期貨交易”，英文比中文還好理解。同樣forward exchange是指“遠(yuǎn)期外匯”,for-ward exchange rate就是“遠(yuǎn)期匯率”等等。學(xué)生們感到困難的是經(jīng)貿(mào)文件、對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同中英語的 語言現(xiàn)象。對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同、法律文件，在句子結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞、及動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上都具有自身的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律，不

掌握這些特點(diǎn)就難以讀懂對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同及具有法律意義的文件，翻譯時(shí)覺得難以理順，要想擬訂 一份合同更是覺得無從下手，寸步難行。為幫助學(xué)生解決這些凝難，本文就經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件的語言特

點(diǎn)作初步探討。

對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件的形式有:協(xié)議書、合同條款、銀行保函、信用證、裝運(yùn)單據(jù)等等，這些均屬于

法律文件。法律文件具有用詞準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范、多用法律用語、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句子較長等特點(diǎn)。

一、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、句式較長

由于是法律文件，要求我們在起草每一條款時(shí)必須做到準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密、清楚、易解，要避免模棱兩

可，似是而非，含糊不清。既要防止遣漏，又要堵絕有隨意增添的可能性，這樣才能避免日后因語言

上的疏忽而相互發(fā)生爭議。要在一個(gè)句子中把某件事面面點(diǎn)到，又要嚴(yán)密到滴水不漏，無隙可擊，勢

必造成英語長句結(jié)構(gòu)。常常是插入語接插入語，從句中套從句，一連套若于個(gè)從句，下面這句英文，摘自銀行履約保函，我們作一些分析，便可一斑見豹。

Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and mean-ing thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the dam-ages sustained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guauantee then this obli-gation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alter-ation in terms of the said contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed complet-ed，and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the engi-veer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or in respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.這句話由170個(gè)詞構(gòu)成，只用了一個(gè)逗號，由if。:,but等連接詞把幾層意思連成一個(gè)整體。為了便于分析，闡述，筆者將原句分成幾個(gè)部分，并簡稱各部分為a,b,c.d，我們先看a部分:Now the Condition of the above一written Guarantee is such

a部分是句子的主要部分，比較簡單，除the above-written及such具有合同文件語言特點(diǎn)外，其它部分與普通英語表達(dá)別無兩樣，如果不是寫在合同條款里，就可以寫成:

Now the Condition of the Guaratee is that…

在英語里用定冠詞“the”已有限定作用，限定Guarantee保證書，但合同語言為了更明確限定 “Guarantee”又以above-written分詞短語作強(qiáng)調(diào)限定?！盨uch”在此部分中也是進(jìn)一步限定that引

起的表語從句。

b部分的原文如下，也即第一個(gè)if從句:

that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according to the true purpor intent and meaning therelf

如果按一般非文件體寫，可以寫成:

if the Contractor duly perform all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the Con-tract

英語if條件從句的將來時(shí)應(yīng)由現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替，可此句中duly前面卻用“shall”來表示動(dòng)詞的時(shí) 態(tài)，這個(gè)shall屬合同語言的特點(diǎn)，shall在這里表明主語Contractor應(yīng)盡責(zé)任。文中又以O(shè)bserve 和perform兩個(gè)并列動(dòng)詞，對主語行為職責(zé)規(guī)定得非常清楚，使日后不會(huì)因?yàn)槁殭?quán)不清而產(chǎn)生糾 紛。b部分的后半部分僅以“of the said Contract”來限定provisions Conditions and stipulations還 覺得不夠明確，又補(bǔ)以on the Confractor's part to be performed and Observed把責(zé)任限定到合同 中規(guī)定的承包人一方所要履行和遵守的所有條款，條件及規(guī)定，繼爾又以according to the true purport intent and meaning thereof明確指出承包人履行這些條款條件及規(guī)定的根據(jù)。這樣就以三 個(gè)介詞短語和一個(gè)不定式短語把前后兩部分嚴(yán)密地組織在一起，把承包人對于合同應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任 作為此保證書有效的一個(gè)條件講得清清楚楚。本部分中出現(xiàn)的thereof及d部分中出現(xiàn)的thereun-der等都是文件用詞，后文有專門論述。

C部分原文是:

or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sus-tained by the Employer up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect

C部分以。r if引出另一種可能性，如果承包人不執(zhí)行所規(guī)定的條款如何?則保證人應(yīng)負(fù)有賠 償業(yè)主損失的責(zé)任。原文在闡述這一層意思時(shí)既簡明又嚴(yán)密。僅用on default就省去了條件從句，接著對于賠償金額以up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee給于明確規(guī)定，使違約者無 可抵賴，也無從討價(jià)還價(jià)，以保證書上的數(shù)目為準(zhǔn)。后又接then引出賠償后，保證書將何去何從?以

shall be null and void這樣一個(gè)法律用語來宣告保證書對于責(zé)任保證作用已無效。然，又以but otherwise假設(shè)出另一種相反的情況，也就是同一問題的另一個(gè)方面。此部分語言十分精練，以oth-

er-wise代替了一個(gè)完整的條件從句，主句的主語也省略，以be和remain來強(qiáng)調(diào)保證書具有的全

部效力。C部分把如果承包人違約的兩種情況，兩種結(jié)果，說得滴水不漏。

d部分的原文是:

but no alteration in terms of the said Contract or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed，completed and defects therein remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer or the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forgearance or forgiveness in or in re-spect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract on the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guar-antee.d部分較長，以but引出一個(gè)并列句。句子長主要是由于對三個(gè)并列主語的修飾、限制部分較 多，如果簡而言之的話，原句可以縮簡為:

no alteration and no allowance nor any forbearance or forgiveness shall release the Guarantor from any liability.這樣一簡寫能使我們的學(xué)生很快看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄明白這一部分的主要內(nèi)容，但作為合同文件，必

須把主語的三個(gè)部分的事項(xiàng)、范圍、程度規(guī)定得一清二楚。所以三個(gè)主語都分別以若干個(gè)介詞短語

和不定式短語加以限定，且用n。的名詞否定形式比用動(dòng)詞的否定式更具有法律的權(quán)威性，謂語部

分又以“in ,any ,way'‘加強(qiáng)力度，以under the above-written Guarantee限定職責(zé)范圍。原文中b,c,d三部分把a(bǔ)部分的condition條件作了嚴(yán)密的闡述。監(jiān)于一條款文需要就某個(gè)問題講清楚，要排

除不必要的情況，限定所需的情況，這就需要有許多起限定作用的介詞短語，分詞短語、起排除或附

加作用的插入語、假設(shè)各種情況發(fā)生的從句，這樣一來，勢必造成長句，學(xué)生初步接觸時(shí)往往感到困

難重重。其實(shí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)如同房子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄不清一座大樓的結(jié)構(gòu)，就會(huì)在樓里轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去出不來，所以掌

握合同文件的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，是讀懂合同，譯好合同，寫好各種合同的重要一環(huán)。

歸納上述分析，要理出句子結(jié)構(gòu)首先要找出主句的主語謂語部分，先去掉與之相關(guān)的各種限制

短語或從句，再找出并列句或主從句之間的連接詞，把并列部分或從屬部分進(jìn)行適當(dāng)切割，再對每一切割部分進(jìn)行上述過程的分解，就可縷順各部分之間的關(guān)系。這就好比看一棵大樹，要從樹枝樹

葉上弄清各自關(guān)系很難，首先從根部找到樹干，再把各大支干取下，支干中的小枝再取下，就可弄清

這棵大樹枝枝葉葉之間的關(guān)系。

提供下列譯文，以便參考

茲將履行上述書面保證書的條件規(guī)定如下:如果承包人切實(shí)履行并遵守所簽署的上述合同中

規(guī)定的承包人一方按合同的真實(shí)旨意(實(shí)際目的)意圖(向)和含義所應(yīng)履行和遵守的所有條款、條

件及規(guī)定或者如果承包人違約，則保證人應(yīng)賠償業(yè)主因此而蒙受的損失，直至到達(dá)上述保證金額，屆時(shí)，本保證書所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)即告終止，否則保證書仍保持完全效力，但所簽合同條款的改變或?qū)?/p>

工程的施工、完成及根據(jù)合同修補(bǔ)其缺陷的性質(zhì)和范圍的任何變更，以及業(yè)主或工程師根據(jù)上述合同給于的時(shí)間寬限或上述工程師方面對上述合同合同有關(guān)事宜所做的任何容忍或?qū)捤。唤獬?/p>

保證人所承擔(dān)的上述保證書規(guī)定的義務(wù)

二、用詞特點(diǎn)(wording /Diction)

對外經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件在用詞上要求準(zhǔn)確，簡潔，常常同義詞連用，多用法律條文用詞。

1)簡潔

英語中的某些副詞如“here“"there“以及“where'‘在法律文件中往往當(dāng)作前輟，與另一個(gè)詞

構(gòu)

成一個(gè)正式法律語匯中的副詞，在法律文件中用這些詞，可以避免重復(fù)，使行文準(zhǔn)確、簡潔。這些詞

有:

hereafter，hereby，herein，hereinafter，hereinbefore，hereof，hereto，hereunder，hereupon，herewith;thereafter，thereby，therefrom，therein，thereinafter，thereinbefore，thereon，there-of，thereunder，thereunupon，therewith;

whereas，whereby，wherein，whereof，whereon etc.現(xiàn)在我們舉例說明這些詞所起的準(zhǔn)確、簡潔作用:

例一:The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.句中兩處用了thereof，都表示of the conditions很顯然part thereof, the interpretation or construction thereof，分別比part of the coditions和in the interpretation or construction of the conditions要簡潔得多，尤其是兩者中的后者，以一個(gè)字取代了八個(gè)字的短語。in the interpretation

or construction thereof or of the Contract(在合同條件或合同本身的解釋中)，這里的thereof只能

是指“合同條件的”，而合同本身則用of the Contract，可見用詞之準(zhǔn)確，使人無法鉆詞義間的細(xì)微

差別之隙做文章。

例二:The form of this Contract:

This Contract shall be in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto and shall have two copies each kept by the parties hereto for record.此句有兩處用hereto，都表示the Parties to the Contract(合同雙方)。在這樣短的句中，1如

果，不用’'hereto'‘來代替to the Contract，那么在這一短句子里就會(huì)出現(xiàn)四個(gè)’'the Contract'‘一詞。

顯然使用hereto使句子準(zhǔn)確、簡潔，避免重復(fù)。

2)同義詞連用

英語中許多詞具有一詞多義的特點(diǎn)。要使法律文件中英語用詞準(zhǔn)確，不被誤解，避免不必要的爭議，在寫法律文件時(shí)，對一些關(guān)鍵性的詞采取同義詞連用的辦法，以確保其不被曲解。盡管從形式

上來看是一種羅嗦，有時(shí)顯得繁鎖，然而這樣以詞的重復(fù)形式，保證了內(nèi)容上的準(zhǔn)確無誤，維護(hù)了法

律文件的獨(dú)解性尊嚴(yán)。

我們還是舉例說明。

例一;The Bidder shall bear all costs associated with the preparation and subnission of its bid and(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer),will in no case be responsible or liable for these costs，regardless of the conduct or outcome of the bidding process.此句中出現(xiàn)兩對同義詞連用，第一對responsible or liable，這一對詞都是表示法律上有責(zé)任的。re-

sponsible一詞除“應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任的”外，還有認(rèn)真的，可靠的，可信賴的等義，liable除“有(法律)責(zé)任的，有義務(wù)的”外，還有“應(yīng)受罰的，”“應(yīng)付稅的”，“應(yīng)服從的”“易于…的”等等意思。很顯然，如不采取兩

詞連用，就有可能產(chǎn)生不必要的誤解，而這兩個(gè)詞連用時(shí)，就只能取兩詞共有的意義，即“應(yīng)負(fù)有責(zé)

任。”就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生別解，誤解。同樣，第二對連用Conduct or outcome都含有“result“的意思，”the

conduct or outcome of the bidding process“意為“投標(biāo)的結(jié)果，’，這是一對名詞同義詞的連用。例二:This contract shall at all times be subject to and governed by the General Terms and Conditions on the back hereof which are an integral part hereof.此句的譯文是:本合同服從背面所附的一般條款，該條款是本合同不可分割的一部分。從譯文可以

看出句中的subject to與governed都取其“應(yīng)服從于”和“受支配于”的意思。

例三:The Leasee, AA Plant, Shanjian(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and the Lessor,BB Lease，Tokyo(hereinafter referred to as Party B)hereby agree to make and enter into this A-greement in accordance with the following terms:

文中，make this Agreement與 enter into this Agreement同義，都表示簽訂本合同，這是同義詞的謂語動(dòng)詞連用。

3)、行文中使用正式的或法律上的用詞:

由于經(jīng)貿(mào)合同文件是法律性的正式書面文件，為了維護(hù)法律文件的權(quán)威性，使用那些我們平時(shí)

不常用的、法律的、正式的用詞是必要的，要掌握使用這些用詞，就要求我們多讀，多實(shí)踐。我們看看

法律用詞在行文中的作用。

例一:If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of魚e said cor些哩on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed according

to the true purport intent and meaning thereof.這句話中除上面所提到的同義詞連用外，(如:terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations 都是指合同條款)有兩處使用T正式的法律用詞:the said Confract(上述合同)”the said“或“said“ 是公文體，法律文體，合同文體經(jīng)常使用，意思是“該”或“上述的”。另一詞是)”intent”意為)“inten-

tion,purpose”(意圖)intent主要用于法律語言，比intention正式。

例二:The Chairman may convene aninterim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.句中convene與interim都是正式用詞，從下面的譯文中，便可知道，這兩個(gè)詞的含義。譯文:董事長得根據(jù)三分之一董事的的提議，召集臨時(shí)董事會(huì)議。

例三:In witness whereof the Parties hereto have caused this Form of Agreement to be exe-cuted the day and year first before written in accordance with their respective laws and have caused their respective common seals to be hereunto affixed.文中的the day and year表示日期?！癳xecuted'‘是法律用語，較”sign“正式，在句中意為簽字生效。In

witness whereof是法律合同用語，用于合同結(jié)尾條款，意為“特立此據(jù)?！绷硪粋€(gè)是in accordance

with，意為根據(jù)，按照，同under,pursuantto一樣，都是正式用語，要比according to正式。例四:Whereas Party B will enter into a Contract for Work with Party A for the later's air

conditioning equipment，and the Parties hereto，in consideration of the mutual covenants and a-greement，do hereby agree as follows.文中covenants是法律用詞，意為legal formal agreement(法律契約),whereas也是法律用詞，意為

鑒于(considering)之意。

例五:This Agreement is made by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter called Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter called Party B)where互y the Parties hereto agree to enter into com-

pensation trade under the terms

文中whereby是法律合同用語，例六:The contractor shall

and conditions set forth below.意為”by the agreement“ ,憑此協(xié)議。

indennify and keep indemnified the Employer aga

ages and compensation，other than those for which the Employer is lible as

inst all such dam-

aforesaid，and all

claims，proceedings，damages，costs，charges，and expenses whatsoever in respect thereof or in

relation thereto.文中in respect thereof是正式用語，在法律文件中常常使用。表示與本合同，本協(xié)議，本條款，本文

件有關(guān)的事，要比about,Concerning,as,reguards正式。文中的另一詞whatsoever，是whatever的強(qiáng)勢語，也常在法律文件中使用。

總之，正式的，法律的詞語是法律文件文體的需要，只有通過大量的實(shí)踐，才能逐漸地掌握。此

類法律正式用詞還有:

In the event that;In the event of;Provided that;Be deemed;In case;In question;Be liable for;Known All Men by these presents;Notwithstanding;Unless other，ctc.等等，就不在本文中累述。

三、若干語法現(xiàn)象

1)shall

在法律文件中shall一詞用得相當(dāng)多?！眘hall”并非單純表示將來時(shí)，而是常常用來表示法律上

必須強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)，在譯文中消譯為“應(yīng)”“應(yīng)該”“必須”。例如:

This Contract shall be written in English in duplicate to be held each by the Parties hereto.譯文:本合同應(yīng)以英文寫成，一式兩份，合同雙方各執(zhí)一份。

文中的shall一般不能用will或should來代替?！皐ill'‘在法律文件中有時(shí)也用作承擔(dān)義務(wù)，但語氣

要比”shall”弱，強(qiáng)制力也比’'shall'‘差，在英譯中時(shí)，往往譯為“將”“愿”“要”，”should”在英語中可以

表示”“應(yīng)該”，但在法律文件中極少有”should'，表示“應(yīng)該?！标P(guān)于”shall”表示“應(yīng)該”“必須”的概

念，在本文前面的例句中，頻繁出現(xiàn)，學(xué)生在練習(xí)合同寫作時(shí)，應(yīng)正確運(yùn)用，筆者就不再舉例了。

2)such...as引導(dǎo)定語從句

我們通常用which ,who,whom, that等來引導(dǎo)定語從句，由于法律文件的語言要求嚴(yán)密，準(zhǔn)

確，避免是是而非，造成誤解除，因此常用such......as作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，請看:例一:The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor，from time to time, su些 supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate excution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.譯文:工程師有權(quán)隨時(shí)向承包人發(fā)出為合理和恰當(dāng)施工、完成工程及維修缺陷所必須的補(bǔ)充圖紙和

指令。

從文中可以看出，用such“"”as來修飾supplementary Drawing and instructions要比which , that引導(dǎo)的定語從句來修飾嚴(yán)密，因?yàn)閟uch“"”as分別放在s supplementary Drawing and instruc-

lions這一需要修飾的名詞詞組的一前一后，把修飾范圍死死地定住了。如果用which或taht來引

導(dǎo)定語從句修飾前面的名詞，就很不明確，到底修飾的是instructions還是Drawings and instruc-

lions兩者，日后可能會(huì)引起糾紛，或許有空可鉆。

例二:The Contractor shall provide on the site in connection with the execution and comple-tion of the works and the remeding of any defects therein.(a)Only such technical assistants are skilled and experienced in their respective callings and such foreman and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.譯文:承包人應(yīng)為施工，完成工程及維修缺陷向現(xiàn)場提供

(1>在本行業(yè)中技術(shù)熟練，經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的技術(shù)助理，及能對工程施工予以正確監(jiān)督的監(jiān)工和領(lǐng)班。

文中關(guān)系代詞such“"”as所修飾的兩組名詞相隔較遠(yuǎn)，于是用了兩個(gè)such，出現(xiàn)了such“"”and

such“"” as的形式，分別修飾technical assistants(技術(shù)助理)和foreman and leading hands(監(jiān)工 和領(lǐng)班)，這樣的語言是十分嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?，這種嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)是法律文件所要求的。

本文只是從幾年來所從事的“對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易及合同文本的寫作的教學(xué)中，對合同文件語言的特

點(diǎn)作了些粗線條的研究歸納，更深入的研究、探討和總結(jié)有待于在日后的教學(xué)工作中進(jìn)行。參考書目:

1)世界銀行貸款項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)采購文件范本

中國財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社

2)國際招標(biāo)與投標(biāo)實(shí)務(wù)

中國對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易出版社

3)土木工程施工合國條件應(yīng)用指南

第二篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語

專有名詞

金融市場：financial market收入分配：the distribution of income

政府(支出、政策、債券)：government(spending、policy、bond)

預(yù)算赤字：budget deficit貿(mào)易模式：the patterns of trade

發(fā)展中國家：developing country市場機(jī)制：the market mechanism

經(jīng)濟(jì)周期：business cycle經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張：business expansion

大蕭條：the Great Depression零和博弈：zero-sum game

后此謬誤：The Post Hoc Fallacy合成繆誤：The Fallacy of Composition

國民生產(chǎn)總值(GNP)：the gross national product

名義和實(shí)際：nominal and real可支配收入：disposable income

留存盈余：retained earning需求總供給：the aggregate demand and supply

轉(zhuǎn)移支付：transfer outlay宏觀政策手段：Macroeconomic Policy Levers

自由貿(mào)易：free trade貨幣政策財(cái)政政策：monetary policy and fiscal policy公開市場操作：open market operation法定準(zhǔn)備金率：reserve requirement

再貼現(xiàn)率：discount rates通貨膨脹：actual inflation

充分就業(yè)：full employment經(jīng)濟(jì)增長：rapid growth of output

價(jià)格穩(wěn)定：price stability(移動(dòng)、固定)匯率：(free、fixed)exchange rate

絕對優(yōu)勢：absolute advantage比較優(yōu)勢理論：the principle of comparative advantage

機(jī)會(huì)成本：opportunity cost生產(chǎn)可能邊界：production possibility

不兌現(xiàn)紙幣：fiat money聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)：The Federal Reserve system

聯(lián)邦公開市場委員會(huì)(FOMC)：The Federal Open Market Committee

短期交替: a short-run tradeoff活期存款：demand deposit

資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表：T-account百分百儲(chǔ)存銀行：100-Percent-Reserve Banking

貨幣乘數(shù)：the money multiplier超額準(zhǔn)備金：excess reserve

法律合同：a legal contract邀約和接受：offer and acceptance

人事保險(xiǎn)：life insurance投機(jī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：speculative risk

單邊過程：a one-sided process最大限度利用：make the most of

不可再生資源：nonrenewable energy工業(yè)革命：the Industrial Revolution

限定價(jià)格：price fix內(nèi)幕交易：inside trade

常識(shí)：common sense公益機(jī)構(gòu)：a nonprofit organization

飽受損失：exposure to loss藝術(shù)博物館：art museum

會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所：accounting firm年報(bào)：annual report

租賃服務(wù)：rental service經(jīng)驗(yàn)和直覺：experience and intuition

市場細(xì)分：market segment目標(biāo)市場：target market

品牌忠誠度：brand loyalty以收入水平為基礎(chǔ)：on the basis of income level

肯接受的準(zhǔn)確性：acceptable accuracy市場潛力：market potential

操作系統(tǒng)：operating system臨床研究：clinical study

馬斯諾的需要層次論：Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Theory

自然災(zāi)害：natural disaster有的放矢：plunge right in

第三篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語

倫敦人民幣交易量大幅上升

金融時(shí)報(bào)2013-10-09

London has strengthened its position as a global hub for offshore renminbi, as new market players drive a rapid rise in international trading of the Chinese currency.倫敦強(qiáng)化了其作為離岸人民幣全球中心的地位。新的市場參與者推動(dòng)人民幣國際交易快速增長。

The UK capital, the world’s dominant centre for foreign exchange

transactions, accounts for per cent of renminbi trading conducted outside China and Hong Kong.That 62 compares with 54 per cent in January, the data from payments group Swift show.支付集團(tuán)Swift的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，作為世界上首屈一指的外匯交易中心，英國首都目前在中國內(nèi)地和香港以外的人民幣交易中占了62%的比重，高于1月份的54%。London’s increased market share came largely at the expense of Singapore, although the US, France and Switzerland all lost ground.Analysts said the city’s standing as the main global centre for trading the US dollar and the euro makes it the natural home for renminbi trading outside Hong Kong.倫敦新增的市場份額主要是從新加坡奪取的，而美國、法國和瑞士也都失去了一些份額。分析師們表示，倫敦作為全球美元和歐元交易主要中心的地位，使其自然成為香港以外人民幣交易的首選場所。

Volumes in London are about $5bn a day, up from about $2.5bn at this time last year.Renminbi trading in Hong Kong has also continued to rise rapidly, from about $8bn in daily volume at the end of 2012 to as much as $13bn, says HSBC.倫敦的人民幣日交易量目前達(dá)到大約50億美元，而去年此時(shí)只有25億美元左右。匯豐(HSBC)表示，香港的人民幣交易也在繼續(xù)快速增長，日交易量從2012年底的大約80億美元增至130億美元左右。

Overall trading volumes in the renminbi have risen 113 per cent this year, according to Swift, overtaking the Swedish krona, the South Korean won and the Russian rouble in the global league table.據(jù)Swift介紹，今年人民幣總交易量已增長113%，在全球榜單上超越瑞典克朗、韓元和俄羅斯盧布。

Ju Wang, Asian currency strategist at HSBC, said the expansion in renminbi trading had been driven by a wave of deregulation, the emergence of trading centres and fresh sources of demand.匯豐亞洲外匯策略師王菊表示，推動(dòng)人民幣交易量擴(kuò)大的因素包括：一連串放松管制的措施、若干交易中心的形成，以及新的需求來源。

“We see a lot of new players, like hedge funds, as well as corporates, who use the renminbi for hedging purposes,” said Ms Wang, who added that central banks and private bank clients had also shown strong interest.“我們看到很多新的參與者，比如對沖基金，還有企業(yè)，他們將人民幣用于對沖

目的，”王菊表示。她補(bǔ)充稱，各國央行和私人銀行客戶也表現(xiàn)出極大興趣。The rise in trading chimes with the long-term goal of Chinese policy makers to internationalise their currency.Taiwan this year became the second place outside mainland China where renminbi transactions could be settled directly, with Singapore following soon after.The People’s Bank of China has signed currency swap agreements, including with the Bank of England.人民幣交易量的增長與中國政策制定者推動(dòng)人民幣國際化的長遠(yuǎn)目標(biāo)是一致的。今年，臺(tái)灣成為中國大陸以外第二個(gè)能夠直接結(jié)算人民幣交易的地方，新加坡也在不久后做到這一點(diǎn)。中國央行已簽署多項(xiàng)貨幣互換(互惠外匯信貸)協(xié)議，包括與英國央行(Bank of England)達(dá)成的此類協(xié)議。

The loosening of investment restrictions has widened the options for those holding renminbi as part of broader financial reforms.In March,regulators gave international money managers the freedom to choose how to invest renminbi holdings onshore.放松投資限制作為整體金融改革的一部分，拓寬了人民幣持有者的選擇范圍。今年3月，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)讓國際基金管理公司自由選擇如何投資在岸人民幣。

Ms Wang said that the recently opened Shanghai free-trade zone would likely lead to a pick-up in trading, although what would be possible inside the zone has yet to be made clear.匯豐的王菊表示，最近成立的上海自貿(mào)區(qū)有望推動(dòng)人民幣交易量進(jìn)一步增長，盡管官方尚未闡明自貿(mào)區(qū)內(nèi)具體能夠從事哪些活動(dòng)。

The data back up trends seen in a Bank of International Settlements survey that showed that the renminbi’s share of trading volume jumped from 0.9 per cent in 2010 to 2.2 per cent in 2013.Swift’s numbers suggest much of that increase occurred this year.交易量數(shù)據(jù)與國際清算銀行(BIS)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查所顯示的趨勢吻合。該調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，人民幣在外匯交易量中所占比重已從2010年的0.9%躍升至2013年的2.2%。Swift的數(shù)據(jù)似乎表明，相當(dāng)大一部分增長發(fā)生在今年。

Although renminbi volumes remain small compared with the US dollar and the euro, it is fast gaining ground on the Canadian dollar and the Swiss franc.雖然人民幣交易量與美元和歐元相比仍很小，但它正在快速趕上加拿大元和瑞士法郎。

第四篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語求職信參考

經(jīng)貿(mào)英語求職信參考,關(guān)鍵詞是求職信,經(jīng)貿(mào)英語,

尊敬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：

您好!

感謝您在百忙之中審閱我的求職申請，給予我毛遂自薦的機(jī)會(huì)。

我是太原理工大學(xué)外語系08經(jīng)貿(mào)英語專業(yè)的一名學(xué)生，即將于明年七月完成學(xué)業(yè)，真正地步入社會(huì)，開始人生的新一段征程。

上大學(xué)后，我最鄭重的告訴自己的一句話是：學(xué)通你的專業(yè)，利用它為你的人生開辟道路。于是我以交際英語為方向，首先側(cè)重于打好基礎(chǔ)，從聽，說，讀，寫幾方面訓(xùn)練基本技能，在達(dá)到自如地運(yùn)用英語的基礎(chǔ)上，我學(xué)習(xí)了英美概況，英美文學(xué)，英語語法等相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)，同時(shí)，我還學(xué)習(xí)了部分經(jīng)貿(mào)英語知識(shí)，這些努力不僅使我的專業(yè)水平每年都有相應(yīng)提高，而且拓展了視野，豐富了經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并使我于大二時(shí)以良好的成績通過了國家英語四級和六級考試。

大學(xué)三年里，有收獲也有遺憾，但欣慰的是這些經(jīng)歷使我學(xué)會(huì)了冷靜，執(zhí)著，使我變的愈加獨(dú)立，堅(jiān)韌;教會(huì)我學(xué)會(huì)在人生的坐標(biāo)上尋找適合自己的位置，并不斷調(diào)整和完善自我;更讓我意識(shí)到要勇于在人生的不同階段迎接新的挑戰(zhàn)。所以當(dāng)又一次走到人生的十字路口時(shí)，我誠摯地希望能加入你們這群充滿生命力，競爭力和挑戰(zhàn)力的精英隊(duì)伍中，在各方英才的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和幫助下，為公司的再度發(fā)展和騰飛推波助瀾!

祝貴公司事業(yè)蒸蒸日上，屢創(chuàng)佳績!祝您的事業(yè)百尺竿頭，更進(jìn)一步!殷切地盼望您的佳音，謝謝!

第五篇：經(jīng)貿(mào)英語 chapter1

今年全國“兩會(huì)”已經(jīng)開始了，那兩會(huì)用英語怎么說呢？

Air pollution, corruption and the wealth gap are the three issues of most concern to the public ahead of the annual parliamentary sessions of China, dubbed as “two sessions”, according to an online survey.一項(xiàng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)查顯示，在一年一度的“兩會(huì)”召開之際，大家最關(guān)注的三大問題分別為：大氣污染、腐敗問題以及貧富差距。

The issue of pollution has grown in importance for people since last year's survey which then showed the top three issues as being the cost of living, the environment and employment.與去年相比，污染問題對于人們的重要程度有所提高。去年的調(diào)查顯示，人們最關(guān)注的三大問題為：生活成本、環(huán)境和就業(yè)。

The majority of respondents said air pollution is the most urgent issue which needs to be addressed and they expect the “two sessions” to put forward practical measures to tackle the problem.大多數(shù)調(diào)查對象表示，大氣污染是當(dāng)務(wù)之急，需予以解決，他們期待“兩會(huì)”能提出一些切實(shí)可行的措施來解決該問題?！局v解】

文中的two sessions就是“兩會(huì)”的意思，其中session是名詞，意為“會(huì)議”，一般指定期正式召開的會(huì)議，如：

The Congress ended its first session on January 4.代表大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議在1月4日結(jié)束。

而meeting是普通用詞，指一般性的會(huì)議，可用于任何場合，如：departmental meeting（部門會(huì)議），sports meeting（運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)）1.養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn) pension insurance system 2.反腐倡廉 anti-corruption bid 3.依法拆遷 lawful housing demolition and relocation 4.調(diào)控房價(jià) housing prices control 5.貧富差距 gap between the rich and the poor(wealth gap)6.就業(yè)問題 employment 7.醫(yī)療改革 medical reform下崗再就業(yè) Re-employment after being laid off 登記失業(yè)率 registered unemployment rate 分組討論 panel discussion 城鄉(xiāng)差距 rural-urban divide 基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn) basic medical insurance 家電下鄉(xiāng)Home appliances going to the countryside 中小型企業(yè) SMEs 教育公平Equal Access to Education 8.司法公正 judicial justice 9.民主監(jiān)督 democratic supervision 10.教育公平equal access to education opening speech 開幕式致辭

small-and medium-sized enterprises 中小型企業(yè)crops' minimum purchase prices糧食最低收購價(jià)

per-capita income人均收入

window guidance窗口指導(dǎo)(監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)利用其在金融體系中特殊的地位和影響，引導(dǎo)金融機(jī)構(gòu)主動(dòng)采取措施防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)監(jiān)管目標(biāo)的監(jiān)管行為。)propel/expand domestic deman擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需 proactive fiscal policy積極的財(cái)政政策

moderately easy monetary policy適度寬松的貨幣政策 rural-urban development divide 城鄉(xiāng)差距 government work report政府工作報(bào)告 dairy product standards乳制品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

scattered production model分散生產(chǎn)模式(Such a scattered production model is the fundamental reason that there have been so many food safety incidents.這種分散生產(chǎn)模式是諸多食品安全問題的根源。)administrative transparency政務(wù)透明

bridging loan過渡性貸款(Bridging, or a bridging loan, is short-term financing made available pending arrangement of intermediate or long-term financing.過渡性貸款是一種在中期或長期融資安排確定前的短期融資。

comfortable Housing Project安居工程 careers guidance就業(yè)指導(dǎo) three Direct Links“大三通”(通郵、通航、通商)healthcare reform.package醫(yī)改方案 basic medicine system基本醫(yī)療體制 home appliances going to the countryside家電下鄉(xiāng) equal Access to Education教育公平

golden September and silver October金九銀十 rural left-behind population 農(nóng)村留守人口

issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area三農(nóng)問題

three insurances and one fund “三險(xiǎn)一金”(養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和住房公積金)administrative accountability行政問責(zé)制(是指一級政府對現(xiàn)任該級政府負(fù)責(zé)人、該級政府所屬各工作部門和下級政府主要負(fù)責(zé)人在所管轄的部門和工作范圍內(nèi)由于故意或者過失，不履行或者正確履行法定職責(zé)，以致影響行政秩序和行政效率，貽誤行政工作，或者損害行政管理相對人的合法權(quán)益，給行政機(jī)關(guān)造成不良影響和后果的行為，進(jìn)行內(nèi)部監(jiān)督和責(zé)任追究的制度)。

defense budget 國防預(yù)算

National People's Congress 全國人民代表大會(huì)

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議 11th Five-year Development Program 十一五發(fā)展規(guī)劃 Innovation-oriented Society 創(chuàng)新型社會(huì) Scientific Concept of Development 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀 Township Health Service 城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療服務(wù) Rural Compulsory Education 農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育

Building New Socialist Countryside 建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新農(nóng)村 Cross-straits peace and stability 兩岸和平與穩(wěn)定

Increase the flexibility of the RMB exchange rate 增加人民幣匯率的靈活性 President of the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國主席 Central Military Commission 中央軍事委員會(huì) Supreme People's Court 最高人民法院

Supreme People's Procuratorate 最高人民檢察院 Presidium 主席團(tuán)

Standing Committee 常務(wù)委員會(huì) General Office 辦公廳

Secretariat 秘書處

Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs 內(nèi)務(wù)司法委員會(huì) Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee 華僑委員會(huì) Commission of Legislative Affairs 法制工作委員會(huì) Committee for Revision of the Constitution 憲法修改委員會(huì) Credentials Committee 代表資格審查委員會(huì) Motions Examination Committee 提案審查委員會(huì) Ethnic Affairs Committee 民族委員會(huì) Law Committee 法律委員會(huì)

Finance and Economy Committee 財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)委員會(huì) Foreign Affairs Committee 外事委員會(huì)

Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions 特定問題調(diào)查委員會(huì)

Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee 教育、科學(xué)、文化衛(wèi)生委員會(huì) disaster relief賑災(zāi)

defense expenditure國防開支

safeguarding our sovereignty and territory保衛(wèi)主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整 top legislative body最高立法機(jī)關(guān) social welfare system 社會(huì)福利制度 minimum living standard最低生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

the imbalance between urban and rural areas城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展不平衡 farmer-turned-entrepreneur 農(nóng)民企業(yè)家 basic medical insurance 基本醫(yī)療保

window guidance 窗口指導(dǎo)（監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)利用其在金融體系中特殊的地位和影響，引導(dǎo)金融機(jī)構(gòu)主動(dòng)采取措施防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)監(jiān)管目標(biāo)的監(jiān)管行為。equal Access to Education 教育公平disaster relief 賑災(zāi)

defense expenditure 國防開支

safeguarding our sovereignty and territory 保衛(wèi)主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整 top legislative body 最高立法機(jī)關(guān) social welfare system 社會(huì)福利制度 minimum living standard 最低生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

the imbalance between urban and rural areas 城鄉(xiāng)發(fā)展不平衡 state-run/owned company/enterprise 國有企業(yè)

The character “duang” is so new that it does not even exist in the Chinese dictionary.But it has already spread like wildfire online in China, appearing more than 8 million times on China's micro-blogging site Weibo, where it spawned a top-trending hashtag that drew 312,000 discussions among 15,000 users.On China's biggest online search engine Baidu, it has been looked up almost 600,000 times.It's been noticed in the West too, with Foreign Policy seeing it as a “break the internet” viral meme-like a certain Kim Kardashian image, or a certain multicoloured dress.最近大熱的“duang”是一個(gè)在漢語字典中并不存在的新詞，不過這個(gè)字甫一出現(xiàn)就以燎原之勢在中國的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上迅速傳播開來。這個(gè)字在中國的社交網(wǎng)站微博中出現(xiàn)了八億多次。有15000名用戶使用了它，并引發(fā)了31.2萬次討論。在中國最大的在線搜索網(wǎng)站百度，這個(gè)字的搜索量達(dá)60萬余次，該現(xiàn)象同樣引發(fā)了西方媒體的關(guān)注，《外交政策》雜志將其稱作“引爆互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”的病毒式傳播事件，與之前金·卡戴珊的美臀照和著名的“白金黑藍(lán)之爭”的裙裝同等待遇。

But what does it mean? 可是這個(gè)字到底是什么意思？

“Everyone's duang-ing and I still don't know what it means!Looks like it's back to school for me,” said Weibo user Weileiweito.“每個(gè)人都在“duang”，可我連duang什么意思都不知道，這讓我仿佛又重回了校園時(shí)代。”微博用戶Weileiweito說。

Another user asked: “Have you duang-ed today? My mind is full of duang duang duang.” 而另一位用戶發(fā)問“今天你“duang”了嗎？”我現(xiàn)在滿腦都是“duang，duang duang?！?“To duang or not to duang, that is the question,” wrote user BaiKut automan.“Duang還是不duang，這是一個(gè)問題，”BaiKut如是說。

“Duang” seems to be an example of onomatopoeia, a word that phonetically imitates a sound.It all seems to have started with Hong Kong action star Jackie Chan, who in 2004 was featured in a shampoo commercial where he said famously defended his sleek, black hair using the rhythmical-sounding “duang”.The word resurfaced again recently after Chan posted it on his Weibo page.Thousands of users then began to flood Chan's Weibo page with comments, coining the word in reference to his infamous shampoo appearance.Duang是一個(gè)擬聲詞，用來形容一種聲音，來源于香港影星成龍?jiān)?004年時(shí)拍的一則洗發(fā)水廣告，他用了duang來形容烏黑亮麗富有動(dòng)感的頭發(fā)，而最近成龍?jiān)谖⒉┥显俣仁褂昧薲uang這一詞匯，引得千萬網(wǎng)友紛紛訪問其微博頁面，在該條微博下面評論，并造了這個(gè)字來指代他拍的那個(gè)洗發(fā)水廣告。

The word appears to have many different meanings, and there's no perfect translation, but you could use it as an adjective to give emphasis to the word that follows it.A kitten might be “duang cute”, for example.Or you might be “very duang confused” by this blog.duang這個(gè)字好像有很多種意思，到目前為止并沒有一個(gè)確切對應(yīng)的英文翻譯，不過，你可以把它當(dāng)做形容詞用，用來強(qiáng)調(diào)跟在它后面的那個(gè)詞，比如你可以說一只小貓是“duang萌”，看到這里，你也許是“非常duang糊涂”了。

For readers of Chinese characters, the Jackie Chan theme is also apparent from the quirky way in which the word is written: a combination of Chan's Mandarin names.而duang對應(yīng)的漢字是什么呢？這個(gè)字以一種非常離奇的方式被造出來，將“成龍”這兩個(gè)字組在一起就成了duang。

用法一：作為擬聲詞

英文例句：The sound of Mr.Skinny fell: pia!The sound of Mr.Fat fell: duang!中文：@純良大叔 “瘦子摔倒的聲音：pia！胖子摔倒的聲音：duang！”

用法二：作為名詞。特效的同義詞。和外國人解釋中文的特效怎么說，你就說DUANG~ 英文例句：You say “special effect”, in Chinese, we say “DUANG”.中文：英語“特效”這個(gè)單詞，在我們中文里的發(fā)音就是DUANG~ 用法三：作為形容詞，形容的是自己受欺騙的一種心情，表達(dá)“都是騙人的！”欲哭無淚。英文例句：“DUANG”, then the holiday is gone.I doubt seriously this is special effect;it's cheating!中文：@跳蝻P “DUANG的一下，假期就沒有了。我懷疑這是特效，是騙人的。” 用法四：作為數(shù)量形容詞。形容意想不到的很快，很多，蜂擁而至。

英文例句：“DUANG~”, thousands of netizens repost my Weibo in a short period of time……but no one could look this word up in the dictionary, because I've found it at Bilibili.中文：@蟲治先森 我的微博duang~轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的很快、很多……而字典上跟沒就沒有這個(gè)字——因?yàn)槲沂窃贐站查到的。

最后為大家獻(xiàn)上成龍版《我的洗發(fā)液》全程英文歌詞直播~歡迎同人二次創(chuàng)作~歡迎拍磚~(來源：iduobo.com)“When I first learned to shoot the shampoo ad, in fact, I refuse!…… Ah …… because I think you cannot beat me to shoot right away , first , I want to try, I do not want to say …… after you shoot an ad shoot plus a lot of special effects , the other end to launch ah …… very black!very bright!very soft!outcome audience will scold me, there is no such hair!this proves that the above is false … … I said first to give me a try.Later, after I know they are medicine , but not the kind of chemical ingredients.After that wash this month ……it down this month , at least I used very comfortable.Now it …… still use every day still use it …..I gave my class used to be married to you that I try to speak with the director :?。?！” When the film shoot!after the shoot , the hair is my hair , do not increase , plus stunt up, added that there is no such child!I want to give the audience to see , and then I run out of something like this , you run after , the same way son!“ 原文：“當(dāng)我第一次知道要拍洗發(fā)水廣告的時(shí)候，其實(shí)我是，是拒絕的，我跟導(dǎo)演講，我拒絕，因?yàn)椋鋵?shí)我，根本沒有頭發(fā)……導(dǎo)演跟我講，拍完加特技，頭發(fā)很黑很亮很柔……加了一個(gè)月特技之后呢，頭發(fā)DUANG~~~后來我也知道他們是假的，是化學(xué)成分的。我現(xiàn)在呢，每天還是加特技，加了很多特技，頭發(fā)，DUANG~~DUANG~~DUANG~~我的頭發(fā)烏黑濃密，因?yàn)槲?，加特技……?/p>

看完下面25個(gè)句子，你會(huì)覺得自己的英語學(xué)的不夠到家。這充分說明了語言是文字和文化的有機(jī)結(jié)合。也一定程度上解釋了為什么看美劇抓不住人家笑點(diǎn)的原因。1.Do you have a family? 【正確理解】你有孩子嗎？

2.It's a good father that knows his son.【正確理解】就算是最好的父親，也未必了解自己的兒子。3.I have no opinion of that sort of man.【正確理解】我對這類人很反感。4.The picture flattered her.【正確理解】她比較上照。5.He is a walking skeleton.【正確理解】他很瘦。

6.You don't know what you are talking about.【正確理解】你在胡說八道。

7.You don't begin to understand what they mean.【正確理解】你根本不知道他們在干嘛。（not begin to：毫不）8.They didn't praise him slightly.【正確理解】他們大大地表揚(yáng)了他。9.That's all I want to hear.【正確理解】我已經(jīng)聽夠了。

10.I wish I could bring you to see my point.【正確理解】你要我怎么說你才能明白呢。11.You really flatter me.【正確理解】你讓我受寵若驚。12.He made a great difference.【正確理解】他很關(guān)鍵。

13.You cannot give him too much money.【正確理解】你給他再多的錢也不算多。（not…too/over…連用表示“再…也不為過”）14.The long exhausting trip proved too much.【正確理解】這次旅行曠日持久，我們都累倒了。15.She held the little boy by the right hand.【正確理解】她抓著小男孩的右手。（這里”by“與”with“動(dòng)作主語完全相反）16.Are you there? 【正確理解】你還在聽嗎？（等于Do you follow me?)17.If you think he is a good man, think again.【正確理解】如果你認(rèn)為他是好人，那你就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。18.That took his breath away.【正確理解】他大驚失色。

19.Two is company but three is none.【正確理解】兩人成伴，三人不歡。20.Students are still arriving.【正確理解】學(xué)生還沒有到齊。

21.They went away as wise as they came.【正確理解】他們一無所獲。22.I won't do it to save my life.【正確理解】我死也不會(huì)做。

23.I don't think his painting is any better than yours.【正確理解】我認(rèn)為他的畫比你好不到哪去。24.You don't want to do that.【正確理解】你不應(yīng)該去做。

25.Rubber easily gives way to pressure.【正確理解】橡膠很容易變形。（give way to：向...讓步、屈服）

前央視記者柴靜自費(fèi)拍攝的一部環(huán)保紀(jì)錄片《穹頂之下》通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)播映后，引起廣泛關(guān)注。霧霾在兩會(huì)前夕又成為人們關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。

Chai Jing, former presenter and journalist with China Central Television, presents a self-funded documentary about smog in Beijing, Feb 28, 2015.”Under the Dome", a smog documentary released by Chai Jing has been viewed more than 17 million times on Youku and has provoked national discussion after going viral online.柴靜發(fā)布的“霧霾紀(jì)錄片”《穹頂之下》在優(yōu)酷上已播放超過1700萬次，在網(wǎng)上迅速傳播后引發(fā)了全國的熱烈討論。

霧霾（smog）我們并不陌生，“霧霾記錄片”可以用smog documentary 表示

《穹頂之下》（Under the Dome）是柴靜自費(fèi)制作的霧霾紀(jì)錄片（a self-funded documentary about smog），這是一份調(diào)查性報(bào)道（investigative reporting），通過國內(nèi)外實(shí)地調(diào)查（field investigations at home and abroad），采訪了官員、科學(xué)家及普通民眾，提供了大量數(shù)據(jù)。柴靜在視頻中列舉了一些受污染困擾地區(qū)（pollution-plagued areas）的現(xiàn)狀，調(diào)查了霧霾是什么？它從哪兒來？我們怎么辦？三個(gè)問題，也披露了部分行業(yè)的監(jiān)管漏洞（regulation loopholes），呼吁保護(hù)公共利益（public interest），同時(shí)也呼吁公眾舉報(bào)非法排放（reporting illegal emitters），承擔(dān)個(gè)人責(zé)任（individual responsibility）。

柴靜的視頻受到了很多民眾，如環(huán)保倡導(dǎo)者（environmental advocate）的好評，環(huán)保部長陳吉寧感謝柴靜喚起公眾對環(huán)境關(guān)注，但也受到一些人的猛烈抨擊。