第一篇：煙草專業(yè)英語考試總結(jié)

Chapter 1 單詞翻譯：

Nicotian煙草屬

combustion ：燃燒.Solanaceae茄科

combustibility 可燃性度

nicotine 尼古丁，煙堿

pest resistance抗蟲害 agronomic performance農(nóng)藝性能

Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷煙 Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷煙

Virginian-type cigarette：烤煙型卷煙 blended cigarette：混合型卷煙

tar content：焦油含量

aromatic芳香的limit regulation’：限焦令.Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亞煙 Flue-cured tobacco：烤煙

Bright tobacco ：淺色煙

Burley tobacco ：白肋煙 Oriental tobacco 東方煙

Aromatic tobacco ：香料煙

Maryland tobacco ：馬里蘭煙 Cigar tobacco ：雪茄煙

disease resistance：抗病性

plant's physiology：植物生理 thresh：打葉

redrying：復(fù)烤

aging：老化，(陳化、醇化)

fermentation 發(fā)酵 cigarette manufacture：卷煙生產(chǎn)

smoke chemistry：煙氣化學(xué)

cigar雪茄 cigarillo小雪茄

smokeless tobacco：無煙煙草

botanical植物的 air-curing 晾制 sun-curing曬制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制

the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：國家煙草專賣局

2.長句子翻譯

Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana.Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion.Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.煙草是一種特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，屬于茄科煙草屬。煙草作為燃燒物質(zhì)又不同與其他作物，煙草的植物、物理、化學(xué)特性決定了其燃燒程度、煙氣組成、香氣、吸味和可接受程度。Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users(i.e.manufacturers).It is based primarily on curing method(air-, sun-, fire-and flue-curing), locality of production(growth)and the way in which the leaf is to be used(cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.).Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.由于煙草的性質(zhì)及其可用性均隨品種、生產(chǎn)區(qū)域、生產(chǎn)方式和調(diào)制方法的不同而發(fā)生顯著的變化，因此，制定煙葉商品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對煙草種植者和產(chǎn)品制造商來說都是十分必要的。先按煙草的調(diào)制方法（晾、曬、熏、烤）、生產(chǎn)區(qū)域和使用方式（卷煙、雪茄、斗煙等）進(jìn)行分類，然后再依據(jù)煙葉的生長部位、顏色、質(zhì)量和成熟度等因素進(jìn)一步細(xì)分。3.簡答

根據(jù)煙草的調(diào)制方法，使用方式把煙草分為幾類？（至少寫五種，每種一分，共五分）Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亞煙Flue-cured tobacco烤煙Burley tobacco白肋煙sun-cured tobacco曬煙Oriental tobacco東方煙、香料煙Maryland tobacco馬里蘭煙Cigar tobacco雪茄煙

Cigarette卷煙light air-cured tobacco淺色晾煙dark air-cured tobacco深色晾煙

Chapter2 alkaloid生物堿Frost-free days無霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期現(xiàn)象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物種群nitrogen氮肥Topping打頂 stalk莖稈 suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的

Chapter 3 1.單詞翻譯

light air-cured：淺色晾曬型dark air-cured：深色晾曬型sun-cured：曬(煙)cigar filler：雪茄芯煙binder(雪茄煙)內(nèi)衣；(雪茄煙)內(nèi)包皮Turkish土耳其(煙葉)wrapper(雪茄煙)外衣；(雪茄煙)外包皮interspecific cross：雜交

gene mutations：基因突變broad terms：廣義breeder：育種人員；育種工作者； cultivar品種germplasm sources：種質(zhì)資源genotypes：基因型

outlining tests概述測試trait：特征attribute屬性handling處理 lamina(煙葉)葉片 midvein：(煙葉葉片)中脈 filling：填充值 harsh(煙氣)粗糙、(煙氣)生硬 bitter苦pungent辛辣 aroma香氣mass selection：混合選擇allele：等位基因.pedigree雜交分離世代譜系backcross回交recurrent：輪回選擇haploid：單倍體

tissue culture techniques：組織培養(yǎng)技術(shù)doubled haploids：雙單倍體

inherited trait：遺傳性狀homozygote純合子interspcific bridge cross種間雜交 inbreeding近親繁殖genetically variable：基因變異recombination基因重組

black root rot：黑腐病crop failure：糧食欠收sensory properties：感官特性morphological形態(tài)特征pyrolysis：裂解heterosis雜種優(yōu)勢 長句子翻譯

In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing.In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished.Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits.Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort.The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished.概括地講，現(xiàn)代育種項目包括制定計劃、品種培育和品系鑒定3個階段。在計劃制定階段，育種者必須仔細(xì)地確定欲完成的育種目標(biāo)。一般是改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有栽培品種的缺陷，或提高栽培品種一個或多個性狀合乎需要的程度。另外，計劃還應(yīng)包含鑒定或篩選適當(dāng)種質(zhì)資源，選擇最佳的育種方法，鑒定或開發(fā)評價育種材料和選擇優(yōu)良基因型所需要的技術(shù)，以及提出完全表征該育種研究篩選品系特性的鑒定要點。品系培育和鑒定階段是育種項目進(jìn)行并最后完成所期望的目標(biāo)的一部分。

There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years.Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases.In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized.This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements.Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement.在過去的幾年里，煙草遺傳和育種上出現(xiàn)了許多新進(jìn)展。育種學(xué)家培育出了高產(chǎn)、優(yōu)質(zhì)和抗多種病害的新品種。另外，還得到了許多性狀的遺傳信息，搜集和鑒定了大量的種質(zhì)。遺傳信息和種質(zhì)的堅實基礎(chǔ)展現(xiàn)了未來光明的發(fā)展前景，在化學(xué)和生物方面，尤其基因工程技術(shù)方面的新信息、新技術(shù)在煙草的改良中具有光明的應(yīng)用前景。2.簡答 煙草改良常用的育種方法有哪些？（至少寫出五種，每種一分，共計五分）Backcross Breeding 回交育種Genetic engineering Breeding 基因工程育種 Haploids Breeding 單倍體育種Mass selection Breeding 混合選擇育種

Pedigree Breeding 系譜法育種，系統(tǒng)育種Pure-line selection Breeding 純系選擇育種 Recurrent selection Breeding 輪回選擇育種Introduction Breeding 引種育種 Hybridization Breeding 雜交育種Distant hybridization Breeding 遠(yuǎn)緣雜交育種 Induced mutation breeding 誘變育種 3.看圖翻譯

1.下圖是一個完整煙草花的解剖圖，請選擇合適的英文單詞填空

雄蕊 stamens 雌蕊 pistil花藥anther花絲 filaments柱頭 stigma花柱style 花冠 corolla 子房 ovary花萼 calyx

Chapter 4

fungal：adj.真菌的，由真菌引起的 fungus：n.真菌；霉，霉菌 復(fù)數(shù)：fungi； funguses； bacterial：adj.細(xì)菌的；細(xì)菌性 bacterium： n.細(xì)菌 復(fù)數(shù)： bacteria yield and quality:產(chǎn)質(zhì)量blue mold： 煙草霜霉病brown spot：煙草赤星病 powdery mildew：煙草白粉病target spot：煙草靶斑病wild fire ：煙草野火病

angular leaf spot ：煙草角斑病black shank：煙草黑脛病black root rot：煙草根黑腐病

stalk ：n.[植]莖vascular： n.[植]維管的sore shin：煙草立枯病Granville wilt：煙草青枯病 collar rot：煙草菌核病（Sclerotinia rot）Fusarium wilt ：煙草枯萎病hollow stalk：煙草空莖病efficient methods ：有效方法disease control：病害控制cured tobacco：烤煙 nematode: 線蟲parasitic:adj.寄生的；寄生物的；由寄生蟲引起的屬(Genus)種(Species)insecticide ：殺蟲劑pesticide：農(nóng)藥 問題：

1.真菌病害：brown spot：煙草赤星病black shank：煙草黑脛病powdery mildew：煙草白粉病black root rot：煙草根黑腐病sore shin：煙草立枯病blue mold： 煙草霜霉病 2.細(xì)菌病害：hollow stalk：煙草空莖病angular leaf spot ：煙草角斑病

3.根莖部病害：black shank：煙草黑脛病black root rot：煙草根黑腐病Fusarium wilt ：煙草枯萎病hollow stalk：煙草空莖病sore shin：煙草立枯病Granville wilt：煙草青枯病 4.葉部病害：blue mold： 煙草霜霉病brown spot：煙草赤星病

powdery mildew：煙草白粉病target spot：煙草靶斑病wild fire ：煙草野火病？ 主要病源：funguses.真菌bacteria細(xì)菌 virus病毒nematode pests 有害線蟲insect pests害蟲

Chapter 7 Tobacco Leaf Chemistry constituent :n.成分，構(gòu)成部分；委托人, 選民Carbohydrate：碳水化合物，糖類 Starch：淀粉Sugar：糖Sugar Ester：糖脂Cellulose：纖維素Pectin：果膠質(zhì) polymer ：n.多聚物；[高分子] 聚合物 polysaccharide: n.多醣，聚糖，多聚糖 saccharide：糖類amylose ：n.直鏈淀粉amylopectin ：n.支鏈淀粉sucrose：蔗糖 blend：混合物stinging：刺激的odor：氣味，臭味reconstituted tobacco：重組煙草 fiber：纖維alkaloid：生物堿nicotine：尼古丁Plastid:質(zhì)體pigment：色素

carotenoid：類胡蘿卜素 precursor：前體物volatile：易揮發(fā)的；易變的，不穩(wěn)定的； aroma：芳香，香味；

煙草中碳水化合物主要有：Starch：淀粉Sugar：糖Sugar Ester：糖脂Cellulose：纖維素Pectin：果膠質(zhì)

Chapter 8 1.單詞翻譯

filling value 填充值burn rate 燃燒率adsorption 吸附作用raw material 原料

cut rag 煙絲specific volume比容shred煙絲constant velocity勻速compress壓縮，壓緊；精簡adsorption equilibrium 吸附平衡vacuum drying 真空干燥relative humidity 相對濕度sulfuric acid 硫酸saturated飽和的；滲透的；深顏色的wrap paper 外包紙permeability滲透性；通透性additives添加劑ventilation通風(fēng)設(shè)備；空氣流通puff抽吸口數(shù)circumference 圓周；周長the static burning rate靜燃速率equilibrium moisture平衡含水率，平衡水分taste吸味filter過濾材料tobacco blending配方body身份degree of damage殘傷度cigarette paper卷煙紙

長句子翻譯

There are three main ways to measure equilibrium moisture content.One method takes measurements by a gas with a fixed relative humidity that flows through a sample.Another method measures equilibrium moisture under the water vapor environment after evacuating air.The third way uses a desiccator and adjusts the humidity with a sulfuric acid solution or a saturated salt solution and takes measurements under atmospheric pressure.測定平衡含水率有三種主要方法。方法一是采用一種具有穩(wěn)定相對濕度的氣體流過被測樣品進(jìn)行測定。方法二是在抽出空氣后的水蒸汽的環(huán)境下測定平衡含水率。第三種方法使用了一個干燥器，通過調(diào)整含有硫酸溶液或飽和鹽溶液的濕度，在大氣壓下進(jìn)行測定。

Chapter 10 1.單詞翻譯

Reconstituted sheet 再造煙葉expansion膨脹homogenized：均勻分布微粒的shred碎片slurring：稠漿法impregnation：滲入adhesives粘合劑slurry：漿體mainstream smoke：主流煙氣sidestream smoke測流煙氣lamina體積Slurry Sheet Process：稠漿法humectant：保濕劑 diced：切割cut filler：填料pulp紙漿 recon薄片煙Smoking Qualities ：吸食質(zhì)量 sensory quality：感官質(zhì)量signature flavor：獨特風(fēng)味carbon monoxide：一氧化碳 tailor-made：量身定做carcinogen致癌物shredded：切絲rolled stems：壓梗 filter過濾limonene ['lim?ni:n]：檸檬烯 長句子翻譯 Expanded tobacco is an essential part of processing of most cigarette products.It is an efficient means of expanding the volume of tobacco lamina by up to 100%.The main benefits of using expanded tobacco are: reduces cigarette weight while reserving its natural tobacco taste;increases the filling value and burn rate, thus reducing the number of puffs, which in turn reduces the tar and nicotine deliveries per cigarette.膨脹煙絲是大多數(shù)卷煙產(chǎn)品加工中的重要組成部分。它是一種有效的手段，能夠擴(kuò)大煙草葉片體積高達(dá)100％。使用膨脹煙絲的主要好處是：減少卷煙的重量，同時保留其天然的煙草味道，增加填充值和燃燒率，從而降低了抽吸口數(shù)，也就是減少了每支卷煙的焦油和尼古丁含量。

Reconstituted sheet, commonly called recon, is now considered an integral part of processing any quality and cost-effective cigarettes product.Recent advances in paper making technology allow for producing tailor-made recon that can play a major role in the development of many blended cigarettes, Virginia, oriental and black cigarettes as well as other smoking products.再造薄片，俗稱薄片煙，現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是具有優(yōu)秀質(zhì)量和具有成本效益香煙產(chǎn)品工序的一個組成部分。再造薄片技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使量身訂做的薄片煙，在許多混合型卷煙的發(fā)展中起了重要的作用，在弗吉尼亞煙，東方煙和黑色香煙以及其他煙草產(chǎn)品也是如此。

Chapter 11 1.單詞翻譯

delivery /釋放量TSNA（tobacco specific nitrosamine）煙草特有的亞硝胺 benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P 苯并芘；苯并(a)芘dimension 規(guī)格、尺寸 rod /(煙)支；(煙)條；枝條carton

紙板箱neutralizer 中和劑

resin 樹脂；松香syrup 糖漿果汁；含藥糖漿integral 積分的；完整的，整體的 venation 脈絡(luò)；葉脈tobacco rod 煙條 煙絲被卷煙紙包卷后形成的長圓柱體。ash /??/ 灰分；煙灰wrapper包裝材料； /包裝/ 包裝紙；書皮binder粘合劑

inhale /in'heil/ 吸入aftertaste 余味shred

煙絲adverse effect 不利影響；副作用flavor grades(致香型)煙葉modifier grades調(diào)味型）煙葉filler grades(填充型)煙葉extensive

廣泛的；大量的volatile 揮發(fā)性的；不穩(wěn)定的 ameliorate / 改善；減輕（痛苦等）；改良processability 加工性；加工性能 pliable柔韌的；柔軟的；圓滑的；易曲折的evaporate蒸發(fā)，揮發(fā)

exterior外部；表面；外型；外貌stretch 伸展，延伸cellulosic有纖維質(zhì)的 porous 多孔滲水的；能滲透的；有氣孔的cellulose acetate醋酸纖維 charcoal

木炭cosmetic化妝品；裝飾品firmness 硬度 長句子翻譯

Cigarette manufacturing involves developing a specific tobacco blend utilizing the desired tobacco types, breaking up the tobaccos stored in hogsheads or bales, combining the blend components, cutting the raw tobaccos into specific dimensions, applying casing and top dressing materials(unless it is a no-additive product), adjusting moisture content, selecting the appropriate filter, paper, cigarette design properties, combining these components into a rod(usually on a high speed machine), inserting the rods into a pack, placing the packs into cartons and consolidating the cartons into cases for distribution.卷煙制造過程包括根據(jù)所需類型開發(fā)出特定的葉組配方，解煙包，煙葉摻配，切絲，加香加料（不加香加料的卷煙除外），調(diào)節(jié)水分，選擇適宜的過濾嘴、卷煙紙、卷煙設(shè)計參數(shù)，卷成煙支（通常用高速卷煙機(jī)），裝盒，成條，最后裝箱以便于批發(fā)銷售。

The blend is the single most important factor in determining the smoke quality of a product.Blending can be defined as the combining of raw materials in grades identifiable through visual, chemical and smoking characteristics.Through blending, taste character, irritation/harshness and strength can be altered to the desired product brief.The blender must be familiar with the smoke characteristics of each individual grade of each tobacco type.He must be able to look at the quality of each individual grade and know how that appearance of the tobacco will marry with other blend components and smoke in the final product.配方是決定卷煙產(chǎn)品吸食質(zhì)量的最主要的因素。配方可以定義為將依據(jù)外觀質(zhì)量、化學(xué)成分和感官特性分級的煙葉原料進(jìn)行組合。通過配方，口味特征、刺激性/粗糙感和勁頭可以被調(diào)整為所期望的產(chǎn)品特征。配方設(shè)計人員必須熟悉不同等級、不同類型煙葉的吸食特性。并且能夠根據(jù)某一等級煙葉原料的品質(zhì)，知道它在與其他組分配時的表現(xiàn)，以及在最終產(chǎn)品中的吸食表現(xiàn)。

Cigarette paper is composed of an inorganic filler and cellulosic fiber.The most common inorganic filler is calcium carbonate(CaCO3).Special fillers may be used for reducing sidestream smoke yields.Common fibers used for cigarette papers include flax and wood pulp.卷煙紙由無機(jī)填料和纖維質(zhì)材料組成。最為常用的無機(jī)填料是碳酸鈣（CaCO3）。有時會用一些特殊填料來減少測流煙氣量。卷煙紙使用的常見纖維包括亞麻纖維和木漿纖維。

簡答題

1煙株的煙葉由下至上分別為：sand lugs,primings腳葉，中下部葉（下二棚），cutters中部葉（腰葉），leaf上中部葉（上二棚）,tips頂葉 2煙草可分為三類：

flavor grades(致香型)煙葉 modifier grades調(diào)味型）煙葉 filler grades(填充型)煙葉

Chapter 12 Cigarette Quality Assurance

parameter：參數(shù)instrumentation ：n.使用儀器，裝設(shè)儀器； weight ：重量cigarette：卷煙 circumference：圓周diameter：直徑ovality：橢圓度roundness：圓度pressure drop :壓降 resistance-to-draw(rtd)：draw：吸引，拉，拖。draft ：氣流filter rods ：過濾嘴

ventilation ：通風(fēng)設(shè)備Ventilation：通風(fēng)Dilution ：稀釋low ‘tar’ cigarettes 低焦油卷煙 perforat ：打孔Porosity : n.多孔性，有孔性porous : adj.有毛孔或氣孔的

perforation n.穿孔，貫穿，針孔，齒孔cigarette paper：卷煙紙tipping paper接裝紙（水松紙）plug wrap paper ：成型紙（濾嘴棒紙）filter rod ：濾嘴棒Moisture：水分 Water Content：含水率Total Oven Volatiles：烘箱總揮發(fā)物Plasticizer：增塑劑

cellulose acetate：醋酸纖維Smoking machine：吸煙機(jī)total particulate matter：總粒相物質(zhì) gas phase ：氣相 簡答

卷煙的基本參數(shù)：Weight重量Circumference or Diameter Measurement圓周或直徑Pressure Drop壓降Ventilation通風(fēng)度Firmness(Also Called Hardness)Including Filling Power堅實度Paper Porosity(or Permeability紙的孔隙度或透氣度Moisture水分Length長度Measurement of Plasticizer增塑劑Smoking Machines and Gas Phase Analyzers吸煙機(jī)和氣相分析儀Air Flow Measuring Instruments空氣流量測定儀Cigarette Pack Seal Testers卷煙的包裝密封性測試

chapter13 1煙氣收集的方法：Cambridge filter劍橋濾片Electrostatic Precipitation 靜電沉積器

Cold Traps冷阱Solid Adsorbents固體吸附Solvent Traps溶劑阱

Mainstream Smoke(MS)主流煙氣Sidestream Smoke(SS)測流煙氣Environmental tobacco Smoke(ETS)環(huán)境煙氣

smoke aerosol煙氣氣溶膠gas phase and particles氣相和粒相

劍橋濾片的優(yōu)點：1.Effectively retains particulate phase smoke at room temperature2.Nonhygroscopic3.Easily fashioned into filters of uniform efficiency4.Requires minimum user preparation5.Inexpensive

影響劍橋濾片平衡的因素1.Temperature2.Filter loading3.Flow4.Moisture level of the pad What is TPM ? TPM=Total Particulate Matter = Nicotine + Tar + Water Chapter 14

Natural Tobacco Flavor top dressings flavor：加表用香精casing flavor ：加料用香精filter flavor：濾嘴用香精 elucidate ：vt.闡明，解釋flue-cured烤制

burley

oriental東方的 Maryland tobacco馬里蘭煙 Turkish tobacco土耳其煙 Aroma芳香，香味

香精可以分為三種top dressings flavor：加表用香精casing flavor ：加料用香精filter flavor：濾嘴用香精

Chapter 16 1.單詞翻譯

controversial有爭議的，引起爭議的，被爭論的； 好爭論的

millennia一千年(millennium的名詞復(fù)數(shù))；千年期；myocardial 心肌的 infarction 梗塞形成，梗死形成peripheral：外圍的；次要的；（神經(jīng)）末梢區(qū)域的

vascular 脈管的,血管的,含有血管的；chronic 慢性的長期的；obstructive故意阻礙的monograph專著，專論carcinogenic致癌物(質(zhì))的surgeon 外科醫(yī)生 長句子翻譯

Numerous studies were conducted on the association with smoking of four diseases: cancer of the lung, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and chronic obstructive lung diseases.However, others maintain the conclusion that smoking is one of the factors contributing to these diseases is 'more fairly described as presumptive than as proved'.已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了大量有關(guān)吸煙與肺癌、心肌梗死、心腦血管疾病和慢性支氣管疾病關(guān)系的研究。然而，一些人堅持認(rèn)為吸煙只是這些疾病的發(fā)病原因之一。

第二篇：2011專業(yè)英語考試（精選）

一、句子翻譯。（每題4分，共40分）

1.This first electronic device exhibited a nonlinear,unilateral characteristic but was not capable of producing amplification of a signal.這第一臺電子設(shè)備表現(xiàn)出非線性的，單方面的特點，但沒有能夠產(chǎn)生一個信號放大。

2.The reading given when the pointer stops moving is the insulation resistance,which is normally high if the capacitor is in good condition.當(dāng)指針停止移動閱讀的絕緣電阻，通常是高的，如果電容是在良好的條件。

3.A diode objective parameter certainly is not extremely ideal,like the chart shows.when ideal diode reverse bias,the electric current could not pass,but the actual diode actually has approximately the 10ùA electric current to pass,(although very small ,but insufficiently was still ideal)

二極管目標(biāo)參數(shù)肯定不是非常理想，如圖表shows.when理想二極管反向偏置，電流無法通過，但實際二極管實際上有大約10uA的電流通過，（雖然很小，但不足的是仍然理想）

4.The amount of collector current(Ic)is directly proportional to the amount of base current(Ib)and the collector current(Ic)will be less than the emitter current(Ie),since a small base current(Ib)must fow to turn on the transistor.集電極電流（IC）是成正比的基數(shù)電流（Ib）和集電極電流（IC）將小于發(fā)射極電流（Ie），因為一個小的基極電流（IB）必須FOW轉(zhuǎn)晶體管。

5.Filters are used in communications practice to eliminate energy at some frequencies while allowing energy at other frequencies to pass with little or no attenuation.過濾器用于通信的做法，以消除在某些頻率的能量，同時允許其它頻率的能量傳遞與很少或沒有衰減。

6.The binary system is the primary language of the computer and the octal and hexadecimal systems are usually used for communication whth the computer and for the storage of information within the computer.雙星系統(tǒng)是計算機(jī)和八進(jìn)制和十六進(jìn)制系統(tǒng)通信whth計算機(jī)和計算機(jī)內(nèi)的信息存儲通常使用的主要語言。

7.The importance of this was that it has the effect of stimulating a reformulation of many signal processing concepts and algorithms in terms of discrete-time mathematics and these techniques then formed an exact set of relationships in the discrete-time domain.這一點的重要性，它已經(jīng)刺激了許多信號處理的概念和算法在離散數(shù)學(xué)和這些技術(shù)方面的重新的效果，然后形成了一個在離散時間域的確切關(guān)系。

8.This head tracking allows the computer to change the view point in the virtual world according the direction that the user is actually looking in.這頭跟蹤允許計算機(jī)在虛擬世界改變觀點的方向，用戶實際上是在尋找英寸

9.Shutter glasses are used to project a three dimensional image out of the monitor into the space between your eyes and the front plane of the screen.快門眼鏡是用于項目到你的眼睛和屏幕的正前方平面之間的空間立體圖像顯示器。

10.Digital image processing has a broad spectrum of applications,such as remote sensing via satellites and other spacecrafts,image transmission and storage for business applications,medical processing,radar,sonar,and acoustic image processing,robotics,and automated inspection of

industrial parts.數(shù)字圖像處理，具有廣泛的應(yīng)用，如通過衛(wèi)星和其他航天器，圖像傳輸和存儲業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)用，醫(yī)療處理，雷達(dá)，聲納和聲學(xué)圖像處理，機(jī)器人，工業(yè)零件自動檢測遙感。

二、短文翻譯。在“amplifiers.pdf”中找到與自己座次相符頁數(shù)的短文進(jìn)行翻譯（30分）一個獨特的引腳，使AD8221在1 kHz（G = 1000），以滿足anunparalleled CMRR為80 dB的規(guī)范，在10 kHz（G = 1）和110分貝。平衡的引腳，如圖3-2所示，減少了寄生thathad，在過去的不利影響CMR performance.In此外，新的引腳簡化板layoutbecause相關(guān)痕跡分組。例如，增益設(shè)置電阻引腳相鄰的投入，并參考引腳輸出。

AD8222在（圖3-5）是一個雙通道版本，AD8221放大器具有相似的性能和規(guī)格。它的小尺寸允許每個PC板的放大器。此外，AD8222的第一放大器被指定為差分輸出性能。它是在4毫米 4毫米，16 leadlFcSP封裝。

多年來，AD620的已放大器的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，高性能，低成本。TheAD620是一個完整的單片儀表放大器提供8引腳DIP和SOIC packages.The用戶可以計劃任何所需的增益從1到1000，使用一個外部電阻。根據(jù)設(shè)計，10和100的增益therequired電阻值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的1％金屬薄膜電阻值。

三、作文：電子信息工程專業(yè)英文求職信。字?jǐn)?shù)300字以上。（30分）

第三篇：廣告專業(yè)英語考試參考

單詞部分 1.AAAA—

—America Association Of

31.retail advertising——零售商廣告 32.subliminal persuasion——閾下勸服 33.target market——目標(biāo)市場

34.trade advertising——促銷產(chǎn)品 35.account——客戶項目、客戶業(yè)務(wù) 36.Account Executive——客戶主管、客服 37.Account Services——客戶部、客戶服務(wù) 38.advertiser——廣告主

39.Advertising Department——企業(yè)廣告部 40.agency——廣告代理商

41.Art Director——美術(shù)指導(dǎo) 42.Assistant Partner——董事助理 43.client——客戶

44.Copywriter——廣告撰稿人

45.Management Supervisor——管理督導(dǎo) 46.market share——市場占有率、市場份額 47.Research Department——調(diào)查部 48.Traffic Department——流程協(xié)調(diào)部 49.brainstorming——頭腦風(fēng)暴法 50.campaign——廣告攻勢 51.census——普查

52.commercials——影視廣告片 53.coupon——贈券、折價券 54.logo——品牌標(biāo)識

55.media budget——媒體預(yù)算 56.media mix——媒體組合 57.promotion——推廣用品

58.Situation Analysis——背景分析 59.slogan——廣告口號 60.website——主頁、網(wǎng)站

61.acquiesce bias——親善偏向

62.debranding——品牌屏蔽測試、品牌建立、品牌塑造

63.depth interview——深度訪談 64.desk research——案頭調(diào)研 65.double-blind——雙盲測試 66.focus group——焦點小組 67.market research——市場調(diào)查 68.panel——重復(fù)調(diào)查樣本本群 69.participant——參與者 70.sample error——抽樣誤差

71.tabulation——統(tǒng)計制表 72.acquisition——兼并、并購

73.communication cycle——傳播循環(huán)（周期）74.competitor——競爭者、對手

Advertising Agencies——美國廣告代理商協(xié)會

2.B2B——business to business advertising—— B2B廣告

3.PSA——public service advertising——公益廣告

4.CEO——Chief Executive Officer——首席執(zhí)行官

5.CFO——Chief Financial Officer——首席財

務(wù)官

6.PR——public relations——公共關(guān)系 7.POP——point-of-purchase——焦點廣告 8.CI——corporate identity——企業(yè)識別 9.DM——direct mail——直郵廣告

10.FSI——free-standing insert——非裝訂廣

告插頁

11.AIDA——艾達(dá)法則

12.DAGMAR——廣告效果評估體系

13.USP——unique selling proposition——獨特銷售主張

14.BDI——brand development index——品牌成長指數(shù)

15.CDI——category development index——銷量成長指數(shù)

16.GPRs——gross rating points——總收視點 17.ROS——run-of-schedule——非指定時段廣

告 18.IMC

—

—

integrated

marketing

communication——整合營銷傳播

19.VALS——values and lifestyles research——價值觀與生活方式研究

20.advocacy advertising——倡導(dǎo)型廣告 21.commercial advertising——商業(yè)廣告 22.communication process——傳播過程 23.consumer advertising——消費品廣告 24.designs——設(shè)計稿

25.end-user——最終用戶、實際使用者 26.industrial advertising——工業(yè)廣告

27.institutional advertising——社團(tuán)機(jī)構(gòu)廣告

28.media——媒介

29.mass media——大眾媒介 30.pitch——提案

75.content integration——軟性廣告 76.cost effective——廣告成本效益 77.creative——創(chuàng)意

78.grass roots marketing——貼身式營銷、草

根營銷

79.interactive marketing——交互式營銷 80.markets——市場組合81.online advertising——在線廣告 82.positioning——定位 83.print——平面廣告媒體

84.strategic philanthropy——策略性公益事業(yè) 85.target audience——目標(biāo)受眾

86.brand partnership——品牌搭檔、聯(lián)袂廣告 87.branding——品牌個性塑造 88.co-marketing——聯(lián)袂營銷

89.direct marketing——直銷

90.ecological sponsorship——生態(tài)主題贊助活動

91.event planning——活動策劃 92.exhibition stand——展臺

93.integrated branding——整合品牌傳播 94.product placement——產(chǎn)品植入、產(chǎn)品涉入 95.sales promotion——促銷活動

96.strategic partnership——戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系 97.viral marketing——傳染式營銷、病毒式營

銷 98.speak with one voice——統(tǒng)一傳播口徑 99.the edge——優(yōu)勢 100.ad planning——廣告策劃 101.admen——廣告人

102.consumer behavior——消費者行為 103.copy platform——文案大綱

104.creative strategy——創(chuàng)意策略 105.daypart——時段

106.infomercial——電視直銷節(jié)目 107.market profile——市場狀況

108.market segmentation——市場細(xì)分

109.product-related segmentation——產(chǎn)品消費

者量細(xì)分

110.sales-response function——銷售響應(yīng)功效（函數(shù)）

111.seasonality——季節(jié)性

112.teaser campaign——懸念式廣告攻勢 113.corporate advertising——企業(yè)廣告 114.generic brand——非名牌（產(chǎn)品）115.image advertising——形象廣告 116.line——產(chǎn)品系列

117.name-brand——名牌

118.private brand——零售商自由品牌 119.product differentiation——產(chǎn)品差異 120.product positioning——產(chǎn)品定位

121.tagline——（廣告）行動口號 122.utility——好處、用途

123.adjacencies——廣告時段（節(jié)目與節(jié)目之間）124.archetype——標(biāo)準(zhǔn)受眾、原型 125.availability——空余時段

126.back to back——廣告連播 127.circulation——發(fā)行量 128.continuity——持續(xù)型排期

129.continuous advertising——持續(xù)型廣告 130.flighting——跳躍式廣告排期 131.fringe time——非黃金時段

132.holding power——節(jié)目（頻道）凝聚力 133.piggyback——同一客戶廣告連播 134.prime time——黃金時段

135.pulsing——脈動式（間隔式）排期 136.roadblock——攔路廣告 137.wear out——廣告磨損

選詞填空：

文段1：

During the 【bid】process，the【advertising】agency will【pitch】its idea to the prospective client。Whether【retail】advertising for a local merchant，【professional】advertising directed at doctors，lawyers，etc?！綛2B】advertising targeting other companies，or 【noncommercial】【advocacy】advertising promoting an idea，the question the prospect is asking themselves is，‘Will the plan effectively reach and sway our 【target】’The prospect wants to know if the individual【customer】buying the product or service（whether he/she be the actual【consumer】and【end-user】or not）purchasing the product，service or whether it is they are promoting，will understand the benefit as a result of the agency’s advertising。

文段2：

To place yourself apart from your【competitors】，【positioning】is the key。When developing a【strategy】to do so，some useful techniques include【strategic philanthropy】such as building strong【community】relations。But your【public】do not only include the consumers within your【target audience】，but also individuals in oversight and regulatory bodies for example。Here 【government】relations activities can help。And proper 【analysis】of the present environment can help you reach your【objectives】and make the work more【cost effective】

文段3

The first ad campaign used【roadblocks】to catch the 6 p·m· viewers on almost every channel at once。They【piggybacked】the ads one after another during【primetime】，and did so every third week consistent with a【pulsing】schedule。

However，the second campaign had a much smaller media budget。They had less control because they were forced to schedule ads【ROS】to cut costs。They simply had to go with whatever【availabilities】there were，including during【fringe times】。They could not afford to use【continuous advertising】since the cost of year-round scheduling was too great for them。And unlike the first campaign，this one suffered early【wear out】because they were unable to produce enough different ads to keep the campaign 【fresh】and new。

翻譯：（未完成）

New to research? 初次做調(diào)查嗎？

So you want to do advertising and market research? Here are a few things you should know to get started.你打算做廣告或者做市場調(diào)研嗎？在動手之前你應(yīng)該了解一些行情。

While there is a plethora of research methods and techniques, all of them can pretty much be boiled down to two different categories based on the information each obtains.雖然調(diào)查方法和技術(shù)有很多，它們所獲取的信息決定了所有的方法和技術(shù)能夠大致的歸納為不同的兩大類。

So if what you need are numbers(7out of 10 people in Beijing prefer this type of toothpaste, for examlpe)you want quantitative research.如果你要的是數(shù)字（例如，在北京有七成的人喜歡這類牙膏）就采用定量研究

If you want to gain a particular sort of understanding(to answer questions of ‘why?’ people do something, and not merely ‘what?’ they do)you want qualitative research.如果你想就某一類問題形成特定的理解，（回答人們‘為什么’會做某事而不僅僅是他們‘做什么’之類的問題）就需要定性的研究。

To do research effectively, you need to decide whether to employ an a priori or a posteriori

approach, since it may seriously affect whether or not to you choose to endorse the final findings.為使調(diào)查更有效，你需要決定是采用演繹法還是歸納法，因為這對你是否決定認(rèn)可最終的結(jié)論將產(chǎn)生至關(guān)重要的影響。

If you wait until the research is complete to start setting objectives, this may bias your results.Furthermore, be mindful of the way you phrase your questions, whether for qualitative or quantitative research.When creating questions, try not to construct clauses with multiple variables such as those used in double-barreled questions.This can create a biased question.如果你等到調(diào)查完成時再開始設(shè)定目標(biāo)就可能使你的結(jié)果出現(xiàn)偏差。此外，無論定性還是定量的調(diào)研都應(yīng)注意你設(shè)計問題的措辭方法。設(shè)計問卷時，不要使用諸如兩難問題之類的多重易變的子句來構(gòu)成問題，這會形成一個有偏差的問題。

You may want to only use dichotomous questions or other limited response questions(such as using Likert Scale questions)in order to gain quantitative data.However, a more open-ended question will generally yield great depth from the respondent.This can be very useful when you are seeking qualitative data.為了獲得定量的數(shù)據(jù)，你可能只需使用兩分問題或其他限定回答的問題（例如采用萊克特測量法的問題）。但是，一個可變自由地回答的問題通常會從回答者那里獲得相當(dāng)細(xì)的信息，當(dāng)你尋找定性的數(shù)據(jù)時這樣的信息非常有用。

第四篇：專業(yè)英語考試報名條件（模版）

TEM: Test For English Major

1.參加本科專業(yè)英語四級統(tǒng)測報名對象為：

（1）經(jīng)教育部備案或批準(zhǔn)的高等院校中英語專業(yè)二年級本科生。

（2）經(jīng)教育部備案或批準(zhǔn)的高等院校中修完英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定課程的二、三年制最后一學(xué)年的大專生。

（3）教育部備案或批準(zhǔn)有學(xué)歷的成人高等教育學(xué)院中四年制即脫產(chǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的英語專業(yè)（第二學(xué)年）本科生；五年制即不脫產(chǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的、修完英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定課程（第三學(xué)年）的本科生。不脫產(chǎn)的三年制大專生，必須在第三學(xué)年時方可報名參加專業(yè)英語四級測試。

（4）重點外語類院校中，非英語專業(yè)的本科生中當(dāng)年參加英語六級考試且成績在60分以上，可參加當(dāng)年專業(yè)英語四級考試。

（5）參加四級測試的考生只有一次補(bǔ)考機(jī)會。

2.參加本科專業(yè)英語八級統(tǒng)測報名對象為：

（1）經(jīng)教育部備案或批準(zhǔn)的高等院校中英語專業(yè)四年級本科生。

（2）經(jīng)教育部批準(zhǔn)有學(xué)歷的成人高等教育學(xué)院中完成四年制即脫產(chǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的英語專業(yè)（第四學(xué)年）本科生；五年制即不脫產(chǎn)學(xué)習(xí)英語專業(yè)（第五學(xué)年）的本科生。

（3）非英語專業(yè)六級考試通過的學(xué)生可報名參加專業(yè)英語八級考試。

（4）參加八級測試的考生只有一次補(bǔ)考機(jī)會。

凡未通過基礎(chǔ)階段（TEM4）統(tǒng)測的考生，也可參加高年級階段（TEM8）的統(tǒng)測。

英語專業(yè)的專生本學(xué)生因超出英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段（TEM4）統(tǒng)測規(guī)定的考試年限（祥見報名對象），一律不得參加英語專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段（TEM4）統(tǒng)測，但可在英語專業(yè)專生本學(xué)習(xí)的最后一學(xué)期參加高年級階段（TEM8）統(tǒng)測；因各種原因未在規(guī)定的考試年限參加TEM4（第四學(xué)期）或TEM8（第八學(xué)期）統(tǒng)測的專業(yè)英語考生，不得以補(bǔ)考名義參加次年的TEM4或TEM8統(tǒng)測。

第五篇：專業(yè)英語考試小結(jié)

aliasing 混疊現(xiàn)象 amplifier放大器

burst 脈沖 bipolar（電子）雙極的 bandwidth帶寬，頻帶寬度

carrier載波，載流子 circuit電路 capacitor電容current電流 charge 電荷，充電diode 二極管

encryption編碼器，加密equalization均等（衡），均勻比

field（電，磁）場 filter濾波器 film膠片，薄膜gateway網(wǎng)關(guān)

impedance阻抗impairment失真，損傷 interference干擾

line電線，電網(wǎng)，市電Network網(wǎng)絡(luò)

microprocessor 微型處理器 moderm調(diào)制解調(diào)器 microelectronic 微電子parity奇偶，等價，類似

robustness強(qiáng)壯，雄壯，堅固，耐用 transistor 晶體管resistance電阻（值）

spectrum頻譜 substrate基質(zhì)，底質(zhì) specturm光頻

Adative equalization 自適應(yīng)均衡 acquisition time 采集時間 anti-aliasing filter 抗混疊濾波器analog modulation 模擬調(diào)制Bit error rates誤碼率 Bit stream比特流 bandpass signal帶通信號bus network總線binary-coded number 二進(jìn)制編碼器bus interfaces 總線接口Compact disk激光磁盤（CD）Dynamic range 動態(tài)范圍digital signal processing(DSP)數(shù)字信號處理 digital modulation 數(shù)字調(diào)制digital communication systems 數(shù)字通信系統(tǒng)Electromagnetic wave 電磁波electromagnetic carrier電磁共振error-control codes差錯控制碼error-correction code 糾錯編碼electormagnetic induction 電磁感應(yīng)

assignment頻率配置frequency spectrum 頻譜field-programmable現(xiàn)場可編程的Functional accelerator 性能加速器frequency Hand-held手持的 hold time 保持時間Low pass 低通Non-fading channel無衰落信道noise immunity抗擾度 negative-feedback amplifier 負(fù)反饋放大器Multi-path fading多徑衰弱 Power efficiency 功率效率 pules-width 脈沖寬度personal communication system 個人通信系統(tǒng)power dissipation 功率耗散quantization level(step)量化電平（間隔）radio frequencies無線電頻率 real time 實時serial data中行數(shù)據(jù)傳送 sample and hold circuit采樣保持電路 sampling interval 采樣間隔spread spectrum system擴(kuò)頻系統(tǒng) signal-to-noise信噪比signal-to-noise ratio信噪比spectralinversion頻譜反轉(zhuǎn)triode vacuum tube 真空三極管

AC 交流電ac自適應(yīng)控制 AM幅度調(diào)制ADC 模/數(shù)變換器 AI人工智能

CATV 有線電視CAI計算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)CPU 中央處理器

DBMS數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)DSP數(shù)字信號處理 DC直流電FM調(diào)頻

HDTV 高清晰度電視Hi-Fi高保真度

ISDN綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)ISDN綜合業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)字網(wǎng)IC集成電路

LANs 局域網(wǎng)LED發(fā)光二極管PCM脈沖編碼調(diào)制

RF無線電頻率RAM隨機(jī)存取存儲器

SNR信噪比VLSI超大規(guī)模集成WWW萬維網(wǎng) under sampling欠采樣Video conferencing 視頻會議