第一篇：大學(xué)英語課后答案

淺析社會(huì)主義法治理念

法治理念是人們對(duì)法律的功能、作用和法律實(shí)施所持有的內(nèi)心信念和觀念。先進(jìn)的法治理念能夠引領(lǐng)和指導(dǎo)國家機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)組織和人民群眾的法律活動(dòng),是國家機(jī)關(guān)依法行使國家權(quán)力、服務(wù)人民、管理社會(huì)的行動(dòng)指南,是社會(huì)組織和人民群眾依法行使權(quán)利、履行義務(wù)、承擔(dān)責(zé)任的思想基礎(chǔ)和價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

2005年,以胡錦濤總書記為首的黨中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)集體提出了社會(huì)主義法治理念這一意義重大、內(nèi)涵豐富的政治和法律命題。在中國特色的社會(huì)主義理念下,在我們國家法制建設(shè)的過程中,建設(shè)有中國特色社會(huì)主義理論,堅(jiān)持和遵循依法治國、公平正義、公正司法、司法為民等社會(huì)主義法治理念具有重要的理論和實(shí)踐意義。

一、社會(huì)主義法治理念的內(nèi)涵

“社會(huì)主義法治理念”是關(guān)于社會(huì)主義法治的理想、信念和觀念,是社會(huì)主義法治的內(nèi)在要求、精神實(shí)質(zhì)和基本原則的概括和反映,是立法、執(zhí)法、守法和法律監(jiān)督的基本指導(dǎo)思想。一定的法治理念由一定的社會(huì)歷史制度、法律文化和價(jià)值觀所決定,一旦形成,便固化于人們的思想中,具有相當(dāng)?shù)姆€(wěn)定性、持久性;有什么樣的法治理想、信念和觀念,就會(huì)表現(xiàn)為什么樣的立法、執(zhí)法及守法行為。法治理念是靈魂,決定著法治的效果。

改革開放以來,我們黨在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全國人民進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義民主法制建設(shè)的偉大實(shí)踐中,積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn),提出了一系列正確的法治理念。我國社會(huì)主義制度是先進(jìn)的社會(huì)制度,我國社會(huì)主義法治理念也一定是先進(jìn)的法治理念,是真正符合廣大人民群眾利益和需要的法治理念。社會(huì)主義法治理念必須體現(xiàn)以下本質(zhì)要求,必須反映和堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展要求,反映和堅(jiān)持人民民主專政的國體,反映和堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),反映和堅(jiān)持馬克思主義的指導(dǎo)地位,反映和堅(jiān)持從中國國情出發(fā)的原則要求,必須反映和堅(jiān)持改革創(chuàng)新、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。

按照這些本質(zhì)要求,社會(huì)主義法治理念可以概括為“依法治國,執(zhí)法為民,公平正義,服務(wù)大局,黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”五個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。依法治國是社會(huì)主義法治的核心內(nèi)容,執(zhí)法為民是社會(huì)主義法治的本質(zhì)要求,公平正義是社會(huì)主義法治的價(jià)值追求,服務(wù)大局是社會(huì)主義法治的重要使命,黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是社會(huì)主義法治的根本保證。這五個(gè)方面相輔相成,體現(xiàn)了黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人民當(dāng)家作主和依法治國的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一。

二、堅(jiān)持貫徹社會(huì)主義法治理念的必要性

(一)時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要

當(dāng)前我國處于全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)新的發(fā)展階段。新的發(fā)展時(shí)期,必然要對(duì)法制建設(shè)提出新的要求,政法隊(duì)伍、政法工作要適應(yīng)新形勢的要求,就必須有一個(gè)科學(xué)、明確、符合時(shí)代需要的執(zhí)法指導(dǎo)思想。當(dāng)前我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)正經(jīng)歷著前所未有的巨

大變革,各種經(jīng)濟(jì)成份不斷出現(xiàn),使經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體呈現(xiàn)多元化,必然導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的多元化。這一時(shí)期,既是戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期,也是社會(huì)矛盾尖銳化時(shí)期和社會(huì)問題多發(fā)期,地區(qū)之間的不平衡、各階層收入差距的拉大、就業(yè)形勢嚴(yán)峻等社會(huì)矛盾和問題不斷增多,人們的思想、觀念、利益也同時(shí)發(fā)生著變化,各種利益沖突不斷發(fā)生,這也要求政法機(jī)關(guān)要有一個(gè)科學(xué)、正確的法治理念,在實(shí)際工作中體現(xiàn)出公平、正義,維護(hù)各個(gè)階層群眾的合法權(quán)益。因此,在我國政法戰(zhàn)線堅(jiān)持和貫徹社會(huì)主義法治理念教育是十分必要和非常及時(shí)的戰(zhàn)略舉措。

(二)法制建設(shè)的需要

隨著我國各項(xiàng)改革的不斷擴(kuò)大和深化,司法體制的改革和調(diào)整也必將提上日程。當(dāng)前我國立法體制中存在諸多問題,例如,立法的超前、快速、規(guī)模龐大、盲目立法等,使出臺(tái)的法律、法規(guī)難于滲透到社會(huì)生活實(shí)際領(lǐng)域,難于被民眾認(rèn)同、消化、接受,最后變?yōu)橐患埧瘴摹Ｄ壳爸袊姆珊茈y經(jīng)得起理性的檢驗(yàn),中國的執(zhí)法困境,立法有不可推卸的責(zé)任。包括司法制度、執(zhí)法機(jī)制怎么改、如何改才能適應(yīng)我國民主法制建設(shè)和人民當(dāng)家作主的法制需求,也需要我們有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。

(三)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的需要

中國的發(fā)展、富強(qiáng)、崛起和進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)必須有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)環(huán)境。但也要清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到,目前影響社會(huì)穩(wěn)定與和諧的因素還大量存在,改革和發(fā)展中一些深層次的矛盾和問題逐步暴露出來,人民內(nèi)部矛盾凸顯,有的甚至引發(fā)**。社會(huì)管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理中的新情況新問題也不斷出現(xiàn),極易滋生和誘發(fā)違法犯罪,甚至導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重刑事犯罪高發(fā)。而擔(dān)負(fù)維護(hù)穩(wěn)定重任的政法機(jī)關(guān)需要進(jìn)一步明確自己的使命,需要有一個(gè)正確的法治理念。

(四)執(zhí)法的需要

在建設(shè)依法治國和建設(shè)社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)的進(jìn)程中,人民群眾民主法治意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng),人民群眾通過司法程序維護(hù)自身合法權(quán)益的要求不斷提高。而我們政法隊(duì)伍、檢察隊(duì)伍在執(zhí)法中存在的執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)格、不公正、不文明、不作為的現(xiàn)象,甚至執(zhí)法犯法的情況也時(shí)有發(fā)生,上述行為的背后存在著不合時(shí)宜的執(zhí)法觀念急需糾正,混亂的執(zhí)法思想需要澄清,不適應(yīng)新形勢的執(zhí)法思想迫切需要得到改變。

面對(duì)新形勢,法律工作者必須主動(dòng)應(yīng)對(duì)新挑戰(zhàn),積極適應(yīng)新要求,盡快提高化解社會(huì)矛盾的能力、防范和打擊違法犯罪的能力、維護(hù)國家政治穩(wěn)定的能力、公正執(zhí)法的能力。而要做到這些,必須用科學(xué)、先進(jìn)、正確的法治理念武裝政法干警頭腦,也就是說,用社會(huì)主義法治理念指導(dǎo)政法工作。

三、踐行社會(huì)主義法治理念的途徑

如何使社會(huì)主義法治理念走入執(zhí)法者頭腦,讓他們在深刻理解、共同感受、真切內(nèi)化這些法律理念的基礎(chǔ)上,引導(dǎo)和自律執(zhí)法辦案行為,應(yīng)當(dāng)成為政法隊(duì)伍建設(shè)共同面臨、必須正視和認(rèn)真對(duì)待的一項(xiàng)重要而極有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的任務(wù)。

(一)堅(jiān)持依法治國

所謂依法治國,就是廣大人民群眾在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,依照憲法和法律規(guī)定,通過各種途徑和形式管理國家事務(wù),管理經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化事業(yè),管理社會(huì)事務(wù),保證國家各項(xiàng)工作都依法進(jìn)行,逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)民主的制度化、法律化。實(shí)踐依法治國理念對(duì)執(zhí)法工作具體有以下三點(diǎn)基本要求:努力提高法律素養(yǎng)——踐行依法治國理念的前提;堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法——法治的基本內(nèi)涵;模范遵守法律——執(zhí)法者的應(yīng)盡責(zé)任。

(二)堅(jiān)持執(zhí)法為民

執(zhí)法為民是社會(huì)主義法治的本質(zhì)要求,是黨“立黨為公、執(zhí)政為民”執(zhí)政理念對(duì)政法工作的必然要求,是“一切權(quán)力屬于人民”的憲法原則在政法工作中的具體體現(xiàn),是政法工作始終保持正確政治方向的思想保證。

執(zhí)法為民,就是按照“三個(gè)代表”重要思想的本質(zhì)要求,把實(shí)現(xiàn)好、維護(hù)好、發(fā)展好最廣大人民的根本利益作為政法工作的根本出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn),在各項(xiàng)政法工作中切實(shí)做到以人為本、執(zhí)法公正、一心為民。正是因?yàn)閳?zhí)法為民理念對(duì)于政法工作的重要作用,因此,各級(jí)政法機(jī)關(guān)和廣大政法干警,要在開展社會(huì)主義法治理念教育活動(dòng)中,全面深刻理解執(zhí)法為民內(nèi)涵,始終堅(jiān)持以人為本,牢固樹立執(zhí)法為民理念。

(三)堅(jiān)持追求公平正義的理念

公平正義是自古以來人類社會(huì)共同的、不懈地向往和追求,公平正義是社會(huì)主義法治的最高價(jià)值目標(biāo)追求和重要任務(wù),維護(hù)和實(shí)現(xiàn)公平正義是政法工作的永恒主題和神圣職責(zé),也是政法干警崇高而偉大的使命。只有樹立公平正義的理念,才能使憲法規(guī)定的建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國家的任務(wù)落到實(shí)處,才能真正維護(hù)人民的利益,促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧發(fā)展。

1.合法合理。合理性是指執(zhí)法中正確行使自由裁量權(quán),所采取的措施、作出的決定合乎理性,符合案件事實(shí)、情節(jié),防止濫用職權(quán)、顯失公平。法律設(shè)定自由裁量權(quán)是使執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)具體情況具體分析,既遵守一般要求又體現(xiàn)個(gè)別化,按照合理而公正的原則作出正確的選擇和判斷,從而更加準(zhǔn)確地貫徹法律的意圖。

2.平等對(duì)待。平等對(duì)待是法律面前人人平等原則在社會(huì)公平正義方面的具體要求,是公平正義的載體和支撐。沒有平等對(duì)待,正義便成為抽象的空談。平等對(duì)待主要包括以下內(nèi)容:一是反對(duì)特權(quán),法律上的平等對(duì)待,排除任何特權(quán),反對(duì)給予同等條件者不同的待遇。要求在執(zhí)法中堅(jiān)持依法平等保護(hù)各類主體的合法權(quán)益,不分

地域、不分公私、不分貧富、不分民族出身,一律提供平等的司法保護(hù)和法律服務(wù)。二是禁止歧視,與反對(duì)特權(quán)相對(duì),法律上的平等對(duì)待不允許對(duì)任何在社會(huì)關(guān)系中處于劣勢地位的主體有歧視待遇。按照公平正義原則的要求,這些人不但不應(yīng)當(dāng)受到其他人的歧視,而且還應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)玫缴鐣?huì)給予他們的關(guān)懷援助。我國的法律援助制度、司法救助制度、未成年人在刑事訴訟中的特殊規(guī)定等都貫徹了這一原則。

3.實(shí)體與程序公正并重。程序公正不僅是實(shí)體公正實(shí)現(xiàn)的前提和保障,而且本身也具有獨(dú)立的價(jià)值。在現(xiàn)代社會(huì),程序法是否完備并得到嚴(yán)格的遵守執(zhí)行,是衡量一個(gè)國家法制文明、司法公正、訴訟民主、人權(quán)保障程度的重要標(biāo)志。程序公正具有以下幾個(gè)方面的目的和價(jià)值:一是應(yīng)當(dāng)保障實(shí)體公正的實(shí)現(xiàn)。實(shí)體公正是一種結(jié)果的公正,而任何結(jié)果都是經(jīng)過一定的過程得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。程序的設(shè)計(jì)配置,首先是保證執(zhí)法司法機(jī)關(guān)正確地發(fā)現(xiàn)案件的真實(shí)情況,全面客觀地收集證據(jù),準(zhǔn)確地適用法律,正確地處理案件,保證實(shí)體法的實(shí)現(xiàn)。二是賦予當(dāng)事人充分的權(quán)利并提供權(quán)利被侵犯時(shí)的救濟(jì)渠道,有效地保障人權(quán)。程序公正要求以人為本,充分尊重當(dāng)事人、行政相對(duì)人的人格尊嚴(yán)和主體地位,保障其應(yīng)有的知情、參與、陳述、抗辯、申訴、獲得法律幫助等各項(xiàng)權(quán)利,使其感受到客觀、公平、充分參與、主張和意見得到充分表達(dá),增強(qiáng)行政執(zhí)法決定和司法決定的可接受性。三是規(guī)范執(zhí)法行為,克服執(zhí)法者的隨意性,防止權(quán)力的濫用。任何權(quán)力都有濫用的可能,僅僅把正義實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望寄托于執(zhí)法者良好的道德修養(yǎng)是不夠的。只有借助制度的力量和約束,人們才能對(duì)執(zhí)法的結(jié)果有一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的預(yù)期,而程序正義的一個(gè)突出功能就是對(duì)權(quán)力可能被濫用進(jìn)行限制和制約。

(四)樹立服務(wù)大局思想

服務(wù)大局是社會(huì)主義法治的重要使命,是執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)切實(shí)履行的重大職責(zé)。牢固樹立服務(wù)大局的理念,要求各級(jí)執(zhí)法部門要把執(zhí)法工作放到黨和國家工作大局中來認(rèn)識(shí)、把握和部署,立足本職,全面正確履行職責(zé)。

1.牢固樹立服務(wù)大局的思想。要善于圍繞大局籌劃部署工作。學(xué)會(huì)從大局出發(fā)、從大局著眼,自覺地把各項(xiàng)工作融入到大局之中來思考、謀劃和部署,把本地、本部門的工作作為保障黨和國家大局的必要環(huán)節(jié)努力做好,使各項(xiàng)工作切實(shí)體現(xiàn)服務(wù)大局的要求。為此,要做到兩點(diǎn),一要統(tǒng)籌兼顧;二要善于結(jié)合實(shí)際創(chuàng)造性地開展工作。同時(shí),適時(shí)地根據(jù)形勢的發(fā)展變化研究工作思路,確定工作重點(diǎn),調(diào)整策略方法,增添工作舉措,確保在服務(wù)大局中更有作為。

2.立足本職。立足本職是服務(wù)大局的基礎(chǔ)。執(zhí)法人員要立足各自的工作崗位,結(jié)合自己的職責(zé)任務(wù)去服務(wù)大局,切實(shí)執(zhí)好法、辦好案、服好務(wù),不能把大局看成是“摸不到,夠不著”的目標(biāo),對(duì)服務(wù)大局無從著手。實(shí)際上,我們的日常工作與大局工作就是緊密相關(guān)的,按照崗位職責(zé)要求,認(rèn)真盡職盡責(zé)做好每一項(xiàng)工作,辦好每一件案件,就是為大局服務(wù)。本職工作做不好,服務(wù)大局就會(huì)成為一句空話。要依法做好本職工作,按照法律賦予的權(quán)限,嚴(yán)格依法辦事,公正文明執(zhí)法,熱情周到服務(wù),不失職、瀆職,不濫用職權(quán),不違法辦案、執(zhí)法違法,優(yōu)質(zhì)高效地做好崗位職責(zé)所要求的具體工作,正確有效地為大局服務(wù),使人民群眾滿意,黨委、政府滿意。

3.正確履職。正確履職是服務(wù)大局的關(guān)鍵。執(zhí)法部門、執(zhí)法人員只有全面正確履行好各自的職責(zé),才能正確而有效地服務(wù)大局,取得好的效果。

社會(huì)主義法治理念是建設(shè)法治國家的靈魂。正如胡錦濤同志指出的:“理念是行動(dòng)的指南。我們實(shí)施依法治國的基本方略,建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國家,既要積極加強(qiáng)法制建設(shè),又要牢固樹立社會(huì)主義法治理念?！碧貏e是在當(dāng)前我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,堅(jiān)持貫徹社會(huì)主義法治理念,對(duì)貫徹科學(xué)發(fā)展觀、構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)有著重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。

第二篇：新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語4課后答案

大英讀寫課后習(xí)題答案

Unit1

Working with words and expressions

（Translation）

段落翻譯

Human beings live in the realm of nature.They are not only dwellers in nature, but also transformers of it.With the development of society and its economy, people tend to become less dependent on nature directly, but indirectly their dependence grows.Human beings are connected with nature by “blood” ties.No one can live outside nature.However, the previous dynamic balance between man and nature has shown signs of breaking down.Problems such as the population explosion, ecological imbalance and the shortage of natural resources have become major factors keeping human society from being further developed.Professor Spirkin holds that the only choice for human being is the wise organization of production and care for Mother Nature.Uint4 Working with words and expressions

（Translation）

Uint5

Working with words and expressions

（Translation）

段落翻譯

Uint6

（Translation）

段落翻譯

Uint7 Working with words and expressions 1.（Translation）

段落翻譯

Uint8 Working with words and expressions 1.（Translation）

段落翻譯

第三篇：新編大學(xué)英語4課后答案

新編大學(xué)英語4浙江大學(xué)編著 Part Three FURTHER DEVELOPMENT Unit 1 Leisure Activities

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)A3)B4)A5)A6 C7)B8)C9)B10)A11)C12)C

2.Translation Practice

這位上了年紀(jì)而從未結(jié)過婚的英國女士，在1930年第一次出現(xiàn)在小說《牧師住宅的謀殺案》中時(shí)，年紀(jì)大約在65到70歲之間。在長達(dá)41年多的時(shí)間里，她出現(xiàn)在12部長篇小說、20篇短篇小說中——最后一次破案時(shí)她已經(jīng)很老了。

從外表上看，馬普爾小姐高高瘦瘦，面色紅潤而布滿皺紋，有著一雙淡藍(lán)色的眼睛，雪白的頭發(fā)在頭上盤成老式的發(fā)髻。她的外表看上去不會(huì)給任何人造成傷害。再加上她那漫無邊際的閑談以及永遠(yuǎn)都在身邊的毛線針，她常常會(huì)引起人們的誤解，把她僅僅看成是一位“猶猶豫豫的老女人”。那可真是小看了她。那些真正了解她的人都明白，她是人類本性敏銳的觀察者，而且“不可思議地總是正確的”。

雖然馬普爾小姐一生都生活在看上去枯燥乏味的圣瑪麗牧場，她卻相當(dāng)老到地明白并接受“我們周圍盡是邪惡”這個(gè)事實(shí)。就像她經(jīng)常指出的那樣，大城市能找到的人性特征和邪惡，在她住的村子及周邊也都能找到。于是，她的破案方式就是找出圣瑪麗牧場和外面世界在生活和人物方面的相似之處。

Unit2 The Power of Words

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C2)A3)C4)B5)B6)A7)C8)A9)A10)A

1.Translation Practice

1)另一方面，打電話更快捷，所以當(dāng)你需要很快得到一個(gè)答復(fù)時(shí)，電話更合適些。

2)一些最精彩的信是靈感突現(xiàn)時(shí)寫的，所以要把文具放在你能坐幾分鐘、很快給朋友寫短信的地方。

3)一封手寫的信，封在一個(gè)不是帳單的信封中，在我們的朋友勞累了一天疲憊地回家的時(shí)候等候在她的路上，信中的話將幫助她消除一天的辛勞。這是一份多么美好的禮物啊。1

4)有時(shí)你無法記住說過的全部議論，因?yàn)殡娫捠寝D(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的，而且不能像珍藏的信件那樣，可以保存起來以備以后閱讀。

5)很多成年人一直保留著多年前他們還是孩子時(shí)收到的幾頁紙，他們中的一些人還不管走到哪里都隨身帶著。是什么促使他們這么做的呢？答案就是欣賞。

6)利用一切機(jī)會(huì)表揚(yáng)別人，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)使他們更自信，激發(fā)他們的積極性。這還會(huì)使你成為一個(gè)在他們的人生中有重要影響的人。

Unit3 Gender Difference.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)C3)B4)A5)C6)B7)B8)B9)C 10)B 11)C 12)A

2.Translation Practice

教室是男生的天下；即使在他們?nèi)藬?shù)并不占多數(shù)時(shí)，他們?nèi)哉紦?jù)老師三分之二的注意力。他們被允許取笑女生，他們作業(yè)做得馬虎卻受表揚(yáng)，要是女生做這樣的作業(yè)就得不到寬容。男生們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于做老師的寵兒。如果女生也受到相同的待遇，男生就會(huì)抗議，甚至擾亂課堂。

Unit4 Creativity

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C2)B3)B4)A5)C6)A7)A8)C9)B10)A

11)B12)B

1.Translation Practice

1）一個(gè)具有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的人沒有難題，只有發(fā)揮獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的機(jī)會(huì)。（多里?勒特格）

2）我一直在做力所不能及的事，那是為了學(xué)會(huì)如何去做。（巴勃羅?畢加索）

3）存在是為了改變，改變是為了成長，成長是為了不斷創(chuàng)造自我。（亨利?伯格森）

4）想要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性地生活，我們必須不再害怕犯錯(cuò)。（約瑟夫?奇爾頓?皮爾斯）

5）創(chuàng)造性就是發(fā)明、試驗(yàn)、成長、冒險(xiǎn)、犯規(guī)、犯錯(cuò)和游戲。（瑪麗?盧?庫克）

6）我總想著創(chuàng)新。我的未來始于每天清晨睡夢初醒之時(shí)。每天我都在自己的生活中找到富有創(chuàng)造性的事情來做。（邁爾斯?戴維斯）

Unit 5 AthletesEnriching Your Word Power

1)C2)B3)B4)B5)B6)C7)A8)A9)C10)A11)C12)C

1.Translation Practice

1)奧林匹克不僅是鍛煉體能和承受力的學(xué)校，也是培養(yǎng)純潔、道德高尚的學(xué)校。

2)現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)精神的總目標(biāo)一直是促進(jìn)相互理解，使世界各國一起友好而有效地合作。

3)通過各國相聚、通過給予人們互相認(rèn)識(shí)和尊重的機(jī)會(huì)、通過建立友好的關(guān)系，使奧 林匹克實(shí)現(xiàn)了和平這一重要目標(biāo)。

4)讓我們?yōu)榱松娑\(yùn)動(dòng)，而不是為了運(yùn)動(dòng)而生存；讓我們記住與自己競爭勝過觀看別人競爭。

5)一個(gè)好的運(yùn)動(dòng)員應(yīng)該樹立一個(gè)好的榜樣，成為年輕人的行為榜樣。一個(gè)好的教練應(yīng)該樹立一個(gè)好的榜樣，成為年輕運(yùn)動(dòng)員的行為榜樣。

6)奧運(yùn)會(huì)最重要的精神不是獲勝而是參與，正如生活中最重要的不是成功而是奮斗。最最重要的不是征服了而是努力奮斗了。

Unit 6 Risks

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)A3)A4)A5)C6)C7)B8)C9)A10)B

1.Translation Practice

1)Promising new technologies can power our homes, factories and cars with cleaner, more efficient energy—cutting emissions while strengthening our economy.2)Indeed, unless we reach across borders and face threats to the environment together, the earth may be confronted with an ecological crisis, with half of all species gone, and our grand children enduring deadly floods, droughts and disease brought on by global warming.3)Our planet is a biosphere, which demands that nations work in global partnership to solve complex environmental problems such as the long-range transport of air pollutants and hazardous waste disposal.4)Risks are an unavoidable part of life.They stem from rare events such as earthquakes and fires or from slowly accumulating effects of exposure to hazardous conditions and probably cause loss of property, even loss of life.5)Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature.Today this harmonious relationship is threatened by man’s lack of foresight and planning, and by his carelessness and greed, for man is slowly poisoning his environment.Unit 7 College Life

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)A2)A3)B4)B5)B6)C7)C8)C9)B10)B11)C12)A

1.Translation Practice

1)理解、應(yīng)用概念和記住那些考試一結(jié)束就會(huì)忘得一干二凈的事實(shí)，這兩者之間有著明確的區(qū)別。

2)尤其在技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，變化如此迅速，以致于我們從本科教育中所能期望的最大收益是學(xué)習(xí)能力的培養(yǎng)。因此，記住事實(shí)不如獲取應(yīng)用的能力。

3)對(duì)教授們來說，考試是評(píng)估學(xué)生掌握了多少知識(shí)的最為簡易的方法，至少在比較大的班級(jí)是如此。

4)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活遠(yuǎn)非一場開卷考，它是一場你永遠(yuǎn)都無法完全準(zhǔn)備好的考試，而且你根本無法補(bǔ)考。

5)在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，我們無法預(yù)測明天會(huì)發(fā)生什么，也不知道該準(zhǔn)備些什么。

6)成功失敗，起起落落，這些都是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的特征，它并非如人們所猜想的那么容易。

Unit 8 Time

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)A2)B3)C4)A5)C6)B7)A8)A9)C10)C11)B12)B

2.1)with2)to3)on4)with5)from6)into7)of8)up9)with10)with

11)over12)for13)by/with14)to15)through16)on17)in18)of/from

1.Translation Practice

1)蛋白質(zhì)由氨基酸構(gòu)成，而氨基酸可以用來建造和修補(bǔ)人體組織。

2)根據(jù)在德國進(jìn)行的開拓性研究報(bào)告，當(dāng)人們被分成小組，一起置身于與光、溫度、濕度等外部時(shí)間提示因素相隔絕的環(huán)境時(shí)，他們自身內(nèi)部復(fù)雜的時(shí)間節(jié)奏無法（與外部時(shí)間）同步了；但他們的生物鐘隨后又恢復(fù)了相互間一致的同步節(jié)奏。

3)我們通過這些實(shí)驗(yàn)測試大腦的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)模式，這種模式提供了大腦神經(jīng)處理信息及接受刺激的方式。

4)行為科學(xué)家們長期以來一直認(rèn)為這些差異是個(gè)人異常習(xí)慣或早期訓(xùn)練的結(jié)果。但這種想法遭到了內(nèi)科醫(yī)生兼生物學(xué)家弗朗茲?哈爾伯格稱為時(shí)間生物學(xué)的一種理論的置疑。

5)溫格特和同在國家航空和宇宙航行局工作的時(shí)間生物學(xué)家查爾斯?德羅西亞還就如何緩解飛行時(shí)差反應(yīng)所帶來的疲勞提出了一些建議：在出發(fā)前一周左右開始調(diào)整日常活動(dòng)時(shí)間，使之與你到達(dá)目的地的時(shí)間安排一致。

Unit 9 Science and Technology

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)A3)B4)C5)B6)C7)C8)B9)A10)A11)B12)C

1.Translation Practice

因?yàn)?000年和2001年連續(xù)的旱災(zāi)，2002年1月德比鎮(zhèn)遭受了嚴(yán)峻的缺水問題。德比郡議會(huì)已經(jīng)把解決這個(gè)問題放在首位，以便今后不再出現(xiàn)這種情況。郡議會(huì)早在90年代中期曾就在這一地區(qū)筑壩進(jìn)行過調(diào)查，但是由于當(dāng)時(shí)公眾對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果不滿意使計(jì)劃受阻，需要做進(jìn)一步的環(huán)境調(diào)查以確定筑壩對(duì)周圍農(nóng)場的長期影響。這一系列的調(diào)查已于2003年12月完成。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示對(duì)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)沒有明顯的負(fù)面影響。2004年6月郡議會(huì)提議施行可行性研究的最后階段，整個(gè)研究的結(jié)論和建議將在擬定于2005年1月12日舉行的議會(huì)計(jì)劃委員會(huì)會(huì)議上提交。這份可行性研究報(bào)告將幫助議會(huì)對(duì)改善該郡的水供應(yīng)狀況作出最后決定。

Unit 10 Satire in Literature

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C2)C3)C4)B5)B6)B7)A8)B9)B10)A11)A

12)B13)B14)C15)C16)B17)C18)A

1.Translation Practice

Constantine Szobachkov 研究草原犬鼠已有十多年了。他把科研助手派到有草原犬鼠的地區(qū)。派去的人身高不同，衣著顏色不同，帶的東西也不同，有的帶著槍，有的牽著狗，有的空著雙手。對(duì)草原犬鼠的每個(gè)叫聲都加以分析，把它們相互交流的結(jié)構(gòu)記錄下來并探測出了它們交流的模式。Szobachkov說：

如同人類聲音的波形一樣，草原犬鼠聲音的波形也有一定的結(jié)構(gòu)。它們用叫聲互相交流信息。一個(gè)叫聲可以由數(shù)百個(gè)基本單位組成，有的類似于名詞，有的類似于形容詞。犬鼠的叫聲里也有和聲，叫聲可以變化，變化的方式所有同類都懂。我們從9個(gè)不同的角度考察了它的波形。他們能區(qū)分人與狗，人們所穿衣服的顏色，人們的身高。

被問到犬鼠是怎樣表示一個(gè)人的身高時(shí)，Szobachkov 說，叫聲中某個(gè)系列的直線波形變成弧形就能表示身高。當(dāng)以一定的方式改變這些（波形）時(shí)，就區(qū)別出了不同的高度。他認(rèn)為草原犬鼠所掌握的詞匯量超過其他任何動(dòng)物。

第四篇：大學(xué)英語第課后翻譯答案

1.她砰地關(guān)上門，一聲不吭地走了，他們之間那場爭執(zhí)就此結(jié)束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人對(duì)那個(gè)美國人威嚴(yán)的語氣感到有點(diǎn)意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.約翰尼已長大成熟，不再害怕獨(dú)自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.這封信必須交給威爾遜博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希雖然很想?yún)⒓愚q論，但靦腆得不敢開口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你覺得什么時(shí)候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)會(huì)上有人建議任命一個(gè)十一人委員會(huì)來制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)這些青年科學(xué)家通過現(xiàn)場觀察，獲得了研究工作所需的第一手資料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能會(huì)因視力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委員會(huì)成員在新機(jī)場最佳選址(location)這一問題上持有不同意見。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)品在許多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在當(dāng)?shù)匾患毅y行找到一份出納員的工作，但不久因不稱職而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明顯是他的年輕助手在經(jīng)營這家書店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.這項(xiàng)建議在會(huì)上一宣布，她就站起來提出異議。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏資金，他們正在想辦法吸引外資。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.這個(gè)房間有股霉味，一定是好久沒人住了。1)那小女孩跑得太快，身體一下失去平衡，跌倒了。3)千萬別說可能會(huì)被人誤解的話。4)我被他們互相矛盾的意見搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。6)體育代表團(tuán)團(tuán)長在少先隊(duì)員向他獻(xiàn)上一束鮮花時(shí)愉快地笑了。8)我相信比較高級(jí)的|(higher)|動(dòng)物是由比較低級(jí)的|（lower）|動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來|（develop from）|的這一學(xué)說。3)吉姆的朋友說，他們那個(gè)城市的噪音污染十分嚴(yán)重，但是他們只好忍著。4)湯姆起初認(rèn)為，憑他的知識(shí)、技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一定能夠找到一份稱心如意的工作。5)冷靜耐心地處理這個(gè)微妙(delicate)問題是明智的。6)迪克以為，如果他拆不開那臺(tái)機(jī)器，那么很可能廠里別的工人也拆不開。7)你是否認(rèn)為公共汽車司機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)乘客的安全負(fù)完全的責(zé)任？ 1)在當(dāng)?shù)卣念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，村民們奮起應(yīng)付由水災(zāi)造成的嚴(yán)重糧食危機(jī)。2)這個(gè)展覽會(huì)很受歡迎，吸引著源源而至的參觀者。3)媽媽上樓來查看我們這些孩子時(shí)，我轉(zhuǎn)過身假裝睡著了

完形填空：

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing 1.她砰地關(guān)上門，一聲不吭地走了，他們之間那場爭執(zhí)就此結(jié)束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人對(duì)那個(gè)美國人威嚴(yán)的語氣感到有點(diǎn)意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.約翰尼已長大成熟，不再害怕獨(dú)自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.這封信必須交給威爾遜博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希雖然很想?yún)⒓愚q論，但靦腆得不敢開口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你覺得什么時(shí)候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)會(huì)上有人建議任命一個(gè)十一人委員會(huì)來制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)這些青年科學(xué)家通過現(xiàn)場觀察，獲得了研究工作所需的第一手資料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能會(huì)因視力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委員會(huì)成員在新機(jī)場最佳選址(location)這一問題上持有不同意見。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)品在許多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在當(dāng)?shù)匾患毅y行找到一份出納員的工作，但不久因不稱職而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明顯是他的年輕助手在經(jīng)營這家書店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.這項(xiàng)建議在會(huì)上一宣布，她就站起來提出異議。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏資金，他們正在想辦法吸引外資。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.這個(gè)房間有股霉味，一定是好久沒人住了。

1)那小女孩跑得太快，身體一下失去平衡，跌倒了。3)千萬別說可能會(huì)被人誤解的話。4)我被他們互相矛盾的意見搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。6)體育代表團(tuán)團(tuán)長在少先隊(duì)員向他獻(xiàn)上一束鮮花時(shí)愉快地笑了。8)我相信比較高級(jí)的|(higher)|動(dòng)物是由比較低級(jí)的|（lower）|動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來|（develop from）|的這一學(xué)說。3)吉姆的朋友說，他們那個(gè)城市的噪音污染十分嚴(yán)重，但是他們只好忍著。4)湯姆起初認(rèn)為，憑他的知識(shí)、技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一定能夠找到一份稱心如意的工作。5)冷靜耐心地處理這個(gè)微妙(delicate)問題是明智的。6)迪克以為，如果他拆不開那臺(tái)機(jī)器，那么很可能廠里別的工人也拆不開。7)你是否認(rèn)為公共汽車司機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)乘客的安全負(fù)完全的責(zé)任？ 1)在當(dāng)?shù)卣念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，村民們奮起應(yīng)付由水災(zāi)造成的嚴(yán)重糧食危機(jī)。2)這個(gè)展覽會(huì)很受歡迎，吸引著源源而至的參觀者。3)媽媽上樓來查看我們這些孩子時(shí)，我轉(zhuǎn)過身假裝睡著了 完形填空：

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing

第五篇：英語課后答案

Unit 1

TranslationUnit 1 P23

全球化本質(zhì)上是國際層面上的融合，很多情況下，全球化使經(jīng)濟(jì)的融合，由商業(yè)活動(dòng)和貿(mào)易協(xié)定所推動(dòng)，在其他情況下，全球化也可以是意識(shí)形態(tài)的融合，是不同思想和觀點(diǎn)在國家和地區(qū)之間的交流，但是無論是哪種情況，全球化都包含一個(gè)最重要的因素，即交際、有效的交際為個(gè)人提供所需信息，使他們能夠作為消費(fèi)者、工人和公民參與今天的全球化社會(huì)的活動(dòng)，只有通過在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行有效的信息共享，才能使諸如國際貿(mào)易政策到MP3文件傳播的活動(dòng)真正具有國際的本質(zhì)。

在這樣的交際框架下，使用權(quán)的概念尤其重要，也就是說，只有對(duì)重要信息具有使用權(quán)，人們才可以有效的加入到今天有關(guān)商品、服務(wù)和思想的全球市場中來，反過來，使用權(quán)經(jīng)常依賴于提出和交流思想所用到的媒體和技術(shù)，事實(shí)上，就全球化而言，信息使用權(quán)所必需的媒體通常是電子媒體或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體，這些媒體之所以重要，就在于他們的快速性和直接性，它們使得個(gè)人可以在全球范圍內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)并交流信息，比如說，電子郵件可以讓一身處波士頓的人與住在北京的某個(gè)人快速便捷的進(jìn)行信息交流，就像這個(gè)人在網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)面的某個(gè)地方進(jìn)行交流一樣。Unit 2

Case 1Unit 2 P40

There is a big difference between Chinese and American who is the decision-maker of the work.The Chinese usually work to compline the task according to what their boss or supervisor requires, while Americans, on the contrary, finish their jobs according to what they suppose is right.In this case, Li Hua completed his report within 16 days, faster compared with the actually 20 days, but later than it was agreed on.So the American supervisor got angry, which caused Li Hua's resignation.If I were Li Hua, I would tell the American supervisor the fact that I really had made great efforts to finish the report in 16 days though later than 15 days but faster than 20 days that is said earlier.Then, if the supervisor still felt angry and were not flexible would resign just as Li Hua had done.Case 2Unit 2P41

In Asia especially in Korea a high value is placed on harmonious personal relationship, while conflicts are every effort is made to be polite and non-confrontational.However, Jim comes from American where personal competence in dealing with matters is emphasized in spite of high focus on teamwork.On the other hand, American people are highly practical and realistic, they would think the earlier the problem can be discovered the better solutions can be sought.Therefore, when a problem was finally brought to Jim's attention, it was too late for there was no much time left to solve it.In this case, Jim felt exasperated because the problem discovered has left him no much time to solve it.For Jim, he is supposed to build a good intercultural communication, but what he should do first is to know Korean culture well.Koreans hold that American's directness in dealing with problems, efforts and even dishonesty is unacceptable.So from Jim himself it is much better to know Korean culture especially their strategy of saving face and losing face.Problems exist really, but if they are discovered earlier people concerned with the problem will lose face in terms of Korean's viewpoint.Case 3Unit 2 P41

Smiling in China means not only that someone is happy but also that he or she is sorry.It is very desirable for Chen Jie to make an apology with a smile, which indicates his humbleness and embarrassment.But for Peter, this smile does not mean the same thing.He regarded the smile not as a sorry but as smirking, a sign of disrespect.Then it is understandable that Peter refused Chen Jie's sorry.IN fact, this story comes from cultural misunderstanding between Chen Jie and Peter.An American thinks that a westerner in Chen Jie's situation would probably keep eyes lowered when making

an apology.And a westerner would expect the employee to look at him or her in the eye and definitely not to smile.It can not be more usual for people who make a mistake to say sorry.But if this situation takes place in the process of intercultural communication, things change.Chen Jie is supposed to know that the sorry he made is not to his Chinese natives but to an American, what he should do is that he would look at Peter in the eye when he made an apology.By doing so Peter will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his honesty.TranslationUnit 2 P52

“文化”和“文明”兩個(gè)詞在許多語言中的使用一直混淆不清，《韋氏完整版大辭典》對(duì)這兩個(gè)詞的定義也是相互解釋的：“文化”即是文明中的一個(gè)特別的進(jìn)步階段或者狀態(tài)；“文明”則是社會(huì)文化的進(jìn)步。雖然“文明”一詞有時(shí)僅指“先進(jìn)的”或者“高級(jí)的”的文化，但是在普通以及書面英語里，一直是傾向于把這兩個(gè)詞當(dāng)做近義詞，總體上，這種傾向也反映在作為社會(huì)科學(xué)中的文學(xué)中，戈登威澤1922年寫的人類學(xué)導(dǎo)論，書名就是《早期文明》。書中有關(guān)“文化”的全部引用索引都被歸入“文明”一詞之下，有些作者反復(fù)的使用“文化或者文明”或者“文明或者文化”這些措辭，薩姆納與凱勒也遵循這種慣例，不過，兩人至少在一個(gè)地方曾明確表示，二者在概念上仍略有差異，我們所稱作的文明史社會(huì)調(diào)整，它構(gòu)成了比先前文化更為復(fù)雜的聚合體。

Unit 3

Case 4Unit 3 P80

Just as many Americans believe that thirteen is unlucky, the Chinese have strong beliefs about good luck or bad luck associated with particular numbers.Four is the most negative number, since its sound is the same as the word death.Mr.and Mrs.Lin are obviously Chinese who are fully aware of the negative meaning of four.For the Lins to have death in their address would bode poorly for their future in this new house.Numbers have positive and negative values for the Chinese.Sometimes the sound of number word is the same as that of negative connotations, for example, seven is related to the notion that ghosts return seven days after death.Positive meanings are associated with other numbers: one for guaranteed;two for easy;three for life;six for happiness;eight for prosperity;nine for long life.Furthermore, combinations of certain numbers have significance--by placing a five, which by itself is neutral, in front of an eight, the good effect of the eight is cancelled.Similarly, the Japanese have a death associating with the number four as well.The number 666 has ominous connotations for some Christians who associate it with the mark of the devil.Among the Navajos, four is not only their sacred number, but when they are in a court of law, they do not answer a question until it has been asked four times.Case 5Unit 3 P81

Evelyn was unaware that her daughter-in-law was observing common Asian postpart..behavior: the new mom goes to bed for a month while everyone pampers her.Family members, and sometimes neighbors, take over cooking and cleaning when the baby needs to be fed, they bring a freshly change infant to the mother.In China, this practice is called zuo yuezi(sitting through the month).The woman must stay in bed behind closed windows, cover her head, and take many precautions to insure that she not damage her ability to produce breast milk.Once Evelyn discovered that her daughter-in-law was behaving in a customary postpartum manner, she relaxed her attitude.Sometimes what we perceive as negative behavior has roots in another paradigm.In American culture, the new mothers can do all the things Evelyn think Zen should do;while in some other cultures it is quite different.They give more physical support to new mothers, where family and friends assume household obligations so that the

new mom can rebuild her strength for at least one month after delivery.Case 6Unit 3 P81

The case illustrates a cross-cultural misunderstanding of a very subtle aspect of culture.How close an individual can get to another while talking is, to a large extent, dictated by one's culture? It is said that most middle-class North Americans choose a normal conversational distance of no closer than twenty-two inches from each other's mouth.However, for people of certain South American and Caribbean cultures, the distance is approximately fifteen inches, while still other cultures(in the Middle East)maintain a distance of nine to ten inches.The problem that occurred between the Latin American and New York policeman was that their respective cultures had different ideas about spatial distancing.The Latin American was attempting to establish what for him was a comfortable conversational distance.Unfortunately, the policeman felt threatened because his personal space, as defined by his culture, was being violated.Had either of them understood this cultural behavior difference, the breakdown in communication and the arrest could have been avoided.TranslationUnit 3 P82

既然有些跨文化交際的技能是所有文化普遍使用的，我們就可以有效地運(yùn)用客位的（文化通用的）方法。但要制作一個(gè)具體文化的范式，我們也需要運(yùn)用主位的方法。因此，為了準(zhǔn)確描述文化差異，我們需要深入的調(diào)查我們打算與之交際的文化。理想情況下，通過主位的方法，不斷提高差異意識(shí)，應(yīng)該會(huì)產(chǎn)生我們與他人不同的觀念，而不總是他人與我們不同的觀念。培養(yǎng)人們對(duì)差異存在的敏感性是熟練進(jìn)行跨文化交際的第一步?？缥幕浑H能力和具體文化交際能力應(yīng)該被看做是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的概念，二者同時(shí)其作用，共同促進(jìn)特定跨文化交往的成功。為了獲得對(duì)一個(gè)文化的最大認(rèn)識(shí)而從該文化內(nèi)部進(jìn)行研究時(shí)，我們應(yīng)該警惕任何文化差異，這些差異很有可能造成交際問題，但可能與任何外部范疇都不相符。我們要記住，文化不是靜止的，而是活躍的，是不斷發(fā)展和演化的。理想情況是，我們要學(xué)會(huì)在遇到任何不熟悉或冒犯性的語言或者非語言行為時(shí)，不要匆忙做出判斷，而要問問自己，“這么做有什么用”

Unit 4

Case 1Unit 4 P99

It is sadly true that a lot of Chinese people would try the personal way when they feel that the official way cannot help them achieve what they want.To a very large event, knowing someone who is in charge means a big advantage, as the Chinese place a lot of importance in giving each other “face” by trying to accommodate the person in need.In this case, though Guangrui did not initiate the idea of calling Ms.Morim, he could not help thinking that it was Professor Stevens' personal relation with Ms.Morim that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project.Sure enough, such “help” is not given for nothing.Sooner or later, the person helped will have to return the favor in another form of help to the help.This has been an unpleasant practice that people have been trying to change.Ms.Morim agreed with Professor Stevens because he presented his(and Guangrui's)suggestions in a calm, rational approach.He had acknowledged her good intentions to help the project succeed, accepted the ideas he could, and made a reasonable case against suggestions that did not fit in with the project.While he felt comfortable calling her because they know each other, her change of mind was not made on the basis of their knowing each other.Instead, she agreed because Professor Stevens.....Case 2Unit 4 P100

....open to signify that nothing inappropriate is going on is as strange to a North American as the suggestion that they would need a chaperon.If Lan Lan did not know Kevin, or was concerned about her safety, she should not go to his room at all.Or if she

needed to speak with him, they should do it in a public place.Given the fact that they were colleagues who trusted each other and that their relationship was not romantic.Kevin would have no sense that Lan Lan would feel the need to keep the door open to protect her reputation.Nor would he think that anyone else had the right to be able to see the two of theme talking.The suggestion that if a man and a woman are alone together behind a closed door, something sexual is happening, is absurd from a Western perspective.For a very long time in China, tradition has it that it is not appropriate for a man and a woman to be alone together in the same room.Thus Lan Lan deliberately left the door ajar when she went into Kevin's room.Though she knew Kevin was decent man and would not try anything inappropriate, she still felt uncomfortable behind a closed door.All this may be old-fashioned, and young people are less likely to keep doors open when visiting, but there are still many Chinese who would do as Lan Lan did.Case 3Unit 4 P100

The idea of privacy is rather new in China, while people still have fresh memory of the time when they had little personal space.There have been times when consumer goods were in very short supply and people in line had to stand very close to one another to prevent others from cutting into the line.As a result, people have got used to standing close to the one before them.even when it comes to banking.They may not be interested in knowing other people's PINs, but their being too close poses a threat to those who want more space for peace of mind.The lack of privacy when banking is something Chinese resent but still put up with because it appears that the new ideas such as privacy need more time to sink in.some public places have posted signs that ask people to keep some distance from the person who is receiving service.“Personal space” is one of the cultural differences that people first notice when dealing with individuals from other cultures.North Americans prefer more distance than Chinese do.Some western Europeans, such as Scandinavians and Germans, like even more space.Differences in how close to stand are a source of discomfort or misunderstanding as frequently as are dining habits.TranslationUnit 4 P109

價(jià)值觀是所有文化的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，對(duì)不同民族來說，價(jià)值觀對(duì)于保持文化整體性是至關(guān)重要的，因?yàn)樗鼈兇砹藢?duì)于延續(xù)人們生活方式來說最基本的品質(zhì)，價(jià)值觀和文化之間的聯(lián)系非常緊密，很難在不涉及一方的前提下去談?wù)摿硪环?，正如麥休尼斯所指出的，價(jià)值觀從文化上定義了愿望、善良和美好的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形成了社會(huì)生活的廣義指導(dǎo)原則，在關(guān)于文化價(jià)值觀的任何討論中，關(guān)鍵詞都是指導(dǎo)原則，換言之，價(jià)值觀幫助確立了人們應(yīng)該怎樣行為表現(xiàn)的原則，根據(jù)文化差異程度的不同，人們可以預(yù)期跨文化交際的參與者在相似的環(huán)境下可能會(huì)預(yù)見到、表現(xiàn)出不同的行為。例如，盡管所有文化都重視長著，不同文化中重視的程度卻是很不相同。在韓國和美洲印第安文化中，人們高度尊敬甚至崇敬長者，進(jìn)而向他們尋求建議，進(jìn)行咨詢。當(dāng)然，與之形成鮮明對(duì)比的是美國文化，青年時(shí)重視的焦點(diǎn)。