第一篇：中西方商務餐桌禮儀的參考文獻（精選）

參考文獻

[1] 王雋.東西方文化差異淺談[J].云夢學刊 , 2006,(02)

[2] 曾利娟.文化差異對跨文化交際的影響[J].鄭州大學學報(哲學社會科學版), 2001,(05)

[3] 高鳳霞.跨文化交際中的文化差異[J].商丘職業(yè)技術(shù)學院學報 , 2005,(01)

[4] 肖利華.文化差異解讀在跨文化交際中的地位和作用[J].湖南行政學院學報 , 2003,(02)

[5] 屈虹.略論跨文化交際中的文化差異現(xiàn)象[J].郴州師范高等專科學校學報 , 2000,(01)

[6] 趙東.文化差異與跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)[J].華北煤炭醫(yī)學院學報 , 2005,(03)

[7] 劉淑芳.跨文化交際與英語教學[J].湘潭大學社會科學學報 , 2001,(02)

[8] 曾利娟.文化與外語教學[J].鄭州航空工業(yè)管理學院學報(社會科學版), 2001,(02)

[9] 潘克, 唐祥金.跨文化交際能力與深層的文化差異[J].保定師范?？茖W校學報 , 2007,(02)

[10] 王紅麗.文化差異與大學生跨文化交際能力的培養(yǎng)[J].河南財政稅務高等?？茖W校學報 , 2004,(04)

[11]杜莉.孫俊秀.西方餐飲文化.中國輕工業(yè)出版社.2006.04

[12]馮源.簡明中餐餐飲漢英雙解辭典.北京大學出本社.2009.03

[13] 金正坤 商務禮儀 北京大學出版社 2004

[14] 張占一 試儀焦急文化和知識文化 語言教學與研究 1990

[15] 廖文麗 比喻中的中西方文化差異 湘潭大學社會科學學報 2001

[16] 吳冰 中西方文化差異拾零 閩西職業(yè)大學學報 2002

[17] 邢東 中美文化差異管窺 全國優(yōu)秀英語學術(shù)論文集 1997[6] 陳平商務禮儀中國電影出版社

第二篇：淺析中西方商務餐桌禮儀范文

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

解析中美用餐禮儀的差異

摘要：現(xiàn)如今，隨著中外文化日益激烈的碰撞，我們越來越多地接觸到不同國家的人們，尤其是在商務往來中。飲食，在當今社會已不簡單是填飽肚子的問題，更多的是文化內(nèi)涵的體現(xiàn)。世界各國均以其特有的文化底蘊詮釋著獨具特色的用餐禮儀。中國作為文明古國自然有著深邃久遠的餐桌文化，中華飲食源遠流長，用餐禮儀自然成為飲食文化的一個重要組成部分。美國也在民族融合和現(xiàn)代化進程中形成了自己特有的用餐禮儀。為了使賓客都能愉快順利地用餐，更加愉悅地相處、交流，我們就需要了解其中的規(guī)則和禮儀。在實習工作中，我遇到了很多類似的人和事。我所學專業(yè)是商務英語，所以更有興趣去探索和揭開中、美在用餐過程中的禮儀的差異。

關(guān)鍵詞：中國 美國 用餐禮儀 差異

引言：禮儀是禮節(jié)、儀式的統(tǒng)稱，是指在人際交往中，自始至終地以一定的、約定俗成的程序和方式來表現(xiàn)的自律、敬人的完整行為。禮儀因其性質(zhì)、目的而不同；不同地區(qū)的禮儀，也是千差萬別。當然用餐禮儀也不例外據(jù)歷史文獻記載,中國的用餐禮儀始于周公，經(jīng)過千百年的演進，最終形成今天大家普遍接受的一套飲食禮儀;西餐產(chǎn)生于羅馬帝國哈德連皇帝統(tǒng)治時期，因選材用料、烹飪方式和進餐方式的特殊性決定了在各方面都要求有一定的基本規(guī)則和禮儀。西餐禮儀

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

在這里需指出的是，它已不再是一些死板的教條，而是一種享受，同時也是一種文明禮貌的體現(xiàn)。

隨著我國對外開放的不斷深入,了解國外尤其是美國的用餐禮儀,有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。在商務宴會中，無論是宴會的組織則者還是參加者，都應遵守一定的禮儀規(guī)范，表現(xiàn)出自己彬彬有禮的形象和優(yōu)雅大方的風度。

一、中國用餐禮儀(一)飲食習俗

中國用餐禮儀注重飲食習俗,用餐時應注意千萬不要觸犯禁忌,因為在中國人看來飲食與個人命運息息相關(guān)。1.宗教禁忌

對于宗教方面的飲食禁忌，一定要認真對待，一點也不能疏忽大意。例如，穆斯林通常不食豬肉，并且不飲酒。國內(nèi)的佛教徒在飲食上禁食葷腥之物，它不僅指的是不吃肉食，而且也包括了蔥、蒜、韭菜、芥末之類吃起來氣味刺鼻的食物。對此要是不求甚解，或是貿(mào)然犯禁，都會帶來很大的麻煩。2.民族禁忌

在不同的地區(qū)，人們的飲食偏好往往多有不同。對于這一點，在安排菜單時，也應該予以兼顧。

用餐禮儀在現(xiàn)代中國人的日常生活中占有非常重要的地位。他們

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

認為,用餐不僅是滿足基本生理需求,也是重要的社交經(jīng)驗。為此,掌握中式餐飲禮儀知識便顯得尤為重要。

（二）桌次的排列

宴請活動中的桌次及每一桌的桌次安排有嚴格的禮儀規(guī)范，特別是宴會，有中式和西式兩種截然不同的排法。舉行宴會，視參加的人數(shù)可設一桌或多桌。一桌時可使用圓桌、長桌；數(shù)桌時，可使用圓桌，并分為主桌和輔桌。兩桌或兩桌以上的桌次安排，可根據(jù)餐廳的形狀來確定，如長方形餐廳采用花排（如品字、梅花形等）則更加美觀。以下是幾種不同桌次的常規(guī)排次方法： ? 兩圓桌排法

? 三圓桌排法

? 四圓桌排法

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

? 五圓桌排法

? 六圓桌及六圓桌以上排法

總之，不論是兩桌還是十桌、百桌，桌次排定的大致原則基本相同。即主桌排定以后，其余桌次的高低以離主桌位的遠近而定，離主桌越近的桌次越高，離主桌越遠的桌次越低；平行桌以右桌為高，左桌為低。桌數(shù)較多時，要擺桌次牌。(三)座次安排

在中國的用餐禮儀中:先請客人入座上席,再請長者入座客人旁

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

依次入座。入座時要從椅子左邊進入,入座后不要動筷子,更不要弄出響聲來,也不要起身走動。主人必須注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位?？腿?應等主人示意你坐下時,才坐下。若主人徑自坐下而沒有示意你坐在哪里,你就坐在最靠近他的位置。要是坐圓桌子,對著大門的是主座。檔次高一點的飯店,會用餐巾予以區(qū)分,餐巾最高大的位置不能隨便坐,除非你打算好請客。

現(xiàn)代較為流行的中餐宴飲禮儀是在繼續(xù)傳統(tǒng)與參考國外禮儀的基礎上發(fā)展而來的。其座次借西方宴會以右為上的法則，解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

子應知道哪些是經(jīng)過再生制造的“環(huán)保餐具”,哪些塑料袋可能成為污染環(huán)境的“永久垃圾”。外出郊游前,他們會在家長指導下自制飲料。盡量少買易拉罐等現(xiàn)成食品,并注意節(jié)約水電,因為他們懂得“濫用資源,即意味著對環(huán)境保護的侵害”。(二)座次安排

在美國的用餐禮儀中:女主人宣布晚宴準備就緒后,男主人便會引領客人依次入座,女主人則走在最后面。有些細心的主人也會在餐桌上放置姓名卡,以示座次,若沒有這項安排,那么座位安排原則一般為:座次安排以男女分隔而坐為原則,男主客優(yōu)先入座,其位置在女主人右邊,而女主客在男主客右邊,其它夫婦則以對角方式就座。男女夫婦分坐顯示出了美式宴會的開放及活潑,希望能藉由宴席上座次的安排來增進彼此間的熟稔,同時也可使用餐話題多樣化,氣氛和樂。入坐原則是客人先入坐,長者先于年輕人入坐,已婚者先于未婚者入坐,陌生人又先于熟識客人或家人入坐。

三、中美用餐禮儀差異

中國和美國在餐桌上的要求存在很大差異,各有特色,體現(xiàn)了不同的用餐禮儀。(一)餐具

在餐具的擺放上,中西餐也有明顯的不同。

中餐的餐具主要包括筷子、碟子、調(diào)羹、碗等。在正式的宴會上,水杯放在菜盤左上方,酒杯放在右上方。筷子與湯匙放在專用座子上或紙?zhí)變?nèi)。公用的筷子和湯匙應放在公共區(qū)。另外要備好牙簽和煙

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

灰缸。

1.筷子?？曜邮侵胁椭械谋貍洳途?。用筷子進餐時,要注意以下幾個問題: 一是筷子必須成雙使用;二是在等待就餐時不能用筷子敲打任何餐具；三是與人交談時,要放下筷子,不能一邊說話,一邊揮舞著筷子;四是不要把筷子垂直插在食物上面，因為這種做法,只有在祭奠死者的時候才用;五是不可用筷子夾取食物之外的東西。六是不能用筷子來剔牙、撓癢等。

2.盤子。稍小點的盤子稱做碟子,主要用來盛放食物,在使用性方面和碗相似。盤子在餐桌上一般要保持原位,而且不要堆放在一起。食碟的主要作用是用來暫放從公用的菜盤里取來的菜肴。用食碟時,一次不要取放過多的菜肴,看起來既繁亂不堪,又像是餓鬼投胎；不要把多種菜肴堆放在一起,弄不好它們會相互竄味,不好看,也不好吃。不吃的殘渣、骨、刺不要吐在地上、桌上,而應取放在食碟前端,放的時候不能從嘴里吐在食碟上,要用筷子夾放到碟子邊。若食碟放滿了,可以讓服務員換。

3.勺子。它的主要作用是舀取食物。盡量不要單用勺子去取菜,用筷子取食時,可以用勺子來輔助。用勺子取食物時,不要過滿,免得溢出來弄臟餐桌或自己的衣服。在舀取食物后,可以在原處“停留”片刻,等的湯汁不會流時,再移回來享用。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己碟子里,不要再把它倒回原處。若取用的食物太燙,不要勺子舀來舀去，也不要用嘴吹,可以先放到自己的碗里等涼了再吃。

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

不可反復吮吸、舔食勺子。

4.餐巾。中餐用餐時, 會為用餐者上二塊濕毛巾。餐前的毛巾只能用來擦手。擦手后,應放回盤子里,由服務員拿走；餐后的毛巾只能用來擦嘴,不能擦臉、抹汗。

在美國餐桌上:西餐餐具主要有刀、叉、匙、盤子、玻璃杯等。世界上高級的西式宴會擺臺是基本統(tǒng)一的。共同原則是:墊盤居中,叉左刀右,刀尖向上,刀口向內(nèi),盤前橫匙。酒杯的數(shù)量與酒的種類相等,擺法是從左到右,依次擺烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香檳酒杯,啤酒杯 1.餐巾。西餐中餐巾放在盤子里,若在賓客尚未落坐前需要往盤子里放東西時,餐巾就放在盤子旁邊。餐巾不僅要擺在腿上，還應將其折成長條形或三角形，并將折痕靠近自己。中途離席應將餐巾放在椅子上。

2.刀叉。使用餐具不可發(fā)出聲音。餐具的取用由外而內(nèi),切用時可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右手拿刀, 左手食指按在叉子把上，右手食指按在刀背上。吃某些食物時，先左手用叉子按住食物，右手用刀將其切成小塊，然后將叉子反過來叉住食物放到嘴里；也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改用右手拿叉取用。美國較偏好后者,但也接受法式方式。談話時有肢體語言或傳菜時,應將刀叉放下,不要手拿刀叉在空中揮舞。用完刀叉,應將其橫放于餐盤中央,而不是盤邊或餐桌上，放置方式為刀口朝著自己,叉口朝左,保證取走時的安全性。用完餐盤后,不可往外推,應將其留在原處。有一個例外是

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

當沙拉和主菜同時上桌時,沙拉所需使用的刀叉是放在最靠近餐盤的位置,也就是主菜刀的內(nèi)側(cè),沙拉盤則在主菜所用的刀叉的左方。主菜叉子的位置在餐盤的左方,而餐盤右方為主菜刀子。如果沒有沙拉盤上桌,那么沙拉用的刀叉會和沙拉一起上桌。還有一個例外是,吃蠔所用的叉子放在餐盤右方,也就是餐具的最外側(cè)。湯匙的位置在所有刀子的右方,最外面的用于喝湯,介于刀和湯匙之間的小匙,則用來吃甜點,甜點叉是放在餐盤的最左方。一般為避免混淆,會把吃甜點所需的餐具置于餐盤的上方。

3.湯匙。湯匙也要從外向內(nèi)取，先用離你最遠的那把。兩把的話一把是喝湯的，一把是吃甜品的，若有三把的話還有一把是喝紅茶或咖啡的。喝湯時應由碗盤外緣舀至內(nèi)側(cè),喝完后湯匙不可留在碗中,應放在碟上。若喝湯用的是深盤,就將湯匙放在深盤中,湯匙柄朝右。喝湯時絕不可以用嘴吹。喝茶或喝咖啡時,用完調(diào)匙將其放在碟上,直接拿起咖啡杯就口,而不可以調(diào)匙舀用。飲用咖啡、奶茶時，不要用手把糖直接放入杯中。正確的方法是：把方糖放入茶匙，再將茶匙放入杯中，這樣保證不會水花四濺。用完茶匙，應將茶匙橫放在茶碟外側(cè)。(二)上菜程序

中美兩國的上菜程序都是先冷后熱。中餐講究傳統(tǒng)，如:熱菜應從主賓對面席位的左側(cè)上;上全雞、全鴨、全魚等整形菜,不能頭尾朝向正主位。而西餐講究氣氛。如遇晚餐，要有美妙柔和的樂曲，燈光要暗淡，有潔白的桌布，桌上要有紅色蠟燭及鮮花，營造一種浪漫、解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

迷人、淡雅的氣氛。

中餐上菜順序是:冷菜→熱菜→主食→甜食和水果。先上冷盤刺激食欲，接著叫一鍋清湯增加體溫,然后根據(jù)自己的口味叫主菜,壓軸食品是甜點,通常是甜湯,如紅豆沙、芝麻糊等。

西餐上菜程序通常是:面包黃油→冷菜→湯斗海鮮→主菜→甜點心→咖啡和水果。冷菜、湯,同時就著面包吃。冷菜也叫開胃小菜,作為

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

或休息時,應該將刀叉呈八字形平架在盤子兩邊。反之,刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盤子里,則表示這一道菜已經(jīng)用好了,服務員就會把盤子撤去。前菜或是甜點等,若是可以直接用叉子食用的食物,無需使用刀子。沒用過的刀子,放在桌上即可,服務生會自動將其收走。(四)席間禁忌

在中國,用餐時,家長會告誡小孩不可用筷子胡亂地敲打碗盤。有人認為這種禮儀規(guī)范是跟乞討的忌諱有關(guān)。就是說,只有乞丐討食時才會用筷子敲打碗盤。暫停用餐時,你可以把雙手放在桌子邊緣;或者你可以把手放在膝蓋上。雙手保持靜止不動, 會比撥弄盤中的食物,或玩弄頭發(fā)更得體!吃東西時手肘不要壓在桌面。但在上菜空檔,把一只手或兩只手的手肘撐在桌面上,并無傷大雅,因為這是熱烈與人交談時自然而然而擺出來的姿勢。

美國流傳著這樣一句話：“除了不合乎禮儀規(guī)范的舉止之外，人們在宴會上可以自由自在地品嘗美味佳肴?！彼栽谟貌蜁r要特別注意以下的席間戒條:

解析中美商務用餐禮儀的差異

用餐禮儀尤其是中美用餐禮儀,對中美兩國間的相互交流與文明發(fā)展都起著至關(guān)重要的作用。學習和研究用餐禮儀是我們提高自身素質(zhì)的有效方法，更有助于我們在餐桌上表現(xiàn)出良好的素質(zhì)與修養(yǎng)。

參考文獻：

[1]瑪格麗特·維薩著、劉曉媛譯，《用餐禮儀》，新星出版社, 2007 [2]馮玉珠編，《宴之道》,中央編譯出版社, 2006 [3]金正昆著，《商務禮儀》，北京大學大學出版社，2005 [4]段潔、陳謙編，《用餐禮儀與口才》,中國經(jīng)濟出版社, 2008 [5]張瑪莉編，《成功有禮(2)用餐禮儀和飲食主張》，廣州出版社, 2005 作者，張美，10商務英語

第三篇：中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化分析

中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化分析

前言

隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的迅速發(fā)展，也迅速帶動了中國與西方國家之間文化的發(fā)展。

根據(jù)文獻的記載，早在我國周代，飲食禮儀就已經(jīng)形成了一套相當完善的制度。餐桌禮儀在現(xiàn)代中國人的生活中占有相當重要的地位。用餐不僅是滿足生理需要，而且也是重要的社交經(jīng)驗，體現(xiàn)著一個人的教養(yǎng)和素質(zhì)。

而在西方國家的宴客形式，從正式到非正式，遠遠多于中國。西方的商務餐桌禮儀不僅形式多樣，而且正式程度上也多樣化。大致說來有：席位的宴青（seated dinners），自助餐（buffet dinners），正式午餐（luncheons），招待會（receptions），雞尾酒會（cocktail parties），聚餐會（BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food），野餐（picnics），茶會（tea parties）等。

1．中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化概述

中國餐飲禮儀問題可謂源遠流長。據(jù)文獻記載可知，至少在周代，飲食禮儀已形成一套相當完善的制度，特別是經(jīng)曾任魯國祭酒的孔子的稱贊推崇而成為歷朝歷代表現(xiàn)大國之貌、禮儀之邦、文明之所的重要方面。

作為漢族傳統(tǒng)的古代宴飲禮儀，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，臨時迎客于門外。賓客到時，互致問候，引入客廳小坐，敬以茶點?？妄R后導客入席，以左為上，視為首席，相對首座為二座，首座之下為三座，二座之下為四座?？腿俗ǎ芍魅司淳谱尣?，客人以禮相謝。席間斟酒上菜也有一定的講究：應先敬長者和主賓，最后才是主人。宴飲結(jié)束，引導客人入客廳小坐，上茶，直到辭別。這種傳統(tǒng)宴飲禮儀在我國大部分地區(qū)保留完整，如山東、香港及臺灣，許多影視作品中多有體現(xiàn)。

則西方餐桌禮儀起源于法國梅羅文加王朝，由于受到拜占庭文化啟發(fā)，而制定一系列精到的禮儀。到了羅馬帝國的查里曼大帝時，禮儀更為復雜而專制，皇帝必須坐最高的椅子，每當樂聲響起時，王公貴族必須將菜肴傳到皇帝手中。在17世紀以前，傳統(tǒng)習慣是戴著帽子進餐。帝制時代餐桌禮儀顯得繁瑣與嚴苛，不同民族有不一樣的用餐習慣：高盧人坐著用餐，羅馬人臥著進食，法國人從小被教導用餐時雙手要放在桌上，但是英國人卻被教導不吃東西時雙手要放在大腿上。歐洲的餐桌禮儀由騎士精神演變而來。12世紀，當意大利文化影響到法國時，餐桌禮儀與菜單用語變得更為優(yōu)雅與精致，教導禮儀的著作紛紛問世。時至今日，餐桌禮儀在一定程度上和一定范圍內(nèi)，在歐洲國家還保留了下來。當你前往朋友家做客時，穿上體面的衣服，攜帶適當?shù)亩Y物，言談舉止處處顯現(xiàn)出優(yōu)雅與涵養(yǎng)，永遠都是必要的。2.中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化 2.1 中西方餐桌禁忌

中國飲食文化源遠流長，有著幾千年的歷史，在中華民族這塊土地上，孕育了非常濃厚的飲食文化，也形成了一系列的飲食習慣和禁忌，有些是出于禮貌和文化上的考慮，有些與民間的迷信說法有關(guān)，也有一些來源于歷史典故。經(jīng)過幾千年的積累和提煉，流傳至今，也形成了特有的中國飲食禮儀文化。

首先,是筵席中的座次問題。其次，是筷子的使用問題。

最后，在餐桌上的一些細節(jié)問題，同樣需要注意。

吃西餐的時候，應該注意西餐有西餐禮儀，不可與中餐等同，了解西餐禮儀，熟悉西餐禮儀基本知識，使自己在重要的場合下不至于因為不了解相關(guān)禮儀與生活知識而產(chǎn)生尷尬。

2.1.1 餐桌擺設

中國從古至今的餐桌禮儀變化微乎其微，日常飯食的擺設是在各座席擺上一個飯碗、一雙筷子、一只湯匙、一碟調(diào)味醬，用飯后通常會給客人一條熱毛巾，代替紙巾抹手及抹嘴巴。所有菜肴同時端上餐桌中央，各人用自己的筷子直接從各碟共享的菜肴夾取食物；湯水一大鍋的端上，各人同飲一鍋湯。客人用飯時絕對可以來一招「飛象過河」，夾取放在遠處的菜肴。由於中國人喜歡全體共享菜肴，他們的餐桌大多數(shù)是圓形或方形，而不是西方人多用的長形餐桌。

而在西方，需要一份正式的西餐餐具共包括：牛油刀、面包碟、前菜用刀叉、主菜用刀叉、喝湯用湯匙、甜品用叉匙、紅酒酒杯、白酒酒杯。西方國家飲食更注意衛(wèi)生，所以他們多采用分餐制。

2.1.2 餐桌用語與舉止

中國崇尚中庸之道，禮節(jié)及舉止的觀念根深蒂固，所以在外就餐時的語言舉止極為到位和有水準。而在外國人眼中，我們的禮節(jié)繁瑣復雜。

中國人吃飯比較隨興，很可能聊到開心處，就大聲說笑，極為熱鬧。而西方國家安靜，注意細節(jié)。2.2 中西方座位與方向

在中國，左為尊，右為次；上為尊，下為次；中為尊，偏為次。而在西方，右為尊，左為次。

2.2.1 職位高低

職位高低的座次，中西方是相似的。職位或地位高者為尊，高者座上席，依職位高低，即官階高低定位，不能逾越。

2.2.2 男士女士

中西方女士以夫為貴，其排名的秩序，與其丈夫相同。即在眾多賓客中，男主賓排第一位，其夫人排第二位。

2.3 中西方商務用餐著裝

中國素有“禮儀之邦之稱”，中國人也以其彬彬有禮的風貌而著稱于世。衣著上一貫保持：整潔清爽、端莊大方。

在西方國家，當被邀請參加早餐、午餐、晚宴、自助餐、雞尾酒會或茶會，通常只有兩種，一種是正式的，一種是隨意的。如果去的是高檔餐廳，男士要穿著整潔的上衣和皮鞋，女士要穿套裝和有跟的鞋子。如果指定要求穿正式服裝，男士必須打領帶。.中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化分析 3.1 中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化的特點

入21世紀以來, 跨文化交際已經(jīng)成為人們生活中不可或缺的內(nèi)容。由于地區(qū)差異, 不同的民族、國家形成了不同的文化。飲食文化及餐桌禮儀也是跨文化交際中非語言文化的重要組成部分。了解中西方飲食文化及餐桌禮儀方面的差異及其淵源, 對于外語學習者來講, 不僅能增加對所學語言文化的理解, 更能提高跨文化交際的成功率, 避免因為不恰當?shù)姆绞交蛐袨樵斐烧`解和交際障礙。

1.理性的西方人更多關(guān)注的是營養(yǎng)與生存。2.感性的中國人追求的是美味和享受。3.西方烹調(diào)遵循的是規(guī)范與科學。4.崇尚自由的西方人重分別與個性。

5.向往和諧的中國人重和合與整體。

3.2 中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化差異的原因

隨著世界之間的融合不斷地加深，人們之間的禮儀越來越受到重視，尤其是餐桌禮儀的重要性凸顯出來，表現(xiàn)在：

1.中西方的文化底蘊不同。2.中西方思維方式不同。3.中西方價值觀不同。

3.3 中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化差異意義

1.促進中國與西方國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展 2.提高了禮儀文化修養(yǎng)，開闊了視野。

3.對西方國家及西方友人加大了了解，縮小了差異，增進了彼此的凝聚力和親切感。

第四篇：中西方餐桌禮儀的文獻綜述

Literature Review

In the past few years, a lot of studies have been done and published on the reasons of table manners’ differences between China and the West.From the past literature reviews, we may see that this field of study has become more and more important and many people, not only scholars, but also some foreign trade clerks, have been involved in the study.Manners in every country are different.What is polite in China may not be polite in other countries.Realizing this point will help us enjoy western food with your foreign friends.My research will focus on this topic and analyze the reasons of the differences.In accordance with the former researchers' studies, there are three reasons that caused the differences.They are cultural background, historical background and customs.Different nations or regions have different culture.In terms of the different cultural background, we will mainly introduce two aspects.They are religious beliefs and values.Most Chinese believe in Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.The Buddhist advocates “mercifulPurdue beings” and “harmony”.Westerners mostly believe in Catholicism or Christianity, and believe that God created man(Zhang Wenjuan, 2009)and the western culture is self-centered, the boundary between people is clear.And also Zhang Wenjuan pointed out in her paper that “thousand of years of Chinese traditional culture in the Chinese Buddhism makes Chinese table manners modest.”(2009)Different table manners reflect different national heart in different culture, such as, chopsticks in China, knives and forks in West.So the table manner is the reflection of national cultural identification.(Dong Baojun, 2005)Otherwise, different values can cause the difference of table manners.In cross-cultural communication, value is the core of culture.As a result, every country or society has their own value.To some extent, table manners are an epitome of a country’s value.Clyde Kluckhohn thought, value is “a concept of individual or collective possess which is dominant or recessive, it has national characters.The concepts affect people’s choices among the various behavior patterns, methods and goals.”(2005)In China, collectivism is the guiding value.But in western countries, they emphasize on individualism, self-worth and respect.The sharp contrast values also give expression to the table manners.(2005)Just as Chinese often share a plate of food together, while westerners often eat food in their own plate.As to the historical background, China and the West obviously have their different history.In China, the table manners could date back to Zhou Dynasty;table manners have shaped quite complete system.After being highly praised by Confucius, table etiquette became the important part of powerful country.From Qing Dynasty, the modern table manners gradually shaped.(Dong Baojun, 2005)What’s more, the western etiquette also has a long history.The western table manners originated from Merovingian Dynasty in France.It is developed from the spirit of knight during the 11th century to 12thcentury;banquet became the center of western feudalism.In 13thcentury, it gradually had access to family and friendship.(Margaret Visser, 2007)With respect to the custom, the eating process usually consists of three parts.They are before dinner, in the dinner, after dinner.There are some etiquettes which should be observed during the whole process.Before dinner, we need to notice the arrival time, seating arrangement, order dishes and so on.In the dinner, we also need to know usage of napkin, usage of tableware, special tips and some drinking etiquette.After dinner, Chinese and westerners also have different ways of paying the bill.The westerners usually give tip to server.The usual amount to tip is between 15% and 20% of the total amount of the bill.(Hao Han, 2007)But Chinese usually don’t give tip to server.Based on all the above discussion, I have chosen “an analysis on the reason of table manners’ differences between China and the West” for my research, and as the topic of my thesis.And it is believed that, from what has been discussed, it is still developing on the etiquette.Learning and using the right etiquette will not only step up our impression, but also promote the communication between people who come from different countries and have different cultural background.Bibliography [1]PostElizabeth.西方禮儀集萃[M].齊宗華譯.北京三聯(lián)出版社，1991.[2] MargaretVisser.餐桌禮儀:文明舉止的起源,發(fā)展和含義[M].劉曉媛譯,北京新星出版,2007.[3] 董保軍.中外禮儀大全[M].民族出版社,2005.[4] 段潔.餐桌禮儀與口才[M].中國經(jīng)濟出版社,2007.[5] 杜學增.中英文化習俗比較[M].外語教學與研究出版社，1998.[6]浩瀚.禮儀英語情景會話模板[M].國防工業(yè)出版社,2007.[7] 林瑩，毛永年.西餐禮儀[M].中央編譯出版社，2009.[8]曲蒙.國際禮儀指南[M].文匯出版社，2006.[9]孫美玲.餐飲禮儀[M].陜西旅游出版社，珠海出版社，2009.[10] 王琪.現(xiàn)代禮儀大全[M].地震出版社，2005.[11] 張文娟.現(xiàn)代商業(yè):中西方餐桌禮儀存在的差異[J].現(xiàn)代商業(yè)雜志出版社，2007.

第五篇：中西方商務餐桌禮儀文化分析英語

The Analysis of China and Western Table Manners Foreword With the rapid development of economic globalization, the culture between China and Western has also been a very good development and integration.According to the literature, the manners of Zhou Dynasty, has formed a well-established system.The table manners played a very important role in the life of modern Chinese people.Dining not only meets the physical needs, but also an important social etiquette, and it also embodies a person’s upbringing and quality.The banquet in western countries, from the formal to the informal, is far more than China.The table manners of western countries have a lot of forms, expect this, the degree of formality also has a big difference.Generally, there are seated dinners, buffet dinners, luncheons, receptions, cocktail parties, BYOB and BYOF(Bring your own bottles and bring your own food), picnics, tea parties, and so on.1.The summarize of china and western countries table manners The Chinese dining etiquette has a long history.According to the literature show that, at least in Zhou Dynasty, the eating etiquette has formed a well-established system.Especially that, the Confucius, as the libation of State of Lu, has praised and respected the eating etiquette, so, it become an important aspect of dynasties performance of major powers of landscape, ceremonies and civilization.As Han traditional ancient feast etiquette, it has own program: the host invites guest with writing a letter and he/she will go to meet the guests at the door personally.When the guests arrived, they will greet each other.Than, the host brings the people into the living room to sit and entertains the guests with refreshments.After the guests in attendance, we can take a seat.Generally, where a guest is seated depend on his age, social status and so on.“Taking the left for upper”, it is the traditional custom in China.It means the left seat is higher than the right one.The guest of honor should be arranged on the left of host.Chinese entertained guest using the Eight-Immortal table in tradition.The seat faced to the door is the seat of honor, while the others are seated aside.The older, the guest of honor, the high-level is seated in the upper seat, and the hosts sit at the lower seat.When there is more than one table, the host and hostess seat together in the main table.The distance from one table determined the position of these people.Western table manners originated in the French Merovingian.Inspired by Byzantine Culture, so, the manners develop a series of subtlety etiquette.To the Roman Empire of Charlemagne, the etiquette is more complex and tyranny.The emperor must sit the highest chair.Whenever the music sounded, the nobility must spread the dishes to the emperor’s hands.Before the 17th century, it is a traditional habit for people to wear a hat when dining.In the Imperial era, table manners seem tedious and demanding, different ethnic groups have different eating habits, for example, Gauls sit to dinner, Romans lying to eat, the French are taught from childhood that meal with both hands on the table, but Englishman was taught that put you hands on your tights when you don not eat.The European table manners developed from the chivalry.In 12th century, when the culture of Italian has influenced the France, table manners and menu terms become more elegant and refined and etiquette book with teaching have come out.Until now, the table manners have been retained in European countries within a certain range.When you go to a friend's house, it will always be necessary to wear decent clothes, carry the appropriate gift, show elegance and conservation.2.Chinese and Western business table manners Culture 2.1 Chinese and Western dining table taboo Chinese food culture has thousands of years of history.In the land of China, a strong food culture has been bred out and the eating habits and taboos also have been formed.When they are formed, we need consider courtesy and culture and some of them origin from the folk superstition and historical allusions.After thousands of years of accumulated and refined, it has spread and formed a unique culture of Chinese eating etiquette.First, there is the problem of seating in the feast.Secondly, there is the question of the use of the chopsticks.Eventually, people also need pay more attention to the detail on the table.When eating western food, people should pay attention to the western etiquette.It is very different from Chinese food equivalent, we must understand Western etiquette and basic knowledge of Western etiquette, so that we can avoid embarrassing because do not understand the etiquette and knowledge of life in the important occasions.2.1.1 Table Setting

Since ancient time, China table manners do not change a lot.Usually, we put a rice bowl, a pair of chopsticks, a spoon, a dish of sauce in all seat.After meal, it is a habit to give guests hot towels instead of paper towels.All the dishes must be sent on the middle of table at the same time.The people can use chopsticks to take food from each dish directly and the guests drink from the same pot of soup.It is a taboo for each one to grip on distant cuisine when dining.Chinese people like sharing all dishes together, so most of tables used are round or square, rather than westerners with elongated table.In the west, a from western cutlery includes Butter knife, bread dish, appetizer, use a knife and fork with knife and fork, main course, soup with a spoon, dessert forks, wine glasses, white wine glasses.The western countries pay more attention to the eating, so they usually take Fencan system.2.1.2 Dining table terminology and behavior China advocate moderation and courtesy and manner are deeply entrenched.So, when eating out, we must mind the language and manner and keep them in a high level.But in the foreigner eyes, our etiquette is cumbersome and complex.Chinese people eat with a relaxing atmosphere and they can talk with each other and laugh, it is very lively.On the contrary, the eating surrounding of western countries is quiet and they value the details.2.2 Chinese and Western seats In china, most of all since ancient times to the left is the statue, in the banquet guests, to the status of a very distinguished guests in attendance arranged on the left, followed by arrangement.But in some western countries, we are just the opposite.2.2.1 The job title The level of seating positions is similar in the West.People with position or status higher will be respect for and take the higher pedestal seats.According to rank, and the rank of the officers high and low positioning, the level can not be crossed.2.2.2 Ladies and Gentlemen It is same that Chinese and Western women are proud of their husbands, so the ranking of them accord their husbands.Among the many guests, male guest is honored, his wife is ranked second.2.3 Chinese and western business dinner dress China is known as the state of ceremonies in the world and the Chinese people are also world-known for its polite style.The dress has always maintained: clean, fresh, dignified and generous.In Western countries, if you are invited to attend the breakfast, lunch, dinner, buffet, cocktail party or tea party, there are usually only two forms , one is the official , the other one is arbitrary.If you go to a high-end restaurant, the men should be wearing a neat shirt and shoes, ladies wear suits and have been working with the shoes.If you specify required to wear formal clothing, men must wear a tie.3.Chinese and western business table manners cultural analysis 3.1 Chinese and western business table manners cultural characteristics

Since the beginning of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become an integral part of people's lives.Due to regional differences, different nations, different countries have formed a different culture.Culinary culture and table manners is an important part of the culture of nonverbal Intercultural Communication.Understand the differences in their origins in Western food culture and table manners, in terms of foreign language learners, not only to increase the understanding of learning the language and culture, but also to improve the success rate of cross-cultural communication，avoid

inappropriate

or

behavior

caused misunderstandings and communicative disorders.? Rational Westerners pay more attention to nutrition and survival.? The sensibility of the Chinese people’ seek is to pursue the delicious and enjoy.? Western cooking follows the norms and sciences.? Western advocates of freedom and individuality of each weight, while the Chinese people longing for harmony and the overall weight.3.2 Chinese and western business table manners cultural differences cause With the deepening constantly of integration in the world, etiquette between people more and more is paid more attention, especially the importance of table manners prominent, such as: ? Chinese and western culture is different.? The way of thinking is different.? The values are different.3.3 Chinese and western business table manners cultural differences meaning ? To promote the economic development of China and the Western countries ? Improve the etiquette culture and widen the field of vision.? Get more information about the western countries, increase understanding, narrow differences and enhance mutual cohesion and intimacy.