第一篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子的種類講解
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子的種類講解
高中英語(yǔ)句子種類 按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句，句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為簡(jiǎn)單句
并列句和復(fù)合句，本為將為你講解這些知識(shí)，希望大家支持本站，你有什么好的文章請(qǐng)發(fā)布到本站
（一）按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。
1）陳述句（Declarative Sentences）：說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。例如：
Light travels faster than sound.光比聲傳播速度快。（說(shuō)明事實(shí)）
The film is rather boring.這部電影很乏味。（說(shuō)明看法）
2）疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出問(wèn)題。有以下四種：
a.一般疑問(wèn)句（General Questions）：
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎？
b.特殊疑問(wèn)句（Wh-Questions）：
Where do you live? 你住那兒？
c.選擇疑問(wèn)句（Alternative Questions）：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡？
d.反意疑問(wèn)句（Tag-Questions）：
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不認(rèn)識(shí)她，對(duì)不對(duì)？
3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如：
Don't be nervous!別緊張！
4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示說(shuō)話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如：What good news it is!多好的消息??！
（二）句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：
1）簡(jiǎn)單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。例如：
She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜歡集郵。
2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號(hào)來(lái)連接。例如：
The food was good, but he had little appetite.食物很精美，但他卻沒(méi)什么胃口。
3）復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如：
The film had begun when we got to the cinema.我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演了。
（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英語(yǔ)中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來(lái)的：
1)主 + 動(dòng)（SV）例如：I work.我工作。
2）主 + 動(dòng) + 表（SVP）例如：John is busy.約翰忙。
3）主 + 動(dòng) + 賓（SVO）例如：She studies English.她學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
4）主 + 動(dòng) + 賓 + 補(bǔ)（SVOC）例如：Time would prove me right.時(shí)間會(huì)證明我是對(duì)的。
5）主 + 動(dòng) + 間賓 + 直賓（SVOiOd）例如：My mother made me a new dress.我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。
第二篇：初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-句子種類
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全-句子的種類
按照英語(yǔ)句子的使用目的和用途，句子可分為四類：
陳述句(Declarative Sentence)、疑問(wèn)句(Interrogative Sentence)、祈使句(Imperative Sentence)和感嘆句(Exclamatory Sentence)。
陳述句包括肯定陳述句和否定陳述句。
疑問(wèn)句有一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。
圖解語(yǔ)法
1.陳述句
說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一個(gè)人的看法，陳述句包括肯定陳述句和否定陳述句
特別提示：
肯定陳述句改成否定句或一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，如句中有already，some，something，somebody等詞，須分別改成yet，any，anything，anybody等。
另外，也要注意，too改成either，both改成neither，all改成none等。
2.疑問(wèn)句
3.常用的特殊疑問(wèn)句
4.特殊的反意疑問(wèn)句
① 主句是祈使句時(shí)，“will you?”意為“請(qǐng)求”，“won’t you?”表示提醒對(duì)方注意。
例句：
Look at the blackboard, will you / won’t you?
Don’t be late again, will you?
② 感嘆句后的反意疑問(wèn)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式
例句：
What fine weather, isn’t it?
How beautifully she sings, doesn’t she?
③ 陳述部分是“I am …”時(shí)，用“aren’t I?”而不用“am not I?”
例句：
I'm working now, aren’t I?
④ 陳述部分主語(yǔ)是everything，nothing，anything或something 時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句主語(yǔ)用it
例句：
Something is wrong with my radio, isn’t it?
Nothing is difficult, is it?
⑤ 陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是somebody，nobody，everybody，anybody，no one，none，neither 時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用they
例句：
Everyone is here，aren’t they?
No one knows about it，do they?
⑥ 陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是：
1)this或that時(shí)，問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用it
2)these或those時(shí)，問(wèn)句主語(yǔ)用they
3)there be句時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句中用there
例句：
This is a plane, isn’t it?
These are grapes, aren’t they?
There was a hospital here, wasn’t there?
⑦ 陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是one時(shí)，問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)可用one，也可用you(美語(yǔ)用he)
例句：
One should be ready to help others, shouldn’t one?
⑧ 陳述句中有few，seldom，never hardly，not，rarely，no，nobody，too…to等時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句部分用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；如由前后綴構(gòu)成否定詞，疑問(wèn)句部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)
例句：
He is never late for school, is he?
You got nothing from him, did you?
It is useless, isn’t it?
⑨ 陳述部分主語(yǔ)是從句、不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)詞-ing形式時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)用it
例句：
What you need is more important，isn’t it?
⑩ 陳述部分由think，believe，suppose，imagine等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：
1)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱時(shí)，問(wèn)句與從句的主謂語(yǔ)一致
2)主語(yǔ)是其他人稱，問(wèn)句與主句的主謂語(yǔ)一致
例句：
I think he will come, won’t he?
I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he?
He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he?
? have是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句用助動(dòng)詞do，does，did；have 是助動(dòng)詞，則不然
例如：
They had a meeting just now, didn’t they?
She’s been to many places of interest, hasn’t she?
? 陳述部分有have /has /had to 時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句要用助動(dòng)詞的否定形式
例句：
You have to water the vegetables now, don’t you?
? 陳述部分有had better時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句中用hadn’t
劉局：
We had better go to school at once, hadn’t we?
? 陳述部分有must：
1)作“一定;必須”解釋時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句用mustn’t或needn’t;
2)表示推測(cè)，作“一定是;必定”解釋時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句需根據(jù)其后的動(dòng)詞原形選用相應(yīng)的形式;
3)對(duì)過(guò)去動(dòng)作推測(cè)時(shí)，問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞用did或have;
4)對(duì)過(guò)去的狀態(tài)推測(cè)時(shí)，問(wèn)句的be用was
例句：
He must work hard at physics, mustn’t he?
You must go to Guangzhou, needn’t you?
You mustn’t smoke here, must you?
Tom must be at home, isn’t he?
She must have finished her work, hasn’t/didn’t she?
He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he?
? 陳述部分有ought to，used to，疑問(wèn)句要用 shouldn’t，usedn’t / didn’t
例句：
Jill used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she?
? 陳述句部分是復(fù)合句時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞要與主句一致
例句：
He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he?
特別提示：反意疑問(wèn)句是“否定陳述句+肯定問(wèn)句”時(shí)，如回答內(nèi)容是肯定的，用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”，反之，用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”。譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將“Yes”譯成“不是”，“No”譯成“是的”。
例如：
— You won’t be away for long, will you? 你不會(huì)離開(kāi)太久，是嗎?
— Yes, I will.不，我會(huì)離開(kāi)很久。(事實(shí)是會(huì)離開(kāi)很久)
— No, I won’t.是的，我不會(huì)離開(kāi)很久。(事實(shí)是不會(huì)離開(kāi)很久)
Let’s go home, shall we? 回家吧，好嗎?(包括說(shuō)話人)
Let me have a try, will you? 讓我試一試，行嗎?(不包括說(shuō)話人)
注意判別：'s是has和is與主語(yǔ)的縮略形式，'d是would和had與主語(yǔ)的縮略形式。
例如：
He’s going to play basketball, isn’t he?
She’s been to Beijing many times, hasn’t she?
You’d better tell him about it at once, hadn’t you?
They’d like something delicious to eat, wouldn’t they?
5.祈使句
表示請(qǐng)求、命令、勸告、建議、號(hào)召等的句子，常省略主語(yǔ)you，句首用動(dòng)詞原形。
① 肯定祈使句：動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分，如：Listen to me carefully.② 否定祈使句：Don’t(never)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分，如：
Don’t be late for class next time.Don’t do that again.Never leave today’s work for tomorrow.③ Let引導(dǎo)的祈使句 Let +第一、三人稱+(not)動(dòng)詞原形，表示建議做某事，如：
Let me try again.Let Jack wait a minute.④ 祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣 Do+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分，如：
Do come back at once!
Do be careful.⑤ 祈使句的特殊形式：
1)No+名詞/動(dòng)名詞+其他
2)None+of介詞短語(yǔ)
3)祈使句+and+簡(jiǎn)單句，表示“如果……就……”
4)祈使句+or+簡(jiǎn)單句，表示“……否則……”
5)在祈使句后面，加一個(gè)問(wèn)句，使語(yǔ)氣更加委婉
例句：
No smoking!請(qǐng)勿吸煙!
None of your nonsense!
Go down the street, and you’ll see a cinema.沿著這條街走，你就會(huì)看到一家電影院。
Be quick, or we’ll be late.快點(diǎn)，否則我們要遲到了。
Don’t tell anyone, will you? 不要告訴任何人，好嗎?
6.感嘆句
表達(dá)喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子叫作感嘆句。感嘆句的主謂語(yǔ)可以省略，句末用感嘆號(hào)“!”，常用what或how來(lái)引導(dǎo)。what 修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞、副詞。
第三篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法句子結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法——句子結(jié)構(gòu)
在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。英語(yǔ)的基本成分有六種：主語(yǔ)（subject）、謂語(yǔ)（predicate）、表語(yǔ)（predicative）、賓語(yǔ)（object）、定語(yǔ)（attribute）和狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)。
英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。
英語(yǔ)五種基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ（主＋謂）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ（主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ（主＋謂＋賓）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）主+謂
1.S(主）+ Vi（不及物動(dòng)詞）（謂）
Time flies.1)S + V + adverbial(狀語(yǔ)）
Birds sing beautifully.2)S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介詞短語(yǔ)）
He went on holiday.3)S + Vi+ Infinitive(不定式）
We stopped to have a rest.4)S + Vi+ Participle(分詞）
I'll go swimming.主+謂+賓
1)S + Vt + N/Pron
I like music.I like her.2)S + Vt + to do(不定式）
I want to help him.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。
3)S + Vt + doing I enjoy living here.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。
4)S + Vt + That-從句
I don't think(that)he is right.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：Admit, believe, doubt, expect, explain, feel...主+系+表
S(主）+ V（謂）（lv)(系動(dòng)詞）+ P（表）
We are Chinese.除了be 系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，1)表感官的動(dòng)詞，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。3)表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他動(dòng)詞 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。
1)S + Lv + N/Pron(名詞/代詞）
He is a boy.This is mine.2)S + Lv + Adj（形容詞）
She is beautiful.3)S + Lv + Adv(副詞）
Class is over.4)S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health.5)S + Lv + Participle(分詞）
He is excited.The film is interesting.主+謂+間賓+直賓
S(主）+ VT（謂）+ Oi（間接 賓）+ Od（直接賓）
I give you help.1)S + Vt + N/Pron + N I sent him a book.I bought May a book.上述句型可以變?yōu)椋篠 + Vt + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.2)S + Vt + N/Pron + That-clause
He told me that the film was great.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warn等。3)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)
S(主）+ Vt（謂）+ O（賓）+ C（賓補(bǔ)）
I make you clear.1)S + Vt + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名）。
2)S + Vt + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。3)S + Vt + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order.4)S + Vt+ N/Pron + to do I wish you to stay.I made him work 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：
5)S + Vt + N/Pron + Participle(分詞）
I heard my name called.I feel something moving.6)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive(不定式）
He show me how to do it.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。句子的擴(kuò)展 常用的英語(yǔ)句子除了基本句型的成分不變通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(yǔ)（modifier）而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是
各種類型的短語(yǔ)（主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ)）。
We found the hall full.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)禮堂坐滿了。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽(tīng)一個(gè)重要報(bào)告。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽(tīng)人民日?qǐng)?bào)的一位同志作有關(guān)東歐局勢(shì)的重要報(bào)告。
第四篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)從句講解及練習(xí)
主語(yǔ)從句
一、概述：在句子中起名詞作用的各種從句統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。根據(jù)它們?cè)诰渲械恼Z(yǔ)法作用，這類從句又可分為主語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。
二.主語(yǔ)從句主要有四類：
（1）由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句:引導(dǎo)詞that無(wú)含義/在句中不做成分/不可以省。例如：That you will win the medal seems unlikely.That you are so indifferent bothers me.That she survived the accident is a miracle.（2）用連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句: whether有含義(是否)/在句中不做成分/不可以省。
注意：引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，不能用if，只能用whether。
例如：Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.（3）用連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句
在由連接代詞who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分.例如：What you need is more practice.What I want to know is this.Whatever we do is to serve the people.注：whatever / whoever的功用
whatever, whoever在主語(yǔ)從句中不含疑問(wèn)意義。它引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。
whatever = anything that;whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
如：
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.（主語(yǔ)從句）
（＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.）
Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished.（讓步狀語(yǔ)從句）
（＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.）
（4）用連接副詞when, where, why, how引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(其連接副詞有含義,在句中作狀語(yǔ)。)例如:Where we should leave it is a problem.When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.三.注意點(diǎn): it構(gòu)成的主語(yǔ)從句
（1）由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，在大多數(shù)情況下會(huì)放到句子的后面，而用代詞it作形式主語(yǔ)。例如：That light travels in straight lines is known to all.=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.When the plane is to take off has not been announced.= It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.(但當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句表示“?的東西”時(shí)，一般不用it作形式主語(yǔ)。)錯(cuò):It is a book what he wants.對(duì):What he wants is a book.另外，需要注意的是，it作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要注意和as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。試比較：
It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack.As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack.（2）常見(jiàn)用it作形式主語(yǔ)的復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu) It is +名詞+從句
It is a fact that? 事實(shí)是??
It is good news that ? ??是好消息 It is a question that ? ??是個(gè)問(wèn)題 It is common knowledge that ? ??是常識(shí)
類似的名詞還有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。例如：It is a mystery to me how it all happened.It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.It’s a pity that you missed the film. It is +形容詞+從句
It is necessary that ? 有必要?? It is clear that ? 很清楚?? It is likely that ? 很可能??
It is important that ? 重要的是??
類似的形容詞還有：strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing, etc.例如：It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you.It is essential that he should be here by the weekend.It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.It is necessary that you（should）master the computer.It is important that a student learn English well.It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon.需要注意的是，這類主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞很多為“（should）＋動(dòng)詞原形”，即要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
It is reported that ? 據(jù)報(bào)道?? It has been proved that ? 已證明?? It must be proved that? 必須指出??
類似的過(guò)去分詞還有：known;estimated;expected;believed;thought;hoped;noted;discussed;required;decided;suggested;demanded;made clear;found out,etc.例如：It is thought that he is the best player.It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars.It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.It is said that he was killed in the earthquake.
It seems that they will win the game.It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.It does not matter if I missed my train.It happened that I saw him yesterday.主從練習(xí)
1._____ as much as one-fifth of all timber harvested is not used.A.The estimate
B.The estimated
C.They are estimated
D.It is estimated that 2._____ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.A.Which
B.Since
C.Although
D.How
3._____ we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents.A.Whoever
B.Whatever
C.However
D.That
4._____ wealthy does not necessarily mean that a man is greedy.A.For the reason that he is
B.Just because he is
C.The reason of being
D.That he is
5.Although ___ happened in this developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur elsewhere in the world.A.which
B.what
C.how
D.it 6._____ she had forgotten to take her notebook.A.That occurred to her
B.She occurred that
C.To her that occurred
D.It occurred to her that 7.I am sure that _____ she said is wrong.A.which
B.all
C.this
D.what 8.We lost our way in the forest, and ____ made matters worse was that it was getting dark.A.that
B.which
C.it
D.What 9._____ or not is still uncertain.A.He’s coming
B.If he is coming
C.That coming
D.Whether he’s coming 10.It’s _____ he’ll be able to come.A.doubt whether B.doubtful
C.doubt it
D.doubtful whether 11.______ he is at work in the heart of the big city or at home in the quiet
suburb, Dick’s life is tied to machines.A.Whether
B.Till
C.If
D.Unless 12._____ he saw both surprised and frightened him.A.That
B.When
C.What
D.Which 13._____ is warm sunshine.A.What do we all need.B.What all we need
C.What we need
D.What we all need 14._____ is a pity that he should feel so upset.A.What
B.That
C.He
D.It 15._____ a spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon.A.Remarkable
B.Quite remarkably
C.It is remarkable that
D.It is remarkable fact that 16._____ you nominate will be elected.A.Who
B.Whom
C.Whomever
D.That’s 17._____ book you borrow must be returned within a week.A.What
B.Which
C.Whichever
D.That’s 18._____ of us gets home first starts cooking.A.Who
B.Which
C.Whichever
D.Anyone
1.________ makes mistakes must correct them.A.What B.That C.Whoever D.Whatever 2.It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.A.while B.that C.if D.for 3.When and why he came here ________ yet.A.is not known B.are not known C.has not known D.have not known 4.________ is no reason for dismissing her.A.Because she was a few minutes late B.Owing to a few minutes late C.The fact that she was a few minutes late D.Being a few minutes late 5.________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________.A.That?that you had expected B.What ?that you had expected C.That?what you had expected D.What?what you had expected 6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good.A.If...do B.That...do C.If...does D.That...does 7.It ________ Bob drives badly.A.thinks that B.is thought what C.thought that D.is thought that 8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.A.if B.that C.whether D.how 9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.A.That B.What C.How D.Which 10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have.A.What, what B.What, that C.That, that D.That, what 11.____ you don't like him is none of my business.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee.A.That B.Why C.How D.Who 14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time.A.When B.Why C.What D.That 15.______he won't go there is clear to all of us.A.How B.What C.Why D.This 16.______the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting.A.If B.Where C.That D.What 17._______you come or not is up to you.A.What B.If C.Why D.Whether 18._______makes mistakes must correct them.A.Who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.Anybody 19._______team will win the match is a matter of public concern.A.Which B.That C.If D.How 20.Who is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A.that B.where C.which D.the one 21.Is this factory you visited the other day? A.that B.where C.in which D.the one 22.________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who
表語(yǔ)從句
1、概述
用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫作表語(yǔ)從句，它位于主句中的連系動(dòng)詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的詞有從屬連詞that、whether、as though(if)；關(guān)系代詞who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等；關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞由be, look, remain, seem等。That引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在口語(yǔ)中，間或可以省略。
The trouble is that we are short of money.困難是我們資金短缺。
That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.這就是為什么在新英格蘭用石頭墻而不用柵欄的原因。
At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.當(dāng)時(shí),我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃?lái)。
2、由從屬連詞that，whether引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。
that在引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)詞義，而whether有詞義，意為、“是否”。這時(shí)主句的主語(yǔ)常常是些抽象名詞，如question(問(wèn)題)，trouble(麻煩)，problem(問(wèn)題)，result(結(jié)果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建議)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表語(yǔ)從句對(duì)主句主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明、解釋，使主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容具體化。
The trouble is(that)she has lost his money.麻煩的事是他丟了錢。
The question is whether we need more ice cream.問(wèn)題是我們是否還需要一些冰淇淋。The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.問(wèn)題是它作為日常之用太貴重了。
What she couldn’t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.我們不能理解越來(lái)越少的學(xué)生對(duì)他的課不感興趣。
3、由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。
關(guān)系代詞who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。The question is which of us should go.問(wèn)題是我們哪一個(gè)應(yīng)該去。The problem was who could do the work.問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)能做這項(xiàng)工作。That's what he is worrying about.那就是他在擔(dān)心的事。That's what we should do.那是我們應(yīng)該做的。
4、由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。
Go and get your coat.It's where you left it.去把雨衣拿來(lái)。就在你原來(lái)放的地方。I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.That’s why I got wet through.我們既沒(méi)傘也沒(méi)雨衣，這是我們淋濕的原因。
That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.那就是老鼠是怎樣每年損害大量糧食的。
That is what he is worried about.那就是他所擔(dān)心的。
5、由連詞because，as if/as though等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。
It looked as if it was going to snow.看起來(lái)好像要下雪了。
That's because we never thought of it.這是因?yàn)槲覀儚奈聪脒^(guò)此事。It seems as if he didn’t know the answer.好像他不知道答案?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的系動(dòng)詞有：
1：be（being,been,am,is,are,was,were)2: feel , seem , look, appear ,sound, taste , smell 3: stand , lie , remain ,keep, stay 4: become ,get , grow , turn ,go ,come, run, fall 5: prove, turn out 系動(dòng)詞的固定搭配: come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild 連接詞：that / whether /as if /as though(if不引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句)連接代詞：who / whom / whose / which / what 連接副詞：when / where / why / how / because 注：引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連詞that間或可以省略。
The truth is（that）I didn't go there.事實(shí)是我沒(méi)去那兒。
［考題1］ The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.A.when B.why C.whether D.that
［答案］ D
［解析］ 下劃線處之后是包含一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)從句，如果看不出它是充當(dāng)整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的表語(yǔ)從句將難以把握整個(gè)句子的意思。因此，應(yīng)選擇可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句且不充當(dāng)任何成分的that。
［考題2］ You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.A.why B.where C.what D.how
［答案］ B
［解析］ 下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)系動(dòng)詞is后的表語(yǔ)從句并在該表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(“disagree”屬于不及物動(dòng)詞，“I disagree”本身是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu))，下劃線應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞where，表語(yǔ)從句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之處、我不同意的地方”。
［考題3］ — I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____ you had a few days off?
A.why B.when C.what D.where
［答案］ A
［解析］ 下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)與系動(dòng)詞is連用的表語(yǔ)從句并在該表語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)，下劃線應(yīng)填入表示“因此??”(指因某種原因所造成的結(jié)果)的引導(dǎo)詞why。
［考題4］ ____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;that
［答案］ A
［解析］ 第一個(gè)下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在該主語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，特指她所不理解的事情，應(yīng)填入關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what； 第二個(gè)下劃線處表示“因此??”(指因某種原因所造成的后果，由why引導(dǎo)對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞性從句)而不是“為什么??”(指原因、理由，由because引導(dǎo)對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞性從句)，應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)詞why。
［考題5］ ____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.A.What;because B.What;that
C.That;what D.That;because
［答案］ B
［解析］ 第一個(gè)下劃線處的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在該主語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，特指令校方驕傲的事情，應(yīng)選用關(guān)系代詞型的引導(dǎo)詞what； 第二個(gè)下劃線處引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句表示原因、理由，應(yīng)由that引導(dǎo)對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞性從句。
［考題6］ — Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
— Oh, that’s ____.A.what makes me feel excited B.whatever I feel excited about
C.how I feel about it D.when I feel excited
［答案］ A
［解析］ A選項(xiàng)的意思是“令我感覺(jué)激動(dòng)的事物”； B選項(xiàng)的意思是“我覺(jué)得激動(dòng)的任何事物”； C選項(xiàng)的意思是“我對(duì)它感覺(jué)的方式”； D選項(xiàng)的意思是“令我感覺(jué)激動(dòng)的時(shí)間”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中A最適合跟代表“game”的主語(yǔ)that對(duì)應(yīng)，充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)從句。
表語(yǔ)從句與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系
不屬于的
賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句都屬于名詞性從句。其作用跟名詞在句中的作用相同。故充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的句子叫賓語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)的句子叫表語(yǔ)從句。
賓語(yǔ)從句
(1)對(duì)于賓語(yǔ)從句要掌握以下三點(diǎn)
①語(yǔ)序: 從句的語(yǔ)序必須是陳述句語(yǔ)序, 即“主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ)”這種形式。
②時(shí)態(tài): 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候, 從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài), 而當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候, 從句, 從句時(shí)態(tài)必須是過(guò)去時(shí)范圍的時(shí)態(tài), 即(一般過(guò)去時(shí), 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí), 過(guò)去完成時(shí), 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))。
③連接詞: 當(dāng)從句意思完整, 主句意思肯定時(shí), 連接詞用that, 且可以省去, 當(dāng)從句意思完整, 主句意思不確定或含否定含意時(shí), 常用if或whether(是否), 當(dāng)從句意思不完整時(shí), 連接詞則是代替不完整部分的特殊疑問(wèn)詞。
表語(yǔ)從句
在句子中起表語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句，位于主句系動(dòng)詞的后面。表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞和主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞相同。也是名詞性從句的一種。
如： What the police want to know is when you enred red the room警察想知道的是你什么時(shí)候進(jìn)的房間。
The The trouble is that we are short of funds困難是我們?nèi)狈Y金。
This This is what we should do這是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)做的。
That”s s why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。
His His first question was whether Mr.Smith had arrived yet他的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是史密斯先生到了沒(méi)有。
注意：從句中的疑問(wèn)句用正常語(yǔ)序，即陳述語(yǔ)序。
as as if, as though, becau也可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。
She She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起來(lái)好像做了一件大事。
It It is because you eat too much那是因?yàn)槟愠缘锰嗔恕?/p>
表從練習(xí)一
1.The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week.A.that
B.if
C.when
D.whether 2．The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless.A.because
B.that
C.for
D.because of 3.Go and get your coat.It’ s ________you left it A.where
B.there
C.there where
D.where there 4．The problem is _________to take the place of Ted A.who can we get
B.what we can get C.who we can get
D.that we can get 5.What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.A.that
B.if
C.whether
D.不填 6.The reason is_________I missed the bus.A.that
B.when
C.why
D.what 7.That is __ ___ we were late last time.A.that
B.when
C.why
D.what 8.She looked _________ she were ten years younger.A.that B.like
C.as D.as though 9.—I fell sick!--I think it is _______ you are doing too much.A.why
B.when
C.what
D.because 10.The reason why he hasn’t come is ___________.A.because his mother is ill
B.because of his mother’s being ill C.that his mother is ill
D.for his mother is ill 11.—He was born here.--That is _______ he likes the place so much.A.that
B.what
C.why
D.how 12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.A.what
B.where
C.that
D.Why
二
1．_______your father wants to know is________ getting on with your studies.A.What;how are you
B.That；how you are
C.How；that you are
D.What；how you are 2.The trouble is__________we are short of tools.A.what
B.that
C.how
D.why that 3.America was __________was first called “India” by Columbus.A.what
B.where
C.the place
D.there where 4.China is becoming stronger and stronger.It is no longer_________.A.what it used to be
B.what it was used to being C.what it used to being
D.what it was used to be 5.________he really means is ________he disagrees with us.A.What … that
B.That … what C.What … what
D.That … what 6.The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work.A.that B.which C.what D.Such
三
1.I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.—Is that_____ you had a few days off？
A.why
B.what
C.when
D.where 2.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ____I got wet through.A.It’s the reason B.That’s why C.There’s why
D.It’s how 3.See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning.A.when
B.which
C.where
D.what 4.---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
---Oh, that’s _____.A.what makes me feel excited
B.whatever I feel excited about C.how I feel about it
D.when I feel excited 5.What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it.A.the way
B.in the way that
C.in the way
D.the way which
1.The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week.A.that
B.if
C.when
D.whether 2．The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless.A.because
B.that
C.for
D.because of 3.Go and get your coat.It’ s ________you left it
A.where
B.there
C.there where
D.where there 4．The problem is _________to take the place of Ted A.who can we get
B.what we can get C.who we can get
D.that we can get 5.What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.A.that
B.if
C.whether
D.不填 6.The reason is_________ I missed the bus.A.that
B.when
C.why
D.what 7.That is __ ___ we were late last time.A.that
B.when
C.why
D.what 8.She looked _________ she were ten years younger.A.that B.like
C.as
D.as though 9.—I fell sick!--I think it is _______ you are doing too much.A.why
B.when
C.what
D.because 10.The reason why he hasn’t come is ___________.A.because his mother is ill
B.because of his mother’s being ill C.that his mother is ill
D.for his mother is ill 11.—He was born here.--That is _______ he likes the place so much.A.that
B.what
C.why
D.how 12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.A.what
B.where
C.that
D.why 13．_______your father wants to know is________ getting on with your studies.A.What;how are you
B.That；how you are C.How；that you are
D.What；how you are 14.The trouble is__________ we are short of tools.A.what
B.that
C.how
D.why that 15.America was __________was first called “India” by Columbus.A.what
B.where
C.the place
D.there where 16.China is becoming stronger and stronger.It is no longer_________.A.what it used to be
B.what it was used to being C.what it used to being
D.what it was used to be 17.________he really means is ________he disagrees with us.A.What … that
B.That … what C.What … what
D.That … what
18.The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work.A.that B.which C.what D.such 19 —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.—Is that_____ you had a few days off？
A.why
B.what
C.when
D.where 20.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ____I got wet through.A.It’s the reason B.That’s why C.There’s why
D.It’s how
21.See the flags on top of the building? That was ______ we did this morning.A.when
B.which
C.where
D.what 22.---Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
---Oh, that’s _____.A.what makes me feel excited
B.whatever I feel excited about C.how I feel about it
D.when I feel excited 23.What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it.A.the way
B.in the way that
C.in the way
D.the way which
綜合練習(xí)
1.It has been proved _________ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life.A.if B.because C.when D.that 2.The last time we had great fun was ________ we were visiting the Water Park.A.where B.how C.when D.why 3.________ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which 4.The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make use do so.A.when B.why C.whether D.that 5.______ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.A.That B.Which C.What D.As 6.________ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.A.As B.That C.This D.It 7.______ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A.No matter what B.No matter which C.Whatever D.Whichever 8.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ______ I disagree.A.why B.where C.what.D how 9.After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, ____ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.A.where B.what C.that D.how 10.I think Father would like to know ______ I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.A.which B.why C.what D.how 11.Our country is developing at an amazing speed, and this is ______ makes me feel so proud.A.what B.which C.that D.why 12.________ puzzles the scientists how these creatures can survive in such severe conditions.A.What B.As C.That D.It 13._____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.Who C.Whoever D.The person 14.Inside the White House, there is a room called the Oval Office.That’s _______ the president works.A.whey B.when C.what D.where 15.______ you will be admitted to York University will be decided by the Admission Committee.A.That B.Whether C.What D.If 16.The reason ____ I plan to go is _____ she will be disappointed if I don’t.A.why;that B.that;because C.which;because D.why;for 17.We sell handmade gifts._____gift you order from us is unique for the special person!A.Which B.That C.Whichever D.What
第五篇：高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法222
高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法
目錄: 1名詞性從句
2“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解 3 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象 4主謂一致 5動(dòng)詞不定式 6 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
7定語(yǔ)從句 8被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 9祈使句 10感嘆句 11疑問(wèn)句 12名詞
一． 主語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如：
a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。
b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。
c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）
2.用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)It is ＋ 名詞 ＋ 從句
It is a fact that ?
事實(shí)是?
It is an honor that
?非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that
?是常識(shí)
(2)It is ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 從句
It is natural that?
很自然?
It is strange that?
奇怪的是?(3)It is ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞 ＋ 從句
It seems that?
似乎?
It happened that?
碰巧?
It appears that?
似乎?(4)It ＋ 過(guò)去分詞 ＋ 從句
It is reported that?
據(jù)報(bào)道?
It has been proved that?
已證實(shí)?
It is said that?
據(jù)說(shuō)?
3.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況：
（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether ?結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如：
正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4.what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別
what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語(yǔ)．賓語(yǔ)．表語(yǔ)，而that 則不然。例如：
a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation
二．賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)或介詞之后。
1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)
(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如：
I heard that be joined the army.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他參軍了。
(2)由what, whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，例如：
a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。
b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。
(3)動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對(duì)我說(shuō)她會(huì)接受我的邀請(qǐng)。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。
3.作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)，例如：
I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。
注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語(yǔ)：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
4.it 可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)
it 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)她下個(gè)朋就會(huì)結(jié)婚了。
5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞＋間接賓語(yǔ)＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man.錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語(yǔ)從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上，從句謂語(yǔ)用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。
三.表語(yǔ)從句
表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，放在系動(dòng)詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)＋連系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句”?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that? 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句。
1.同位語(yǔ)從句的功能
同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：
1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語(yǔ)在句子中的位置
同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)），而同位語(yǔ)從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2)定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對(duì)先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性的，其功能是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國(guó)。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國(guó)的消息是他講的。）（同位語(yǔ)從句，that在句中不作任何成分）
高一英語(yǔ)名詞性從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)
1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____
A.did the quarrel came about
B.the quarrel had come about
C.had the quarrel come about
D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything
D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there
B.in which
C.where
D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone
B.where did he go
C.which place has he gone
D.where has he gone
7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that
B.which
C.of which
D.of that
8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave
B.that;should leave
C./;must leave
D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that
B.It;that
C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that
B.which
C.whether
D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?
A.that B.what C.why
D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If
D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while
B.if
C.that D.for
14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether
B.This
C.who
D.If
15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That
C.Whether
D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That
C.Who
D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that
C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What
B.It
C.All that
D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed
B.think
C.say
D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What
B.That
C.How
D.Where
Keys:
1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA
第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配講解
“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，又是近幾年高考的熱點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)給予充分的重視，現(xiàn)將it用法歸納如下：
一、It用作實(shí)詞
表達(dá)以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的內(nèi)容；指代一位性別不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但談話雙方都知道的那件事；指代時(shí)間、天氣、氣候、距離等自然現(xiàn)象??
二、It用作形式主語(yǔ)
替代作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作主語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。
It 作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
1.代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式，其句型為
(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述事件的形容詞：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…
例
It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此處adj.通常為描述人的形容詞：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例
It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞的常見(jiàn)句型
It's no good/use doing…
It's(well)worth doing…
It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do… It's(well)worth while doing/ to do
例
It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主語(yǔ)的從句常見(jiàn)句型
(1)It is + noun +從句
(2)It is adj.+clause
It's surprising that?(should)???竟然??
It's a pity/shame that?(should)???竟然??
例
It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much
例
It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze
/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…
例
It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)
(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)
例
It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)
(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）
例
It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)
(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例
It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主語(yǔ)的句型
1.It takes sb.? to do?(=sb takes?to do?)某人用多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間做某事
例
It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)
2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do?（不）像某人做某事的風(fēng)格
例
It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that? should /v-ed?是該做某事的時(shí)候了
例
It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)? have v-ed?第幾次做某事了
例
It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been? since ?continuous v-ed(延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)某動(dòng)作已有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不發(fā)生了
例
It's 10 years that he lived here
6.It was(not)? before?過(guò)(不)了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間某動(dòng)作發(fā)生了
例
It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式賓語(yǔ)
用來(lái)替代作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞，而把真正作賓語(yǔ)的從句、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞置于句尾。
It 作形式賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…
verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例
I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例
The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…
owe it to sb.that?把?歸功于?
leave it to sb that?把?留給某人去做
take it for granted that ?想當(dāng)然
keep it in mind that…
例
Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動(dòng)詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后
例
I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句的介詞后面，賓語(yǔ)從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）
例
I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who)? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以外的任何句子成分。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人時(shí)也可以用who。
在使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)需注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1.請(qǐng)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問(wèn)句
例
When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能強(qiáng)調(diào)由because所引導(dǎo)的從句
例
It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)not ? until結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)必須把not與until一起放到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的位置上
例
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
例
It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定語(yǔ)從句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1.make it
(1).在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中相當(dāng)于succeed,表示：成功、做到、說(shuō)定、趕上、及時(shí)到達(dá)
例
It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口語(yǔ)中相當(dāng)于fix the date for,表示“約定好時(shí)間”
例
—Shall we meet next week?
—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is
(1).相當(dāng)于in fact, in reality表示“事實(shí)上，實(shí)際情況是??”
例
We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相當(dāng)于方式狀語(yǔ)從句，表示“照原樣”
例
Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相當(dāng)于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是說(shuō)，可以說(shuō)，換句話說(shuō)”
例
He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for?/if it hadn't been for?用來(lái)引導(dǎo)虛擬語(yǔ)氣，相當(dāng)于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是??，要不是??”
例
If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it
(1).相當(dāng)于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此為止，沒(méi)有別的了”
例
You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相當(dāng)于 That's right.表示“對(duì)啦”
例
— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.6.catch it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做錯(cuò)事而挨罵，受責(zé)備，受批評(píng)，受懲罰”
例
We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it
(1).相當(dāng)于say, insist表示“說(shuō)，主張，表明，硬說(shuō)”
例
Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相當(dāng)于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，獲悉”
例
I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的條件”
例
You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相當(dāng)于go on,表示“繼續(xù)做，不放棄”
例
My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞
12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)
13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)
14.As it happened, ? 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's a pity that?, 表示“真不湊巧，真遺憾”
例
As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被證明是”
例
As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although it may not be worth much, 表示“雖然沒(méi)有多大價(jià)值”
例
You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相當(dāng)于Don't worry or don't hurry.用來(lái)勸告別人，表示“不要慌，別擔(dān)心，存住氣”
例
Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于believe me what I say.表示“請(qǐng)相信我的話，我敢擔(dān)?！?/p>
例
You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth?在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其價(jià)值如何”
例
Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于useful, 表示“有好處，值得做”
例
Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例
Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放棄
例
That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情況，還沒(méi)有定下來(lái)”
例
—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口語(yǔ)中，相當(dāng)于it's decided by sb.表示“由??決定，由??負(fù)責(zé)，取決于??”
例
—Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配專練
1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that
B.while
C.in which
D.then(88)
2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this
B.that
C.it
D.he(89)
3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this
B.that
C.its
D.it(91)
4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that
B.until , that
C.until , that
D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that
B.this
C.one
D.it(93)
7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while
B.which
C.that
D.since(94)
8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There
B.This
C.That
D.It(95)
9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until
B.that
C.then
D.so(97)
10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it
B.that
C.these
D.them(98)
11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one
B.that
C.what
D.it(2000)
12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this
B.that C.it
D.one
13.—Do you like ___ here?
—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全國(guó)卷)
A.this B.These
C.That
D.it
14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全國(guó)卷)A.it
B.One
C.Himself
D.another
15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)
A.This is B.There is C.That is
D.It is
16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)
A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea
B.It depends
C.As usual
D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out
B.turn out
C.go on
D.come up
19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends
B.It's up to you
C.All right
D.Glad to hear that
20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went D.until midnight when he didn't go
KEYS:
1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA
11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC
第三章 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象
在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中，為了使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了，重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略?，F(xiàn)就英語(yǔ)中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下：
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：
a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.湯姆肯定一直在打籃球，瑪麗一直在寫作業(yè)。
d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略
1．狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略
一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則： 1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be，這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞;(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語(yǔ)；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過(guò)去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：
a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工 人，現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí)，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。
c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到處看似乎在找什么東西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什在與胡錦濤主席會(huì)談時(shí)，感謝中國(guó)在六方會(huì)談中起的重要作用。
e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.這次展覽比被預(yù)料的有趣的多。
f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開(kāi)嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。注意：
1)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，間或也有這樣的省略,如：
Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.當(dāng)她過(guò)馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
2)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是 it，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果沒(méi)有必要，你最好不要查字典。
2．定語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1）一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：
Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）
而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：
Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見(jiàn)到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見(jiàn)到他了。
2）在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來(lái)代替，甚至還可省略。如：
a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.這是他第一次麻煩老板。
b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？
3）當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時(shí)，從句不能用 how 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，應(yīng)該用that 或 in which，或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷?。如?/p>
I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3．賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略
1）在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。如：
a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說(shuō)《 反分裂國(guó)家法》已被通過(guò)，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語(yǔ)從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：
a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。
b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should +動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。如：
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法國(guó)總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：
(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遺憾，我昨天沒(méi)有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。
6．在答語(yǔ)中，主句可全部省略。如：
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)？ —因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?/p>
三、簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略
1．省略主語(yǔ)
1）祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略 如：
(You)Open the door, please.請(qǐng)開(kāi)一下門。
2)其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法 如：
a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。
b)(It)Doesn’t matter.沒(méi)關(guān)系。
2．省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分 如：
a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽煙
b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？
c)(You come)This way please.請(qǐng)這邊走。
d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？
3．省略賓語(yǔ) 如：
—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認(rèn)識(shí)他 4．省略表語(yǔ) 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。
5．同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分 如：
a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺(jué)得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。
b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。
四、動(dòng)詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場(chǎng)合1．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開(kāi)前謝謝她?！冶敬蛩氵@么做，但當(dāng)我就要離開(kāi)的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以這么做。
2．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上騎他的自行車，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想來(lái)，可是她父母不讓。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?
— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒(méi)關(guān)系，我很愿意。
4．不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：
He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚(yú)，但過(guò)去喜歡。
五、動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略
1．主語(yǔ)部分有to do ,系動(dòng)詞 is 或 was 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。如：
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語(yǔ)，前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，不定式通常省去to.如：
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他說(shuō)陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外，什么也沒(méi)有做。
3．主語(yǔ)部分暗含to do，表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。如：
All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上學(xué)，努力學(xué)習(xí)。
4．當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略，但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。如：
It is easier to say than to do.說(shuō)起來(lái)容易，做起來(lái)難。
5．在would rather?than? 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式符號(hào)常常要省略.如：
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to；why(not)do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如：
a)I saw her enter the room.我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了房間
b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢？
六．其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)
1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過(guò)的事物時(shí)，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我們?cè)诂旣惣疫^(guò)的周末。
2．What和 how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，?？墒÷灾髡Z(yǔ) it 和be動(dòng)詞 如：
a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!這對(duì)Tom來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)多么大的勝利呀！
b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被當(dāng)作一個(gè)正常孩子對(duì)待對(duì)他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
第四章 主謂一致
主謂一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分為:語(yǔ)法一致, 內(nèi)容一致, 就近一致.(一)語(yǔ)法一致原則: 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù).以下為注意事項(xiàng): 1.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù).如: Air as well as water is matter.空氣和水都是物質(zhì).No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒(méi)有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。
2.用and連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù).如:
The poet and writer has come.那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.錘子和鋸都是有用的工具.(兩樣物)用and連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
3.不定式(短語(yǔ)), 動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ)), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Serving the people is my great happiness.為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。
4.用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被each, every 或no修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.沒(méi)有老師也沒(méi)有學(xué)生開(kāi)會(huì)缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。
5.each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Each of us has something to say.我們每個(gè)人都有話要說(shuō)。
6.若主語(yǔ)中有more than one 或many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。但more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù).如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late.不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到
More persons than one come to help us.不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。
7.none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù);但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: None of us are(is)perfect.人無(wú)完人。
None of this worries me.這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。
8.名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù).如: His clothes are good.但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù).如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼鏡。9.形復(fù)意單名詞如:news;以ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics;國(guó)名如: the United States;報(bào)紙名如: the New Times;書(shū)名如: Arabian Night <天方夜談>;以及The United Nations<聯(lián)合國(guó)> 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
10.“a +名詞+and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù).如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如: One or two places have been visited.參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。
(二)內(nèi)容一致原則:
1.主語(yǔ)中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如: The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行車，今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.這個(gè)蘋果的60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的蘋果都是爛的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2.不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如: A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科書(shū)已運(yùn)到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。
3.加減乘除用單數(shù).如: Fifteen minus five is ten.15減去5等于10。
4.表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如: Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。
5.(1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如:
The British police have only very limited powers.(2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞.包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.(3)可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞.包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委員會(huì)決定解雇他。
6.the +形容詞/過(guò)去分詞形式”表示一類人或事物, 作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù).如: The injured were saved after the fire.(三)就近原則
1.由here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中,(有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí))謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致.如: Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了.Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you.給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時(shí)候, 你愛(ài)人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？
2.用連詞or, either....or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的鋼筆。
注意: one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets.瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。
The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。
主謂一致練習(xí)
1.About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south, the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.A.are/is
B.are/are
C.is/are
D.are 2.Half of the workers here _____ under 30 _____.A.is/years
B.are/year old
C.is/years old
D.are/years of age 3.Now Tom with his classmates _____ football on the playground.A.play
B.are playing
C.plays
D.is playing 4.The number of pages in this dictionary _____ about two thousand.A.are
B.has
C.have
D.is 5.Thirty dollars _____ too expensive.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.be 6.The audience _____ so large that no seat was left unoccupied in the great hall.A.is
B.are
C.was
D.has 7.The secretary and principal _____ at the meeting now.A.are speaking
B.is speaking
C.were making a speech D.have a speech 8.“If anybody _____, please put down _____ name,” said the teacher to the monitor.A.wants to buy the book/his
B.want to buy the book/their C.will buy the book/one's
D.wants to have the book bought/her 9.Nothing but one desk and six chairs _____ in the room.A.are
B.is stayed
C.is
D.are left 10.Having arrived at the station, _____.A.it was found that the train had left &nb, sp;B.th, e trai, n had left C.the train was found left
D.he found that the train had left 11.Between the two roads _____ a TV tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.A.stands
B.standing
C.which stands
D.stand 12.Either of you _____ going there tonight.A.will
B.was
C.is
D.are 13.You as well _____ right.A.I are
B.I am
C.as I am
D.as I are 14.All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.A.are
B.is
C.were
D.was 15.--Shall I wait here for three hours?
--Yes.Three hours ___, __ t, , , , , o wait for such a doctor.A.are not very long for you
B.is not long enough fo, , , , , r you C.was not long enough for you
D.will be too long for you 16.Where to get the materials and how to get them _____ at the meeting.A.have not discussed
B.have not been discussed C.has not discussed
D.has not been discussed 17.I took mathematics and physics because I think that _____ very important for me to make further research in this field.A.what is
B.they are
C.this
D.which are 18.Every student and every teacher _____.A.are going to attend the meeting
B.have attended the meeting C.has attended the meeting
D.is attended the meeting 19.Three fourths of the bread _____ by Bob, and the rest of the bread _____ left on the table.A.was eaten/were
B.were eaten/was
C.were eaten/were
D.was eaten/was 20.This pair of shoes _____.A.is her
B.is hers
C.are hers
D.are her 21.There ______ no life on the moon.A.is said to have
B.are said to have
C.is said to be
D.are said to be 22.A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill A.sheep;grass;leaves
B.sheeps grasses leaves C.sheep;grass leaf
D.sheeps grass leafs 23.My family raise a lot of _______, including two______.A.cattles cows
B.cows cattle C.cattle cows
D.cow, cattles 24.What he says and what he does_______.A.does not agree
B.do not agree C.does not agree with D.not agree 25.The boy and the girl each ______ toys.A.have their own B.has their own C.have her own D.has her own 26.She is the only one among the ______ writers who ______stories for children.A.woman, writes B.women write C.women writes
D.woman write 27.The railway station is ______from our school.A.two hour`s drive
B.two hours` drive C.two hour drive D.two hours drive 28.Mike and John`s ______.A.father is a teacher
B.fathers are teachers
C.father are teachers
D.fathers are teacher 29.A great deal of talking and listening that ______ under casual circumstance may seem to be aimless.A.is occurred
B.are occurred
C.occurs
D.occur 30._______ the classroom needs to be cleaned.A.Either the offices or
B.The offices and
C.Both the office and
D.The office and 31.Three-fourths of the homework ______today.A.has finished B.has been finished C.have finished D.have been finished 32.More than 60 percent of the world’s radio programmes ______in England.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.be 33.______work has been done to improve the people`s living standard A.A great deal of
B.A great many
C.A large number of
D.Many 34.The rest of the magazines ______ within half an hour.A.is sold out
B.are sold out
C.was sold out
D.were sold out 35.There ______ a lot of sugar in the jar.A.has
B.have
C.is
D.are 36.“All ______present and all ______going on well”, our monitor said.A.is is
B.are, are
C.are is
D.is are 37.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor ______ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were.38.Mary as well as her sisters ______ Chinese in China.A.are studying
B.have studied
C.studies
D.study 39.The rich______ not always happy.A.are
B.is
C.will
D.may 40.______can be done ______done.A.All, have been B.All that ,have been
C.All has
D.All that ,has been 41.Either of the plans ______equally dangerous.A.are
B.is C.has
D.have 42.The police ______the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching
B.were searching for
C.are searching
D.was searching for 43.Your trousers ______dirty, you must have______ washed.A.is it
B.are it
C.are them
D.is them 44.The Olympic games ______held every four ______.A.is years
B.are years
C.is year
D.are year 45.He is the oly one of the students who______elected.A.are
B.have
C.has
D.is 46.______a good enough price for this book
A.Two yuans are B.Two yuan are
C.Two yuans is
D.Two yuan is 47.No bird and no beast ______in the lonely island A.are seen
B.is seen
C.see
D.sees 48.Every means ______prevent the water from______ A.are used to polluting
B.get used to polluting C.is used to , polluted
D.is used to ,being polluted 49.Each of the ______in the ship.A.passenger has his own room
B.passengers have their own room C.passenger have their own room
D.sengers has his own room 50.What we need ______good textbooks.A.is
B.are
C.have
D.has 51.What you said just now______to do with the matter we are discussing.A.have something
B.has something
C.had something
D.was something 52.Either your parents or your elder brother ______to attend the meeting tomorrow.A.is
B.are
C.are going
D.have
53.Neither of the novels which ______popular with us ______been translated into Chinese.A.are has
B.are have
C.is have
D.is has 54.Every boy and every girl ______to attend the evening party.A.wish
B.wishes
C.hope
D.are hoping 55._______ has been done.A.nety—nine percents of the work
B.Half of what he promised C.Two-fifths of the articles
D.Three quarter of the business
答案：
1-5 BDDDB
6-10 ABACD
11-15 ACDAB
16-20 DBCDB 21-25 CACBA
26-30CBACA
31-35 CCADC
36-40CBCAD
41-45 BBCBD
46-50 DBDDB
51-55 BAABB
第五章
動(dòng)詞不定式不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1)動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。
2)動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom.我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3)動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意
疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2.不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠?。b.We believe him to be guilty.我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.A.lying
B.lie
C.lay
D.laying
答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2)to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing
C.to have invented
D.having invented
答案：A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3)to be +形容詞
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。
注意
有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3.不定式作主語(yǔ)
1)It's easy(for me)to do that.我做這事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。
2)It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。
注意
1)其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2)不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3)當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is? to?的句型(對(duì))To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me.你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法
用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
4.不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如： My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5.不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6.不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1)目的狀語(yǔ)
To? only to(僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to?(如此??以便??)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因 I'm glad to see you.典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.A.sit
B.sit on
C.be seat
D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于“形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to習(xí)慣于，be used to習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開(kāi)始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to
注意
省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(除ought 外，ought to)： 2)使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3)感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意
在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4)would rather，had better： 5)Why? / why not?：
6)help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb(to)do sth：
7)but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。8)由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed(to be)nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比較：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題
1)----I usually go there by train.----Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A.to try going
B.trying to go
C.to try and go
D.try going
答案：D.why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2)Paul doesn't have to be made ___.He always works hard.A.learn
B.to learn
C.learned
D.learning
答案：B.make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window?
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
典型例題
1)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut not
B.not to shut
C.to not shut
D.not shut
答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended ___ me when I passed by.A.not to see
B.not seeing
C.to not see
D.having not seen
答案：A。pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.A.never to drive
B.to never driver C.never driving
D.never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth.此處用的是否定詞never.4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.A.not to
B.not to do
C.not do it
D.do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。5)The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no
B.eating not
C.not to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。
不定式的特殊句型too?to?
1)too?to
太?以至于?
He is too excited to speak.他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
----Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?----Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為“不太”。
It's never too late to mend.(諺語(yǔ))改過(guò)不嫌晚。
3)當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常? 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not “Why not +動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不???” “干嗎不???” 例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)
主動(dòng)
被動(dòng)
一般式
to do to be done
進(jìn)行式
to be doing
完成式
to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式
to have been doing
1)現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)到你。2)完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3)進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.4)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2)接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。
3)動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有11 組：
stop to do stop doing
forget to do forget doing
remember to do remember doing
cease to do cease doing
try to do try doing
go on to do go on doing
afraid to do
afraid doing
interested to do interested doing
mean to do mean doing
regret to do regret doing
begin/start to do begin/start doing
特殊詞精講
stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了。
典型例題 She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting
C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇“stop to do sth.停下來(lái)去做另一件事”。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do forget to do 忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。
(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來(lái)。(to come動(dòng)作未做)
典型例題
----The light in the office is still on.----Oh, I forgot___.A.turning it off
B.turn it off
C.to turn it off
D.having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事
(未做)remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事
(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎?
regret doing/to do regret to do
對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing
對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒(méi)有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.---Well, now I regret ___ that.A.to do
B.to be doing
C.to have done
D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選D。
cease doing/to do cease to do
長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
cease doing
短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.那個(gè)部門已不復(fù)存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們?cè)诶蠋熥哌^(guò)時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。
try doing/to do try to do
努力，企圖做某事。
try doing
試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing
繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)
be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為“怕”；
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。doing 是客觀上造成的，意為“生怕，恐怕”。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
be interested doing/to do interested to do
對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing
對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。(想了解)I'm interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that? 我對(duì)在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎?
(一種想法)
mean to doing/to do mean to do
打算、想
mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買力。
begin(start)doing/to do begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.1)談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開(kāi)始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時(shí)開(kāi)始彈鋼琴？ 2)begin, start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry.我開(kāi)始生起氣來(lái)。
3)在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開(kāi)始明白真相。4)物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)
It began to melt.感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do
表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性；+doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我看見(jiàn)了”這個(gè)事實(shí))I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我見(jiàn)他正干活”這個(gè)動(dòng)作)昨天我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。
典型例題
1)They knew her very well.They had seen her ___ up from childhood.A.grow
B.grew
C.was growing
D.to grow 答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，而非正在長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.A.playing
B.to be playing
C.play
D.to play 答案：A.本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb.doing sth句型。
第六章 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
一 全部倒裝
全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1.here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：
1)There goes the bell.鈴聲漸漸消失了。
2)Then came the chairman.然后主席就來(lái)了
3)Here is your letter.這是你的信。
2.表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：
1)Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.轟炸機(jī)下面發(fā)出了一顆導(dǎo)彈。
2)Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：
1)Here he comes.他來(lái)了。
2)Away they went.他們走了。二 部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。
1.句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until? 等。例如：
1)Never have I seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。
2)Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.你在哪兒都不會(huì)找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。
3)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。
注意：當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：
1)I have never seen such a performance.我從來(lái)沒(méi)看過(guò)這樣的表演。
2)The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開(kāi)房間。
2.帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見(jiàn)的詞語(yǔ)有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly ? when , no sooner ?than ?等。例如：
1)Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評(píng)了送禮的人。
2)Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.她剛要出門時(shí)有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)找她。
3)No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.她剛要走時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)看她。
注意：只有當(dāng)Not only? but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only? but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Not only you but also I am fond of music.我和你都喜歡音樂(lè)。
3.表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí)，句子作部分倒裝。例如：
1)Tom can speak French.So can Jack.Tom能說(shuō)法語(yǔ)，我也能。
2)If you won't go, neither will I.如果你不去，我也不去。
注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為“的確如此”。例如：
1)Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。
2)---It's raining hard.---So it is.---雨下得很大。---的確很大。
4.only放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），全句語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.他被請(qǐng)了三次才來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。
注意：如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.他只有病得非常嚴(yán)重時(shí)才會(huì)臥床休息。
三 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意：1)句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2)句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.盡管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像從來(lái)都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
四 其他部分倒裝
1.so? that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.他害怕得動(dòng)都不敢動(dòng)。
2.在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy.望大家開(kāi)心愉快。
3.在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again.如果我是你，我就再試一次。
第七章 定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。
被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why, how。
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。
定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1)who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2)whose 用來(lái)指人或物，（只用作定語(yǔ)，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.3)which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別：
不用that的情況：
a)在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)
(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介詞后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.c)多用who 的情況 ①關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語(yǔ)
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.②先行詞為those, people 時(shí)
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.③先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時(shí)
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.⑤在被分隔的定語(yǔ)從句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.⑥在有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2)只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí)，只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，只用that。
The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開(kāi)始的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在從句中做表語(yǔ)
He is not the man that he used to be.、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how(by which)he works out the problem.注意：
①在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.②含有介詞短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般不能拆開(kāi)，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞后面。Is this the book which(that)she was looking for?
3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的差別
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.用法區(qū)別：
(1)as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.(2)as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞；若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。
(3)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測(cè)、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same? as;such?as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和??一樣??。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)習(xí)題精選
用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：
1.I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.2.I'll never forget the day________
we met each other last week.3.Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.4.I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.5.I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.6.This is the school ______I used to study.7.Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week? 8.Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition? 9.Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake? 10.Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake? 11.Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.12.I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.13.There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.14.It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.15.It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.16.It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17.The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(認(rèn)出)you.18.This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.19.This is the way____he did it.20.Who is the student _____was late for school today? 21.Who _____knows him wants to make friends with him? 22.What else was there in my brother____you didn't like? 23.He lives in the room____window faces to the south.24.He lives in the room, the window_____faces to the south.25.This is Mr.John for____son I brought a book yesterday.26.This is Mr.John for_____I bought a book yesterday.27.This is the hour_____the place is always full of women and children.28.And there is one point ______I'd like your advice.29.Winter is the time of year______the days are short and nights are long.30.I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place____you may spend your weekend.KEYS:
1.when
2.when 3.which
4.that/which
5.that 6.where
7.that/which 8.where 9.which
10.where 11.where
12.which 13.when
14.that
15.that 16.that
17.(that)
18.which
19.(that/in which)
20.that 21.that that
23.whose
24.of which
25.whose 26.whom
27.when
28.that
29.that
30.where
第八章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一、語(yǔ)態(tài)概述
英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。英語(yǔ)中有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。巧記為：被動(dòng)、被動(dòng)、主被動(dòng)。例如：
English is spoken by many people.主語(yǔ)English是動(dòng)詞speak的承受者。
主動(dòng)態(tài)和被動(dòng)態(tài)指的是動(dòng)詞形式，是詞法概念；而主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句則指的是句子結(jié)構(gòu)，從而是句法概念。所謂主動(dòng)句就是由主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子，而被動(dòng)句則是由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(詞組)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句子。例如：
He opened the door.他開(kāi)了門。(主動(dòng)句)
The door was opened.門被開(kāi)了。(被動(dòng)句)
二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be＋及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化是通過(guò)be的變化表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的?，F(xiàn)以teach為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am／is／are＋taught
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was／were＋taught
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will／shall be＋taught
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am／is／are being＋taught
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：have／has been＋taught
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have／has been＋taught
記憶歌訣：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變，過(guò)去分詞跟后面。
注意：區(qū)分被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與“be+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)
be+過(guò)去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過(guò)去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過(guò)去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是主語(yǔ)；當(dāng)“be +過(guò)去分詞”表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過(guò)去分詞是表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下： 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai.這家雜志出版于上海。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The door is locked.門鎖著。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The door has already/just been locked.門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The shop is opened.這家商店開(kāi)門了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday.這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開(kāi)門。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。
三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 不知道或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。例如：
1)Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的)
2)This book was published in 1981.這本書(shū)出版于1981年。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。例如：
1)This book was written by him.這本書(shū)是他寫的。
2)Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。
記憶歌訣：誰(shuí)做的動(dòng)作不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)有必要；動(dòng)作承受者需強(qiáng)調(diào)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)運(yùn)用到。
四、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方法 把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。把謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)(be＋過(guò)去分詞)，根據(jù)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子里的主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)，以及原來(lái)主
動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)決定be的形式。把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。例如：
1)All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.2)They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后“過(guò)分”來(lái)使用。
五、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，原來(lái)帶to的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。
記憶歌訣：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”，原來(lái)帶to要保留。例如：
1)We can repair this watch in two days.= This watch can be repaired in two days.2)You ought to take it away.= It ought to be taken away.3)They should do it at once.= It should be done at once
第9講祈使句
一.祈使句的句式特征
祈使句常常是表達(dá)說(shuō)話人對(duì)對(duì)方的勸告、叮囑、請(qǐng)求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，但根據(jù)其句意，實(shí)際上是省略了主語(yǔ)you。祈使句句末用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào)，朗讀時(shí)，常用降調(diào)。在表達(dá)請(qǐng)求或勸告時(shí)，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的語(yǔ)氣更加緩和, 或客氣。祈使句一般沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，也不能與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用。例如：
Keep off the grass!勿踩草地！
Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那個(gè)小房間里。
二.祈使句的肯定句式
祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型：
1.行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。例如：
Make sentences after the model.根據(jù)例句造句。
2.Be動(dòng)詞＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）。例如：
Be careful when crossing the street.過(guò)馬路時(shí)要小心。
3.Let, ＋賓語(yǔ)＋動(dòng)詞原, 形＋, 其他, 成分,。例如：
Let him go back now.讓他現(xiàn)在回去吧。
三.祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式，通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分為以下四種類型：
1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t＋行為動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分”。例如：
Don’t say that again!別再那樣說(shuō)了！
2.在Be動(dòng)詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，構(gòu)成“Don’t be＋其他成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)等）”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。
3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有兩種：（1）Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人稱名詞或代詞的賓格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后賓格的名詞或代詞后面加not。（2）如果以Let’s開(kāi)頭的祈使句，必須在Let’s后加not。例如：
Don’t let me go with her tomorrow.＝Let me not go with her tomorrow.不要讓我明天跟她一起去。
Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.無(wú)論什么時(shí)候我們碰到她，都不要告訴她真相。
4.在公共場(chǎng)合的提示語(yǔ)中，否定祈使句常用“No＋名詞/V-ing形式”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照！
四.祈使句的反意問(wèn)句
祈使句的反意疑問(wèn)句須按其句子結(jié)構(gòu)及講話人的語(yǔ)氣來(lái)決定其疑問(wèn)部分。通常有以下三種形式：
1.祈使句為肯定句式，其反意疑問(wèn)句表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，通常用will you；表示邀請(qǐng)、勸說(shuō)時(shí)，用won’t you。例如：
Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?
今晚來(lái)和我們一起吃飯，好嗎？
2.祈使句為否定句式，其反意疑問(wèn)句通常只用will you。例如：
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?
不要在會(huì)議室抽煙，好嗎？
3.Let開(kāi)頭的祈使句構(gòu)成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：
Let the boy go first, will you?讓個(gè)那男孩先走，好嗎？
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?
晚飯后我們?nèi)ド⒉剑脝幔?/p>
五.祈使句的回答
祈使句的動(dòng)作通常是表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以回答祈使句時(shí)，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時(shí)，要注意兩點(diǎn)：一是“形式一致”，即Yes與will保持一致；No與won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思；No是“是”的意思。在回答時(shí)，要注意分析上下文語(yǔ)境中所提供的條件。例如：
---Don’t go out, please.It’s raining heavily outside.請(qǐng)不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
----Yes, I will.I have to meet my brother at the airport.不行，我得去機(jī)場(chǎng)接我弟弟。
六.祈使句與陳述句的并列使用
祈使句后接陳述句時(shí)，須用連接詞連接。如果祈使句與陳述句表示的是一種順承關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞and來(lái)連接；如果祈使句與陳述句存在一種否定條件關(guān)系時(shí)，要用并列連詞or來(lái)連接。例如：
Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.把它留給我吧，我想想有沒(méi)有辦法。
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快點(diǎn)，否則我們要遲到了。
七.祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連用
祈使句與條件狀語(yǔ)從句連用時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：
Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.如果他明天來(lái)這兒的話，叫他給我來(lái)個(gè)電話。
八.祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式
祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助動(dòng)詞Do（Do在句中無(wú)意義）。例如：
Do shut up!快住口！
九.特殊形式的祈使句
在英語(yǔ)中，有些祈使句不是以動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)引起一個(gè)祈使句，而是以一個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)，且后接一個(gè)帶有并列連接詞的分句。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)充當(dāng)祈使句的名詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
More water and the young trees couldn’t have died.＝If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.如果你給那些小樹(shù)多澆點(diǎn)水，他們就不會(huì)死了。
十.運(yùn)用祈使句的誤區(qū)
祈使句往往容易與不定式、分詞或條件狀語(yǔ)從句相混淆。在平時(shí)的練習(xí)或測(cè)試中，如果稍不留神，就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。因此，要認(rèn)真審題，認(rèn)真分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境，作出正確判斷。例如：
___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checkedB.Check
C.If you checkD.To check
析：如果空白處選填B（Check）項(xiàng)，則視為祈使句，但后一分句前沒(méi)有并列連接詞and連接；如選A或D項(xiàng)（分詞或不定式），句中邏輯主語(yǔ)some spelling mistakes又不能執(zhí)行這個(gè)動(dòng)作，故均不符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)。因此，只有C項(xiàng)（條件狀語(yǔ)從句）符合句子結(jié)構(gòu)及句意。
第十章感嘆句。
感嘆句：一般是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感。英語(yǔ)感嘆句常用“what”和“how”引導(dǎo)，“what”和“how”與所修飾的詞置于句首，其它部分用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
感嘆詞 修飾對(duì)象 感嘆部分 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)+其他！
How（副詞）修飾形容詞 How nice How nice a girl the girl she is!is!
修飾副詞 How well How hard the boy the workers Is swimming!are working!修飾動(dòng)詞 How =what the flowers How =how fast She she he he Loves the flowers!loves!runs!runs!What（形容詞）修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What a nice girl =How nice a girl Jenny Jenny Was!was!
修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 What nice girls They Were!修飾不可數(shù)名詞 What fine weather what dirty water It he Is!drank!
感嘆句的特殊形式
感嘆句還可由陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句，甚至一個(gè)詞組及單詞構(gòu)成。例如： There was no face showing!He’s such a nice boy!
The Great Wall is a magnificent building!Isn’t it snowing heavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!Happy New Year to you!Cheer!
第十一章疑問(wèn)句
疑問(wèn)句（Interrogative Sentence）：
定義：表達(dá)疑問(wèn)（亦即發(fā)問(wèn)）或請(qǐng)求的句子叫做疑問(wèn)句。例：
Is he a friend of your brother's?
（他是你哥哥的朋友嗎？——發(fā)問(wèn)）
Can you do this for me?
（你能替我做這件事嗎？——請(qǐng)求）
疑問(wèn)句的句末必須使用問(wèn)號(hào)（Question mark）“？”來(lái)標(biāo)示問(wèn)句的結(jié)束。
疑問(wèn)句：可分為一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句和否定疑問(wèn)句。
種類 特征 語(yǔ)調(diào) 舉例 回答
一般疑問(wèn)句 系+主+表+？
助動(dòng)詞+主+動(dòng)+？ 升調(diào) Are you from London? Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答
特殊疑問(wèn)句 疑問(wèn)詞+系+表+？
疑問(wèn)詞+助+主+動(dòng)+？ 降調(diào) How are you feeling? When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no
選擇疑問(wèn)句 一般問(wèn)句：系+主+表+?or?？
助+主+動(dòng)+?or?？ Or前升調(diào)。Or后降調(diào) Is he tall or short? Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答問(wèn)句中一個(gè)，不用yes, no
特殊問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+系+主+?or?？ 第一部分用降調(diào)，第二部分or 前升調(diào)，or后降調(diào) Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 選一個(gè)答案，不用yes, no 反意疑問(wèn)句 陳述部分肯定：陳述，助（系）+not+主？ 陳述部分用降調(diào)，一問(wèn)部分用升調(diào) It is raining, isn’t it? You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定時(shí)用yes，否定時(shí)用no
陳述部分否定：否定陳述句，助（系）+主+？ 如對(duì)陳述肯定，可用降調(diào) It isn’t fine, is it? They haven’t come, have they? 否定疑問(wèn)句 系+not+主+表？
助+not+主+動(dòng)+？ 表示驚異用升調(diào)。贊嘆、責(zé)難用降調(diào) Aren’t they beautiful? Won’t you come in for a minute?
第十二章 名詞
在英語(yǔ)中，名詞用以表示人或事物的名稱，是各級(jí)各類考試的熱點(diǎn)之一，主要測(cè)試考生辨析近義詞和近形詞的能力。名詞不但有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，而且有普通名詞和專有名詞之分，還有用法獨(dú)待的所有格形式。
1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 構(gòu)成方法
讀音 例詞
一般情況
加-s
1.清輔音后讀/s/;2.濁輔音和元音后讀 /z/;book---books bag---bags car----cars
以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞
加-es 讀 /iz/
bus-buses
watch-watches 以ce,se,ze，(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加-s 讀 /iz/
license-licenses
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞
變y 為i 再加es 讀 /z/ baby---babies
2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
1)以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。
如： two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys
holiday---holidays
比較： 層樓：storey---storeys
story---stories
2)以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a.加s，如： photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos；
b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c.均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
3)以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：
a.加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes
gulf---gulfs；
b.去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c.均可,如： handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
3.不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)的表示方法 1）物質(zhì)名詞
a.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。
比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。(不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。(可數(shù))
b.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)。
This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))
We need various steels.(可數(shù))
c.當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。
Our country is famous for tea.Two teas, please.請(qǐng)來(lái)兩杯茶。
我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。
2）抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。
four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。
如： a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一條建議
4.定語(yǔ)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)
名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)，但也有例外。
1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語(yǔ)。如：
sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)
students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌
the foreign languages school外語(yǔ)學(xué)校
2)man, woman, gentleman等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。
如：men workers
women teachers gentlemen officials
3)有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，s保留。
如：goods train(貨車)
arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
4)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。
如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋）
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹(shù)
a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
5.不同國(guó)家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)
名稱 總稱(謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))一個(gè)人
兩個(gè)人
中國(guó)人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 俄國(guó)人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
瑞士人 the Swiss
a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人 the Australians
an
Australian two Australians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian
two Italians
希臘人
the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法國(guó)人
the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人
美國(guó)人
加拿大人 印度人
the Japanese a Japanese
two Japanese
the Americans an American two Americans
the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
the Indians an Indian two Indians
英國(guó)人
the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人
the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 德國(guó)人
the Germans a Germans two Germans
6.名詞的格
在英語(yǔ)中有些名詞可以加“'s”來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：
1）單數(shù)名詞詞尾加“'s”，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒(méi)有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy's bag 男孩的書(shū)包，men's room 男廁所。
2）若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s，只加“'”，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭(zhēng)。
3）凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）在表示店鋪或教堂名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5）如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示“分別有”；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）
John and Mary's room（一間）
6）復(fù)合名詞或短語(yǔ)，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。
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