第一篇:英美文學(xué)實(shí)踐課論文
《英美文學(xué)評論》實(shí)踐課論文
《紅字》中象征手法的應(yīng)用
2007級楊濤學(xué)號:200610510106
【摘要】《紅字》使美國作家霍桑譽(yù)滿全球,也是整個美國浪漫主義小說中最有聲望的權(quán)威作品之一。作者在作品中采用的象征手法貫穿始終、無處不在,加強(qiáng)了作品的藝術(shù)效果,也使壓迫下的真、善、美更加動人。本文從紅字的多種象征意義、主要人物的人名寓意以及景物寓意等方面入手,研究《紅字》中的象征手法。
【關(guān)鍵詞】霍桑;《紅字》;象征
The Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter
【Abstract】The Scarlet Letter makes the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world.Hawthorne uses the symbolism so skillful that it enhances the artistic effects of his work greatly and makes the sincerity, kind and beauty that are under the oppression more moveable.This paper researches the symbolism in this novel from the following aspects: the changing symbolic meaning of the scarlet letter, the names of the major characters and many objects that are described in the novel to make the symbolism clear to the readers.【Key words】Hawthorne;The Scarlet Letter;Symbolism
1.引言
霍桑是美國19世紀(jì)最杰出的浪漫主義小說家。由于他所處的時代是美國浪漫主義文學(xué)在美國轟轟烈烈的時代,因此他繼承了小說創(chuàng)作中的浪漫主義傳統(tǒng)。同時他的作品寓意嚴(yán)肅,大多著力于探索人的道德和精神本性(金志平.崔國政,2003:887)。通過對《紅字》中象征手法的探討,旨在讓我們能夠更好的了解作者在小說中所要表達(dá)的主題。
2.象征
2.1 紅字的多種象征意義
沒讀過此書的人大概不知道書名“紅字”一詞的含義。就其英文本義“The Scarlet Letter”來講即紅顏色的大寫字母之意,實(shí)際指代紅色的大寫字母A(Adultery一詞的縮寫)。但這也僅僅是其書其文的表面含義,實(shí)質(zhì)其包蘊(yùn)擴(kuò)展的隱含意義卻更為開闊。海絲特胸前佩帶的紅字是本書最突出的象征之物。海絲特被迫公開佩帶紅字來表明她是一個犯了通奸罪的女人,這里紅字意為通奸(Adultery)。同時對海絲特來說,這象征這極大的恥辱。然而隨著時間的推移,這個字母的含義也發(fā)生了變化。從開始鎮(zhèn)上的人想把它作為一種懲罰來羞辱海絲特,同時起到震懾別人的作用。但由于海絲特對鎮(zhèn)上的人的關(guān)心與幫助,它漸漸
意指能干(Able),而非原來的通奸之意。到小說的后面部分,流星在天空中劃出A字。在丁梅斯代爾看來這是象征這他的罪孽。而在小鎮(zhèn)居民心中,那是天使(Angel)的象征,同時也象征著海絲特。
2.2 人名及景物的寓意
霍桑稱《紅字》是“寓言式的傳奇”??偟恼f來,它是根據(jù)故事主題,也就是它本身以及隱含的意義來設(shè)定的(張伯香.龍江,2005:85)。
首先,邢臺是象征清教的正義,或者法律的強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。此外,它還象征著真理的顯示。它在全書中出現(xiàn)三次,而通奸的罪行在這三個場景中都得到揭示。且只有在邢臺上,牧師丁梅斯代爾才獲得一種內(nèi)心的安寧。
其次,珠兒在小說中所具有的象征作用。她是海絲特活著的紅字。她經(jīng)常穿著類似紅色鮮艷的衣服,她是她母親罪行的象征。不僅是對母親的懲罰,也是對她的祝福。她所代表的不僅僅是罪行,也是造成罪行的激情與活力。
最后,小說中的人名也是具有象征意義的?!褒R靈沃爾斯”這個名字暗示該人物缺乏人性溫暖,并給丁梅斯代爾和海絲特的生活帶來寒冷?!岸∶匪勾鸂枴卑凳静磺宄⒒璋?,說明該人物性格軟弱,不夠果斷,缺乏洞察力與堅強(qiáng)的意志。“水蛭”在古英語中指外科大夫,霍桑在這里把它用作雙關(guān)語。用它的另一個意思是犧牲他人而獲得利益。
3.結(jié)論
霍桑一生都關(guān)注著諸如罪與惡這樣的道德問題。對他來說,人性本是惡的。而且這種罪惡長存與人的心中?;羯UJ(rèn)為罪過是會遭到懲罰的。在霍桑的作品中,對十九世紀(jì)的宗教控制下的思想充滿了隨處可見的矛盾。這篇他最著名的《紅字》即為鮮明的一例。對于霍桑的評價,有人說他在作品里體現(xiàn)了對于宗教的極其復(fù)雜與矛盾的心態(tài),從而體現(xiàn)在作品中,最后的結(jié)局總是帶著那種宗教式的空虛感?!都t字》是霍桑長篇小說的代表作,其故事簡短。作者卻極其精煉的使用象征和意向來表達(dá)主題,他在這一點(diǎn)上的成功恐怕很少人能與之媲美。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]常耀信.《美國文學(xué)簡史》[M].天津:南開大學(xué)出版社,1990.
[2]霍桑.《紅字》[M].北京:人民文學(xué)出版社,1991.
[3]李公昭.《20 世紀(jì)美國文學(xué)導(dǎo)論》[M].西安:西安交通大學(xué)出版社,2000.
[4]金志平.崔國政.《中外文學(xué)名家名著詞典》[M].北京 :國際文化出版公司,2003.[5]張伯香.龍江.《英美經(jīng)典小說賞析》[M].湖北:武漢大學(xué)出版社,2005.
第二篇:英美文學(xué)選讀論文
周雪婷 英語093 090602320
英美文學(xué)論文
作為學(xué)語言學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生來說,學(xué)習(xí)不應(yīng)該拘泥于課本,而英美文學(xué)選讀這門課程給我們提供了一個可以熟悉國外文化的環(huán)境。
就如蘇老師所說:若一個學(xué)習(xí)英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生竟不知道國外的文學(xué)著作,就太土鱉了。最重要的是這門課上的比較輕松,通過電影和PPT給我們展示英美文學(xué)比較栩栩如生,并不是單純的給我們看書或者讀書,我感覺比上學(xué)期的那個英美概況學(xué)到的多很多,這些歸功于老師!對于這門課程,若在別的老師教授可能又是無聊的讀讀,但是蘇老師教的時候,即使有事也不想錯過這門精彩的一課,不是只為了看點(diǎn)電影,更重要的是覺得自己充實(shí)了,或許有些同學(xué)覺得看電影絲毫補(bǔ)充不了多少,但是我認(rèn)為電影不光可以鮮明的展示主人公的性格特點(diǎn),而且情節(jié)銜接緊湊,引人入勝。我想,不止我,我們班的所有同學(xué)都喜歡蘇老師的上課方式,一點(diǎn)都不夸張啊。
老師需要我們對這門課的建議,用辯證的角度看問題。其實(shí)有一小點(diǎn),在輕松愉快了解英美文學(xué)史的同時,我們也希望吸收點(diǎn)名家的語錄。就像那次蘇老師讓我們抄的《簡·愛》(Jane Eyre)中簡對羅切斯特說的那段話,我希望就是可以多學(xué)一點(diǎn)。不一定讓我們抄,可以推薦讓我們課后自己搜,然后汲取精華。
通過這期課程的學(xué)習(xí),《英美文學(xué)通論》通過展示異地文化使從原來的我們只模糊的知道莎士比亞到現(xiàn)在卻可以對英美文化整體概況有了大致理解。這門課程整體上增進(jìn)我們對英美文學(xué)的了解,了解了各種文學(xué)思想、題材、寫作方式等,提高了我們的藝術(shù)修養(yǎng),整體激發(fā)我們對外國文學(xué)的興趣和熱情,進(jìn)一步陶冶了我們欣賞藝術(shù)的情操。本書有兩個部分,一部分是整體概括英國文學(xué)史,而另一部分是進(jìn)一步精確闡述各個時期階段,每個典型作家的特點(diǎn),風(fēng)格等。其實(shí)每一本文學(xué)史都是一個時代的縮影,而這本文學(xué)通論也不例外。它從不同的歷史階段闡述了不同歷史時期的生活形態(tài)。從中古世紀(jì)的民族史詩到現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)時期的浪漫主義小說,從杰弗里·喬叟(Geoffrey
Chaucer)的《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)到托馬斯·哈代(Thomas Hardy)的《德伯家苔絲》(Tess of the D’Urbervilles),每一位作家,每一部作品都透露著作者的的情懷。我欣賞士比亞的挑戰(zhàn)喜劇爆滿時代的才華;我欽佩丹尼爾·笛福(Daniel Defoe)的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的始創(chuàng)之作——《魯賓遜漂流記》(Robinson Crusoe)的時代精神;我感慨拜倫和雪萊的英年早逝;我贊揚(yáng)簡·愛的追求個性自由、主張人生平等、不向人生低頭的堅強(qiáng)性格;我悲傷苔絲的悲慘命運(yùn)…… 我相信每個國家都有自己一段輝煌的文學(xué)史,并不只有中國的上下五千年源遠(yuǎn)流長的文學(xué)史。這本英美文學(xué)通論就像一枚發(fā)著光的玉,將英美文學(xué)的歷史隧道栩栩如生的展現(xiàn)在我們面前,我們邊走邊觀光著,或感慨,或唏噓,或贊嘆……
下面三篇是對《簡·愛》(Jane Eyre)、《呼嘯山莊》(Wuthering Heights)和《老人與?!罚═he old man and the sea)的觀后感。
《簡·愛》(Jane Eyre)觀后感
《簡愛》這本小說主要通過描寫簡·愛與羅切斯特的一波三折的愛情故事塑造了出身低微、生活道路曲折、受盡欺侮和白眼,卻從不低頭,堅持維護(hù)獨(dú)立自由、追求個性、主張自由、平等、不向人生低頭的堅強(qiáng)女性形象。它闡述了這樣一個主題:人生的價值=尊嚴(yán)+愛。簡·愛是個孤兒,從小寄居籬下,受盡委屈,承受著同齡人不一樣的待遇,也許就是因?yàn)檫@些,使她擁有頑強(qiáng)的和百折不屈的精神,一種不可戰(zhàn)勝的人格魅力。在羅切斯特面前,她從不因?yàn)樽约撼錾肀拔⒍械奖百v,相反,她覺得人是平等的,也應(yīng)該受到尊重,也許正是因?yàn)檫@種自尊、高尚的心靈,使得羅切斯特覺得他們是精神上可以與他平等交談,而且無可自拔的愛上她。但是她們結(jié)婚的時候,當(dāng)簡·愛得知他已有妻子時,并沒有受到金錢的誘惑而屈尊做他的情婦,而是選擇離開。這是多么難能可貴,她多么糾結(jié)的離開,在她內(nèi)心深處她是那么愛羅切斯特,但她依舊選擇離開。這種精神需要給現(xiàn)在這個社會浮躁的人,在這個“小三”泛濫的社會,尤其是女士們,在美好,富裕的生活誘導(dǎo)下,堅持自己的個人尊嚴(yán),這是簡·愛教給我們的。我想這種思想對于我們來說真的很重要,它就像導(dǎo)航燈一樣,讓我們
在這個燈紅酒綠的社會不要迷失自己,時刻掌握自己的方向。作者賦予了小說一個圓滿的結(jié)局,雖然過于完美,甚至有點(diǎn)不切實(shí)際的浪漫,但是我依然尊重作者這種對美好的生活的向往。當(dāng)今社會人的理想常常離不開金錢的幫助,人們都瘋狂地為了金錢和地位欺騙自己,寧可拋棄自己愛的人,拋棄自尊,來尋找所謂物質(zhì)上的富足,而最后變成了沒有靈魂,只有漂亮軀殼的外表。故事完美的結(jié)局也告訴我們生活并不是一直昏暗,相信明天肯定是美好的,同時也告訴我們要像簡·愛一樣堅持真愛,時刻保持善良。
《呼嘯山莊》(Wuthering Heights)觀后感
其實(shí)我并不是很喜歡呼嘯山莊的故事情節(jié),就像老師說的一樣,呼嘯山莊的故事甚至有點(diǎn)變態(tài),都是在相互的報復(fù)。但是,我們這是從普通生活的角度看待,從藝術(shù)的角度來說,這部小說展示的是畸形的生活畫面。其實(shí)每個人都有過極端的內(nèi)心想法藏在心底角落,正常人都不會做,一旦表現(xiàn)出來就變成了畸形扭曲的人性。就像這部小說一樣,作者艾米麗·勃朗特古怪、孤僻的性格,感覺也比較怪異。但是她是內(nèi)容:曠野,西風(fēng),雜草,蒼涼的落日,崎嶇的地形??這一切都似乎是一幅完美滄桑的畫。故事一開始描寫了希斯克利夫和凱瑟琳朝暮相處的童年生活,高潮就是凱瑟琳因?yàn)樘摌s、無知和林頓結(jié)婚,而希斯克利夫出走,終于在發(fā)達(dá)之后開始回來復(fù)仇。最后一階段希斯克利夫的死亡,而哈里頓和凱蒂的相愛最終恢復(fù)了正常的人性。希斯克利夫的感情變化;愛—恨—復(fù)仇是貫穿整個小說的始終。艾米麗將所有的感情都賦予了這個受苦的棄兒身上,或愛,或恨。最后希斯克利夫臨死前放棄了下一代身上報復(fù)的念頭,表明了他的本性還是善良的,只是由于殘酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)扭曲了他的天性,迫使他變得殘酷無情。我之所以一樣的欣賞這部小說,不僅因?yàn)樽髡擢?dú)特的思想性格,還有哥特式的渲染氣息。有些場景看起來氣氛壓抑,令人恐懼。窗外是凹凸不平的荒野,光線很昏暗,風(fēng)呼呼的把窗簾吹起來,枯枝忽然伸進(jìn)窗內(nèi)??整個畫面多少有點(diǎn)怪異,回想起來都有點(diǎn)不寒而栗,但是我就喜歡那種感覺。所以我也喜歡這種電影,像《暮光之城》,《吸血鬼日記》等,但是《呼嘯山莊》是這類文學(xué)的鼻祖,因此我特別欽佩艾米
麗的才華,一個與外界沒有多少交集的人竟然有這些細(xì)膩的思想和非凡的藝術(shù),真的很欽佩。
《老人與海》(The old man and the sea)觀后感
小時候就讀過《老人與?!罚强赡鼙容^小,并不知道它的真諦,只是覺得就是一個普通的故事。時間從指縫間流逝,現(xiàn)在我忽然覺得這部作品很偉大!海明威(ErnestHemingway)用他的筆向我們詮釋了一個硬漢子的特征:面對大海,他從不畏懼,對他向往的理想義無反顧的追求,即使遇到了兇猛的鯊魚,他依然搏斗,直到筋疲力盡,拖著大馬林魚的魚骨架回到岸上。雖然表面上,老人是個被鯊魚打敗的失敗者,恰恰相反,他用自己的魚骨架向人們證明他完全是個勝利者。這個故事給我留下最深刻的印象是這樣一句話:But a man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed, but not defeat.他沒有多少豪言壯志,也沒有多少飽讀詩書,這樣的話只能是一個人高尚靈魂的傾訴。人生的旅途上,不可能一帆風(fēng)順,等待我們更多的是荊棘的困難、險阻,因?yàn)槲覀兌荚谏钪?,也有很多無奈,難過的時候,迷惘地時候,失落的時候,想想《老人與海》中的圣地亞哥,心就會豁達(dá)了許多。這部小說就像潛伏在心底的一輪太陽,在你低谷的時候,它忽然為你照亮前面的路。有時候,就是這樣,為了自己的理想,在困難面前,需要拿出想圣地亞哥這樣的鐵漢子精神,執(zhí)著、剛強(qiáng)、勇敢、毫不畏懼,只有這樣,才能真正的駕馭自己命運(yùn),做自己的主人。
這門課程教給了我們遠(yuǎn)不止文學(xué)史這么簡單,在受到文學(xué)藝術(shù)熏陶的同時,我們也伴隨故事所傳達(dá)的精髓一起成長。
第三篇:英美文學(xué)
Analysis of Robinson Crusoe
2009級師范三班劉靜 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s
failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only
indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full
understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a
remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and
never lose hope.
第四篇:英美文學(xué)
術(shù)語解釋:
Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:
1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI
1591The First part of King Henry VI
1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors
1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew
1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet
1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream
***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V
1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It
1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will
In the second period:
1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well
160416051606Antony and Cleopatra
1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens
1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre
In the third period:
1609Cymbeline, King of Britain
1610The Winter’s Tale
1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII
7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄學(xué)派詩人)
John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1
out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻畫人物。
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說,作品的主題是通過對主人公魯濱孫的成功刻畫,歌頌資本主義上升時期那種不畏艱難和困苦,充滿野心和冒險精神,富有百折不撓,頑強(qiáng)毅力和斗志,依靠自己的雙手改變一切、創(chuàng)造一切的自我奮斗和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨擊當(dāng)時英國的議會政治和反動的宗教勢力,通過描寫格列佛四次遇險,寫出了作者看透了當(dāng)代的腐敗,以諷刺的方法,抨擊了當(dāng)時腐敗的社會。Attack the Britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
Transcendentalism是美國浪漫主義最高潮時期的體驗(yàn),認(rèn)為世間萬物都是平等的。
Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.詩歌鑒賞
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否將你比作夏天?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美麗溫婉。
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂風(fēng)將五月的蓓蕾凋殘,And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暫。
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休戀那麗日當(dāng)空,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,轉(zhuǎn)眼會云霧迷蒙。
And every fair from fair sometime declines,休嘆那百花飄零,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于無常的天命。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫發(fā)無損。
Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也無緣將你幽禁,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的詩中長存。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩篇,So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.這詩就將不朽,永葆你的芳顏。
全詩的基本格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格(iambic pentameter),包括三個四行組(quatrain)和一個對偶句(couplet),采用典型的莎氏十四行的韻式,即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有時平淡或離奇,破壞意美
Sonnet 29
When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes當(dāng)我受盡命運(yùn)和人們的白眼,I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飄零,And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干擾聾瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顧盼著身影,詛咒自己的生辰,Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一個一樣富于希望,F(xiàn)eatured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似,又和他一樣廣交游,Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求這人的淵博,那人的內(nèi)行,With what I most enjoy contented least最賞心的樂事覺得最不對頭;
Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是,當(dāng)我正要這樣看輕自己,Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你,于是我的精神,Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破曉從陰霾的大地
From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升,高唱著圣歌在天門:
For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的愛使我那么富有,That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王換位我也不屑于屈就。
賞析:對社會、對自己的命運(yùn)的不滿和無奈。格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格(iambic pentameter).韻式,即abab
cdcd efef gg。
To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鳥 》
-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡倫·布賴恩特
Whither, 'midst falling dew,披著滴落的露珠,While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空燦爛,白日的行程就要結(jié)束;
Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿過玫瑰色的遙遠(yuǎn)空際,Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤單的前程追逐?
總結(jié):As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
Vainly the fowler's eye看你遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)飛翔而無計可施,Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鳥人的眼光徒勞眷顧;
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,滿天紅霞把你映襯,Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飄飄飛舞。
總結(jié):the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在尋找開闊的大河之濱,Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,還是波浪拍岸的水草之湖?
Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水沖刷的海灘,On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔騰起伏?
? 總結(jié):are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
There is a Power whose care有上蒼把你關(guān)照,Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在無路的海岸為你指路,The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和無邊的空際,Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤單的飄蕩不致迷途。
? 總結(jié):There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕動翅膀,At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空氣稀薄暴風(fēng)寒冷,飛在高處,Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒適的大地,Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即將緊閉它的帷幕。
總結(jié):you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就會結(jié)束這樣的勞苦,Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即將找到你夏天的住處;
And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼喚自己的伙伴,Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.蘆葦也會躬身把你的窩巢遮護(hù)。
? 總結(jié):you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will
end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身軀全被吞沒,Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深淵里,你蹤影全無;
Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的啟迪深深留在我的心底,And shall not soon depart.我將久久地久久地把它記住。
? 總結(jié):I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,誰,從一個地方到另一個地方,Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越無限的天空作必然的飛翔,In the long way that I must tread alone,也會在我必須獨(dú)自跋涉的長途上,Will lead my steps aright.正確地引導(dǎo)我的腳步。
賞析:There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
第五篇:英美文學(xué)
《英美文學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)方法
一、找到《英美文學(xué)》的輔導(dǎo)書,例如《自考一本通》《自考直通車》等類型的漢語版輔導(dǎo)書。
二、先把漢語版輔導(dǎo)書的課文翻譯通讀,理解了全書每個章節(jié)的內(nèi)容和知識點(diǎn);用漢語記錄重點(diǎn);
三、第一輪復(fù)習(xí)順序:
1、先看英國文學(xué),后看美國文學(xué)
2、按照時間順序看,每個時代都有代表性文學(xué)流派和代表作家及代表性作品
3、按照課本的章節(jié)順序,看完漢語譯文后,對照英語譯文,劃出課本上對每個時代代表性流派,代表作家和代表作品的描述和評論。名詞性描述一般是填空題和選擇搭配題;評論部分是簡單題和問答題;*只看代表性的重要信息,非代表性作品和作家生平介紹不用看;記住某個時代某個流派有哪些代表作家,哪些代表性作品及該作品的簡要介紹和評論。
4、按照章節(jié)劃出重點(diǎn)信息,然后整理筆記;
5、全部整理完畢之后,基本上對文學(xué)史和代表文學(xué)作品有了基本了解。
四、第二輪復(fù)習(xí)順序
1、找到歷年真題,做題的時候?qū)φ沾鸢福瑢ふ以摯鸢冈谡n文原文中的原始線索,并作好整理記錄;
2、整理理解全部真題的答案以后,對課本的重點(diǎn)知識就有了比較清楚的理解;
五、考前突擊復(fù)習(xí)
1、依據(jù)真題筆記和第二輪復(fù)習(xí)的筆記,對不熟悉的部分進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)。
2、根據(jù)以往考題的研究,舊題還會重新考,所以大家要關(guān)注所有做過的真題和各章節(jié)中沒有考過的但屬于代表性知識的部分,這些有可能是將要考的新題。自學(xué)考試已經(jīng)有歷史了,所以過去的真題加起來也就是全書的重點(diǎn)知識網(wǎng)絡(luò),所以認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)真題并理解消化,整理幫助記憶,這對于考試制勝是最好的辦法。
*警告:千萬不要拋開課本直接做真題;
千萬不要死記硬背,而是要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上反復(fù)讀,抄寫,默記;反復(fù)整理筆記,新的筆記只記錄沒有掌握好的,直到最后的筆記成為提綱式的。
〈高級英語〉復(fù)習(xí)方法說明;
一、對照輔導(dǎo)書,精讀課文,做課后練習(xí);
二、找來歷年考試真題,認(rèn)真做,查到答案在課本中的相關(guān)地方
三、認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)真題,總結(jié)知識點(diǎn);錯題本,反復(fù)研究錯題
四、回到課本,從頭到尾認(rèn)真閱讀課文,全面復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)知識點(diǎn);
五、整理真題,再次復(fù)習(xí)錯題;
*高級英語上下冊32個單元,復(fù)習(xí)面積很大,所以必須早動手,狠下功夫。
祝愿大家能夠取得優(yōu)秀的成績!