第一篇：研究生英語考試辦法

二、關于研究生學位英語課程教學和考試

沒有獲得研究生學位英語課程免修資格的研究生都必須參加課程學習，課程分為網(wǎng)絡自學和課堂面授二部分，研究生必須參加這二部分的學習，不可缺一。

網(wǎng)絡自學部分請登陸浙江大學研究生院網(wǎng)站網(wǎng)上課程“研究生英語學習中心”。該中心以提供聽力、閱讀、詞匯、翻譯、寫作等基本技能為主，供學生自學。相關教師也會及時進行網(wǎng)絡在線答疑。

課堂面授部分每學季（秋或春季學期）8次課、共32學時構成。主要內容講授英語實際運用策略，為學生提供對話、交流的練習機會。課堂面授參考書目為《研究生英語：公眾演講》（方凡陳偉英主編，浙江大學出版社出版。）。課堂面授選課請登陸研究生院選課系統(tǒng)進行。每學季（秋或春季學期）課堂面授結束后緊接著的下一學季（冬或夏季學期），研究生參加學校統(tǒng)一組織的研究生英語水平過關考試。過關考試包括二項測試，即研究生英語筆試（機考）和面試；二項測試都通過者，才能獲得研究生學位英語課程2學分。具體規(guī)定如下：

1．參加研究生英語筆試（機考）需另行網(wǎng)上報名。每學年冬或夏季學期，研究生根據(jù)研究生院網(wǎng)上公布的筆試（機考）時間報名參加研究生英語筆試（機考）。筆試總分60分，考試時間80分鐘（其中聽力20分鐘，其余部分60分鐘。）。筆試題型如下：聽力15分（選擇9題，短文2篇6題；1分/題。），詞匯10分（共20題，0.5分/題。），閱讀20分（4篇共20題，1分/題。），完形填空15分（1篇15題，1分/題。）。

2．每學季（秋或春季學期）課堂面授結束后，在緊接的下一個學季（冬或夏季學期）同一時間段的某一時間參加英語面試（以上一學季研究生網(wǎng)上選課的班級為單位，具體時間以研究生院網(wǎng)上公布為準。）。面試總分40分，具體的操作流程和評分標準詳見附件。

3．研究生英語水平過關考試通過標準：筆試（機考）成績不低于36分，面試成績不低于24分，總分以二項合計為準。二項成績均達標才能獲得研究生學位英語課程成績，并獲2學分。

4．研究生英語水平過關考試補考：（1）若研究生英語面試成績24分以下，筆試成績36分以下，表示筆試（機考）及面試二項測試均達不到過關要求，重新參加下一輪的研究生英語網(wǎng)上選課及考試；（2）若研究生英語面試成績24分以下，筆試成績36分以上（含36分），表示未通過研究生英語水平過關考試中的面試部分。系統(tǒng)將保留筆試成績，研究生需再次參加日常的英語教學班及面試部分補考，若面試補考通過，則總成績=補考后的面試分 +原筆試分，并獲得研究生英語學分。（3）若研究生英語面試成績24分以上（含24分），筆試成績36分以下，表示末通過研究生英語過關考試中的筆試部分。系統(tǒng)將保留面試成績，研究生不用參加日常的英語教學班及面試考試，只需參加研究生英語過關考試中的筆試部分（具體報名時間見網(wǎng)上通知），若筆試補考通過，則總成績=補考后的筆試分+原面試分，并獲得學分。（4）在學期間仍未通過學校研究生英語考試的研究生，也可以不參加學校的研究生英語教學及考試，直接參加大學英語六級、托福、雅思等考試，達到學校規(guī)定的免修分數(shù)線，在以后的學期初上網(wǎng)申請研究生英語免修，并在規(guī)定時間內到研究生培養(yǎng)處現(xiàn)場確認英語免修，獲得學分。

三、關于專業(yè)外語、基礎英語二外

博士研究生（含直接攻博研究生）要求指定選修1門專業(yè)外語，專業(yè)外語由所在學院、學科、導師根據(jù)實際需要靈活安排。

基礎英語二外只供小語種一外（德、日、法、俄）的研究生選修，其中小語種一外的博士研究生必修。

附件：研究生英語面試操作流程、評分標準

研究生培養(yǎng)處

二○一○年二月二十二日

附件：研究生英語面試操作流程、評分標準

一、面試組成部分

面試總分為40分，由二部分組成：平時分（10分）＋口試分（30分）。平時分由任課教師決定，口試分以參加口試的三位教師給分的平均值為準。考生的最終面試成績由學校研究生英語教學組在統(tǒng)籌全校各班成績（包括平時分、口試分、總分等）的基礎上進行微調確定。

二、平時分具體內容及評分標準（總分10分）

到課率 4

上臺演講表現(xiàn) 3

課堂參與活動表現(xiàn)

3三、口試操作流程

1．每個學生的口試先后順序由各班任課教師在秋季或春季面授課的最后一次確定；同時任課教師給出一系列主題，由學生抽簽選擇，教師登記每個學生的口試主題；

2．每個學生在口試前必須準備好自己所抽中主題的大約5分鐘的PPT展示；

3．口試教師由三人組成，考核程序如下：

（1）每個學生單獨進行口試，學生自我介紹和教師的熱身問題1分鐘；

（2）學生在規(guī)定的5分鐘內展示和解說自己準備好的PPT；

（3）三位教師針對PPT和學生的解說提出問題，一般來說，每位教師都必須提出問題，學生當場進行回答，提問時間大約為10分鐘；

4．教師在口試統(tǒng)一評分標準基礎上，給出各自的分數(shù)，每位教師都應認真參照評分標準進行打分，并簽字。考生的口試分為三位教師給分的平均值；

5．在不影響考試進程的基礎上，允許其他考生進入面試考場觀看考試過程，做到考試的公開性和公正性；

四、口試具體內容及評分標準（總分30分）

口試包括三部分內容：自我介紹/熱身；PPT展示講解；自由問答。具體評分標準如下：

第一部分：自我介紹/熱身（總分5分）

5分 3分 1分

發(fā)音（指語音語調、語氣、重音、聲音大?。╇m有母語痕跡，但發(fā)音清晰，易懂，流暢，抑揚頓挫。由于母語痕跡使某些詞不易懂，有些讀音錯誤，但基本還能讓人明白。發(fā)音古怪，讀音錯誤嚴重，語調生硬，不流暢，讓人聽不懂。

準確性（指語法、用詞和說話方式）語法雖有個別錯誤，但基本能清楚表達意思，句子結構較復雜，詞匯豐富。語法錯誤較多，有些意思表達不清，句子簡單，用詞單調，但對熟悉話題還是能夠表述。表達令人費解，基本語法和句子結構出錯，缺乏用于交流的詞匯。

流利度（指表達語速、句式變化等）偶有停頓，總體流暢，句式變化長短適中。時有停頓，基本流利，句式簡短。停頓很多，表達磕巴，句子破碎。

交流能力（指談話方式、語言反應力和靈活性等）能對老師的提問迅速反應，偶有提示即能

領會意思，并流暢切題地予以回答。有時需要老師提示才能明白問題，回答問題時不流利，簡單，但基本切題。需要老師幾番提示才能明白問題，不能及時回答問題，甚至答非所問。

第二部分：PPT展示講解（總分10分）

7—10分 4—6分 1—3分

PPT編寫展示 PPT內容語言錯誤少，編排清晰，要點突出，視覺效果好。PPT內容語言錯誤較多，但編排還算合理，視覺效果一般。PPT內容語言錯誤嚴重，編排簡單潦草，有時令人費解。

發(fā)音（指語音語調、語氣、重音、聲音大?。╇m有母語痕跡，但發(fā)音清晰，易懂，流暢，抑揚頓挫。由于母語痕跡使某些詞不易懂，有些讀音錯誤，但基本還能讓人明白。發(fā)音古怪，讀音錯誤嚴重，語調生硬，不流暢，讓人聽不懂。

準確性（指語法、用詞和說話方式）語法雖有個別錯誤，但基本能清楚表達意思，句子結構較復雜，詞匯豐富。語法錯誤較多，有些意思表達不清，句子簡單，用詞單調，但對熟悉話題還是能夠表述。表達令人費解，基本語法和句子結構出錯，缺乏用于交流的詞匯。

流利度（指表達語速、句式變化等）偶有停頓，總體流暢，句式變化長短適中。時有停頓，基本流利，句式簡短。停頓很多，表達磕巴，句子破碎。

注：講解PPT時，不可以照著PPT內容或對著稿紙逐字進行宣讀，如考生違反規(guī)定，口試教師有權終止考生的PPT講解部分，甚至考生的后續(xù)口試。

第三部分：自由問答(總分15分)

12—15分 7—11分 1—6分

發(fā)音（指語音語調、語氣、重音、聲音大?。╇m有母語痕跡，但發(fā)音清晰，易懂，流暢，抑揚頓挫。由于母語痕跡使某些詞不易懂，有些讀音錯誤，但基本還能讓人明白。發(fā)音古怪，讀音錯誤嚴重，語調生硬，不流暢，讓人聽不懂。

準確性（指語法、用詞和說話方式）語法雖有個別錯誤，但基本能清楚表達意思，句子結構較復雜，詞匯豐富。語法錯誤較多，有些意思表達不清，句子簡單，用詞單調，但對熟悉話題還是能夠表述。表達令人費解，基本語法和句子結構出錯，缺乏用于交流的詞匯。

流利度（指表達語速、句式變化等）偶有停頓，總體流暢，句式變化長短適中。時有停頓，基本流利，句式簡短。停頓很多，表達磕巴，句子破碎。

交流能力（指談話方式、語言反應力和靈活性等）能對老師的提問迅速反應，偶有提示即能領會意思，并流暢切題地予以回答。有時需要老師提示才能明白問題，回答問題時不流利，簡單，但基本切題。需要老師幾番提示才能明白問題，不能及時回答問題，甚至答非所問。

改變文字大?。捍?中 小 | 打印 | 關閉

第二篇：研究生英語考試題型..

2012級研究生英語考試題型及復習要點

一、選擇題（20%）

1.選擇適合的詞或詞組使句子完整。（10%）參考課文A 詞匯練習。

2.選擇適合的詞與句中劃線詞或詞組意思相同或相近。（10%）參考課文A。

二、填空題(10%)

主要用小品詞（particle)填空使句中的短語完整。參考課文A

三、改錯（10%）

語法，詞匯錯誤，指出并改正。參考課文A。

四、翻譯（30%）

每單元課文A抽一句。長短不一。

五、短文分析（30%，每篇短文6%）

短文主題分別涉及男女差異、英語未來、國際經濟、知識產權、艾滋病等。其中一篇來自學過的課文A中的片段，其余四篇來自網(wǎng)絡。要求根據(jù)短文內容，回答提出的問題，闡明自己的觀點。每篇短文分析不能少于100單詞。

第三篇：河南大學研究生學位英語考試復習題

1.he thinks he can learn skills from good habbies 2.Stephen learns to be systematic from his hobby

3.Roy's real interest in fishing is sitting alone and doing nothing

4.The farmer has held on to his hobby even though he met with great difficulties 5.She thinks every addiction is as bad as the other

1.Husband and wife

2.A vacation is even more exhusting 3.The woman is packing for her bus tour 4.The bus was too worn out and uncomfortable 5.3 hours or so

1.He is at a job interview 2.He suggests the woman keep trying until she gets it right 3.To receive assistance from the teacher 4.He wants to keep learning all his life 5.The man's idea is not feasible at all

1.The woman is unhappy about too many advertiseements on Tv 2.He is interested in the history of cities shown in pictures 3.It is about personality evident in an individual's gestures 4.The man is a Brazilian 5.He wants to make his baby stronger

1.She didn't go to the party yesterday

2.The engine started as soon as they got on the plane 3.Jason can take the test on another day 4.Cheer up and you would be able to get a job soon 5.He was criticized by the woman's mother all the way.1.How to protect water and trees in nature 2.It is a good idea for people to make voluntary contributions 3.Louisiana tornado killed 50 people

4.He feels it necessaryto use animals in medical researches 5.The two speakers have different opinions about the biggest pollution problem

1.Michael jordan is both a person's name and a trademark 2.He is a successful businessman

3.He succeeded quickly by working hard

4.Yao ming's team should not have lost in the first round 5.A way to keep energetic in life

英譯漢

1.But today fewer of us do our living in that one place;more of us just use it for sleeping.Now we call our towns “bedroom suburbs,” and many of us, without small children as icebreakers, would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然而，如今的情況是居住和工作都在同一個地方的人極少，對更多的人來說家成了一個僅僅用來睡覺的地方。我們的居住地被叫做“近郊居住區(qū)”，由于沒有了孩子像過去那樣起到溝通鄰里關系的作用，許多人感到要叫出跟我們同住一條街的所有人的名字來是件不容易的事。

It’s not that we are more isolated today.It’s that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships, a major portion of our everyday social lives, from home to office.As more of our neighbors work away from home, the workplace becomes our neighborhood.這不是說我們今天被分得更開了，而是好多人已經把部分的友誼和大部分的日常社交生活從家里轉移到了辦公室。隨著越來越多的人走出家門去工作，工作的地方就變成了我們的街區(qū)。

If our offices are our new neighborhoods, if our professional titles are our new ethnic tags, then how do we separate ourselves from our jobs? Self-worth isn’t just something to measure in the marketplace, But in these new communities, it becomes harder to tell who we are without saying what we do.如果辦公室真的徹底變成我們的社區(qū)，如果我們的所從事的行業(yè)真的徹底變成我們的種族印記，那我們怎樣才能把自己和工作區(qū)分開來呢？自我價值并不是只有在市場環(huán)境中得到體現(xiàn)的。但是在這些新的社區(qū)中，如果不先說明我們是從事哪行哪業(yè)的，就越來越難以說清楚我們究竟是誰。

2.Recently the Washington Post printed an article explaining how the appliance manufacturers plan to drive consumer insane.最近《華盛頓郵報》刊登了一篇文章，解釋家用電器制造商是如何謀劃把消費者逼瘋的。

Of course they don’t say they want to drive us insane.What they say they want to do is have us live in homes where “all appliances are on the Internet, sharing information” and appliances will be “smarter than most of their owners.” For example, the article states, you could have a home where the dishwasher “can be turned on from the office” and the refrigerator “knows when it’s out of milk” and the bathroom scale “transmits your weight to the gym.”

當然制造商們并沒有說他們想把我們逼瘋，他們說他們想做的是讓我們生活在“所有電器通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)實現(xiàn)信息共享”的住宅里。而這些電器比“大多數(shù)主人聰明的多”。例如，文章說到你可以擁有這樣一個家：洗碗機“可以從你辦公室啟動”，電冰箱“知道何時牛奶喝完了”，浴室磅秤可以“把你的體重傳送到健身房”。漢譯英

1.對自己有耐心。人們常問，“什么時候這種可怕的痛苦才會結束？”專家們反對時間期限的限制?！按篌w上，你少則需要6個月才能開始感覺好點，”阿若諾夫說?！耙灿锌赡荛L達一年，或是兩年。這很大程度上取決于你的性格、周圍親友的支持、以及是否得到幫助并借此戰(zhàn)勝痛苦?！?/p>

Be patient with Yourself.People often ask , “When will this terrible pain stop?” Experts resist being pinned down to time frames.“Roughly, it’s a minimum of six months before you even start to feel better,” says Aronoff.“And it can be as long as a year, possibly two.A lot depends on disposition, the support within your environment, and if you get help and work on it.”

因此，對自己寬容些。認識到你將需要一定的時間，而且你自己的康復節(jié)奏可能和別人不一樣。在走出悲痛中每前進一步都要祝賀自己：“我還活著，我已經撐到現(xiàn)在了。”

So, be easy on yourself.Recognize that you’ll need time, and that your own pace of recovery may not fit with that of others.Congratulate yourself at each step through grief: I’m still here, I’ve made it this far!2.人生最大的成就通常是靠簡單的方法和運用一般的才干獲得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的憂慮、各種不可避免之事和種種職責提供了取得最好經驗的充足機會；生活中走得最多的老路給誠實的工作者以充分努力的機會和自我改進的空間。人類幸福之路就是堅定不移地沿著做好事的大道前進；那些最堅毅而又是最誠摯地工作的人常常是最成功的人。

The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities.The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind;and its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement.The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing;and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest spirit, will usually be the most successful.

第四篇：南昌大學研究生英語考試題目及參考答案

南昌大學2009 年英語考試試卷 FINAL TEST & KEY :

翻譯四題，英漢、漢英翻譯各2題，每題10分，summary 15 分，作文20分

1.It is found that all people who travel in foreign countries can be found judging what they see, hear and eat according to

their own habits and customs.People who have read a lot about foreign countries are usually more adaptable and tolerant, but this is because their minds have already been broadened before they start traveling.But reality makes things difficult.Actually physical contact with things one is not used to is much more difficult to bear philosophically.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，所有在國外旅行的人都根據(jù)他們自己的風俗習慣來評價他們的所見所聞和他們所吃的東西。凡是廣泛閱讀有關外國情況的書刊的人，他們往往比較能適應，比較寬容，這是因為他們在開始旅行之前，他們的心胸以及比較開闊了。但是一旦接觸到現(xiàn)實，事情就難辦了。人們在直接接觸到自己不習慣的事物時，要容忍，諒解就難得多了。

2.Although color television and video recording are gaining greater popularity and may be threatening the future of the

movies, motion pictures in the United States have somewhat managed to cope with the crisis in the 70’s and remain one of the favorite forms of entertainment of the people.Besides motion picture theaters all over the country, there are about 4,000 “drivers-in”, where people sit in their own cars, watching domestic or foreign films.雖然彩色電視和磁帶錄像日益普及，可能威脅到電影業(yè)的前途，但美國電影已在某種程度上克服了其70年代的危機。如今仍是一種人們喜愛的娛樂方式?，F(xiàn)在美國除了遍及各地的電影院之外，大約還有四千個汽車電影場，人們在那里可以坐在自己的汽車中觀看國內外電影。

3.就某種程度而言，這并不是什么新鮮事：一些教授潛心學術，不善交際，猶如一座封閉的孤島。他們與書本在一

起比與人在一起感到更自在。但是這種新型的貧困進一步擴大了教師與學生之間的鴻溝。因為即使有些教授愿意與學生在一起，他們也沒有那么多的時間。他們也在超負荷地工作。

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people.But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students don’t have as much time to spend.They also overexerting.4.工人和雇員感到焦慮，不僅因為他們有可能會失業(yè)（而且分期付款的期限也到了），而且還因為他們無法從生活

中獲得任何真正的滿足和樂趣。他們從生到死都不曾正視過人類生存的基本現(xiàn)實—人應該是在情感上和智力上富有創(chuàng)造力的，真實而獨立的人。

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find out job(and with installment payment due);they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually productive, authentic and independent human beings.5.summary :（09年考的是寫讀后感，2010年改成是根據(jù)原文意思寫一篇大約100 Words summary）

Charlie Chaplin with his bowler hat, cane, and overlarge shoes was a genius and the most popular comic creator of all times.He spent his miserable childhood in the London slums.It was this world of his suffering youth that he often transformed with his imagination onto the movie screen.Charlie was not afraid to deal with controversial subjects in his films, shortly after the American troops returned from World WarⅠ, he released a film that parodied war and it was well received.Two other subjects that he parodied in his films were capitalism and the inhuman destruction of the machine age.

第五篇：太原理工大學研究生英語考試翻譯資料

1.Alienation 疏離

By alienation is meant a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself as an alien.He has become, one might say, estranged from himself.He does not experience himself as the center of his world, as the creator of his own acts — but his acts and their consequences have become his masters, whom he obeys, or whom he may even worship.The alienated person is out of touch with himself as he is out of touch with other person.He, like the others, is experienced as things are experienced;with the senses and with common sense, but at the same time without being related to oneself and to the world outside positively.Erich Fromm(1900 — 1980)： The Sane Society 疏離

疏離，指的是人在體驗自己時，把自己視為外人的一種體驗模式。有人說，這是自己疏遠了自己。這種人不覺得自己是個人世界的中心，不認為自己的行為是自己所做的，相反地，行為和行為的后果才是他的主宰，他必須服從甚至崇拜。疏離的人疏遠自己，就好像是他在疏遠別人一樣。他就像其他人，別人對他的感受方式和人們對事物的感受方式一樣；他用感官和常識來體驗，卻無法同時與自己或外在世界產生明確的關聯(lián)。

德國精神分析學家及社會哲學家弗羅姆：《健全的社會》

2.Beauty 美

The ancients called beauty the flowering of virtue.Who can analyze the nameless charm which glances from one and another face and form? We are touched with emotions of tenderness and complacency, but we cannot find whereat this dainty emotion, this wandering gleam, points.It is destroyed for the imagination by any attempt to refer it to organization.Nor does it point to any relations of friendship or love known and described in society, but, as it seems to me, to a quite other and unattainable sphere, to relations of transcendent delicacy and sweetness, to what roses and violets hint and foreshow.We cannot approach beauty.Its nature is like opaline doves'-neck luster, hovering and evanescent.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Essays美

古人說，“美”是品德之花。瞥視它的容貌樣子，誰能說明那種難以言喻的魅力呢？我們因溫和滿足之情而動容，但我們無法得知這種恍惚閃光般的雅興究竟指向何方。如果想把美整理出個條理，就會破壞了美的想象。美也不在表現(xiàn)社會所說的友誼或愛情的關系，在我看來，美所呈現(xiàn)的是一個迥然不同且無法企及的領域，指出一種超越性的感覺和甜蜜的關系，說明玫瑰和紫羅蘭所暗示或預示的是什么。我們無法接近美。美的本質猶如鴿子頸項上的乳白光澤，飄忽即逝。

美國散文家、哲學家及詩人愛默生：《文集》

3.Childhood 童年

Childhood is less clear to me than to many people: when it ended I turned my face away from it for no reason that I know about, certainly without the usual reason of unhappy memories.For many years that worried me, but then I discovered that the tales of former children are seldom to be trusted.Some people supply too many past victories or pleasures with which to comfort themselves, and other people cling to pains, real and imagined, to excuse what they have become.I think I have always know about my memory.I know when it is to be trusted and when some dream or fantasy entered on the life, and the dream, the need of dream, led to distortion of what happened.And so I knew early that the rampage angers of an only child were distorted nightmares of reality.But I trust absolutely what I remember about Julia.Lillian Hellman(1905 — 1984)： Julia

童年

我小時候的記憶比許多人模糊：不知道為什么，童年一結束，我就別過臉去，但我知道決不是因為有著痛苦回憶這種常見的原因。關于這一點，多年來便困擾著我，但后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)，舊時兒事，通常不足以為信。有些人搬出好些昔日的盛事趣事來聊以自慰，有些人則念念不忘或真實或想象而來的痛苦，把它當成自己何以變得如此 1的口實。

我想我一向清楚自己的記性，知道那一段時間的記憶是可以相信的，明白生活中在何時又摻進了夢想或幻想。做過的夢和對夢想的需要，扭曲了發(fā)生的事件。我也很早就了解到，獨生子之所以大吵大鬧，是做惡夢之后所扭曲的結果。然而，對于茱麗亞的回憶，我百分之百相信是確實無誤的。

美國女作家莉蓮·海爾曼：《茱麗亞》

4.Cities and City Life 都市與都市生活

Living in cities is an art, and we need the vocabulary of art, of style, to describe the peculiar relationship between man and material that exists in the continual creative play of urban living.The city as we imagine it, then, soft of illusion, myth, aspiration, and nightmare, is as real, maybe more real, than the hard city one can locate on maps in statistics, in monographs on urban sociology and demography and architecture.Jonathan Raban: Soft City

都市與都市生活

生活在都市里是一門藝術，我們需要藝術和時尚的詞匯，才能描繪存在于日新月異的都市生活中的人類與物質之間的獨特關系。于是我們想象的都市，充滿了柔性的幻想、神話和夢魘。這樣的城市，比起可按統(tǒng)計值繪制在地圖上、可在都市社會學、人口學、建筑學專著中見到的那種生硬城市，都是同樣真實的，甚或更加真實。

英國作家喬納森·拉班：《柔性城市》

5.Declaration of Independence 獨立宣言

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.That , to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Thomas Jefferson(1743 — 1826)

獨立宣言

我們認為以下的真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主賦予每個人一些不可剝奪的權力，包括生命、自由和追求幸福的權力。政府的成立乃是為了保障這些權力，政權則由人民授權而來。對于無法保障這些全力的政府，人民有權改變或廢除，進而建立新政府，并采取此原則為基礎，以此方式組織權力，因為這是最有可能實現(xiàn)安全與幸福的方法。

美國第三屆總統(tǒng)托馬斯·杰斐遜（1776）

6.Difference of Opinion 意見分歧(考的可能性不大)

One lesson we learn early, that in spite of seeming difference, men are all of one pattern.We readily assume this with our mates, and are disappointed and angry if we find that we are premature, and that their watches are slower than ours.In fact, the only sin which we never forgive in each other is difference of opinion.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803 — 1882): Society and Solitude

意見分歧

我們很早就學到了這一課：人在表面上盡管有所差異，實際上卻都是一個樣子。我們就是這樣假設我們的伙伴的，所以如果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己來的早了，發(fā)現(xiàn)別人的表走得比較慢，我們就會失望和生氣。事實上，我們永遠無法互相原諒的惟一過錯，就是意見有所分歧。

美國散文家、哲學家及詩人愛默生：《社會與孤寂》

7.The Sympathy of Nature 大自然的惻隱之心

Such was the sympathy of Nature — that wild, heathen Nature of the forest, never subjugated by human law, nor illuminated by higher truth…Love, whether newly born, or aroused from a death-like slumber, must always create a sunshine, filling the heart so full radiance, that it overflows upon the

outward world.Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804 — 1864)： The Scarlet Letter 大自然的惻隱之心

這是大自然的惻隱之心——森林那種野性、未開化的大自然模樣，從未受制于人類法律，也未曾受過高深真理的啟迪……愛，無論是初生的，或是從死亡般的沉睡中蘇醒過來的，總會產生一道陽光，讓內心充滿光芒，流溢到外在世界。

美國作家霍桑：《紅字》

8.England and the English 英格蘭與英國人

There is nothing so sad or so good that you will not find an Englishman doing it;but you will never find an Englishman in the wrong.He does everything on principle.He fights you on patriotic principles;he robs you on business principles;he enslaves you on imperial principles;he bullies you on manly principles;he supports his king on loyal principles and cuts off his king's head on republican principles.His watchword is always Duty;and he never forgets that the nation which lets its duty get on the opposite side to its interest is lost.George Bernard Shaw(1856 — 1950)： Napoleon 英格蘭與英國人

你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，英國人所做的事，要么極壞，要么極好，可是呢，你就是不會發(fā)現(xiàn)他 22理虧。他們做什么都是有有原則的。和你打仗時，他們根據(jù)愛國原則；搶劫你的時候，根據(jù)商業(yè)原則；奴役你的時候，根據(jù)帝國主義原則；欺負你的時候，根據(jù)男子漢原則；支持皇室嘛，根據(jù)忠誠原則；把國王的頭砍掉呢，則是依據(jù)共和體制原則。他的口號都是“責任”，而且他也從沒忘記過，讓責任變得違背利益的那個國家已經消失了。

愛爾蘭劇作家、小說家及評論家瀟伯納：《拿破侖》

9.Experience 經驗

Experience is not a matter of having actually swum the Hellespont, or danced with the dervishes, or slept in a doss-house.It is a matter of sensibility and intuition, of seeing and hearing the significant things, of paying attention at the right moments, of understanding and coordinating.Experience is not what happens to a man;it is what a man does with happens to him.Aldous Huxley(1894 — 1963)： Texts and Pretexts

經驗

經驗這件事嘛，并非是真的要去泅渡海勒斯海峽，要去和托缽僧共舞，或是去投宿廉價客棧。經驗一事乃是關乎感覺和本能，在看到和聽說了有意義的事情時，能夠在恰當時刻留意到并且有所領悟和協(xié)調。經驗，并不是指人遇到了什么，而是指人如何處理所遇到的事情。

英國作家奧爾德斯·赫胥黎：《正題與藉口》

10.The Four Freedoms 四大自由

In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.The first is freedom of speech and expression everywhere in the world.The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way everywhere in the world.The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world.The fourth is freedom from fear — which, translated into world terms, means a worldwide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor — anywhere in the world.Franklin D.Roosevelt(1882 — 1945)： January 6, 1941, one of annual messages to Congress 四大自由

在我們力求安定德未來日子里，我們期待一個以人類四大基本自由為基礎的世界。

?世界各地都有言論與表達的自由。

?世界各地人人都有用自己的方式來崇拜上帝的自由。

?有免于匱乏的自由，用世俗的話來說，亦即在經濟上保障世界各國的居民都能夠擁有健康和平的生活。?有免于恐懼的自由，用世俗的話來說，亦即徹底地世界性裁減軍備以至于世界上任何地方的任何國家都無法侵犯任何鄰國。

美國第三十二屆總統(tǒng)羅斯福：1941年1月6日致國會咨文

11.Hate 仇恨

There is no hate without fear.Hate is crystallized fear, fear's dividend, fear objectivized.We hate what we fear and so where hate is, fear is lurking.Thus we hate what threatens our person, our vanity and our dreams and plans for ourselves.If we can isolate this element in what we hate we may be able to cease from hating.Cyril Connolly(1903 — 1974)： The Unquiet Grave

仇恨

仇恨之中必有恐懼。仇恨是恐懼的結晶、附屬品和客體化。我們討厭我們所害怕的東西，所以有恨的地方，就潛伏著恐懼。也因此，我們討厭會威脅我們的人身、自由、隱私、收入、聲望、虛榮、夢想或是個人計劃的東西。如果我們能夠在仇恨之中濾出恐懼的因素，或許我們就不會再有仇恨了。

英國作家康諾利：《不平靜的墳墓》

12.Idleness 懶散

Idleness predominates in many lives where it is not suspected;for, being a vice which terminates in itself, it may be enjoyed without injury to others;and it is therefore not watched like fraud, which endangers property;or like pride, which naturally seeks its gratifications in another's inferiority.Idleness is a silent and peaceful quality, that neither raises envy by ostentation, nor hatred by opposition;and therefore nobody is busy to censure or detect it.Samuel Johnson(1709 — 1784)： Idleness

懶散

懶散這種惡習僅限于個人人可以懶散卻不會傷害到別人，也因此，它在不覺中主宰著許多人的生活。懶散看起來并不像會危及財產的詐騙行為，也不像驕傲那樣，藉由別人的劣勢來獲取自己的滿足感。懶散具有靜默安詳?shù)奶匦裕粫驗橘u弄而惹人嫉妒，也不會因為反對什么而招致怨恨，所以沒有人忙于非難或盤查它。

英國詩人及評論家塞繆爾·約翰遜：《懶散》

13.科學就是探求真理。在探求真理的過程中，人們對客觀規(guī)律的認識要經過艱苦曲折的過程。常常有這樣的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握資料的差異，認識方法的不同，就會出現(xiàn)“橫看成嶺側成峰，遠近高低各不同”的情況，以至引起學術上的爭論。因此，有作為的科學工作者都把反對的意見看作對自己的莫大的幫助，把對自己的批評當作最珍貴的友誼。正如歌德所說，“我們贊同的東西使我們處之泰然，我們反對的東西才使我們的思想獲得豐產?！边@都是因為，贊同的意見未必正確，反對的意見未必錯誤。退一步說，即使錯誤的反對意見，對自己的科學研究也是很有好處的。

Science means the exploration of truth.In the process of exploring truth, people will have to experience tremendous hardships and difficulties before they can come to understand the objective laws.It is often the case that the differences in the research perspectives, the materials mastered, and the ways of understanding would lead to totally different results-as we might say, “a mountain becomes a hill when viewed horizontally and a ridge when viewed vertically, and it assumes totally different shapes when viewed from a short or a long distance, or from a high or a low position.”-and even lead to academic disputes.Therefore, an accomplished scientist would regard opposing arguments as his most tremendous benefit and take others' criticism of him as the most precious friendship that he can ever obtain.In Gothe's words, “We take for granted what we are in favor of.However, only what we are opposed to can enrich our thoughts.” This is all because the approving opinions are not necessarily justified while the opposing arguments are not necessarily unfounded.To put it in the least way, even the opposing arguments that are mistaken will be immensely beneficial to one's own scientific research.14.中國將堅定不移地奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策，繼續(xù)加強同發(fā)展中國家的團結合作，同它們一道維護發(fā)展中國家正當合理的權益。同時，我們要進一步致力于穩(wěn)定周邊、鞏固睦鄰友好。我們還將不斷地充實與各個大

國已經建立或正在建立的未來關系框架的內涵。我們將更積極地參與國際事務和各種多邊外交活動，堅決反對霸權主義、強權政治，推動在世界上建立公平合理、平等互利的國際政治、經濟新秩序。

China will unswervingly observe the independent and peaceful foreign policy.It will continue to reinforce its solidarity and cooperation with the developing countries in the world and, together with them, to safeguard the just and reasonable rights of the developing countries.At the same time, we will be further committed to stabilizing our peripheral areas and to consolidating the harmonious friendship with our neighboring countries.We will also make continued efforts to enrich the implications of the framework of the future relations that have been established or that are being established with all the major countries of the world.We will take more positive steps to participate in international affairs and in various kinds of multilateral diplomatic activities.China will remain firm in its opposition to hegemonism, power politics and will endeavor to promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order that is fair, reasonable, equal and reciprocally beneficial.15.中國是一個人口眾多、資源相對不足的發(fā)展中國家。中國將繼續(xù)深化改革，擴大開放，堅 定不移地發(fā)展社會主義市場經濟，走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，合理利用和保護資源。中國愿一如既往 地積極參與國際資源環(huán)境合作，與世界各國一道，為實現(xiàn)人類社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展而攜手奮進。

China is a developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources.China will continue to deepen the reform, widen the opening-up, develop the socialist market economy unswervingly, take the road of sustainable development, and rationally use and protect its resources.China will, as usual, take an active part in international cooperation for the development of resources and environment protection, and join hands with all other countries in the world in advancing boldly to achieve the sustainable development of human society

16.2008年9月以來，世界經濟遭受了上世紀大蕭條以來最為嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。各國紛紛采取措施，應對國際金融危機的嚴重沖擊。中國政府及時果斷調整宏觀經濟政策，實施積極的財政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，迅速出臺促進經濟平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的一攬子計劃，對緩解經濟運行中的突出矛盾、增強信心、穩(wěn)定預期，發(fā)揮了重要作用。這個一攬子計劃最直接、最重要的目標，是扭轉經濟增速下滑趨勢、保持經濟平穩(wěn)較快增長，并力求解決制約中國經濟發(fā)展的結構性問題，加快轉變發(fā)展方式，全面提升各種生產要素的質量和水平，為中國經濟長遠發(fā)展打下更加牢固的基礎。

Since last September, the world economy has run into the most serious challenges ever since the Great Depression of the last century.Countries around the world have taken steps to cope with the severe impact of the global financial crisis.In the face of the crisis, the Chinese Government made swift and decisive adjustments to its macroeconomic policies.We adopted a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy, and put in place a package plan to ensure steady and relatively fast economic growth.These measures have proved essential for easing major problems in the economy, shoring up confidence and stabilizing expectations.The most immediate and important goal of our package plan is to reverse the economic downturn and maintain steady and relatively fast growth.It is also designed to address structural problems constraining China's economic development, speed up the transformation of growth pattern and raise the quality and performance of factors of production in order to lay a more solid foundation for China's economic growth in the long run.17.進入 21 世紀，經濟全球化、信息網(wǎng)絡化，已經把世界連成一體，文化的發(fā)展將不再是各 自封閉的，而是在相互影響中多元共存。一個國家、一個民族對人類文化貢獻的大小，越來越 取決于她吸收外來文化的能力和自我更新的能力。中國將永遠堅持開放兼容的方針，既珍視傳 統(tǒng)，又博采眾長，用文明的方式、和諧的方式實現(xiàn)經濟繁榮和社會進步。

In the 21st century, economic globalization and the information network have linked us all together.Different cultures live together and influence each other.No culture can flourish in isolation.How much a country or a nation contributes to the culture of humanity is increasingly determined by her ability to absorb foreign cultures and renew herself.That is why China will remain open and receptive, value her own traditions while drawing on others' successful experience, and achieve economic prosperity and

social progress in a civilized and harmonious way.18.00.6.24

The response of adults to the behavior of adolescents is often more strongly influenced by the adults’ own needs than by the way the adolescents are acting.The adult world clings stubbornly to social order, resistive to the young people whose questioning , risk-taking and spontaneity threaten existing arrangements.Adult fears that adolescents will escape their control, with the anxiety about unplanned change and disorderliness, lead to determined efforts to restrain young people through familial and societal regulation.The youth who searches for and attains what his parents had yearned for and then denied themselves, attacks the most vulnerable facet of adult personality----the fragile self-esteem.It is no wonder, then, that rather than an attempt at loving understanding, the parent responds with bitterness and opposition.成年人對青少年行為所做出的反應并不完全取決于他們的行為本身;成年人的反應往往是從自身需要出發(fā)。成年人恪守社會規(guī)范;反對青年人懷疑現(xiàn)狀、鋌而走險、崇尚自由以至威脅到現(xiàn)有的格局。成年人害怕青少年擺脫他們的束縛,擔心失去控制會變得一發(fā)不可收拾,因此他們通過家庭和社會兩方面的章法去約束青年人。當青年人追求并且得到了父母曾經渴望過、繼而又放棄了的東西,他們便觸及了成年人格中最薄弱之處他們的———易受傷害的自尊。難怪父母親非但不會做到努力用愛心去理解青少年,反而會對他們的行為橫加阻攔。19.04.06.20

As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification.When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled about numerous strokes.In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible.However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won’t be gained until studies of the brain have developed to the point where the function of each part of the brain is brought to light.The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question.語言學是認知科學的一個分支，在語言習得和分類方面已得到系統(tǒng)的研究和闡述。談到語言學習，西方人公認漢字的拼寫特別困難，他們對眾多的筆畫一籌莫展。在中國仍有一種錯誤的認識，認為只要幼兒盡早接觸本族語者，就能取得最佳效果。但是，只有到了大腦的研究十分發(fā)達，已揭示了大腦每一區(qū)域功能之時，人們才能對語言習得的過程有更深刻的了解。中國的家長們是否應急于讓孩子精通英語還值得商榷。