第一篇：法律類合同中英漢翻譯專題

法律類合同中：英——漢翻譯

“廣告推廣費用” 是指在附表1第4段(2)中所列出的款項，其為在進行相關廣告宣傳和業(yè)務推廣方面，所應由承租人負責承擔的那部分費用，具體用于本協(xié)議中承租人所在大廈，承租人自身經營項目，業(yè)務范圍，以及其他輔助性活動的廣告宣傳和業(yè)務推廣，另外，該“廣告推廣費用”應由承租人，按照條款4.4及附表1第4段(2)中的規(guī)定，予以支付。

“基本租金”是指最小數(shù)額的固定租金，不包括百分比租金，服務費用，以及廣告推廣費用，相當于附表2中所列出的金額款項，并且，該基本租金將由承租人，按照附表2中的規(guī)定向業(yè)主予以支付。

“大廈”是指***購物中心，同時，其還包括購物中心內所有和任何部分，以及停車場，服務區(qū)，裝卸區(qū)和其他區(qū)域，如上所述部分的使用權及享有權均隸屬于大廈。

“租賃店鋪”是指附表1第2段中所詳細介紹的店鋪，不包括外墻的外表面，邊界墻的外表面，以及屋頂部分。

較長句段的翻譯

如果在租金，服務費，廣告推廣費用，以及其他應付款項到期后七（7）日，承租人仍未能全部支付如上所述之費用，或者只支付了如上所述之部分費用(不管業(yè)主是否已發(fā)出正式通知，要求承租人繳納該租金，服務費，廣告推廣費用，以及其他應付款項)，或者業(yè)主因承租人的違約而拒絕接受其所支付的租金，服務費，廣告推廣費用，或其他應付款項，進而要求承租人除上述應付款項之外，還應支付因承租人的延遲支付而產生的，與如上全部款項或者與部分少支付款項有關的利息。另外，如上所產生之利息將被視為承租人所拖欠的租金，要求承租人予以全額支付。本租賃協(xié)議中任何條款均未賦予承租人可以在如上之全部款項到期之后，拒付或者延期支付到期應付的租金，服務費，廣告推廣費用和其他應付款項之權利，或者未賦予承租人可以憑借任何方式損害，影響或者背離業(yè)主根據(jù)本租賃協(xié)議中條款的規(guī)定，在承租人出現(xiàn)不支付行為后可以重獲該租賃店鋪所有權的權利（但在不得損害以上總則所述之情況的條件下）。

第二篇：高翻-合同法律類翻譯[范文]

引子:鑒于現(xiàn)在對外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經濟合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準確或不嚴謹,勢必會引起不必要的經濟糾紛.故今以一英文(經濟)合同寫作書籍為藍本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經濟)合同的翻譯和寫作。

合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語言應體現(xiàn)其權威性.英文合同用語的特點之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達的意思準確無誤,達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。

一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語；在條款中需要強調時也可用。語法：一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內,按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規(guī)定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價(6)such...as: 關系代詞,相當于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據(jù)我們所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中（5）documentary proof：證明文件 參考譯文：

特此證明，據(jù)我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù)，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎上（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協(xié)商 參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與 公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協(xié)商，于

****年**月**日在中國（地點），特簽訂本合同。例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：

（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協(xié)議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協(xié)議”可用以下4個動詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點，可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示）。（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡稱乙方 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議特由中國

公司（以下簡稱甲方）與

公司（以下簡稱乙方）于

****年**月**日訂立。

二 hereof 英文釋義: of this 中文譯詞:關于此點；在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時，可以說“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Works”。

語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。hereof和thereof的區(qū)別：hereof強調“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，whether… or not：不論……是否（2）the owner of the goods：貨方（3）without interruption：無間斷地（4）carrier：承運人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規(guī)定 hereof：of this Clause 參考譯文：

不論港口習慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運人需要），無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：

（1）foreign trade dealers：對外貿易經營者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對外貿易經營活動 參考譯文：

本法所稱對外貿易經營者，是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對外貿易經營活動的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：

（1）a limited liability company：有限責任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：

設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規(guī)定的條件。符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注釋：

（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁員

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）be selected or appointed：選定或指定 參考譯文：

仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責的，應當依照本法規(guī)定重新選定或指定仲裁員。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注釋：

（1）conflict：相抵觸

（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前

（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準 hereof：of this Law 參考譯文：

本法施行前制定的有關仲裁的規(guī)定與本法的規(guī)定相抵觸的，以本法為準。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注釋：

（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務機關（2）shall pay compensation：應當給予賠償（3）the claimant for compensation：賠償請求人

（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權申訴（6）claims compensation：要求賠償

（7）apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.參考譯文：

賠償義務機關對依法確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定的情形之一的，應當給予賠償。賠償請求人要求確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定情形之一的，被要求的機關不予確認的，賠償請求人有權申訴。賠償請求人要求賠償，應當先向賠償義務機關提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規(guī)定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁員

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔法律責任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：

仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規(guī)定的情形，情節(jié)嚴重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項規(guī)定的情形的，應當依法承擔法律責任，仲裁委員會應當將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責的有關主管部門

（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負責公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請復議（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：

依照本法，履行審批職責的有關主管部門，對符合本法條件的申請不予批準，或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：

有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注釋：

（1）companies registered：已登記成立的公司

（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限責任公司規(guī)范意見》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council國務院有關主管部門（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國務院另行規(guī)定 參考譯文：

本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應依照法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和國務院有關主管部門制定的《有限責任公司規(guī)范意見》，和《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》，繼續(xù)保留。其中不完全具備本法規(guī)定的條件的，應當在規(guī)定的期限內達到本法規(guī)定的條件。具體實施辦法，由國務院另行規(guī)定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭（2）business operators：經營者

（3）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定 the provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof：of this Law（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法權益（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。

三 hereto 英文釋義: to this 中文譯詞:至此，在此上。

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示“本合同雙方”，可以說“the Parties hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本協(xié)議附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereto和thereto的區(qū)別：同前面所言hereof和thereof的區(qū)別類似，hereto強調的是“to this”。

例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋：

（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好協(xié)商

（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進行仲裁（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京）

（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規(guī)則（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決

（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外 參考譯文：

對于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭議，本合同雙方應友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無法解決爭議，則應將爭議提交中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會（北京），依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應由敗訴方承擔，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）patented technology：專利技術（2）patent：專利

（3）application for the patent：專利申請

（4）may have the right to control：可能有權控制的

（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國家許可轉讓

（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文：

“專利技術”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的，或乙方有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產品的專利和專利申請。例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注釋：

（1）technical documents：技術資料（2）the data and the information：資料（3）engineering：工程（4）manufacturing：制造

（5）original information：原始資料（6）blueprint：藍本

（7）design sheets：設計圖表（8）material specifications：材料規(guī)格（9）photostats：影印資料（10）general data：一般資料

（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的設計及其說明書 參考譯文：

“技術資料”系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產品有關的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的圖紙、藍本、設計圖表、材料規(guī)格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設計及其說明書等，但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業(yè)務活動的資料。例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注釋：

（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帳目（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款

（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具體的查帳內容和程序（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract 參考譯文：

乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時，應在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規(guī)定開出的書面通知后10天之內通知甲方，其具體的查帳內容和程序詳見本合同附件4。

例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋：

（1）either Party hereto：本協(xié)議各方（不譯成“one Party hereto）。

（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設計

（3）discover, make or develop：開發(fā)

（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產及裝配許可證產品或部件

（5）file application for Letter Patent：申請專利

（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此產生的專利（8）consistent with this agreement：與本協(xié)議不相矛盾 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議各方同意，一方對于有關生產及裝配許可證產品或部件所做的改進、修正、更新發(fā)明或設計均應立即全部通知另一方。開發(fā)改進的一方可以自負費用并以自身名義申請專利或采取其它必要的法律保護程序，由此產生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協(xié)議的有效期內，另一方可以與本協(xié)議不相矛盾的方式無償使用和銷售利用改進、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設計（無論其是否取得專利權）生產的產品。

例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋：

（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務

（2）the technical assistance agreement：技術服務協(xié)議

（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本協(xié)議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務，F(xiàn)CAM和Y將訂立技術服務協(xié)議并作為本協(xié)議附件2（以下稱作“技術服務協(xié)議”）。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋：

（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實際可能最大限度地（2）data on management and financial information：管理和財務信息材料

（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好會計和財務帳目

（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以備本協(xié)議各方的檢查或審計 either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方 inspection：檢查 audit：審計 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣，用于FCAM向協(xié)議各方提供管理和財務信息材料；并且FCAM應建好會計和財務帳目以備協(xié)議雙方的檢查或審計。

例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注釋：

（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本協(xié)議雙方授權的董事會 hereto：to this Agreement（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：業(yè)務管理

（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整體經營計劃（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：監(jiān)督該計劃的執(zhí)行（5）review and approval：審閱和批準 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意授權管理FCAM的董事會對公司整體經營計劃的報批和監(jiān)督執(zhí)行負責。該經營計劃需要提交協(xié)議雙方審閱和批準。

例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注釋：

（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定機器設備 equipment：（單數(shù)形式）設備

（2）determined through mutual consultation：協(xié)商決定

（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技術訣竅（4）terms and conditions：條件

（5）(such…)as：作關系代詞，意為which, that 參考譯文：

本協(xié)議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售，F(xiàn)CAM從Y購買經過Y和FCAM協(xié)商決定的特定機器設備，以保證根據(jù)技術服務協(xié)議由Y向FCAM提供的技術訣竅得到有效使用，并以協(xié)議雙方同意的價格和條件成交。

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋：

（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務（3）debtor：債務人（4）creditor：債權人 參考譯文：

本合同期滿時，雙方之間發(fā)生的未了債務不受合同期滿的影響，債務人應向債權人繼續(xù)支付未了債務

四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等時，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當競爭”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協(xié)議（中）內容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。

語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經營者的合法權益

（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經營者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經營或營利性服務 engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于 參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。

本法所稱的經營者，是指從事商品經營或營利性服務（以下所稱商品包括服務）的法人、其他經濟組織和個人。

例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注釋：

（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：茲制定本法（2）maintain the foreign trade order：維護對外貿易秩序

（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發(fā)展

（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所稱對外貿易 herein：in this Law（5）the international trade in services：國際服務貿易 參考譯文：

為了發(fā)展對外貿易，維護對外貿易秩序，促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發(fā)展，茲制定本法。本法所稱對外貿易，是指貨物進出口、技術進出口和國際服務貿易。

例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注釋：（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所稱（2）limited liability company：有限責任公司（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司（4）within the territory of China：在中國境內 參考譯文：

本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國境內設立的有限責任公司和股份有限公司。

例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注釋：

（1）illegal gains：違法所得

（2）shall be confiscated：應當予以沒收

（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本決定規(guī)定（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被沒收違法所得（5）a fine imposed on：判處罰金（6）property forfeited：沒收財產

（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承擔民事賠償責任 參考譯文：

犯本決定規(guī)定之罪有違法所得的，應當予以沒收。

犯本決定規(guī)定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財產、承擔民事責任的，其財產不足以支付時，先承擔民事賠償責任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（…<指定裝運港>）

（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加運費（…<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保險費加運費（……<指定目的港>）

（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》 參考譯文：

除非本合同另有規(guī)定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應依照國際商會制定的《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。

例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：爭議（3）controversy：糾紛（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：

除非另有明確表示，則由于執(zhí)行本協(xié)議所引發(fā)或與本協(xié)議有關的協(xié)議雙方的所有爭議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過失（包括，但不限于有關本協(xié)議存續(xù)的爭議，仲裁條款有效性的爭議），如不能以友好協(xié)商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注釋：

（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行

（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同規(guī)定的條件 herein：in this Contract（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日（4）credit the funds received：貸記入所收資金（5）the Borrower：借款人 參考譯文：

代理行應按照本合同規(guī)定的條件，在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據(jù)2.2款指定的帳戶。

例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注釋：

（1）cumulative：累加的

（2）shall not be exclusive of：并不排除（3）privilege：特權（4）remedy：補救方法

（5）provided for by laws：法律規(guī)定的 參考譯文： 本合同規(guī)定的各項權利是累加的，并不排除法律規(guī)定的其它權利、權力、特權或補救方法。例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注釋：

（1）Now Therefore：據(jù)此

（2）the consideration：對價。對價是對一項允諾（promise）的回報。例如，甲方允諾向乙方提供若干數(shù)量的貨物，乙方同意付給甲方一定數(shù)目的貨款，該貨款便構成甲方允諾的對價。在經過要約（offer）與承諾（acceptance）的基礎上，只有那些擁有對價的允諾才被認作合同，得到法律的保護和執(zhí)行。

（3）the contents herein：本協(xié)議內容 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

據(jù)此，以本協(xié)議雙方相互承諾為對價，就下述內容達成一致： 例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注釋：

（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付義務（2）reimbursement：償付

（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免稅的

（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務 herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：

借款人應按照本協(xié)議和票據(jù)完成所有支付義務。向銀行的償付應是不附帶其它費用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項不含任何稅務。借款人應按本協(xié)議承擔全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務。

五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文

語法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：

（1）in accordance with：under 根據(jù)

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業(yè)法（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合營公司章程（條款）（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制訂 參考譯文：

根據(jù)《中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業(yè)法》以及由

公司（以下稱甲方）與

公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經營的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注釋：

(1)financial institution：金融機構

(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行。在中譯英時，這里的“外國資本銀行”，應理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”，英文為subsidiary banks，而不能簡單地譯成foreign banks，因為很少有一家外國銀行把自己的總部搬到國外，但在境外設立子銀行、子公司是經常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下簡稱外資銀行。

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下簡稱外資銀行分行。(5)finance company：財務公司，這里應理解為金融公司，是指在商業(yè)銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業(yè)務的金融企業(yè)。如果中文為會計事務所，則要譯成：accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下簡稱外資財務公司(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下簡稱合資財務公司 參考譯文：

本條例所稱外資金融機構，是指依照中華人民共和國有關法律、法規(guī)的規(guī)定，經批準在中國境內設立和營業(yè)的下列金融機構：

（一）總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行（以下簡稱外資銀行）

（二）外國銀行在中國境內的分行（以下簡稱外資銀行分行）

（三）外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的銀行（以下簡稱合資銀行）

（四）總公司在中國境內的外國資本的財務公司（以下簡稱外資財務公司）

（五）外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的財務公司（以下簡稱合資財務公司）

例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注釋：

(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已設立的中外合資經營企業(yè)，即現(xiàn)有的中外合資經營企業(yè)

(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作經營企業(yè)(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外資企業(yè)

(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下簡稱外商投資企業(yè)

(5)shall have a record of making profits：應有盈利紀錄 參考譯文：

已設立的中外合資經營企業(yè)、中外合作經營企業(yè)，外資企業(yè)（以下稱為外商投資企業(yè)），如申請轉變?yōu)楣镜?，應有最近連續(xù)3年的盈利紀錄。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經貿部門（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計劃單列市 參考譯文：

申請設立投資公司，投資者應將下列文件經擬設立投資公司所在地的省、自治區(qū)、直轄市、計劃單列市外經貿部門審核同意后，報對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）審查批準。例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：

（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡稱《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認公司的企業(yè)法人資格

（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規(guī)范公司登記行為 參考譯文：

為了確認公司的企業(yè)法人資格，規(guī)范公司登記行為，依據(jù)《中華人民共和國公司法》（以下簡稱《公司法》），制定本條例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：

（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流

（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進外資

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的發(fā)展

（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下簡稱外國股東 foreign shareholders：外國股東

（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下簡稱中國股東（6）within the territory of China：在中國境內

（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投資股份有限公司 參考譯文：

為進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流，引進外資，促進社會主義市場經濟的發(fā)展，外國的公司、企業(yè)和其他經濟組織或個人（以下簡稱外國股東），按照平等互利的原則，可與中國的公司、企業(yè)或其他經濟組織（以下簡稱中國股東）在中國境內共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司（以下簡稱公司）。

例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注釋：

（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引進國外先進技術和管理經驗

（2）to establish investment company：設立投資公司（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下簡稱投資公司

（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中國有關外國投資的法律、法規(guī) 參考譯文：

為了促進外國投資者來華投資，引進國外先進技術和管理經驗，允許外國投資者根據(jù)中國有關外國投資的法律、法規(guī)及本規(guī)定，在中國設立投資公司（以下簡稱投資公司）。

例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注釋：

（1）these Detailed Rules：本實施細則

（2）apply（to）：vi.適用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常駐代表機構（4）shipping agents：貨運代理商（5）consultant company：咨詢公司（6）advertising agency：廣告公司（7）leasing company：租賃公司

（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下簡稱外國企業(yè) 參考譯文：

本實施細則適用于外國貿易商、制造廠商、貨運代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經濟貿易組織（以下簡稱外國企業(yè)）在中華人民共和國境內設立的常駐代表機構。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權的對外經濟貿易委員會

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡稱審批機關 Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機關（3）register with：辦理登記手續(xù)

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國家工商行政管理局（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權的（各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計劃單列市）工商行政管理局 參考譯文：

外國企業(yè)申請在中華人民共和國境內成立常設代表機構，應經對外貿易經濟合作部或其授權的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計劃單列市對外經濟貿易委員會（廳）（以下簡稱審批機關）批準，并在中華人民共和國國家工商行政管理局或其授權的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡稱登記機關）辦理登記手續(xù)。

六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里；在那點上，在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等時使用。例如表示“修補工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或機械設備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。

語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注釋：

(1)Temporary Works：臨時工程，是指為永久工程服務的工程，永久工程建成后應予以拆除。建造臨時工程的費用，按國際FIDIC合同條件規(guī)定，應由承包人負責。

(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出現(xiàn)的問題，即工程本身存在的問題，而不是因業(yè)主使用不當造成的。

(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷。建造一項工程一般分成兩個階段進行，工程設計、施工、竣工為第一階段，修補工程中任何缺陷為第二階段，因此此句中的第一個and是對的，表示建造工程的兩個階段。參考譯文：

臨時工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷時需要或與上述工程階段有關的所有各種臨時工程，但承包人的設備除外。

例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注釋：

（1）the prior consent of the Employer：業(yè)主的事先同意 注意：consent只有單數(shù)形式，表示同意

（2）assign：轉讓

（3）therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4）otherwise than by：但下列情況除外。也可寫成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 參考譯文：

沒有業(yè)主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進行轉讓，但下列情況除外：

例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注釋：

（1）Note：期票，即借據(jù)，票據(jù)（2）loan agreement：貸款協(xié)議

（3）be entitled to all the benefits：享有（貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的）全部利益（4）advance payment：預付（5）default：違約

（6）in the event of default：因違約 參考譯文：

本期票是貸款協(xié)議中所指的期票，享有貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的全部利益，是指貸款協(xié)議中規(guī)定的預付、違約及因違約提前到期的權利和義務。

例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋：

（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人說明書（2）comply with：遵照

（3）the attachments specified therein：附錄4規(guī)定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 參考譯文：

借款人證明書，其格式基本上應遵照附錄4規(guī)定的格式及其規(guī)定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋：

（1）exemption：免征稅款（2）local authorities：地方當局

（3）any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機構

（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當局的稅收當局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根據(jù)合同規(guī)定（6）shall be due：應予以征收的

（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件 in question：上述 參考譯文：

任何時候，如果由當?shù)鼗蚱淙魏握种C構或稅收當局，對任何根據(jù)合同規(guī)定所支付費用應予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質，現(xiàn)在或將來，凡可以免征的，借款人應及時向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。

例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋：

（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國外商投資企業(yè)和外國企業(yè)所得稅法。（2）at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規(guī)定的稅率 therein：in the Tax Law 參考譯文：

在《中華人民共和國外商投資企業(yè)和外國企業(yè)所得稅法》（以下簡稱稅法）公布前已經辦理工商登記的外商投資企業(yè)，該企業(yè)應按稅法規(guī)定的稅率繳納所得稅。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注釋：

（1）the Borrower：借款人

（2）to make the borrowings：借貸資金（3）to execute and deliver the Note：簽署票據(jù)

（4）to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承擔由此產生的義務 therein：in the Note（5）all the actions in question：上述全部行為（6）legal person：法人 參考譯文：

借款人有充分的權力訂立本協(xié)議，借貸資金、簽署票據(jù)并承擔由此而產生的義務，上述全部行為均應經法人適當和必需的授權。

例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注釋：

（1）leasee：承租人

（2）keep the commodity in good condition：維持商品的良好狀況（3）provided that：除非，表示進一步規(guī)定（4）leasor：出租人（5）to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出賠償

（6）any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的損失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出現(xiàn)的故障 參考譯文：

承租人必須自負費用維持商品的良好狀況；除非由出租人對商品的故障負責，承租人則有權向出租人提出賠償因之所遭受的損失。

例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注釋：

（1）documents：shipping documents貨運單據(jù)（2）transport documents：運輸單據(jù)

（3）insurance documents：insurance policies保險單據(jù)（4）commercial invoice：商業(yè)發(fā)票（5）the credit：the letter of credit 信用證（6）drawer：出單人

（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 項目內容（9）referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的 參考譯文：

當信用證要求運輸單據(jù)、保險單據(jù)和商業(yè)發(fā)票以外的單據(jù)時，信用證應規(guī)定該單據(jù)的出單人及其措辭或項目內容。如信用證雖無此規(guī)定，但提交的單據(jù)的項目內容可能證實與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務有關聯(lián)，則銀行將予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋：

（1）loss or damage：損失與損壞 注：loss與damage同義，同義詞連用是合同文件語言特點之一。

（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 應譯成“用于（工程）中”，而不能譯成“進入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自費（5）rectify：彌補，糾正

（6）Permanent Works：永久工程

（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：達到工程師滿意的程度 參考譯文：

在承包人負責照管工程期間，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的設備，除第20.4款所規(guī)定的風險外，不管由于任何原因而遭受損失或損壞，承包人應自費彌補此類損失或損壞，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的規(guī)定，并達到工程師滿意的程度。

七.thereof 英文釋義: of that, of it 中文譯詞:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”時，為避免重復，可使用該詞，比如表示“合同條件、條款”時，可譯為“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此處的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可譯為“any parts thereof”，這里的thereof表示“of the Works”。

語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。例1：

When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注釋：

（1）be entitled to determine：有權確定

（2）the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery：提取貨物的時間和/或地點

（3）the notice thereof：有關這方面的通知 thereof：of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.參考譯文：

買方有權確定在規(guī)定期限內提取貨物的時間和/或地點時，應給賣方有關這方面的通知。

例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented.Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注釋：

（1）the collection of tax：稅收的開征

（2）the cessation thereof：稅收的停征 thereof：of tax（3）the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid：減稅、免稅、退稅、補稅（4）the State Council：國務院

（5）to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations：制定的行政法規(guī)規(guī)定 prepare：制定 參考譯文：

稅收的開征、停征以及減稅、免稅、退稅、補稅，依照法律的規(guī)定執(zhí)行；法律授權國務院規(guī)定的，依照國務院制定的行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。

例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.注釋：

（1）the Party applying for arbitration：當事人申請仲裁（是指申請仲裁的當事人）（2）arbitration commission：仲裁委員會（3）arbitration agreement：仲裁協(xié)議（4）application for arbitration：仲裁申請書

（5）the copies thereof：the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申請書副本 參考譯文：

當事人申請仲裁，應當向仲裁委員會遞交仲裁協(xié)議、仲裁申請書及副本。

例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注釋：

（1）Tests on Completion：竣工檢驗（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定

（3）Employer takes over the Works：業(yè)主接收工程

（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、區(qū)段 thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工檢驗指合同規(guī)定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗。這些檢驗是由承包人在業(yè)主接收工程或工程任何部分、區(qū)段之前進行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注釋：

（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒絕證書

（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒絕證書 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（5）the banks concerned with the collection：與托收有關的各銀行

（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（7）the principal：委托人 參考譯文：

托收指示應對于在遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款時，是否需要作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續(xù)）給予特別指示。

如無此項特別指示，與托收有關的各銀行在遭到拒絕付款或拒絕承兌時，并無義務作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續(xù)）。

銀行由于作出拒絕證書或采取其它法律手續(xù)而發(fā)生的手續(xù)費或費用概由委托人負擔。

例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注釋:（1）makes the specification：訂明規(guī)格

（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification規(guī)格的細節(jié)（3）the communication in question：該通知（4）shall be binding：應具有約束力 參考譯文：

如果賣方自己制訂規(guī)格，他必須將所制訂的規(guī)格的細節(jié)通知買方，而且必須規(guī)定一段合理時間，讓買方可以在該段時間內制訂出不同的規(guī)格。如果買方在收到該通知后沒有在該段時間內這樣做，則賣方所訂的規(guī)格應具有約束力。

例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment.Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.注釋：

（1）apply to(sb.)：適用

（2）limited liability companies with foreign investment：外商投資的有限責任公司（3）Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise：中外合資經營企業(yè)（4）Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise：中外合作經營企業(yè)（5）wholly foreign-owned enterprise：外資企業(yè) 參考譯文：

外商投資的有限責任公司適用本法，有關中外合資經營企業(yè)、中外合作經營企業(yè)、外資企業(yè)的法律另有規(guī)定的，適用其規(guī)定。

例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.注釋：

（1）time for completion：竣工時間（2）the execution of the Works：施工

（3）any Section or part thereof：工程的任何部分或區(qū)段，thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：

竣工時間是指合同規(guī)定從工程開工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或區(qū)段施工結束并且通過竣工檢驗的時間。

例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.注釋：

（1）make available to the Contractor….：向承包人提供……（2）data on hydrological and subsurface conditions：水文地質資料

（3）his own interpretation thereof：自己對上述資料的解釋 thereof：of the data 參考譯文：

在承包人提交投標書之前，業(yè)主應向承包人提供由業(yè)主或業(yè)主代表根據(jù)對該項工程的勘察所取得的水文地質資料，但是承包人應對他自己對上述資料的解釋負責。

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注釋：

（1）this Agreement is terminated：本協(xié)議終止（2）transparency：圖片（3）specifications：規(guī)格

（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生產和操作資料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述許可證產品 參考譯文：

如本協(xié)議因任何理由而終止，所有由甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規(guī)格以及其它全部生產和操作資料，包括全部復制品，均返還甲方，同時，乙方應停止生產上述許可證產品、或部件、或零件。

八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 隨附；附之 3）therewith: with that 與此；與之 4）therefor: for that 因之；為此 5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照

用法: 本節(jié)提及的各詞，其用法與上面七節(jié)談及的一樣，主要強調的是“that”。如果強調的是“this”，則要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。語法：緊接所修飾詞之后。

例1：

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注釋：

（1）

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決（2）

the judgment：司法判決

（3）

any court having jurisdiction：有管轄權的法院 jurisdiction：管轄權（4）

the parties thereto：合同雙方 thereto：to the Contract（5）

in good faith：以良好誠信的態(tài)度

參考譯文：

仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權的法院對此作出司法判決。雙方須以良好誠信的態(tài)度遵守仲裁庭的決定。

例2： “Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.注釋：

（1）

patented technology：專利技術（2）

letters patent：專利證，專利（3）

application therefore：專利申請（4）

grant license thereof：許可轉讓

（5）

during the effective period of this Contract：本合同有效期間

（6）

are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products：適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產品

參考譯文：

“專利技術”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的和/或有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產品的專利和專利申請。

例3：

“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.注釋：

（1）

Contract Products：合同產品

（2）

Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2（3）

together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改進發(fā)展的產品 thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Products 參考譯文：

“合同產品”，系指本合同附件2中規(guī)定的產品及其改進發(fā)展的產品。

例4：

“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.注釋：

（1）

specifications：規(guī)范

（2）

any modification thereof or addition thereto：對規(guī)范的任何修改或增補 thereof：of the Specifications；thereto：to the Specifications（3）

under Clause 95：根據(jù)第95條規(guī)定

參考譯文：

規(guī)范是指合同中包括的工程規(guī)范，以及根據(jù)第95條規(guī)定的或由承包商提出并經工程師批準的對規(guī)范的任何修改或增補。

例5：

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注釋：

（1）

the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷責任證書

（2）

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷責任期終止

（3）

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分（4）

any works instructed：任何按指示進行的工程

參考譯文：工程的缺陷責任證書應由工程師在缺陷責任期終止后28天內頒發(fā)，或者，如果不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分時，則在最后一個缺陷責任期終止或根據(jù)第82條，在任何按指示進行的工程已完成并達到工程師滿意之后盡快簽發(fā)。

例6：

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注釋：

（1）

commitment fee：承諾費，承擔費。貸款協(xié)議簽定生效后，如借款人沒有按期使用貸款，需向貸款人支付一定金額的補償費用——承諾費或承擔費。通常在貸款協(xié)議中確定一個承諾期。承諾期分為前后兩期，前期不收承諾費，后期計收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期已使用全部承諾期金額，則不收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期未使用全部承諾期金額，其余額在后段承諾期使用，則計收承諾費。

（2）

the Disbursement Date：貸款發(fā)放日（3）

the Termination Date：貸款終止日

（4）

from the date in the third month thereafter：從其后第3個月的該日 thereafter：after the Termination Date

參考譯文：

借款人每年應支付銀行貸款承諾總額0.5%的承諾費。支付時間從簽訂合同之日起（包括該日在內），到貸款發(fā)放日和終止日中較早之日（但不包括該日在內）為止，從其后第3個月的該日起開始按季支付至發(fā)放日與終止日中較早之日。

例7： If one or more of the following events of default(hereinafter called “Event of Default”)occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a)The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.注釋：

（1）

events of default：違約事件（2）

continues or continue：正在繼續(xù)（3）

the remedies：補救方法

（4）

fail to pay any amount payable thereunder：未能支付根據(jù)該協(xié)議規(guī)定應付的款項 thereunder：under the Contract

參考譯文：

如果發(fā)生下列一種或一種以上違約事件（以下稱違約事件），或該違約事件正在繼續(xù)，代理行以及各行應行使第11.2款規(guī)定的救濟方法。（1）借款人未能支付根據(jù)該協(xié)議規(guī)定到期應付的款項。九.whereas

釋義: considering that, 鑒于，就......而論（法律用語）

用法: 常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落中，以引出合同雙方要訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。語法：緊接于要修飾詞之前，常位于句首。

例1：

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology：將專利技術的合同產品的使用權、制造權和銷售權授予甲方（3）

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract：雙方授權代表（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows：就以下條款

參考譯文：

鑒于乙方有權并同意將專利技術的合同產品的使用權、制造權和銷售權授予甲方； 鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術制造并銷售合同的產品；雙方授權代表經友好協(xié)商，同意就以下條款簽訂本合同：

例2：

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

proprietary technical information：專有技術信息

（2）

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料

（3）

the right and licence：許可權利（4）

technical assistance：技術協(xié)助（5）

trademarks：商標

參考譯文：

鑒于甲方擁有合同產品的生產及銷售所涉及的技術信息，包括設計、技術、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權；

鑒于乙方以生產、使用和銷售合同產品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標； 雙方茲就下列內容達成一致：

例3：

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）

an aggregate amount：總額

（4）

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當事人協(xié)議如下

參考譯文：

鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬美元），當事人協(xié)議如下：

例4： Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋：

（1）

whereas：鑒于（2）

a term loan：定期貸款（3）

the principal amount：本金

（4）

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement：根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項

（5）

in consideration of the mutual promises：以雙方相互承諾為對價 consideration：對價 參考譯文：

鑒于借款人根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項，已向銀行要求向借款人提供一筆本金為100萬美元（US$ 1,000,000）的定期貸款；

鑒于銀行根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項，已準備向借款人提供此項定期貸款； 據(jù)此，以雙方相互承諾為對價，就下述內容達成一致。例5：

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注釋：（1）

whereas：鑒于

（2）

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit：按照平等互利的原則（3）

through friendly consultation：通過友好協(xié)商（4）

joint venture company：合資經營公司（5）

hereinafter referred as：以下稱 參考譯文：

鑒于甲方與乙方按照平等互利的原則，經過友好協(xié)商，決定共同投資在中國建立合資經營公司（以下稱“合資企業(yè)”），為此達成如下合同。

第三篇：淺談英漢翻譯中的文化因素

淺談英漢翻譯中的文化因素 [ 2009-10-07 09:07 ]

當今科技突飛猛進，經濟日益全球化的世界里，信息傳播尤為重要，翻譯作為信息傳播和交際的橋梁也就起著越來越重要的作用。翻譯曾一度被看做是兩種語 言之間的轉換，但事實上，在全球化語境下的翻譯活動，形式上雖是語言字符的轉換，內容上卻是不同民族文化間的交流。翻譯永遠與文化脫不了干系，永遠受到文 化因素的制約和影響。1 思維方式的影響

西方民族慣用抽象性，由一到多的分析型思維方式，句子常以主語和謂語為核心，統(tǒng)攝多個短語和從句，由主到次，但形散而意合。而東方民族慣用具體性，由多到一的綜合型思維方式，句子多以動詞為中心，以時間為順序，橫向鋪敘，注重整體和諧。有時英語的一個長句需要轉譯為漢語的幾個短句，而漢語中一個意群 的若干短句卻可以合譯為一個英語長句。英漢民族認識和思維方式的不同決定了其在翻譯過程中句式選擇，遣詞造句，詞句省略等的不同。如此例句：“It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.”如直接譯成：“那是一個美好的金秋，在告別了那些可能丟失他們的青春甚至生命的人之后，樹葉才慢慢的落下。”這種翻譯顯然受到了語言形式的拘 束，譯句結構混亂，呆板沒有條理性且語言支離破碎。如將譯文譯成“那是個天氣晴朗，金黃可愛的秋天，美好的秋色為那些青年們送別。待到戰(zhàn)后和平時期，黃葉 紛飛的秋天再度來臨時，當日的青年們已經失去了青春，有的甚至喪失了生命?！本秃芊现袊说乃季S方式，不失為一段精彩的翻譯。再如奧運口號“北京歡迎 您！”表達了中國人民歡迎世界各國人民到北京的心情，我們常見的譯文為“welcome to Beijing!”翻譯中句式的改變，使用英語祈使句，恰當?shù)谋磉_出中國人祈盼奧運的熱情。如譯為 “Beijing is welcome you”，則語氣過于平淡，效果大打折扣。2 歷史典故及風俗習慣的影響

歷史典故是民族文化的傳承，具有鮮明的文化個性和豐富的文化歷史信息，體現(xiàn)不同歷史文化特點。隨著中西文化的交流，西方的許多圣經故事，文學作品等 以及中國的神話，典故，詩詞歌賦等也被各自接受和欣賞，翻譯也就起著不可估量的作用。當然，翻譯就必須是歷史典故和歷史文化的翻譯，而不單單停留在文字的 表面。例如：在《舊約 創(chuàng)世紀》中，有這么一句話：“Can't you see it is an apple?”字面意思為“難道你看不出這是個蘋果么?”根據(jù)歷史典故，我們知道夏娃受到魔鬼的引誘吃了善惡樹上的蘋果，觸怒了上帝。蘋果（apple）一詞也就成了陷阱的意思。所以，此處譯為“難道你看不出這是個陷阱么?”更為貼切。風俗習慣更是如此，影響和制約著翻譯的精確性。如漢文化中，人們崇尚“ 民以食為天”，見面問一聲“吃了嗎?”，一則表示關心寒暄，二則也是正式交談的開場白。但如譯成“Have you had your meal?”則失去了其語用意義和應酬功能，也不能被西方人理解和接受。因此翻譯要在雙方風俗習慣的基礎上加以必要的解釋。3 宗教傳統(tǒng)的影響

中國人信仰佛教，相信佛主主宰一切，而歐美人信奉基督教，認為上帝創(chuàng)造世界。漢語中有“借花獻佛”、“緣木求魚”等成語，英語中也存在“God bless you”、“God be with you”（上帝保佑）等習語。中西宗教傳統(tǒng)的差異使得翻譯時應特別注意，否則就會出現(xiàn)失當現(xiàn)象。如英語中的：“end of the world”，從字面上很容易譯為“世界末日”。但在基督教的教義中，“end of the world”意為“judgment day”，是上帝審判人類的日子，那一天好人上天堂，壞人下地獄，魔鬼被投入硫磺湖里。此時翻譯要達到精準，就必須受宗教文化的局限。4 價值觀念及審美觀念的影響

不同的民族文化必然造就人們不同的價值觀念，因此翻譯時必須顧及雙方不同的價值觀，才能被對方理解接受。如：英國主要以馬耕為主，英國人對馬也有深 厚的情感，因此英美人的價值觀中馬是勤勞和吃苦耐勞的象征。英語中就有“as strong as a horse”的說法。而中國自古以來主要靠牛耕，中國人對牛熱愛和贊譽因為牛秉性勤勞忠厚。所以英語的“as strong as a horse”，按照中國人的價值觀譯為“力大如牛”才精準。另外，不同民族的審美觀念也存在較大的差異，翻譯的過程中如不注意，就會造成事與愿違的結果。在中國人的審美觀念中，白色象征肅穆、哀悼，而紅色則是傳統(tǒng)的喜慶色彩，因而中國婚嫁稱為“紅事”，喪事則稱“白事”。但多數(shù)西方人對漢語中的“紅白喜事 ”感到費解。因為在西方人的審美觀中，白色象征著純潔、素雅、坦率、單純、快樂和明亮。西方人婚宴多為白色，而喪葬則為黑色。所以翻譯時，最好不要把“紅 ”、“白”兩種顏色譯出，只說weddings and funerals（婚禮和葬禮）。因為把白色和喪事聯(lián)系起來，會引起西方人的反感，而把funerals（喪事）說成是happy occasions（喜事），會讓西方人吃驚。5 地域環(huán)境的影響

由于各民族所處地理位置、自然條件和生態(tài)環(huán)境等的不同，就形成了不同的地域文化。這不僅影響著各民族語言的表達方式，也直接影響著人們對同一事物不 同的理解、語義聯(lián)想和情感，這就對翻譯提出進一步的要求。如李白《江上詠》的詩句中有“功名富貴若長在，漢水亦應西北流?！贝颂幏g的關鍵就在于如何理解 “西北流”。我國地形特征是西高東低，李白用“西北流”喻指功名富貴如過眼煙云，不可能與與江河永流。這一比喻是基于我國的地理特征，但由于英美國家處于 不同的地理位置，地形特征相異，如采用直譯法，很多英美人可能并不解其真正含義，這就要求翻譯“西北流”時應做適當?shù)淖兺ǎ谑亲g成“But sooner could flow backward to is fountains;This stream, than wealth and honor can remain.”這樣譯文中用flow backward（倒流）的方式表達了原文中“西北流”所蘊含的“不可能”之意，但卻不能體現(xiàn)原文的工整對仗及中國的地域特征?？傊g不僅是語言表面上的問題，更是文化層面上的問題。翻譯的實質是一項跨文化的交流活動，最終目的除了傳遞原信息外，更要傳遞文化，促進文化 間的交流和理解。在翻譯的過程中，譯者必須了解語篇中不同民族文化所體現(xiàn)的文化內涵，正確理解原文所包含的文化語義，分析隱含在原文背后的文化因素，在不 違背原語言表達的基礎上再現(xiàn)原文的文化蘊意。因為只有在文化背景下進行的翻譯，才是精準有效的翻譯。

作者簡介：齊媛媛，1981出生，女，河北唐山人，任職于唐山學院外語系，研究方向為語言學，英美文學。

第四篇：英漢翻譯中的選詞技巧

英漢翻譯中的選詞技巧

摘要:選詞正確與否直接決定著翻譯作品的好壞。選詞,即選取意義擇取單詞,既關系到原文理解中詞義的辨識和確定,也包括翻譯表達中的詞語的選擇。相對而言,原文詞語的理解更為重要。

關鍵詞:翻譯技巧;選詞;翻譯技巧,即翻譯方法,能使具有概括性、指導性、基礎性的翻譯原理具體化、條理化、實施化,利用各種翻譯轉換法準確、完整傳達話語信息。它著重解決的是具體翻譯轉換上技術、技藝、藝術上的問題。翻譯理論專著或教材中對技巧的處理一般按兩條線索分別或結合進行歸納:一是按原語的詞類、句型等語法范疇及慣用法系列等,梳理翻譯表達的技巧、方法;另一是按對原文信息、形式進行翻譯表達的方法,而在分合、增減、反正、順逆、去留存變、直譯形神等辨證關系上,對翻譯手法進行分類。翻譯是科學又是藝術,對于技巧,理論著作、教材不能囊括翻譯實踐中的所有情況,具體問題還須具體分析,翻譯者不但要靈活運用已有的技巧,而且要善于創(chuàng)造新的技巧,以使譯文傳意達旨,形神兼?zhèn)洹?/p>

選詞,即選義擇詞,貫穿于整個翻譯的實際操作過程之中。這里的“詞”指表達某一實體或整體性概念的單詞、詞組和短語。“選義”是由人類語言的一詞多義現(xiàn)象決定的。任何一種發(fā)展完備的人類語言,其中的大部分詞匯都是一詞多義。例如單詞charge: 動詞含義有兩個,在科技英語的環(huán)境下是“充電”,而在日常生活中是“索取(費用)”。名詞通常是“電流”的含義。該如何措辭則要看具體語境了。此外,英語中有一些名詞,同時有兩個形容詞,比如名詞sun,它的形容詞可以是sunny,也可以是solar,這里就有個辨義和確定詞義的問題。另外,語言使用中還普遍存在著多詞一義的現(xiàn)象,即同一意思對應不同的詞語。在英語里,一詞多義是非常常見的,這與英語的多源生有關?，F(xiàn)代英語中不僅有許多詞匯是從古英語演變而來,還有約80%的詞匯從外國輸入的,經過歷史變遷,這些詞匯并存和融合,使英語一詞多義,一義多詞的現(xiàn)象特別普遍。因此譯者除了具有辨義這項本領外,還要具備“擇詞”這方面的技巧。

無論是“選義”,還是“擇詞”,都離不開具體的語境。英國翻譯理論家紐馬克說,沒有詞是完全孤立的(No word is an island entire to itself.),詞的意義必然受到前后相鄰詞句的影響。我國學者王佐良先生也說,上下文不只是語言問題,說話是一種社會行為,上下文實際上是提供了一個社會場合或情境,正是它決定了詞義。他還指出,一個詞不僅有直接的、表面的、字典上的意義,還有內涵的、情感的、牽涉許多聯(lián)想的意義;一個詞的意義有時不是從本身看得很清楚的,而要通過整篇整段--亦即通過這個詞在不同情境下的多次再現(xiàn)--才能確定。香港譯界有句名言:詞無定譯,說的就是同一個詞在不同的語境中可能有不同的翻譯。

從詞語與語境的關系看,有些詞基本不受語境影響(context-free),如意義相對固定單一的專有名詞、科技術語、數(shù)量詞等;有些詞則受語境制約(context-bound),如那些含有感情色彩、價值判斷且意義極為豐富的普通名詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞等。對于這些詞語,先利用各種手段確定其意,然后恰當措辭表達。下面介紹幾種確定詞義的方法。

一.根據(jù)上下文和漢語習慣搭配來確定詞義

長句、難句、復雜句,句句難懂,這是大家都非常清楚的一點。如何看懂句子,而又不失精準的把譯文寫出來成了迫在眉睫的任務。首先,我們都知道:在動手翻譯之前,必須要把英語原文看懂。理解原文是整個翻譯過程的第一步。這是最關鍵、也是最容易出問題的一步。以下我們通過考研英語翻譯實例來具體講解在理解原文的前提下如何根據(jù)上下文確定詞義: A.意群拆分確定詞義: e.g.“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(1994-72)本句可以分四個意群來確定詞義: 第一個意群:in short簡言之school學派contend 堅持認為,爭辯,討論

第二個意群:the scientific revolution 科學革命(不可譯為“科技革命”)as we call it所謂的第三個意群:largely 在很大程度上a series of一系列instruments器具、儀器

第四個意群:expand拓展reach影響范圍innumerable無數(shù)的、數(shù)不清的direction方面

e.g.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003-62)本句可以分三個意群來確定詞義。

第一個意群:social science社會科學 branch分支intellectual enquiry知識探索

第二個意群:seek力圖reasoned理性的dispassionate冷靜的,客觀的in?manner以?方式

第三個意群:natural scientist自然科學家

在英譯漢部分,確定詞義可以說是最難的。前面所說的agree,很多人只會翻譯成“同意”,而不知道根據(jù)上下文翻譯成“認為”,這就是一個教訓。

B.詞語搭配構成詞組小語境,可以藉此確定相互間的意義: 1)express the idea:表達e.g.He cannot express his ideas clearly in speaking.2)advocate the idea:鼓吹、維護e.g.This organization advocated Hitler’s Nazi ideas.3)borrow the idea:借用、抄襲e.g.This idea was borrowed from the West.4)spread the idea:傳播e.g.Democratic ideas are being spread throughout the world.5)deepen the impression:(加深)e.g.He did that to deepen the impression that he was generous.6)exercise/use the influence:使用e.g.He promised to use his influence to get me a job.7)have the influence:具有e.g.This movie has an adverse influence on teenagers.8)exert the influence:施加e.g.?you are expected to exert positive influence on your fellow schoolmates.二、通過語篇語境確定詞義

翻譯過程中,語篇不論是對原文的理解還是對譯文的構建都起著非常重要的作用。由于語篇是最基本的翻譯單位,譯者應該予以足夠的重視。合格的譯者不僅要具備語篇分析的能力,還必須首先具備語篇意識。所謂語篇意識就是要求譯者將語篇看作一個整體,而不局限于詞、短語、句子,從語篇整體把握原文、理解原文、再現(xiàn)譯文。

e.g.The man, who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do(B.Russell).譯文:上了年紀而能這樣看待生活的人就不會遭受怕死的痛苦,因為他所關懷的事物將繼續(xù)下去。同時,如果精力衰竭了,疲乏增加了,休息的思想并非是要不得的。我倒愿意工作不息,死而后已,因為我知道別人會繼續(xù)我未完成的事業(yè)(《新概念英語》第4冊)。

如果只看到劃線的這一句話,譯文似乎沒什么可挑剔。但是,如果考慮一下上下文,將整個句群看作一個整體,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文與前文與后文都不相呼應。因為原文第一句“The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death”與最后一句“I should wish to die while still at work”都表明整篇的主題是死亡問題,“rest”的含義是“長眠”而非“休息”,但劃線部分的譯文卻與“死亡”無關。而且,這里的“rest”是一種委婉的說法,表示死亡的這類委婉語還有很多,如“silence”、“sleep”、“quietus”等,如果原文用的是“silence”,難道應該將其譯為“沉默的思想并非是要不得的”?顯然,產生這一問題的根本原因就是不顧文章的整體性,孤立地“理解”部分語句,忽略了篇章整體信息的參與。劃線部分的合理譯文應該是:而且,如果隨著精力的衰竭,疲倦之感日漸增加,長眠并非是不受歡迎的念頭。

楊絳先生在她的文章《記錢鐘書與〈圍城〉》中,多處用到了“癡氣”及與“癡”相關的詞組,來描繪錢種書先生異于常人的脾性,在不同語境下其意多有不同。凌原先生,根據(jù)具體情況選用不同的英語詞匯來翻譯“癡氣”及相關詞組,請看以下諸例: 1)鐘書寫完《圍城》,“癡氣”依然旺盛,但是沒有體現(xiàn)為第二部小說。

After Chung-shu finished writing Fortress Besieged, his “eccentric” bent was still going strong, but it failed to take form in a second novel.2)我覺得《圍城》里的人物和情節(jié),都憑他那股子癡氣,呵成了真人真事。

It was those charming mischievous quirks of his that made it possible for him to create the characters and plots for the novel and pass them off as real people and real deeds.3)“高興”也正是錢家所謂“癡氣”的表現(xiàn)。

“Being funny” was another manifestation of his puckish bent in the eyes of the Ch’iens.4)鐘書的“癡氣”也怪別致的。

Chung-shu’s sweet quirkiness is peculiarly his own.5)淪陷在上海的時候,他多余的“癡氣”往往發(fā)泄在叔父的小兒小女、孫兒孫女和自己的女兒阿圓身上。

When he was stranded in Shanghai, he would take out his pent-up eccentric energy on Younger Uncle’s small children, grand children and Ah Yuan, his own daughter?

三、通過常識判斷確定詞義

常識(common sense / general knowledge about the world around us)人人有,而且常識愈豐富對翻譯理解愈有用。很多老翻譯家如呂淑湘、傅雷、楊憲益都強調翻譯需要“雜學”。我想,這“雜學”可以看作是比較“高級”的常識吧。請看下面一段關于銅質保溫瓶結構的描述:---Another type is a double-walled copper vessel with the corresponding surface scrupulously cleaned to achieve the high intrinsic reflectivity of copper.A body of charcoal absorbent may be affixed to the outer wall of the fluid container, where it is kept cold and helps to condense any gases remaining in the vacuum space after it is evacuated and sealed off.某譯文:另一種類型是有雙壁的銅容器,其相應表面潔凈無疵以獲得銅所固有的高反射率。在流體容器的外壁可以粘著一層木炭吸附劑,它保持著低溫并在容器抽空和密封后幫助冷凝殘留在真空空間的氣味。

此句的翻譯關鍵在于兩個it的意思。根據(jù)上面的譯文,兩個it都指fluid container。這顯然不對。從原文看,fluid container明顯指銅質保溫瓶盛裝液體的內膽,而內膽怎么能抽空呢?根據(jù)生活常識,保溫瓶中要抽空的是內外夾層之間的夾套,即原文中的the vacuum space,因此第二個it應指the vacuum space。再舉一個簡單一點的例子:She could knit when she was seven.。句中的knit,其基本意思是“編織”,但譯文不能只說“織”或“編織”,必須把動詞的賓語補上,因為漢語里說“她七歲時就會(編)織”顯得不夠自然。那么“織”什么呢?根據(jù)我們的生活經歷,一般是織毛衣,而不是織麻袋什么的,因此原句可譯為“她七歲時就會織毛衣”。常識也包括一些很簡單的科普知識。如果科技知識為大眾所共有,那就是利用科學背景知識來確定詞義。

四、利用背景知識確定詞義

理解一個詞有時需要從文本以外去尋找相關信息,如上面的常識判斷。在科學翻譯中,時常需要運用自然科學或社會科學或其他領域的背景知識來確定詞義。如:---Velocity changes if either the speed or direction changes.velocity 和speed都可表示“速度”,前者具專技色彩,一般用于科技文獻,后者語域較寬,可用于科技或日常生活領域。如果將velocity 和speed都理解為“速度”,原文表述將失去意義,因此這里velocity 和speed中必有一個詞表示其他意義。物理學告訴我們,速率是矢量,有大小又有方向,而速度是標量,有大小而沒有方向。據(jù)此,velocity是速度,因為原文語境信息暗示它有方向(direction),speed是速率。這樣確定詞義后原句可譯為:”如果(物體運動的)速率和方向有一個發(fā)生變化,則物體的運動速度也隨之發(fā)生變化?！?/p>

五、利用邏輯判斷和推理確定詞義

在翻譯實踐中我們還可以利用邏輯學的有關知識,如矛盾律等來確定詞義。如:---Automobiles and trucks would be powered by quickly replaceable electric batteries.某譯文:汽車和卡車則可以迅速替換的電池組作動力??

譯文乍一看似乎沒有問題,可是從邏輯的角度仔細思考,我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),“汽車”和“卡車”兩個概念是蘊涵與被蘊涵的從屬關系,即“卡車”包含在“汽車”之中?！捌嚒笔菍俑拍?“卡車”是種概念。譯文犯了種屬概念并列的邏輯錯誤。因此,必有一詞的理解出了問題。查詞典,Automobiles除了作“汽車”講外,還可作“轎車”解?！稗I車”與“卡車”是對立概念,可以并列。再看一類似的例子:---It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.它們在地下打洞,吞食掉本來可以維持數(shù)百萬只牛羊的牧草,從而造成了破壞。

原文中的cattle有“牲畜”和“?！倍x,這里因與“羊”(sheep)對置,根據(jù)種屬概念不能并列的邏輯規(guī)則,cattle只能作“?！苯?。

王宗炎先生說,辨義為翻譯之本。只有正確地理解原文的每一個字詞,才能保證翻譯的準確性。當然,正確的理解只是正確翻譯的前提,要做到表達的貼切與自然,還需要較高的譯入語水平。

參考文獻

[1]王泉水,1991,科技英語翻譯技巧[M],天津科學技術出版社.[2]吳景榮、程鎮(zhèn)球,2000,新時代漢英大詞典[M],北京:商務印書館.[3]趙振才,1986(3),科技英語翻譯與邏輯[J],中國翻譯.[4] Newmark, Peter, 1993, About Translation, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

第五篇：法律類簡歷

姓名

移動電話：***111電子郵箱：111111111@gmail.com

基本信息

籍貫：河南民族：漢族

身高：160cm出生日期:1999-5-24

畢業(yè)院校：中國政法大學專業(yè)：法學

學歷：本科政治面貌：中共黨員

社會實踐

2008/9—2009/6中國政法大學職業(yè)發(fā)展協(xié)會副會長

●負責組織“第六屆大學生模擬招聘大賽”律所專場，邀請知名律師作評委，并學會如何運作活動項目。

●作為“2008職場面對面”活動的主持人，學會如何作為一名談話活動的主持人。

2008/9-2009/3擔任校就業(yè)指導中心學生助理

●負責接聽電話，收發(fā)傳真，打印、復印、整理各種文件資料。

●將通知送達學校各部門、電話聯(lián)系就業(yè)單位做回訪工作，整理活動會場。

2009/5-2009/6擔任行政法模擬法庭組織者

●負責挑選模擬法庭所需角色，安排演練期間工作流程，積極與指導老師、同學溝通，模擬法庭圓滿成功。

2009/6—至今擔任中國政法大學法學院0606班副班長

●負責班里的各種日常工作，并組織同學結成就業(yè)小組，使就業(yè)信息能夠共享，得到同學的贊許和老師的認可。實習經歷

2007/9-2008/9 “美國五百強之一”的玫琳凱公司兼職美容顧問

● 領略世界一流的公司文化，學會如何與別人分享美麗。

2008/7——2008/8 北京市平谷區(qū)人民檢察院實習生

●主要負責整理卷宗，協(xié)助公訴人訊問犯罪嫌疑人，并旁聽刑事案件的審判，增強了對所學專業(yè)知識的理解。2009/3——2009/6 北京市惠誠律師事務所實習生

●負責整理卷宗，參加律師事務所內的業(yè)務培訓交流會，向律師學習如何處理案件。

●學習如何撰寫案件分析簡要，提高了利用專業(yè)知識解決真實案件的能力。

技能及證書

通過大學英語四、六級考試，英語能力良好，聽說讀寫熟練。

通過全國計算機等級二級考試，熟練使用Word，Excel，Powerpoint等OFFICE系列軟件。

通過北京市紅十字會急救員考試，獲得急救員證?？梢赃M行心肺復蘇和基本的創(chuàng)傷救護。個人榮譽

2006-2007學年參與北京奧運會志愿者微笑環(huán)在長城居庸關舉行的全球發(fā)布儀式，獲得志愿者榮譽證書。

2006-2007學年參加“首屆首都大學生登山大賽”榮獲“優(yōu)秀志愿者”稱號。

2006-2007學年中國政法大學“第四屆大學生模擬招聘大賽”優(yōu)秀干事。

2009年3月在“學術批評網”發(fā)表論文《同行專家匿名評審制度初探》。

大學期間，積極參加校園迎新活動和院里組織的各項活動，曾參加法學院籃球賽和全校女子3000米長跑比賽。個人評價

誠實正直、銳意進取、責任心強、有良好的敬業(yè)精神和團隊精神。