第一篇：人教新課標(biāo)必修四UNIT2Working the land課下作業(yè)

人教新課標(biāo) 必修四Unit2課下作業(yè)

貴州省思南中學(xué)許義懷

Part 1 Warming Up, Pre-reading, Reading and Comprehending

I.根據(jù)下列各句句意及所給單詞的首字母或漢語(yǔ)提示，寫(xiě)出所缺單詞的正確形式。

1.When you go out in the hot sun, you should always put cream on your skin to avoid getting s_____.2.The young girl is s_____ to bring up a family alone.3.The measures will enable us to increase our o_____ of bicycles soon.4.My friend was down with the flu, and _____(因此)couldn’t come to the party.5.The _____(令人不安的)problem has been making it hard for him to sleep every night.6.In ten years the city’s population e_____ by 12%, which has made the city more crowded.7.Although he speaks English fluently, he is not of British or American _____(國(guó)籍).8.Please state your name, address and _____(職業(yè)).9.Our products are _____(出口)to Southeast Asia to gain more profit.10.Blood _____(循環(huán))in the body until life stops.II.每空填一詞，使上下兩句話的意思相同或相近。

1.His explanation satisfied everyone present at the meeting.Everyone present at the meeting _____ _____ _____ his explanation.2.There is a color TV in each classroom in our school.Each classroom in our school _____ _____ _____ a color TV.3.The first ten years of the 21st century saw the development of the company.The first _____ of the 21st century saw the development of the company.4.The man in the forest struggled to rid himself of his fears.The man in the forest struggled to _____ _____ _____ his fears.III.根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示，完成下列句子。

1.It was _____(多虧了)your timely help that we accomplished the task on time.2.From his manner, we knew that he _____(對(duì)……滿意)the exam.3.—Do you mind my keeping pets at home?

—I _____(寧愿)you didn’t.IV.根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)及所給提示填空，使短文連貫通順。

Farming was once the chief way of life in nearly every country.People cannot live 1._____ food, and nearly all their food comes from 2._____ and animals raised

3._____ farms.Many other materials such as cotton and wool also come from plants and animals 4._____(raise)on farms.Not many people farm for a 5._____(live)any more, but farming 6.______(remain)the most important 7._____(occupy)in the world.8._____(science)methods and labor-saving machinery have made farming increasingly 9._____(product).The development of improved plant varieties and fertilizers has helped double and even triple the yields of some major crops.At the same time, the use of tractors and other modern farm equipment has sharply 10._____(reduce)the need for farm labor.Learning about Language

I.根據(jù)下列各句句意及所給單詞的首字母或漢語(yǔ)提示，寫(xiě)出所缺單詞的正確形式。

1.Don’t show him the other way of doing it — it’ll only c______ him.2.I ______(后悔)not having worn a thicker coat yesterday.3.The sailors ______(搏斗)with the winds and waves and finally landed the goods at New York.4.This plant can grow in many parts of the g______.5.Some farmers are discussing which c_______ they should grow in the field next year.II.根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的提示，完成句子。

1._______(大聲朗讀)in the reading room is a bad habit.2.It’s no use _______(像這樣談話).3.In my mind, _______(進(jìn)入那所著名的大學(xué))will be the only way to become a world-class writer.4.Mary prepared well for the job interview, for she couldn’t risk _______(丟失這個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)).5.My little brother remembered _______(沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)), so he got up early to do it the next morning.III.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1._____(eat)more fruit every day is helpful to keep the flu away from you.2.It’s no use _____(argue)with him, so you’d better give it up.3.I can hardly imagine Peter _____(sail)across the Atlantic Ocean alone.4.—You were brave enough to raise different opinions at the meeting.—Well, now I regret _____(do)that.5.One learns a language by making mistakes and _____(correct)them.6.He is proud of his son’s _____(win)first prize.7.—What do you think of the book?

—Excellent.It’s worth _____(read)a second time.8.This new order will mean _____(work)overtime.9.Jenny could not help _____(cry)when she was reading the moving story.10.She looks forward every spring to _____(walk)in the flower garden.Using Language

I.根據(jù)下列各句句意及所給單詞的首字母或漢語(yǔ)提示，寫(xiě)出所缺單詞的正確形式。

1.The number of people suffering from heart disease will be greatly _____(減少)if they are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.2.Please summarize the main idea by _____(略讀)the article.3.Researchers in this field have made several important new _____(發(fā)現(xiàn)).4.Farmers are reducing their use of _____(化學(xué)的)fertilizers on crops.II.根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示，完成下列句子。

1.All the pressure _____(逐漸增強(qiáng))and he was off work for weeks with stress.2.As I said before, we need to _____(集中精力于)the customers and their needs.3.The news shocked the public, _____(導(dǎo)致)great concern about students’ safety at school.4.The report focused on how teachers are _____ their students _____ the pressure of exams.(使……免受影響)

5.In ancient times, the masses were not allowed to _____(評(píng)論)politics.6.More and more farmers are beginning to ______(轉(zhuǎn)向有機(jī)耕作).7.The woman washed the vegetable again and again in order to ______(避免影響健康).8.The forest prevents wind and water from ______(帶走土壤).III.用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。

1.Costs have been reduced ______ 20% over the past year.2.You can focus your telescope ______ that distant television tower.3.I hope I haven’t kept you ______ your work.4.He made no comments _______ what I said at the meeting.5.“Green food” is grown away ______ industrial areas and dirty water supplies.IV.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1.The scientist said that the rocks had changed in both ______(chemistry)and physical ways.2.They hope that the new model will go into ______(produce)next year.3.The doctor advised him to eat more fish, which is a rich source of vitamins and ______(mine).4.In that research they made the ______(discover)that bees can communicate with each other.5.______(bacterium), which we can’t see with our naked eyes, are extremely small living things.參考答案:

Warming Up, Pre-reading, Reading and Comprehending

I.1.sunburnt2.struggling3.output

4.therefore5.disturbing 6.expanded

7.nationality8.occupation 9.exported10.circulates

4.get rid of II.1.was satisfied with2.is equipped with3.decade

III.1.thanks to

3.would rather2.was satisfied with

IV.1.without2.crops3.on4.raised

5.living6.remains7.occupation

10.reduced 8.Scientific9.productive

Learning about Language

I.1.confuse 2.regretted

4.globe5.crop

II.1.Reading aloud3.battled 2.talking like this

3.attending the famous university

4.losing the good opportunity

III.1.Eating5.not having finished his homework 2.arguing3.sailing4.doing

5.correcting 6.winning 7.reading

8.working9.crying10.walkingUsing Language

I.1.reduced

4.chemical2.skimming3.discoveries

II.1.built up2.focus on3.leading to

4.keeping...free from

5.comment on / about

6.turn to organic farming

7.avoid affecting health

8.carrying away the soil

III.1.by2.on3.from

4.on / about5.from

IV.1.chemical2.production

3.minerals4.discovery5.Bacteria

第二篇：人教新課標(biāo)高中英語(yǔ)必修1Unit2EnglishAroundtheWorld教案

Unit 2 English Around the World

Ⅰ單元教學(xué)目標(biāo)

技能目標(biāo)Goals

Talk about English and its development, Different kinds of English

Talk about difficulties in language communication

Learn to make dialogue using request & commands

Learn to transfer from direct into indirect speech

Learn to give opinions and organize ideas by way of brainstorming

Learn to make a poster showing your ideas clearly Ⅱ目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言 功能句式

Talk about English and its development Refer to Introduction in the teachers’ book

Talk about difficulties in language communication

Different speaker may come from different place, so they may use different words and dialect, such as subway-underground、left-left-hand-side、two blocks two streets.Make dialogues using request or command: Pardon? Could you repeat that, please?

I beg your pardon? Can you speak more slowly, please? I don’t understand.Sorry.I can’t follow you.Could you say that again, please? How do you spell it, please?

詞匯

1.四會(huì)詞匯

include role international native elevator flat apartment rubber petrol gas modern culture AD actually present(adj.)rule(v.)vocabulary usage identity government Singapore Malaysia rapidly phrase candy lorry command request retell polite boss standard mid-western southern Spanish eastern northern recognize accent lightning direction ma’am subway block 2.認(rèn)讀詞匯

Shakespeare Noah Webster Lori dialect Houston Texas Buford Lester catfish 3.固定詞組

play a role(in)because of come up such as play a part(in)

語(yǔ)法

Command & request

Open the door.Please open the door.Would you please open the door? Indirect Speech

He told(asked)me to open the door.Ⅲ.教材分析和教材重組: 1.教材分析

本單元的中心話題是 “English language and its development, different kinds of English”.通過(guò)對(duì)世界英語(yǔ)這一話題的探討,加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的了解,對(duì)當(dāng)代語(yǔ)言特別是英語(yǔ)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的了解.世界在發(fā)展,時(shí)代在前進(jìn),語(yǔ)言作為交流的工具,也隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展而變化.由于英語(yǔ)在世界上的廣泛使用,它不斷地吸收、交融、容納、創(chuàng)新,這就形成了各種各樣帶有國(guó)家、民族、地區(qū)特色的英語(yǔ).沒(méi)有人們認(rèn)為的那種唯一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)。盡管如此，我們還是要通過(guò)本課文的學(xué)習(xí)讓同學(xué)們感受、了解美國(guó)英語(yǔ)、澳大利亞英語(yǔ)、印度英語(yǔ)、新加坡英語(yǔ)等都有自己的規(guī)律和慣用法，和不同的發(fā)音規(guī)律。

1．1 Warming Up簡(jiǎn)要介紹了世界英語(yǔ)的分支以及英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言在不同國(guó)家產(chǎn)生的差異，使學(xué)生感受英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的多文化、多層次、多元性，對(duì)英國(guó)英語(yǔ)和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)的不同有一個(gè)粗淺的了解。

1．2 Pre-reading通過(guò)兩個(gè)問(wèn)題引發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)課文主題的思考，以便參與課堂活動(dòng)。

1．3 Reading簡(jiǎn)要地說(shuō)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的起源、發(fā)展變化、形成原因，以及它的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

1．4 Comprehending主要是檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)課文基本內(nèi)容的理解程度。

1．5 Learning About the Language主要通過(guò)各種練習(xí)幫助學(xué)生重溫本單元前幾個(gè)部分所學(xué)的新單詞和短語(yǔ)，同時(shí)也通過(guò)新的例子展現(xiàn)了美國(guó)英語(yǔ)、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)的差異，并著重介紹了本單元的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目（Request & Command and Indirect Speech）。

1．6 Using Language其中的reading and talking主要介紹了當(dāng)今世界各地各國(guó)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)有自己的特色，即便是美國(guó)東西部、南北部，說(shuō)話均有所不同。為幫助培養(yǎng)跨文化意識(shí)，可以讓學(xué)生學(xué)完課文后討論中國(guó)的方言，使他們感受到本國(guó)的文化差異。

2．教材重組

2．1 導(dǎo)入 把Warming Up 作為一堂課。

2．2 精讀 把Pre-reading、Reading 和 Comprehending整合在一起作為一堂課精讀課。

2．3 語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)把Learning About Language和Workbook中的Using Words, Using Structures 結(jié)合在一起。

2．4 寫(xiě)作

2．5聽(tīng)和說(shuō) 把課文中的聽(tīng)和說(shuō)整合成一堂課。

2．6 練習(xí)課 workbook exercises & other Exx.3．課型設(shè)計(jì)與課時(shí)分配

1st period Warming Up

2nd period Reading &Language Study

3rd period Learning About Language r& grammar 4th period Writing

5th period Listening & Speaking 6th period Exercises

Unit 2 English around the world Period One Warming up

一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)（teaching aims）student’s book;warming up

1、能力目標(biāo)(ability aim)

a.Enable students to talk about the world Englishes

b.Enable students to talk about the differences between Am.English and Br.English

2、語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)(language aim)

more than;include;play an important role;because of;international;native;elevator;flat;apartment;rubber;petrol;gas;

二、教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)(Teaching important points)a.Students learn about the world Englishes and the differences between Am.English and Br.English.b.Students can understand the jokes caused by the misunderstanding of different Englishes.三、教學(xué)方法(Teaching method)

a.Individual, pair or group work to finish each task.b.Listening c.Discussion

四、教具準(zhǔn)備(Teaching aids)

a computer;a tape-recorder;a projector

五、教學(xué)步驟(Teaching procedure)Step I.Leading-in

Fun time: warm the students up by asking them to greet each other with their dialects.At the same time, lead the students to think about the topic of this unit--“l(fā)anguage”.Step II.Warming up.1)A quiz about the national flag of countries speaking English as their first or second language.Lead the students to the topic “English Around the world”.2)Ask the students to think about the question about the “world Englishes”.Step III.Talking about “world Englishes”, especially the differences between “American English” and “British English”

1)Listen to a dialogue between an American and an Englishman.And try to find out the cause of the misunderstanding between them.2)Talk about the differences between American English and British English.(mainly about vocabulary and spelling)Step IV.Speaking Task.Students make up a dialogue with a misunderstanding caused by the differences between “American English” and “British English” like the dialogue they listened to.Unit 2 English Around the World Period Two Reading

教學(xué)目標(biāo)（Teaching aims）

Get the students to know English language and its development and different kinds of English through this passage.教學(xué)內(nèi)容(Teaching contents)

Get the knowledge of English language and its development and different kinds of English.能力目標(biāo)(Ability aim)

Get some knowledge of different kinds of English 語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)(Language aim)

Grasp some words and expressions such as, play a role in /because of/ come up/ play a part in and learn the grammar--the indirect speech of the imperative clause 教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)(Teaching important points)The indirect speech of the imperative clause 教學(xué)方法(Teaching methods)task-based approach 教具準(zhǔn)備(Teaching aids)multi-media computer

教學(xué)步驟(Teaching procedure)Step 1 Warming up.Warm the students up by ask them to tell the differences between American English and British English.Step 2

Pre-reading.Ask the students to discuss some questions about “English” in pairs.1.How many people speak English in the world today? 2.Why do so many people speak English? 3.What has helped to spread English around the world? 4.Do you think it important for Chinese to learn English? Why? Step 3

Reading.1)The first-reading.Ask the students to scan the text and choose the correct answer in the book.2)The second-reading.Ask the students to read the text paragraph by paragraph, and get some detail information.a.For the first and second paragraph, students answer some questions

b.For the third and fourth paragraph, students find out the information to fill in the table of the development of English.c.For the last paragraph, students find out the reason why India speaks English.Step 4

Discussions:

1.Do you think it matters what kind of English you learn? Why? 2, Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English?

3, Do you think Chinese will become the most popular language in the world instead of English in the future?

Step 5

Extension

Give the students some information of origin of British English and American English.The formation of British English From 17th century—19th century

The UK colonized Ireland and joined with Scotland long ago

Colonized;North America, the Caribbean India, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Australia, New Zealand, Palestine, parts of sub-Sahara Africa, Hong Kong, Singapore and the Pacific Islands The formation of American English

American colonial rulers also brought their English to:

Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and other Pacific island in the late 19th century Introduce the situation of English speaking in China.Tell them some proper items.Native speaker: A person who speaks English since birth but who may not speak a standard form of it.L1 speaker: A native speaker of English who uses it as his or her mother tongue or an immigrant to an English-speaking country who always prefer to use it ESL: English as a Second Language

L2 speaker: A second language speaker of English EFL: English as a Foreign Language Step 6

Homework

1.Finish the exercise on page 11.2.Read passage on page 51 The Oxford English Dictionary and make notes about Murray’s life.Unit 2 English around the world

Period Three Learning about Language

一、教學(xué)目標(biāo)（teaching aims）student’s book;Discovering useful structures

1、能力目標(biāo)(ability aim)

a.Enable students to tell the differences between a request and a command.b.Enable students to learn about the Indirect Speech(requests & commands)c.Enable students to use the Indirect Speech(requests & commands)

2、語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)(language aim)

command;request;retell;polite;boss Indirect Speech(requests and commands)

二、教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)(Teaching important points)a.Students learn about the differences between a request and a command.b.Students learn about the Indirect Speech(requests and commands)c.Students can use the indirect speech.三、教學(xué)方法(Teaching method)

a.Individual, pair or group work to finish each task.b.Discovering the structure through examples c.Practice

四、教具準(zhǔn)備(Teaching aids)a computer;a projector

五、教學(xué)步驟(Teaching procedure Step 1.Warming-up(Revision)

Warm the students up by asking them to go over the Direct Speech and Indirect Speech..Do some exercises : change a statement or a question into Indirect Speech.Step 2.Talk about Request and Command.1)Talk about the polite and Impolite tune.2)Change the commands into Requests.3)Learn to give requests or commands according to the situations.Step 3.Talk about how to change a request and a command into Indirect Speech.ask(ed)sb(not)to do sth tell/told sb(not)to do sth

Step 4.Practise changing a request or a command into Indirect Speech.Step 5.Using the structure.A game: choose two students act as two robots.One listens to the requests, the other listens to the commands.Other students give either requests or commands, and the robots do what the students asked them to do.Unit 2;English Around the World(Period Four)writing

教學(xué)目標(biāo)（Teaching aims）

a.Let students get to know how to write a statement by using brainstorming

b.Try to use connecting words or sentences to make it as an essay or passage not just several sentences.教學(xué)內(nèi)容(Teaching contents)Write a statement

能力目標(biāo)(Ability aim)

Using the brainstorming way to collect sentences and then arrange them properly 語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)(Language aim)I think, I believe，In my opinion…

We learn English to do…

教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)(Teaching important points)How to arrange sentence correctly.Try to use connecting words.教學(xué)方法(Teaching methods)Brainstorming way

教具準(zhǔn)備(Teaching aids)multi-media computer

教學(xué)步驟(Teaching procedure)Step1 Leading in

Use the brainstorming way to ask students “Why should we live?” which is a simple question, at the same time there might be various answers to the question, which will stimulate their interest.Step2 Presentation

Also use the brainstorming way to ask “Why should we learn English?” and “how can learning English help China?” Step3 A poster

Write a poster to collect all their ideas.try to use completely sentences, such as : I like to study English and use it for business in the future.I want to study English well so that I can read English books.Say, come to the blackboard and write down your ideas, trying to use complete sentences, such as: If I learn English well, I can bring in the advanced foreign technology to China.So China will become stronger.I decide to learn English well, in this case I can read many English novels, so I can translate them into Chinese, then more Chinese can know more things about the world.Step4 Write an essay

The title is “Do we need to learn English?”

Step5 Display the structure on how to write the essay.1.State your points of view.2.Show the supporting reasons.3.Get a conclusion Step6 Show them the connecting words which can help them to join the sentences and paragraphs.Illustration: I think , I believe, In my opinion, As far as I am concerned… Addition: firstly, secondly, then, besides, at last… Contrast: however, but , on the other hand… Summary: in short, in a word, therefore, so…

Step7 Give them a simple example which is not complete Do we need to learn English?

I strongly think we not only need learn English but also learn it well…Why should we learn it…How can learning English help China in the future?…So… Step8 Homework My Experience of Learning English Para1.My problems in learning English.Para 2.How I can improve my English.Para.3.What I like about learning English.Para Para 4.How I hope to make use of my English.Unit 2: English Around the World Period Five Listening & speaking

一、學(xué)目標(biāo)(Teaching aims)

教材(Teaching materials)listening materials on p12 and p14 on the textbook, another one attached

1、能力目標(biāo)(ability aim)enable Ss to catch the listening materials and understand them and distinguish British and American English, try using them in dialogues.2、語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)(Language aim)distinguish some words used in British and American English、some dialect and accent

二、教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)(Teaching important points)understand words used in British and American which have the same meanings and some dialect accent

三、教學(xué)方法(Teaching method)listening and talking

四、教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備(Teaching aids)tape recorder and get students’ answer sheet printed out

五、教學(xué)步驟(Teaching procedure)Step 1 Listening

Listening 2(text book p14)

Listen to the tape, getting to know American dialect and accent.Step 2 Speaking

After listening to different dialects and accents, see if Ss know how to pronounce the following words:

ask after either neither kilometer box……and more

Unit Two :English Around the World The Sixth period Exercises

一．教學(xué)目標(biāo)：(Teaching aims)Finish the exercises on the workbook 1．能力目標(biāo)：(ability aim)

a)Enable the students to command “commands and requests” b)Through cooperative work find out correct answers themselves 2．語(yǔ)言目標(biāo)：(language aim)Full understanding of the readings

二．教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)(Teaching important points)Understanding the main ideas of the passages 三．教學(xué)方法(Teaching method)a.Fast and careful reading

b.Individual, pair or group work to finish each task c.Discussion

四．教具準(zhǔn)備(Teaching aids)a computer

五．教學(xué)步驟(teaching procedure)Step 1.Warming up

Step 2: speaking task(Review commands and requests)

Offer them situations and try to make dialogues with commands and requests Step 3 :Do the “Reading” on P13 and answer questions on it briefly.Step 4: Finish the “Reading Task” at p.51 and complete the form after it.Step 5: Group work:

Ask them to sum up what codes and short forms of words they often use when they often chat on the net with others.Step 6: check up their researching result.Step 7: homework.

第三篇：《荷塘月色》教案(人教新課標(biāo)版必修2)

荷塘月色【背景材料】

一、作者簡(jiǎn)介

朱自清原名自華，字佩弦，號(hào)秋實(shí)。祖籍浙江省紹興市，1898 年生于江蘇省東?？h。1903 年隨家定居揚(yáng)州，故自稱“我是揚(yáng)州人”。1916 年中學(xué)畢業(yè)后，考入北京大學(xué)預(yù)科班，次年改為“自清”，考入本科哲學(xué)系。以后的五年里在江蘇、浙江等地的中學(xué)教書(shū)。在大學(xué)時(shí)代，朱自清就開(kāi)始創(chuàng)作新詩(shī)，1923 年發(fā)表的長(zhǎng)詩(shī)《毀滅》，在當(dāng)時(shí)的詩(shī)壇上產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。1929 年出版詩(shī)集《蹤跡》，1925 年任清華大學(xué)教授，創(chuàng)作轉(zhuǎn)向散文，同時(shí)開(kāi)始了古典文學(xué)的研究。1928 年出版了第一本散文集《背影》，成了文壇上著名的散文作家。

1948 年 8 月 12 日，朱自清病逝于北京。他的一生既是作家、學(xué)者，又是民主戰(zhàn)士。逝世后整理出版有《朱自清文集》(四卷)、《朱自清詩(shī)文選集》。

二、月夜有無(wú)蟬聲？

《荷塘月色》中有一處寫(xiě)到作者在月下漫步荷塘?xí)r聽(tīng)到了蟬聲。

“這時(shí)候最熱鬧的，要數(shù)樹(shù)上的蟬聲與水里的蛙聲；……”

后來(lái)有一位叫陳少白的寫(xiě)信給朱自清，說(shuō)蟬子夜晚是不叫的。朱自清為此問(wèn)了好幾個(gè)人，他們也都認(rèn)為陳的話不錯(cuò)。朱自清為了進(jìn)一步弄清問(wèn)題，又去請(qǐng)教他在清華大學(xué)的同事昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)家劉崇樂(lè)教授。劉崇樂(lè)則從別一個(gè)人的著作里摘抄了一段文字寄給朱自清，這一段文字說(shuō)月夜確有蟬聲，不過(guò)那位著者又說(shuō)，平常夜晚蟬子是不叫的，那一個(gè)月夜，卻聽(tīng)到它們?cè)诮?。這么一來(lái)，朱自清反復(fù)考慮，就把“好幾個(gè)人”的話當(dāng)作“客觀實(shí)際”，而把那個(gè)著者的親耳所聞當(dāng)作“是個(gè)例外”，至于自己文中那一段描寫(xiě)，則自認(rèn)是“記憶錯(cuò)誤”。于是朱自清給陳少白復(fù)信，表示了感謝，并且慎重表示：散文集《背影》（里面收有《荷塘月色》一文）以后再版要?jiǎng)h掉月夜蟬鳴的句子。

過(guò)了些時(shí)候，陳少白又在《新學(xué)生》月刊上發(fā)表文章，再次討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題，并且涉及到宋代王安石的《葛溪驛》一詩(shī)，因?yàn)檫@首詩(shī)里也有月夜蟬鳴的描寫(xiě)。也就在這個(gè)討論之后，朱自清自己又有兩次親耳聽(tīng)到了月夜蟬聲，“跟《荷塘月色》中所敘的有相同的地方”，朱自清因?yàn)椤坝星屑旱膯?wèn)題在心里’，所以對(duì)此印象格外深刻。這才寫(xiě)了《關(guān)于“月夜蟬聲’》一文，公開(kāi)作答。從這番周折中可以看出朱自清對(duì)寫(xiě)文章是極其認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)，絕不含糊的。

朱自清還從這件事中引出一個(gè)更深的教訓(xùn)，他在作答的文章中深有感慨地說(shuō)：“我們往往由常有的經(jīng)驗(yàn)作概括的推論。例如由有些夜晚蟬子不叫，推論到所有夜晚蟬子不叫。于是相信這種推論便是真理。其實(shí)只是成見(jiàn)。這種成見(jiàn)，足以使我們無(wú)視新的不同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，或加以歪曲的解釋。我自己在這兒是個(gè)有趣的例子?！敝熳郧暹@一段話意味深長(zhǎng)，它告訴我們輕率的推論會(huì)使人們誤把成見(jiàn)認(rèn)作真理，妨礙我們獲得新的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，接受新的知識(shí)，這個(gè)體會(huì)和認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出“月夜”有無(wú)“蟬聲”的討論本身了。

三、荷塘夕照明——懷念朱自清先生

今年（1978）八月十二日，是朱自清先生逝世三十周年。清華大學(xué)為了紀(jì)念他，把座落在“水木清華”池邊的古老方亭命名為“自清亭”。它和附近小山坡上紀(jì)念聞一多先生的“聞亭”比鄰而立。朱、聞兩位老教授，都是毛澤東同志稱頌過(guò)的“表現(xiàn)了我們民族的英雄氣概”的愛(ài)國(guó)知識(shí)分子。

“自清亭”的命名，使我想起解放初清華園的荷花池畔，也曾為紀(jì)念他而建過(guò)一個(gè)草亭，名“荷塘月色’。那草亭早因破舊而拆除了，可是，那荷塘呢？

夏日的黃昏，剛下過(guò)一回陣雨。雨過(guò)天晴，我信步來(lái)到荷花池畔。荷塘一片碧綠，間雜著朵朵蓮花，微風(fēng)中送來(lái)陣陣清香。

我想起了朱自清的散文《荷塘月色》，這是我在中學(xué)里讀過(guò)的。在解放前，到清華念書(shū)的時(shí)候，我打聽(tīng)到朱先生筆下的荷塘，就是這個(gè)荷花池，走去一看，原來(lái)不過(guò)是一灣死水，幾樹(shù)垂楊，敗葉殘花，潦倒其間。塘中央還有座小島，島上雜樹(shù)叢生，荊棘遍地，偶爾還從斜刺里跑出一兩只野兔來(lái)，人稱荒島。

朱自清寫(xiě)《荷塘月色》的時(shí)候，這里是“陰森森的有些怕人”，“白天也少人走，夜晚更加寂寞”。這篇文章的頭一句話是：“這幾天心里頗不寧?kù)o”，這冷僻而又有幾分清幽的荷塘月色，就正好成了他“什么都可以想，什么都可以不想”的暫時(shí)“自由”“獨(dú)處”的地方了。

我那時(shí)雖是工學(xué)院的學(xué)生，由于愛(ài)好文藝和對(duì)朱先生的傾慕，對(duì)清華園里的進(jìn)步文藝活動(dòng)，總是要擠進(jìn)去聽(tīng)聽(tīng)的。朱自清經(jīng)常出席文藝晚會(huì)，發(fā)表演講。他這時(shí)已不是我想象中風(fēng)度瀟灑的詩(shī)人，而是一個(gè)扶著手杖，身材瘦小的老人了。但看去精神卻很好。他認(rèn)定了前進(jìn)的方向，提出要做“向下的”知識(shí)分子，即接近工農(nóng)大眾的知識(shí)分子。他領(lǐng)頭發(fā)表反對(duì)國(guó)民黨打內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的和平宣言，在抗議國(guó)民黨反動(dòng)派逮捕學(xué)生的爭(zhēng)人權(quán)宣言上簽名，起草教授罷教宣言，還常扶著手杖去征集簽名?！暗孟﹃?yáng)無(wú)限好，何須惆悵近黃昏”。他這用以自況的詩(shī)句，表明晚年的朱自清的確不再是寫(xiě)《荷塘月色》時(shí)感傷獨(dú)處的朱自清了。

朱自清寫(xiě)過(guò)一首《挽一多先生》的詩(shī)，稱聞一多是“一團(tuán)火”，那么，自清先生又該比作什么呢? 他同聞一多的性格是大不相同的，也許是一池清水吧。雖是清水，也會(huì)時(shí)起波瀾，甚至卷起千堆雪。不是嗎? 你看他在 “一·二九”運(yùn)動(dòng)中，跟隨清華學(xué)生游行隊(duì)伍進(jìn)城，“一·二一”運(yùn)動(dòng)中，他到靈堂向四烈士致敬。聞一多被害時(shí)，他冒著危險(xiǎn)，在成都各界人士追悼會(huì)上發(fā)表演說(shuō)。他寧可餓死，不領(lǐng)美國(guó)“救濟(jì)糧’。他在日記中寫(xiě)道：“此事每月須損失六百萬(wàn)法幣，影響家中甚大，但余仍決心簽名……此雖只為精神之抗議，但決不應(yīng)逃避個(gè)人責(zé)任?！痹趶浟糁H，他還一再囑咐家人不去買(mǎi)那出賣(mài)中國(guó)人靈魂的“救濟(jì)面粉”……

在池塘邊漫想，清華園這些年的風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨，更教人心潮難平。從朱自清的詩(shī)句，想到葉帥的“老夫喜作黃昏頌，滿目青山夕照明”。這兩句詩(shī)反映了我國(guó)老一輩革命家的壯志豪情；我想，也反映出今天老知識(shí)分子們的心境吧。而《荷塘月色》呢，該另有新篇了。

（摘自《光明日?qǐng)?bào)》）

四、《采蓮賦》參考譯文（羅定五）

漂亮的少年、美貌的少女，心心相印采蓮去。鹢首船頭來(lái)回轉(zhuǎn)，交杯頻遞笑把愛(ài)情傳。槳板輕搖水草緊絆，船頭微動(dòng)浮萍才分開(kāi)。姑娘身材多窈窕，白綢衫兒束細(xì)腰。情意綿綿難分割，戀戀不舍把頭回。春末夏初好季節(jié)啊，葉兒正嫩花兒才開(kāi)。撩水逗樂(lè)笑微微，怕水珠濺身弄濕衣。忽然又覺(jué)船兒斜，急忙收起綾羅裙。【示范教案】

荷 塘 月 色教學(xué)目標(biāo)

一、知識(shí)教育目標(biāo)

1．把握寫(xiě)景抒情散文情景交融的特點(diǎn)。

2．學(xué)習(xí)作者運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的技巧：比喻、通感的巧妙運(yùn)用，動(dòng)詞、疊詞的精心選用。

二、能力訓(xùn)練目標(biāo)

1．訓(xùn)練整體感知、揣摩語(yǔ)言的能力。

2．提高對(duì)作者在文中表達(dá)的思想感情的領(lǐng)悟能力。

3．提高對(duì)情景交融意境的鑒賞能力。

三、德育滲透目標(biāo)

1．培養(yǎng)學(xué)生健康的審美情趣。

2．引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注社會(huì)，追求理想。

教學(xué)建議

一、本文的教學(xué)重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在結(jié)構(gòu)安排、寫(xiě)景的層次和運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的技巧上。

二、本文語(yǔ)言精美，寫(xiě)景狀物傳神，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)朗讀訓(xùn)練，讓學(xué)生自然地受到感染，體會(huì)文章的韻味。

本文語(yǔ)言樸素、典型，充滿詩(shī)意，這是教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)，也是難點(diǎn)，要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)作者巧妙運(yùn)用比喻、通感，精心選用動(dòng)詞、疊詞的表達(dá)技巧。

解決辦法

1．介紹課文的寫(xiě)作背景及作者當(dāng)時(shí)的思想狀況。

2．引導(dǎo)學(xué)生品味表達(dá)作者感情基調(diào)與感情發(fā)展變化的關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句。

3．引導(dǎo)學(xué)生體味本文描寫(xiě)景物的特點(diǎn)，從中領(lǐng)悟寄寓的思想感情。

4．通感的修辭方法學(xué)生第一次接觸，可以結(jié)合練習(xí)題講一點(diǎn)知識(shí)，必要時(shí)可擴(kuò)展一些練習(xí)。教學(xué)要點(diǎn)

講解《荷塘月色》，弄清作者寫(xiě)作的緣起及描繪月色下的荷塘的特點(diǎn)，環(huán)境描寫(xiě)與抒發(fā)感情的關(guān)系。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)作者巧妙運(yùn)用比喻、通感，精心選用動(dòng)詞、疊詞的表達(dá)技巧。教學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)

一課時(shí)教學(xué)內(nèi)容與步驟

一、解題：荷塘月色（加點(diǎn)部分板書(shū)，下同）是朱自清的早期散文作品之一。荷塘，是指作者任教的北京清華大學(xué)清華園里的荷花池，表明作者所要描繪的特定處所。月色是文章描繪的中心，它是作者心目中向往、追求的和諧寧?kù)o的境界。

朱自清在青年時(shí)代曾參加過(guò)“五四”運(yùn)動(dòng)，向往過(guò)俄國(guó)十月社會(huì)主義革命，后來(lái)也投身過(guò)反對(duì)北洋軍閥的斗爭(zhēng)。1927 年，蔣介石叛變革命，中國(guó)革命處于低潮，朱自清陷入苦悶之中。他既對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)不滿，又不敢投入火熱的革命斗爭(zhēng)中去，因而借賞景來(lái)排遣苦悶。本文中所反映出來(lái)的憎惡現(xiàn)實(shí)，想找一個(gè)安寧的所在而不得的苦悶心情，在當(dāng)時(shí)一部分正直的知識(shí)分子中很有代表性。

二、學(xué)生默讀課文，參照“練習(xí)”一，初步理解文章的意思。

三、教師先讀課文、正音并解釋詞語(yǔ)。

四、理清全文的段落。教師歸納：全文分三大段。第一大段，（即第 1 自然段），寫(xiě)作者夜深人靜時(shí)去荷塘觀賞月色的緣由。第二大段，（2—6 自然段）是全文的主體，細(xì)致地描繪荷塘月色的迷人、恬靜，抒發(fā)作者淡淡的喜悅和哀愁。第三大段（末兩個(gè)自然段），寫(xiě)江南采蓮習(xí)俗及惦念江南之情，表達(dá)了作者對(duì)美好生活的向往。全文結(jié)構(gòu)完整，銜接自然緊密，寫(xiě)景與抒情有機(jī)地揉合在一起。

五、講讀第一段。

（一）指名朗讀。

（二）提問(wèn)：作者為什么惦念起荷塘來(lái)了？作者寫(xiě)自己離開(kāi)沉浸在寂靜中的家有什么用意？

師生共同談話，注意“忽然”兩字。

月亮升高了，馬路上孩子們的嬉笑聲聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)了，妻子拍著閏兒也漸入睡。周?chē)呀?jīng)沉靜下來(lái)了，本來(lái)可以好好想一些問(wèn)題，但是，許多的事縈繞在自己頭腦中，無(wú)法理清，“忽然”想起了荷塘，作者是為了排遣內(nèi)心的煩惱，找尋片刻的心靈的寧?kù)o而去荷塘邊的。

第一句是全文的“文眼”，它象是一支樂(lè)曲中的主旋律，在全曲中回蕩。

六、講讀第二段：

（一）提問(wèn)，這一段是按照什么線索來(lái)寫(xiě)的？學(xué)生回答，教師歸納：這一段是按照作者

漫步荷塘的過(guò)程來(lái)寫(xiě)的。按照作者的活動(dòng)、視線的轉(zhuǎn)移，有層次地展現(xiàn)荷塘月夜的美麗景色，抒發(fā)作者的感情。

小路（第 2 節(jié)）——荷塘（第 4 節(jié)）——月色（第 5 節(jié)）——荷塘周?chē)臉?shù)（第 6 節(jié)）

漫步——思索（線索）（板書(shū)）

（二）講讀第 2 節(jié)：

文章先寫(xiě)去荷塘必經(jīng)的小路。提問(wèn)：這條小路有些什么特點(diǎn)？學(xué)生回答，教師歸納：作者抓住了小路的曲折、幽僻，多樹(shù)的特點(diǎn)（板書(shū)），這三者中，幽僻是主要的特點(diǎn)。曲折與多樹(shù)是構(gòu)成幽僻的重要條件。小路沿荷池而筑，隨荷池彎曲，呈曲折之態(tài)。多樹(shù)則蓊蓊郁郁，更顯幽深僻靜。

文章用了對(duì)比的方式，襯托出月下小路的美?？纯醋髡呤窃鯓舆M(jìn)行對(duì)比的？

用白天（少人走）、一般的夜晚（更加寂寞）、沒(méi)有月光的晚上（陰森森的）和今天的淡月比，寫(xiě)出景色朦朧，富有詩(shī)意，第一次把“月色”點(diǎn)了出來(lái)。

（三）講讀第 3節(jié)：

提問(wèn)：這一節(jié)寫(xiě)作者去荷塘?xí)r的感受，請(qǐng)你說(shuō)說(shuō)這種感受的具體內(nèi)容？

學(xué)生回答。教師歸納：請(qǐng)學(xué)生把“象今晚上，……現(xiàn)在都可不理”這段話劃出來(lái)。這是作者感受的具體內(nèi)容。作者感到在這種幽僻的壞境之中，自己成了一個(gè)自由的人。在這種環(huán)境里，可以不做違心的事，不說(shuō)違心的話，可以無(wú)拘無(wú)束、自由自在，拋棄塵世間的喧囂和煩惱。聯(lián)系文章的寫(xiě)作背景，可以理解這種感受，表達(dá)了作者對(duì)自由寧?kù)o生活的向往和對(duì)黑暗的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的不滿，進(jìn)一步點(diǎn)明了夜游的原因。

（四）講讀第 4 節(jié)：

背誦課文第四段，討論以下問(wèn)題。

（1）作者寫(xiě)月下的荷塘景物順序是如何安排的? 有何特點(diǎn)?

先總寫(xiě)荷塘，再寫(xiě)葉子、荷花、荷香、荷波和流水。定點(diǎn)觀察，由近及遠(yuǎn)，由上到下，先靜態(tài)后動(dòng)態(tài)。

（2）鑒賞景物特色及語(yǔ)言技巧

荷塘

曲曲折折

用疊詞，突出廣度

荷葉

田田

用疊詞，突出密度

像亭亭的舞女的裙，用比喻，以動(dòng)寫(xiě)靜，寫(xiě)出了高而圓的風(fēng)姿

荷花

裊娜，擬人，飽滿的花朵姿態(tài)柔美

羞澀，擬人，含苞欲放的嬌美情態(tài)

明珠，比喻，晶瑩剔透地閃光，暗寫(xiě)月光柔和

星星，比喻，忽明忽暗地閃光，暗寫(xiě)月光柔和

美人，比喻，纖塵不染的美質(zhì)

荷香

遠(yuǎn)處高樓上渺茫的歌聲，通感，將嗅覺(jué)形象訴諸聽(tīng)覺(jué)形象，時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)，若有若無(wú)，輕淡飄渺，沁人心脾，擴(kuò)大意境，烘托環(huán)境優(yōu)雅、寧?kù)o，這是月夜獨(dú)處的獨(dú)特感受

荷波

閃電，比喻，突出快速

凝碧，以靜寫(xiě)動(dòng)

流水

脈脈，擬人，默而有深情

（3）歸納月下荷塘的總體特點(diǎn)，寄寓的感情素淡，寧?kù)o，寄寓了淡淡的喜悅之情。

（五）講讀第 5 節(jié)：

背誦課文第五段，討論以下問(wèn)題。

（1）這一段是從哪幾個(gè)方面來(lái)描寫(xiě)荷塘上的月色的?

先寫(xiě)月光，再寫(xiě)月影，最后寫(xiě)光與影。

（2）作者選用了哪些動(dòng)詞來(lái)描寫(xiě)月光，有什么好處?

“瀉”，照應(yīng)“月光如流水一般”中的“流水”這個(gè)喻體，增強(qiáng)動(dòng)感，表現(xiàn)了月輝照耀、一覽無(wú)余的情景。

“浮”，水氣輕輕升騰，慢慢擴(kuò)散、彌漫，以動(dòng)景寫(xiě)靜景，以“青霧”襯“月光”，表現(xiàn)了月光的朦朧、淡雅。

“洗”，“牛乳”的比喻承上文“瀉”字而來(lái)，一個(gè)“洗”字表現(xiàn)了月光潔白柔和而又鮮艷欲滴。

“籠”，“夢(mèng)”的比喻承上文“浮”字而來(lái)，一個(gè)“籠”字表現(xiàn)了月光下葉子與花的輕飄柔美的姿容，襯托了月光的朦朧、柔和。

（3）月光朦朧、柔和的原因是什么？“酣眠”比喻什么？“小睡”比喻什么？作者為什么說(shuō)“恰是到了好處”？

原因是天上有一層淡淡的云?！昂摺北扔骼收?，“小睡”比喻淡淡的云遮住了滿月的意境。這種朦朧柔和的恬淡正合作者此時(shí)的心境，所以說(shuō)“恰是到了好處”。

（4）作者為什么又要寫(xiě)月影？哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞用得精妙？

荷塘四周有蓊蓊郁郁的樹(shù)。月影當(dāng)是景中一景，塘上月光、塘中月影交相輝映，能使月色表現(xiàn)得更為精妙。

一個(gè)“畫(huà)”字用得精妙，仿佛有無(wú)形的手在展紙描繪一般，富有情趣，表現(xiàn)了作者的喜愛(ài)之情。

（5）寫(xiě)光與影運(yùn)用了什么修辭方法？有什么好處？

運(yùn)用了比喻與通感的手法。將視覺(jué)形象化為聽(tīng)覺(jué)形象，光與影的黑白塊兒仿佛變成了活潑跳躍的音符，化靜為動(dòng)，寫(xiě)活了。光與影的和諧分布與名曲的優(yōu)美、悠揚(yáng)、和諧動(dòng)聽(tīng)，兩相烘托，擴(kuò)大了意境。

（6）這段描寫(xiě)荷塘上的月色，總體特點(diǎn)是什么？寄寓了作者怎樣的思想感情？

朦朧，和諧，寄寓了作者淡淡的喜悅之情。

七、講讀末兩節(jié)。寫(xiě)夜游荷塘引起的聯(lián)想，想到古代詩(shī)詞中對(duì)采蓮的描繪從而引起對(duì)江南美好生活的懷念，表現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)眼前的寂寞、毫無(wú)生氣的環(huán)境的不滿之情，進(jìn)一步表現(xiàn)了作者內(nèi)心的不平和對(duì)光明美好生活的憧憬、向往。在思鄉(xiāng)的哀愁中結(jié)束全文。

八、寫(xiě)作特點(diǎn)：

本文語(yǔ)言樸素典雅，準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)，富有韻味。作者是如何使語(yǔ)言表達(dá)得如此美的？

（1）作者精心選用恰當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞，使語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、貼切，創(chuàng)造出生動(dòng)的意境。

（2）作者善于運(yùn)用疊詞，傳神地描寫(xiě)事物特征，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，舒展文氣，增加音韻美，深化物態(tài)情貌。

（3）作者善于運(yùn)用比喻、擬人、通感等修辭手法，使語(yǔ)言形象生動(dòng)，創(chuàng)造出引人入神的意境。

九、歸納中心思想。讓學(xué)生歸納，教師總結(jié)。從荷塘月色美麗景色的描繪中，表露了作者對(duì)黑暗的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的不滿和對(duì)美好生活的向往?？偨Y(jié)、擴(kuò)展

領(lǐng)悟作者的思想感情，要善于通過(guò)鑒賞作者的景物描寫(xiě)去把握其中寄寓的情感。而鑒賞作者的景物描寫(xiě)，要善于分析景物描寫(xiě)的層次、景物描寫(xiě)的技巧造成的效果，要品味景物的特點(diǎn)，最后歸結(jié)到美感特征。

課外閱讀朱自清的另一篇散文《綠》，領(lǐng)悟寄寓在梅雨潭的綠中的思想感情，并與《荷塘月色》表現(xiàn)的思想感情進(jìn)行比較。布置作業(yè)

自由命題寫(xiě)一篇情景交融的散文，要求運(yùn)用比喻、通感的修辭方法，在選用動(dòng)詞與疊詞上下點(diǎn)功夫。

附：板書(shū)設(shè)計(jì)

荷 塘 月 色

朱自清 荷葉像裙

形態(tài)美 月下荷塘 荷

塘

荷塘月色 月

色

荷塘四面

荷花似星

荷香比歌

葉顫如電

“波浪”凝碧

流水含情 月光如水

薄霧似紗

花葉若夢(mèng)

灌木黑陰斑駁

楊柳倩影如畫(huà)

光影和諧似曲朧 樹(shù)色如煙似霧

楊柳風(fēng)姿綽約

遠(yuǎn)山隱隱約約

燈光沒(méi)精打采

蟬蛙靜中顯鬧

動(dòng)態(tài)美

靜態(tài)美

正面為主

側(cè)面為主

靜

↑

↑

襯

動(dòng) 素 淡 朦

朧

第四篇：人教新課標(biāo)必修2指導(dǎo)教案：離騷

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您身邊的高考專家 離 騷 名師導(dǎo)航

內(nèi)容感知

《離騷》是我國(guó)古代一首偉大的抒情長(zhǎng)詩(shī)，歷來(lái)以其可與日月?tīng)?zhēng)輝的光芒照耀詩(shī)壇。全詩(shī)373句，是屈原的思想結(jié)晶，是他政治失敗后用血和淚寫(xiě)成的一篇扣人心弦的抒發(fā)憂國(guó)之思的作品。它有著豐富的內(nèi)容、浪漫的想象、強(qiáng)烈的感情、自成一格的寫(xiě)作手法，思想和藝術(shù)上的魅力并重，令無(wú)數(shù)人為之傾倒。課文節(jié)選的這部分主要敘述作者因潔身自好、堅(jiān)持正道而受到周?chē)娙说牟乱珊驮熘{中傷，君主也疏遠(yuǎn)了他，他一方面表明誓死決不就此退縮，和蠅營(yíng)狗茍的小人們同流合污；一方面設(shè)想自己要隱退，同時(shí)更加努力培養(yǎng)自己的美好的德行。這部分也是作者最集中表白自己的心志，感情表達(dá)最直接、強(qiáng)烈的段落。閱讀時(shí)要注意把握它的內(nèi)容和思路，領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的思想感情。基礎(chǔ)梳理

一、字音 1.典型字 修姱（ku?。┝b（jī jī）謇謇（jiǎn）．．．侘傺（chà chì）溘死（ka）蕙（xiāng）．．．?dāng)埰彛╟hǎi）謠諑（zhu?）方圜（yuán）．．．攘詬（g?u）鷙鳥(niǎo)（zhì）延佇（zhù）．．．芰荷（jì）岌岌（jíjí）雜糅（ｒ?ｕ)．．．．蘭皋（gāo）可懲（ch?ng）好修姱（hào）．．．相(xiàng)誶（suì）偭（miǎn）忳（tún）．．．．2.多音字

二、字形

三、詞義 1.重點(diǎn)詞

太息：嘆息。

好：愛(ài)慕。

羈：馬韁繩和馬籠頭。喻指束縛。

修姱：修潔而美好。

攬茝：采集芳芷。比喻高尚的德行。

誶：諫諍。

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余雖好修姱以羈（羈，馬韁繩和馬籠頭。此處名詞用作動(dòng)詞，約束、束縛。）

屈心而抑志兮（屈，動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)用法，使??屈；抑，動(dòng)詞的使動(dòng)用法，使??抑。）

伏清白以死直兮（伏，為動(dòng)用法，為??而伏；死，為動(dòng)用法，為??而死。）

高余冠之岌岌兮（高，形容詞的使動(dòng)用法，使??高。）

長(zhǎng)余佩之陸離（長(zhǎng)，形容詞的使動(dòng)用法，使??長(zhǎng)。）

四、特殊句式

不吾知其亦已兮（賓語(yǔ)前置句，“不吾知”即“不知吾”。）

高余冠之岌岌兮，長(zhǎng)余佩之陸離（定語(yǔ)后置句，“冠之岌岌”即“岌岌之冠”，“佩之陸離”即“陸離之佩”，“之”是定語(yǔ)后置的標(biāo)志。）

余雖好修姱以羈兮，謇朝誶而夕替（被動(dòng)句，“羈”“替”，此處均為被動(dòng)詞：被約束，遭貶黜。）

雖體解吾猶未變兮（被動(dòng)句，“體解”的主語(yǔ)是“吾”，承后省略，是被動(dòng)者。這是一種意念上的被動(dòng)。）

五、文學(xué)常識(shí)

1.屈原（約前340—前278），戰(zhàn)國(guó)末期楚國(guó)人，杰出的政治家和愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人。名平，字原。他出身于楚國(guó)貴族，與懷王同祖。屈原學(xué)識(shí)淵博，善外交辭令。在政治上他推崇“美政”，即圣君賢相的政治，認(rèn)為只有圣君賢相才能把國(guó)家治理好，有強(qiáng)烈的憂國(guó)憂民、忠君致治的思想。因受小人陷害，他兩次被流放，最后投汨羅江而死，以明忠貞愛(ài)國(guó)之懷。在流放期間，他以其出眾的才華和對(duì)祖國(guó)人民的熱愛(ài)，寫(xiě)下了《離騷》《九歌》《天問(wèn)》《九章》等不朽的詩(shī)章。他開(kāi)創(chuàng)了詩(shī)歌從集體歌唱轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閭€(gè)人獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作的新紀(jì)元，是我國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)歌的奠基人，我國(guó)第一位偉大的愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人，世界四大文化名人之一（另有波蘭哥白尼、英國(guó)莎士比亞、意大利但?。?。

2.“楚辭”是戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期興起于楚國(guó)的一種詩(shī)歌樣式，是以屈原以及宋玉的作品為主體的詩(shī)歌總集。其中最有代表性的是屈原的代表作《離騷》，因此后人又把“楚辭”的體裁稱為“騷體”。《離騷》與《詩(shī)經(jīng)》在文學(xué)史上并稱“風(fēng)騷”。

六、名篇名句

1.長(zhǎng)太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艱。

2.忳郁邑余侘傺兮，吾獨(dú)窮困乎此時(shí)也。寧溘死以流亡兮，余不忍為此態(tài)也！3.民生各有所樂(lè)兮，余獨(dú)好修以為常。雖體解吾猶未變兮，豈余心之可懲？ 4.亦余心之所善兮，雖九死其猶未悔。句段剖析

一、疑難妙句

1.長(zhǎng)太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艱。

譯文：我長(zhǎng)聲嘆息止不住淚流滿面，哀憐著人民的生活多么艱難。

剖析：表現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人的極度苦悶和難以排解的心情，為下面情緒的抒發(fā)定下了基調(diào)。這兩句承上，形象地概括了詩(shī)人憂國(guó)憂民的博大情懷，給我們塑造了一位“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂(lè)而樂(lè)”的詩(shī)人形象。

2.怨靈修之浩蕩兮，終不察夫民心。眾女嫉余之蛾眉兮，謠諑謂余以善淫。

譯文：怨恨君心荒唐啊，始終不能理解我的心思。那些女人也嫉妒我的嫵媚，誹謗我好放蕩淫亂。

剖析：這幾句詩(shī)使抒情主人公除了作為政治家和詩(shī)人的自我形象出現(xiàn)外，又?；没癁橐粋€(gè)美麗而遭逢不幸的女子。她有愛(ài)美的天性，喜歡用芳潔的東西修飾自己，還親手栽培了許多芬芳的草木。起初與丈夫(“靈修”有時(shí)也可理解為丈夫)締結(jié)了婚約，后來(lái)卻受到眾女的嫉妒和讒毀，終于被拋棄。這一條“美人香草”式的寓意伏線和詩(shī)人的政治抒情疊合在一起，004km.cn

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節(jié)選內(nèi)容每?jī)删湟恍」?jié)，可以分為兩個(gè)部分：

主旨探討

關(guān)于本文的主旨有如下表述：

1.詩(shī)人自述品質(zhì)、政治理想以及自己的忠誠(chéng)，表現(xiàn)了屈原堅(jiān)持“美政”、至死不悔的高尚節(jié)操，抒發(fā)了詩(shī)人憂國(guó)憂民、獻(xiàn)身理想的愛(ài)國(guó)情感。

2.作者回顧自己從政遭遇的艱難，寫(xiě)了自己與小人之間的矛盾不可調(diào)和，也表明了自己不為君王理解的苦悶之情，并抒發(fā)了自己對(duì)楚懷王的怨憤。

我的觀點(diǎn)：_________________________________________________________ 審美鑒賞

血淚凝結(jié)成的生命挽歌

——淺析《離騷》中屈原的悲劇形象

屈原一生經(jīng)歷了楚威王、懷王、頃襄王三個(gè)時(shí)期，而主要活動(dòng)于楚懷王時(shí)期。這個(gè)時(shí)期正是七雄紛爭(zhēng)，各國(guó)存亡處于緊要關(guān)頭的戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代，詩(shī)人的理想就是把祖國(guó)推上強(qiáng)大、富裕的道路。

大家知道，儒家高揚(yáng)道德大旗，主張克己修身，齊家、治國(guó)平天下。受儒家思想影響的屈原，不僅把“修能”（修飾才能）作為圣人的目標(biāo)，而且具有濃厚的以圣人自詡的傾向。他在詩(shī)中借香草喻內(nèi)在的美德，用美人喻理想中的君王，用荃草喻現(xiàn)實(shí)中的君王，用采摘和披掛江離、秋蘭喻修身養(yǎng)性，用乘騏驥喻追求和實(shí)現(xiàn)美好的政治理想??所有的這些都刻畫(huà)出高潔動(dòng)人的抒情主人公形象。他試圖以道德理想促成“美政”理想的實(shí)現(xiàn)，通過(guò)高揚(yáng)道德理性來(lái)整治政治秩序。然而，事實(shí)上，他發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實(shí)中的楚王與理想中的圣王之間存在明顯差距。于是，對(duì)楚王的怨憤和對(duì)“黨人”的鄙棄縈繞于懷，詩(shī)人最終遭讒見(jiàn)廢，導(dǎo)致“美政”理想的幻滅，“憂愁幽思而作《離騷》”。屈原悲劇性的人生結(jié)局，令人深思。

這位偉大的愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人，在昏庸的君王面前，在奸邪的“黨人”面前，既不能改變自己，也不能改變楚國(guó)，且又不愿離開(kāi)自己的祖國(guó)（“忍而不能舍也”），只能選擇以死明志，去殉他004km.cn

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