第一篇：剖讀《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》和《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中的女權(quán)主義對(duì)比

剖讀《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》和《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中的女權(quán)主義對(duì)比

【摘要】19世紀(jì)，英國(guó)文學(xué)界涌現(xiàn)出一批女作家，《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》和《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》這兩部在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上極具代表性的小說(shuō)分別是由兩位具有世界影響力的英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特和簡(jiǎn)·奧斯汀所寫(xiě)。這兩部名著作為同一時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，有許多相似的地方，但也有不同。本文就是通過(guò)對(duì)比這兩個(gè)作品，來(lái)剖析二者的異同，從而更深入地了解作品的內(nèi)容。

【關(guān)鍵詞】傲慢與偏見(jiàn)、簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)、伊麗莎白、個(gè)性、女權(quán)、經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立、婚姻觀。

一、作品簡(jiǎn)介及寫(xiě)作背景。

《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》出版于1847年，是英國(guó)著名女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作，是一部具有自傳色彩的作品。小說(shuō)描寫(xiě)孤女簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)幼時(shí)受到舅母的虐待，被送到寄宿學(xué)校。從嚴(yán)厲殘暴的學(xué)校畢業(yè)后，她到桑菲爾德府當(dāng)家庭教師，并與主人羅切斯特相愛(ài)。但在婚禮當(dāng)天簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)得知羅切斯特有一個(gè)瘋妻子，她不愿成為情婦，于是毅然離開(kāi)了羅切斯特。故事的最后,羅切斯特因?yàn)橐粓?chǎng)大火導(dǎo)致殘疾，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)認(rèn)為她和羅切斯特已經(jīng)平等，于是締結(jié)了幸福的婚姻?！栋谅c偏見(jiàn)》出版于1813年，其作者簡(jiǎn)·奧斯汀是英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)時(shí)期杰出的女作家。這部小說(shuō)講述班納特太太5個(gè)女兒出嫁的故事。文中中心主人公是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)青年達(dá)西和伊麗莎白。達(dá)西傲慢，卻向伊麗莎白求婚。伊麗莎白有偏見(jiàn)，認(rèn)為達(dá)西破壞姐姐的婚姻，卻愛(ài)著達(dá)西。最后男女主人公各自克服自己的傲慢與偏見(jiàn)，結(jié)合到一起。

兩部著作的作者都是生活在18世紀(jì)末19世紀(jì)初的女性作家，她們的作品里都反映了那個(gè)時(shí)期英國(guó)女性的生活狀況。當(dāng)時(shí)女性的社會(huì)地位極其低下，深受男權(quán)社會(huì)的壓抑，女性必須依附于男性，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上不能獨(dú)立。在這種生存狀況下的女子有許多無(wú)奈和不滿，有不少女性不甘于過(guò)這種生活，奮起反抗，伊麗莎白·班納特和簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)這兩個(gè)個(gè)性鮮明的形象塑造表現(xiàn)了這種反抗精神。

二、女權(quán)主義中相同的一面。

《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中伊麗莎白是班納特家的二小姐，相比她的三個(gè)姐妹，她聰明獨(dú)立，對(duì)事物有自己獨(dú)到的判斷力。在當(dāng)時(shí)女權(quán)被碾壓的男權(quán)主義社會(huì)中，伊麗莎白少了一些作為小姐的含蓄，相反，她在各種場(chǎng)合中都語(yǔ)言活潑，言談機(jī)智幽默，正是因?yàn)橐聋惿最Ｖ堑难哉?，才使得傲慢的達(dá)西最后愛(ài)上了她。伊麗莎白鮮明的性格特點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)了女性追求平等的向往，昭示了不同與當(dāng)時(shí)時(shí)代的女性意識(shí)和人性內(nèi)涵，奧斯汀通過(guò)這一形象反映了女性應(yīng)該具備自我認(rèn)識(shí)的能力，追求知識(shí)的理想。伊麗莎白雖然并沒(méi)有從根本上改變當(dāng)時(shí)的婚姻制度，但是她敢于挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)時(shí)的傳統(tǒng)，極其重視自己在婚姻中的地位，不甘于做男人的附屬品，認(rèn)為婚姻雙方當(dāng)無(wú)門(mén)戶之見(jiàn)，要平等相待。

《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的主人公簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)寄居在舅母家時(shí)的悲慘童年讓讀者初步了解她反抗性格和捍衛(wèi)獨(dú)立人格的精神起點(diǎn)。與當(dāng)時(shí)的女性不同，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)追求精神上的自由和平等。作者筆下的簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)長(zhǎng)相平庸，而且是當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)上地位極其低下的家庭教師，但是簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)卻沒(méi)有因?yàn)檫@些原因而感到自卑，她始終堅(jiān)信人與人之間是平等的。當(dāng)她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己愛(ài)上了主人羅切斯特時(shí)，她沒(méi)有過(guò)多的退縮，反而是大膽地去愛(ài)，去追求一份精神上平等的愛(ài)情。

伊麗莎白和簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)都追求的是地位平等、獨(dú)立自主，堅(jiān)決不成為男人的附屬品。她們具有強(qiáng)烈的反抗精神，勇于表達(dá)女性的主體意識(shí)和地位，反映了那個(gè)時(shí)代女性追求自由的最高呼聲。

三、女權(quán)主義中不同的一面。

《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》的中心主題是愛(ài)情與婚姻。小說(shuō)探討了婦女的出路：締結(jié)一門(mén)好婚姻來(lái)達(dá)到自己的理想追求。小說(shuō)的婚姻觀是，為了財(cái)產(chǎn)和地位的婚姻是錯(cuò)誤的，結(jié)婚不考慮財(cái)產(chǎn)也是愚蠢的。什么事情都可以隨便，沒(méi)有愛(ài)情千萬(wàn)不要結(jié)婚。簡(jiǎn)·奧斯汀強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況對(duì)婦女愛(ài)情和婚姻的制約，她認(rèn)為婚姻和金錢(qián)相互關(guān)聯(lián)、密不可分。伊麗莎白雖然向往婚姻以愛(ài)情為基礎(chǔ)，但依然沒(méi)有完全脫離父權(quán)思想下的戀愛(ài)模式?？傊栋谅c偏見(jiàn)》中雖然表現(xiàn)了強(qiáng)烈的女權(quán)主義，但是女性一定程度上還是受到了金錢(qián)的制約，女性并未能完完全全地成為獨(dú)立的個(gè)體。

相反，夏洛蒂·勃朗特在《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中強(qiáng)調(diào)的是婚姻必須建立在精神、靈魂平等的基礎(chǔ)上。夏洛蒂探討了婦女的出路在于尋求工作以維持自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立和人格獨(dú)立。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)堅(jiān)持要在經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步為婦女要求感情獨(dú)立，即性獨(dú)立。這在當(dāng)時(shí)是一種革命要求。與《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》相比，《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》不僅僅是追求個(gè)性的獨(dú)立，還有的是經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立，就是跳離了經(jīng)濟(jì)條件對(duì)女性的束縛，比《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》更進(jìn)了一步。

伊麗莎白表現(xiàn)為朦朧的無(wú)意識(shí)的反抗意識(shí)，但是簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)體現(xiàn)出有意識(shí)的反抗，追求平等自由的女權(quán)思想。

無(wú)論是《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》還是《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》都折射出了不同的女性意識(shí)，給我們展現(xiàn)了那個(gè)時(shí)代進(jìn)步的女權(quán)思想，也給今天的我們帶來(lái)了精神上的鼓勵(lì)。通過(guò)對(duì)二者的比較，我們更深入了解了小說(shuō)中的深層含義，從而反思當(dāng)代人的婚姻觀。

第二篇：《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》和《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》對(duì)比閱讀

《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》與《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》對(duì)比閱讀

在圖書(shū)館，輕輕地合上這本《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》，心里莫名地感到一空，總有一種感嘆：“誒，終于完了?！?/p>

在這兩個(gè)星期里，我也終于看完了這兩本書(shū)。該怎么說(shuō)呢，在一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)同時(shí)看完兩本同樣以愛(ài)情為主題的書(shū)，在看的時(shí)候，我便自覺(jué)或者不自覺(jué)地將兩本書(shū)進(jìn)行對(duì)比了。

“It is a truth universally acknowledge, that a single man in possession of a good forture , must be in want of a wife.”

嗯，把這句英文原版中的第一段話放在這里只是想感嘆一下，它說(shuō)得太對(duì)了。而且，英文的原版讀著比翻譯的有味道得多?！胺彩怯胸?cái)產(chǎn)的單身漢，必定需要娶一位太太，這已經(jīng)成了一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理?！?/p>

好吧，其實(shí)我想談的和這一段話沒(méi)有太大的關(guān)系，只是單純地感慨一下。

老實(shí)說(shuō)，我在讀著《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》的前三分之一的時(shí)候，是沒(méi)有太大的感覺(jué)的，或許是我沒(méi)仔細(xì)閱讀的緣故吧。它在開(kāi)局的時(shí)候沒(méi)有像《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》那樣，一開(kāi)始就給我們一個(gè)大的沖突。《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的開(kāi)頭，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)和她舅媽的沖突便初步突出了簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的性格，便已經(jīng)給了我一種震撼。但是《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》沒(méi)有，如同下棋，《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》在故事的前半部分，只是布局，將一些人物慢慢的放在場(chǎng)上，將故事后期矛盾的線索拿一部分提前告訴讀者，但是卻沒(méi)有開(kāi)始進(jìn)攻，在溫和的節(jié)奏中已經(jīng)開(kāi)始隱藏殺招。

同樣都是講愛(ài)情，我能很明顯地感受到《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》的格局要比《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》大。這種大主要體現(xiàn)在它的人物多，人物之間的關(guān)系復(fù)雜，人物的性格多樣，故事的矛盾點(diǎn)多。而《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》雖然也在描寫(xiě)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)和羅切斯特之余，花了一定的筆墨描寫(xiě)如果舅媽、圣約翰、海倫、校長(zhǎng)等人，但是《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》當(dāng)中的這些描寫(xiě)只能說(shuō)是為簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)這個(gè)人物的描寫(xiě)而服務(wù)，它并沒(méi)有深入到簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)這個(gè)人的故事中，也沒(méi)有成為簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的故事中的矛盾的發(fā)起點(diǎn)。

《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》不同，它描寫(xiě)了好幾段婚姻，不同的婚姻當(dāng)中有不同的主角，他們每個(gè)人都有著自己的性格特點(diǎn)。而且不同的婚姻當(dāng)中的故事也成為了伊麗莎白和達(dá)西的故事當(dāng)中的一部分。故事中有這么幾段婚姻，伊麗莎白的姐姐吉蒂和達(dá)西的朋友彬格萊；伊麗莎白的妹妹莉迪亞和達(dá)西兒時(shí)的玩伴韋翰；伊麗莎白的表哥柯林斯和夏綠蒂。吉蒂和彬格萊在最初的舞會(huì)上相遇后，似乎就兩兩傾心，但是因?yàn)檫_(dá)西和彬格萊的妹妹的設(shè)計(jì)，使他們的愛(ài)情遇到了波折；韋翰最初的時(shí)候偽裝地很好，一個(gè)勁地說(shuō)達(dá)西的壞話，讓伊麗莎白對(duì)達(dá)西的印象更差的同時(shí)也讓伊麗莎白有點(diǎn)心動(dòng)；柯林斯讓我覺(jué)得很好笑，在他打算繼承班納特先生的財(cái)產(chǎn)的同時(shí)居然生出了要同時(shí)娶他的一個(gè)女兒，以此來(lái)給班納特家一點(diǎn)補(bǔ)償?shù)钠婷畹南敕?。而伊麗莎白和達(dá)西的愛(ài)情故事便是在他們的故事的發(fā)展中而發(fā)展的。

初次相見(jiàn)，伊麗莎白和達(dá)西一個(gè)傲慢，一個(gè)對(duì)傲慢有偏見(jiàn)。然后因?yàn)轫f翰的話，加上伊麗莎白本身的偏見(jiàn)，他對(duì)達(dá)西的印象便更差了。于是，在達(dá)西傲慢地想伊麗莎白求婚的時(shí)候，伊麗莎白斷然拒絕。同時(shí)，她也得知，她姐姐的愛(ài)情的不幸遭遇竟是達(dá)西一手促成，原因只是因?yàn)檫_(dá)西覺(jué)得雙方的階級(jí)差異，門(mén)第觀念。在這個(gè)時(shí)候，伊麗莎白對(duì)達(dá)西的恨達(dá)到了至高點(diǎn)。故事的轉(zhuǎn)折在達(dá)西給伊麗莎白的信中，信一如既往的傲慢，但是卻向伊麗莎白揭露了韋翰的偽裝，從這時(shí)候開(kāi)始，伊麗莎白對(duì)他的心便開(kāi)始慢慢有點(diǎn)認(rèn)同。當(dāng)她從達(dá)西的傭人那里得知達(dá)西的優(yōu)點(diǎn)后，她對(duì)他的好感進(jìn)一步上升。故事的高潮在于韋翰和莉迪亞的私奔，是達(dá)西的默默付出，才將一場(chǎng)私奔鬧劇轉(zhuǎn)化為一場(chǎng)婚姻。這個(gè)時(shí)候，其實(shí)伊麗莎白只差一個(gè)達(dá)西的表白。從初次相見(jiàn)，到最后走到一起，兩個(gè)以前相互瞧不上眼的人在一次次的矛盾中互相了解。伊麗莎白逐漸雖達(dá)西放心偏見(jiàn)，而達(dá)西最后也為了伊麗莎白慢慢的不再傲慢，故事走向圓滿的結(jié)局。

和《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》一樣，男主和女主都有著等級(jí)的差距，但是在《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》當(dāng)中，等級(jí)其實(shí)并不是最主要的矛盾，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)在自己的婚姻當(dāng)中始終堅(jiān)信她和羅切斯特是一樣的，擁有一樣的權(quán)利，而他們之間的障礙其實(shí)只是羅切斯特的那段婚姻和簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的過(guò)度倔強(qiáng)。而當(dāng)最后因?yàn)橐馔猓_切斯特的夫人不在以后，他們的婚姻的阻礙便自然而然地不在了。

但是在《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中，兩個(gè)人的最大的障礙其實(shí)說(shuō)到底還是和等級(jí)有關(guān)。因?yàn)樘幱谏鐣?huì)的貴族階層，達(dá)西從小受到的教育就是他要傲慢，他能傲慢，除了對(duì)待自己的家人外，其他的所有人都必須膜拜他。但是伊麗莎白的家庭，雖然不是社會(huì)的最底層，但是和達(dá)西仍然有一定的差距。伊麗莎白的家人仍然只擁有者世俗的俗氣，她的母親現(xiàn)實(shí)，且有著一種不知禮節(jié)為何物的感覺(jué)，總會(huì)在不恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候說(shuō)一些不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑?。她的妹妹，由于母親的溺愛(ài)，從小便放蕩，因此才會(huì)做出那種私奔的讓家庭的形象受到損失的事情。除了她姐姐溫和、知禮外，她的家人總會(huì)給人留下不好的印象。對(duì)于家人的無(wú)奈，她在社會(huì)的頂級(jí)階層那里總會(huì)感到一點(diǎn)的羞恥，說(shuō)到底，這還是社會(huì)階級(jí)的原因。當(dāng)達(dá)西放下自己的傲慢之后一步步地用自己的行為靠攏時(shí)，她才能夠坦然接受達(dá)西的愛(ài)。

下面呢我想說(shuō)說(shuō)兩者的人物，兩部作品中都在一定程度上諷刺了某種人，如同《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中的校長(zhǎng)、舅媽等，同時(shí)，圣約翰的那種屬于牧師的婚姻觀也讓人無(wú)語(yǔ)。但是雖然都有諷刺，《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》中的要諷刺的丑角卻明顯地比《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》多，達(dá)西的姨母和彬格萊小姐的在達(dá)西面前說(shuō)伊麗莎白的壞話，結(jié)果卻起到了相反的效果，這讓人有點(diǎn)哭笑不得；韋翰的那種恬不知恥的無(wú)賴讓人印象深刻；伊麗莎白的表哥的那種見(jiàn)風(fēng)使舵，看到好處便厚著臉皮湊上去，碰到有災(zāi)難的時(shí)候居然出言諷刺、落井下石讓人不爽；夏綠蒂的那種對(duì)婚姻的那種謀劃讓人心寒；以及班納特太太的勢(shì)利??這一個(gè)個(gè)人物的一個(gè)個(gè)特點(diǎn)比起《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》來(lái)說(shuō)更加鮮活，更加讓人印象深刻。

最后我就想再來(lái)談?wù)勁鞯膶?duì)比。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)是一個(gè)可憐的姑娘，她的童年遭遇十分凄慘，因此她從小便十分獨(dú)立，同時(shí)，她也有著一個(gè)姑娘的善良、友愛(ài)。雖然處在社會(huì)的底層，但是，由于她內(nèi)心的驕傲和獨(dú)立，雖然她偶爾也會(huì)為此而飽受苦惱，但是更多的是她無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在做著自己。當(dāng)她意識(shí)到自己愛(ài)上了羅切斯特的時(shí)候，雖然雙方有著等級(jí)的差距，雖然她偶爾也會(huì)掩藏自己的內(nèi)心，但是更多的時(shí)候是她能大膽地向羅切斯特表達(dá)自己的關(guān)心，表達(dá)自己的愛(ài)。比如說(shuō)在她誤以為羅切斯特要迎娶別的女孩的時(shí)候，雖然不想看到那一幕，但是她還是選擇了在羅切斯特結(jié)婚前去見(jiàn)他，去表達(dá)她的關(guān)心。再比如，當(dāng)知道羅切斯特有在世的妻子的時(shí)候，她毫不諱言自己依然愛(ài)著他，但是她在說(shuō)出那一番話之后還是選擇了離開(kāi)。而這些則表明，社會(huì)階級(jí)的低下并沒(méi)有在很大程度上影響簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的對(duì)于愛(ài)情，對(duì)于自己的生活的獨(dú)立性。

但是伊麗莎白不同，她比簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)過(guò)得幸福。她的家庭雖然算不上是社會(huì)的頂層，但是至少是衣食無(wú)憂的。她的家庭雖然有著母親和妹妹的不爭(zhēng)氣，但是她的父親是寵著她的，她的姐姐依然是知書(shū)達(dá)理的。所以伊麗莎白保留了一定的自己的性格的活潑，但同時(shí)相比簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)，她便沒(méi)了那種獨(dú)立。伊麗莎白是一個(gè)比較感性的人，雖然知理，但是她更多的時(shí)候有點(diǎn)女孩子的小性子。比如，當(dāng)她對(duì)達(dá)西的傲慢的印象不滿時(shí)，她便對(duì)他展示了自己的偏見(jiàn)，我們也可以說(shuō)這是一種獨(dú)立，但是這種獨(dú)立也可以說(shuō)成是賭氣。再比如，當(dāng)她在后面開(kāi)始和達(dá)西和好的時(shí)候，她也對(duì)自己說(shuō)，如果達(dá)西不再來(lái)看她，便說(shuō)明達(dá)西已不再喜歡他，而她也沒(méi)有必要再理他。這種有著小女生戀愛(ài)心態(tài)的感覺(jué)在簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)那兒是很難出現(xiàn)的。

因?yàn)闀r(shí)間的關(guān)系，暫時(shí)我也只能寫(xiě)上這么多了。而在這最后，我想談一談我看書(shū)的整體感受。就我個(gè)人而言，其實(shí)我更喜歡的是那種隨著性子來(lái)，優(yōu)哉游哉地讀書(shū)方式，這兩本書(shū)看得太急，以至于有的東西沒(méi)有看細(xì)，我相信當(dāng)我第二次回頭重溫的時(shí)候會(huì)有一些別的味道，別的感覺(jué)。

感覺(jué)！讀書(shū)的感覺(jué)或許從某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō)就是我讀書(shū)的享受吧，這種享受是由于將自己代人到書(shū)中的故事情節(jié)當(dāng)中去，討厭那些讓人討厭的人，感慨那些讓人感慨的事，品味作者的語(yǔ)言，感受人物的喜怒哀樂(lè)并隨著他一切喜怒哀樂(lè)。這或許就是我讀書(shū)的一切。當(dāng)我在讀《傲慢與偏見(jiàn)》的時(shí)候，前半部分我真的感到乏味，而讀到后面，當(dāng)我看到作者用自己的文字，通過(guò)情節(jié)的發(fā)展，讓之前使我乏味的內(nèi)容成為矛盾的線索的時(shí)候，我是由衷的感到佩服的。同時(shí)，我能很清晰地記得，從伊麗莎白的妹妹開(kāi)始私奔的那個(gè)情節(jié)起，我的情感就跟著伊麗莎白一起變化了。和她一起著急，看到表哥嘲諷的信的時(shí)候忍不住想打他，知道是達(dá)西的付出讓妹妹能成功結(jié)婚時(shí)陪她一起感動(dòng)。最后當(dāng)伊麗莎白在達(dá)西面前耍著小性子，拿著達(dá)西以前的事情開(kāi)涮的時(shí)候和她一樣輕松。情感就在這一段時(shí)間內(nèi)陪她起伏、波動(dòng)，最后還有的是放下書(shū)時(shí)的那種如釋重負(fù)的輕松以及一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)回味的不舍。這或許就是文學(xué)的魅力，沒(méi)有啥鑒賞不鑒賞，當(dāng)你的思維，你的情感跟著作者，跟著書(shū)中的人物走上那么一走，完成了一次書(shū)中的旅行的時(shí)候，你自然而然地便會(huì)有屬于你自己的感悟，屬于你自己是收獲。這便夠了！

第三篇：《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中的女權(quán)主義意識(shí)

學(xué)科代碼：050201

貴州師范大學(xué)求是學(xué)院

（本科）畢業(yè)論文

論《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中的女權(quán)主義意識(shí)

系

別：外語(yǔ)系 專

業(yè)：英語(yǔ)教育 班

級(jí)：2010級(jí)4班 學(xué)

號(hào)： 學(xué)生姓名： 指導(dǎo)教師：

論《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中的女權(quán)主義意識(shí)

摘 要：《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被認(rèn)為是一位卓越的女作家。因?yàn)樗谛≌f(shuō)中描述的是與傳統(tǒng)不同的女主人公簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)勇于追求自由、平等和獨(dú)立的精神。它也是作者的自傳體小說(shuō)。小說(shuō)通過(guò)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)的性格進(jìn)行剖析，證明了簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的女權(quán)主義者。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)這個(gè)人物形象，博得讀者的愛(ài)憐，在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上是位具有代表性的人物，不僅表現(xiàn)在外表的樸實(shí)無(wú)華，而且還表現(xiàn)在她性格上的獨(dú)特魅力。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)因其性格中所具有的強(qiáng)烈反抗意識(shí)而特別地引人注目。她堅(jiān)持自己的原則去不斷反抗不公平的社會(huì)。她用盡全力去追求自由，平等，獨(dú)立和真愛(ài)。經(jīng)過(guò)堅(jiān)持不懈的努力她最終獲得自尊，自由和真愛(ài)。

關(guān)鍵詞：女權(quán);反叛;獨(dú)立;平等;真愛(ài)

I

II

Analysis of the Feminism Consciousness

in Jane Eyre

Abstract:Jane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist.Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine’s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence.It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality.Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character’s outstanding and alien.The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character.She always insists on her principle to rebel and fight against the unjust world bravely.She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love.By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.Key word: feminist;rebel;independence;equality;true love

III

目錄

摘要............................................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。Abstract.....................................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。前 言.........................................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

一、作者女權(quán)主義思想的產(chǎn)生.........................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（一）作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的介紹.....................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（二）作品《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的介紹.................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

二、《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中女權(quán)主義思想...........................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（一）自尊心、自信心、反抗精神.....................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（二）簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的愛(ài)情觀.............................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（三）簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的獨(dú)立性.............................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

三、《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中女權(quán)主義反抗意識(shí).................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（一）為生存而戰(zhàn).................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（二）為獲得認(rèn)同和尊嚴(yán)而戰(zhàn).............................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

（三）為獨(dú)立平等而戰(zhàn).........................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)..................................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。參考文獻(xiàn)..................................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。致謝............................................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。獨(dú) 創(chuàng) 性 聲 明....................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。授 權(quán) 申 明.........................................................................錯(cuò)誤！未定義書(shū)簽。

IV

前 言

當(dāng)今社會(huì)，女權(quán)主義受到越來(lái)越多人的重視，女權(quán)主義泛指婦女要求平等權(quán)利的社會(huì)思潮。又稱男女平權(quán)主義、男女平等主義。女權(quán)主義是近代資產(chǎn)階級(jí)啟蒙思想運(yùn)動(dòng)和婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，提倡婦女在人類生活所有領(lǐng)域與男子具有同等權(quán)利。女權(quán)主義具有廣泛的文化內(nèi)涵，涉及政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律、教育、宗教、倫理等領(lǐng)域。

在19世紀(jì)的英國(guó)，一位批評(píng)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的文學(xué)女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特寫(xiě)出了一部代表女性主義思想的小說(shuō)—《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》。這部小說(shuō)是夏洛蒂·勃朗特“詩(shī)意的生平寫(xiě)照”。書(shū)中的主人公簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)是一個(gè)心地純潔、善于思考的女性。她生活在社會(huì)底層，受盡磨難，但她有倔強(qiáng)的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。這部小說(shuō)以濃郁抒情的筆法和深刻細(xì)膩的心理描寫(xiě)，引人入勝地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的愛(ài)情經(jīng)歷，歌頌了擺脫一切舊習(xí)俗和偏見(jiàn)，扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)之上的深摯愛(ài)情，具有強(qiáng)烈的震撼心靈的藝術(shù)力量。它最為成功之處在于塑造了一個(gè)敢于反抗，敢于爭(zhēng)取自由和平等地位的婦女形象。

一、作者女權(quán)主義思想的產(chǎn)生

（一）作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的介紹

《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》的作者--夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)，生于1816年英國(guó)北部的一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村牧師家庭。她所生活的的三十年間正是英國(guó)社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代。資本主義正在發(fā)展并越來(lái)越暴露它內(nèi)在的缺陷；勞資之間矛盾尖銳化；失業(yè)工人的貧困；大量的童工被殘酷地折磨至死。社會(huì)和時(shí)代的不幸已經(jīng)讓這位女作家的家庭窮困潦倒，家庭的不幸更是讓她陷入巨大的困境當(dāng)中。母親早逝，八歲的夏洛蒂被送進(jìn)一所專收神職人員孤女的慈善性機(jī)構(gòu)。在那里生活條件極其惡劣，她的兩個(gè)姐姐瑪麗亞和伊麗莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米莉回到家鄉(xiāng)，在荒涼的約克郡山區(qū)度過(guò)了童年。

15歲時(shí)她進(jìn)了伍勒小姐辦的學(xué)校讀書(shū)，幾年后又在這個(gè)學(xué)校當(dāng)教師。后來(lái)她曾作家庭教師，但因不能忍受貴婦人、闊小姐對(duì)家庭教師的歧視和刻薄，放棄了家庭教

小說(shuō)主要描寫(xiě)了簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)與羅契斯特的愛(ài)情。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)的愛(ài)情觀更加深化了她的個(gè)性。她認(rèn)為愛(ài)情應(yīng)該建立在精神平等的基礎(chǔ)上，而不應(yīng)取決于社會(huì)地位、財(cái)富和外貌。只有男女雙方彼此真正相愛(ài)，才能得到真正的幸福。在追求個(gè)人幸福時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)表現(xiàn)出異乎尋常的純真、樸實(shí)的思想感情和勇往直前的勇氣。她并沒(méi)有因?yàn)樽约旱钠腿说匚欢艞墝?duì)幸福的追求，她的愛(ài)情是純潔高尚的，她對(duì)羅契斯特的財(cái)富不屑一顧，她之所以鐘情于他，就是因?yàn)樗芷降却?，把她視作朋友，與她坦誠(chéng)相見(jiàn)。對(duì)羅契斯特說(shuō)來(lái)，簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)猶如一股清新的風(fēng)，使他精神為之一振。羅契斯特過(guò)去看慣了上層社會(huì)的冷酷虛偽，簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)的純樸、善良和獨(dú)立的個(gè)性重新喚起他對(duì)生活的追求和向往。因而他能真誠(chéng)地在簡(jiǎn)面前表達(dá)他的愿望和改過(guò)的決心。

簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)同情羅契斯特不幸的命運(yùn)，認(rèn)為他的錯(cuò)誤是客觀環(huán)境造成的。盡管他其貌不揚(yáng)，后來(lái)又破產(chǎn)成了殘廢，但她看到的是他內(nèi)心的美和令人同情的不幸命運(yùn)，所以最終與他結(jié)婚。小說(shuō)通過(guò)羅契斯特兩次截然不同的愛(ài)情經(jīng)歷，批判了以金錢(qián)為基礎(chǔ)的婚姻和愛(ài)情觀，并始終把簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)和羅契斯特之間的愛(ài)情描寫(xiě)為思想、才能、品質(zhì)與精神上的完全默契。

簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)是個(gè)不甘忍受社會(huì)壓迫、勇于追求個(gè)人幸福的女性。無(wú)論是她的貧困低下的社會(huì)地位，或是她那漂泊無(wú)依的生活遭遇，都是當(dāng)時(shí)英國(guó)下層人民生活的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。作者能夠把一個(gè)來(lái)自社會(huì)下層的覺(jué)醒中的新女性擺到小說(shuō)的主人公地位，并對(duì)主人公為反抗壓迫和社會(huì)偏見(jiàn)、力爭(zhēng)獨(dú)立的人格和尊嚴(yán)、為追求幸福生活所作的頑強(qiáng)斗爭(zhēng)加以熱情歌頌，這在當(dāng)時(shí)的文學(xué)作品中是難能可貴的。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)平凡的外表下面隱藏著不朽的靈魂，在這個(gè)平庸的世界上顯得異常珍貴，灼然奪目。她的不屈不撓，勇于抗?fàn)幍木裰该髁艘粭l女性的道路，告訴天下所有的女性：要敢于對(duì)不公的命運(yùn)說(shuō)不，勇敢的追求自由、平等和幸福。

二、《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中女權(quán)主義思想

（一）自尊心、自信心、反抗精神

幼年時(shí)的簡(jiǎn).愛(ài)由于父母雙雙染病去世，她被送到蓋茨赫德莊園，寄居在舅舅家中?？裳┥霞铀氖巧w茨赫德的原主人里德先生—簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的舅舅也過(guò)早的棄她而去。舅媽覺(jué)得她是一個(gè)“天性惡毒、想法卑劣、特別愛(ài)撒謊”的人，于是對(duì)她百般刁難。表

[2]

德府使簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)感受到“這兒有想象中的完美無(wú)缺的家庭安樂(lè)氣氛”。事實(shí)證明了她的預(yù)感的正確性，后來(lái)她成了羅切斯特的妻子果真成了這個(gè)家庭中的成員。

這個(gè)家的主人叫羅切斯特，他是個(gè)苦命的人，頑固的封建倫理道德釀成了羅切斯特的不幸婚姻。他大學(xué)畢業(yè)后在父親的安排下他娶了心胸狹窄的梅森小姐為妻。盡管美森的外表靚麗，然而她的脾氣確實(shí)極端的壞，她與羅切斯特的志趣格格不入。羅切斯特痛苦地感覺(jué)到“我們之間根本無(wú)法進(jìn)行親切的交談，因?yàn)椴还芪艺勂鹗裁丛掝}馬上就會(huì)從她那兒聽(tīng)到既粗俗又陳腐、既乖張又愚蠢的回答”。

當(dāng)羅切斯特第一次看到簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)時(shí)他就感到了“有一種全新的東西一種新的活力和新的感覺(jué)不知不覺(jué)傳便了我的全身”。這種新的感覺(jué)其實(shí)就是羅切斯特的真愛(ài)之夢(mèng)將成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，這種感覺(jué)和簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)所預(yù)見(jiàn)的感覺(jué)一樣也是正確的。從和簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)相見(jiàn)、相識(shí)到相愛(ài)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的那種叛逆精神、自強(qiáng)自尊的品質(zhì)深深地征服了羅切斯特，而羅切斯特的優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度和淵博知識(shí)同樣也征服了簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)與羅切斯特的婚姻變故促使她離開(kāi)了桑菲爾德府，離開(kāi)了她心愛(ài)的羅切斯特。經(jīng)過(guò)了寒冷饑餓的折磨無(wú)家可歸的簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)終于進(jìn)了她的人生的又一個(gè)驛站—圣約翰家。對(duì)于親情的十分看重當(dāng)她從叔叔那里繼承了兩萬(wàn)英鎊的遺產(chǎn)時(shí)，她毫不猶豫地決定和她的三個(gè)表哥、表姐平分這份遺產(chǎn)?？梢?jiàn)在簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的眼中錢(qián)盡管很重要，但是比起親情來(lái)就顯得微不足道了。這與當(dāng)時(shí)一切以錢(qián)為中心的人際關(guān)系形成了鮮明的對(duì)比。她認(rèn)為“我不至于自私自利到不講情義，不講公道到不分是非，忘恩負(fù)義到不像人樣”[2]。這是她對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的金錢(qián)社會(huì)的有力抨擊和尖銳的痛恨。

圣約翰是一個(gè)知識(shí)淵博，長(zhǎng)相英俊的傳教士。但是他不會(huì)享受生活的樂(lè)趣，整天到晚和時(shí)間挑戰(zhàn)。他認(rèn)為工作是高于一切的，甚至包括生命和愛(ài)情。圣約翰為了他的偉大事業(yè)到東方印度傳教，他十分痛苦地壓抑了這份欲望。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)對(duì)于他的選擇簡(jiǎn)直是不可思議，有愛(ài)卻不敢愛(ài)，有了愛(ài)情卻不敢追求。另一方面當(dāng)圣約翰發(fā)覺(jué)，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)是一個(gè)有見(jiàn)識(shí)、有才智的女子的時(shí)候，他就向簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)求婚了，不是因?yàn)樗麗?ài)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)，而是因?yàn)樗?，如果娶?jiǎn)愛(ài)為妻，對(duì)他的事業(yè)將是一個(gè)很大的幫助。這是多么自私的想法。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)和羅切斯特的心靈感應(yīng)使他們走到了一塊，盡管當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)回到桑菲爾德府時(shí)她面對(duì)的是一個(gè)雙眼已瞎，一只手已經(jīng)殘廢的羅切斯特。但是，在簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)看來(lái)這些都是不重要的。只要羅切斯特愛(ài)她她也愛(ài)羅切斯特就已經(jīng)足夠了。她毅然與羅切斯特結(jié)婚，當(dāng)起了羅切斯特的妻子和護(hù)士。兩年以后命運(yùn)垂青了，這么一對(duì)恩愛(ài)的夫妻他們有了自己的孩子。羅切斯特的一只眼睛也恢復(fù)了視力，他們過(guò)著幸福的生活。我們看到

（二）為獲得認(rèn)同和尊嚴(yán)而戰(zhàn)

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)在被家人認(rèn)為是“壞孩子”趕出來(lái)之后被送往孤兒院。（當(dāng)時(shí)看來(lái)是慈善學(xué)校的一種）通常在這里小孩受到壓迫和非人的虐待。她的視眼變得開(kāi)闊了，性格中帶著更加憤怒的火花。由此可見(jiàn)，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)為獲得認(rèn)同和尊嚴(yán)而戰(zhàn)在羅伍德學(xué)校漸漸發(fā)展起來(lái)。融科赫斯特先生是學(xué)校里最為貪婪虛偽的代表，對(duì)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的最初印象是像動(dòng)物一樣大大的鼻子，突出的門(mén)牙。他在學(xué)校懲罰人的責(zé)任稱為拯救所謂的靈魂，他迫使學(xué)校所有的女孩剪掉頭發(fā)，饑寒交迫，像奴隸一樣對(duì)待她們，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)也不例外。當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)摔壞了凳子時(shí)受到公然懲罰。她被罰站在凳子上一個(gè)半小時(shí)，融科赫斯特先生不僅公然羞辱她而且宣布她是騙子。因此簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)感到非常失望，此時(shí)此刻無(wú)法用語(yǔ)言表達(dá)她的痛苦?！拔蚁胱児?，在羅伍德學(xué)校我認(rèn)真做事，學(xué)會(huì)尊重別人，我已經(jīng)取得了顯著地進(jìn)步，成為班上第一名。米莉小姐經(jīng)常表?yè)P(yáng)我，疼普小姐笑著贊許我，我受到同學(xué)們的一致好評(píng)，在他們眼中我是平等的?！盵2]

為什么簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)會(huì)想離開(kāi)蓋茨黑德？原因是瑞德和他的家人對(duì)她漠不關(guān)心，她想受到家人的尊重。在她看來(lái)，人與人之間是平等的。所以她反對(duì)不合理的懲罰，視它為人格的侮辱，接著她開(kāi)始為尊重而戰(zhàn)。如果別人不愛(ài)她，她寧愿去死也不愿活在這世上。由于融科赫斯特先生的謠言她受到其他同學(xué)的鄙視，尤其是她獲得老師和同學(xué)的尊重和認(rèn)可后，她絕望了以至于不能正常學(xué)習(xí)直到后來(lái)天普小姐為她澄清污名，同學(xué)像以前那樣對(duì)待她才漸漸好起來(lái)。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)這才認(rèn)為世界是如此美麗，也不再抱怨學(xué)校的伙食，盡管很難咽下。

（三）為獨(dú)立平等而戰(zhàn)

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的獨(dú)立意識(shí)讓她在很小的時(shí)候就開(kāi)始學(xué)著獨(dú)立，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)經(jīng)常提醒自己命運(yùn)應(yīng)該掌握在自己手里，她拒絕羅切斯特送給她的珠寶和衣服，認(rèn)為他所送的手鐲項(xiàng)鏈戒指等都是奴役的象征。盡管艾比德政府提供她一年30英鎊，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)還是繼續(xù)過(guò)著她平庸的生活，她覺(jué)得靠自己努力賺來(lái)的錢(qián)買衣服心安理得。這些行為不僅表現(xiàn)了簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)女性獨(dú)立信念而且反應(yīng)了她渴望了解世界與不同人交流的思想。當(dāng)她在絲絨菲爾德莊園過(guò)著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活時(shí)，開(kāi)始后悔沒(méi)有出去旅游，向其他女性表達(dá)她的情感。

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的生活一開(kāi)始就沒(méi)有父母，沒(méi)有金錢(qián)，地位低下，惡劣的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境，也不漂亮但是足夠勇敢足夠堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。她可能是社會(huì)上微不足道的人但卻是自己的主人。

勇敢果決的走出了灰姑娘的童話，邁向一個(gè)有著新女性、真女性的文學(xué)道路的起步。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)藐視財(cái)富、社會(huì)地位和宗教的威儀，她認(rèn)為，“真正的幸福，在于美好的精神世界和高尚純潔的心靈。”[10]她的信念和行動(dòng)展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的力量，深深打動(dòng)了一代又一代讀者的心，使生活在金錢(qián)萬(wàn)能的社會(huì)中的人們的靈魂得到凈化。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)是一個(gè)對(duì)自己的思想和人格有著理性認(rèn)識(shí)的女性，一個(gè)對(duì)自己的幸福和情感有著堅(jiān)定追求的性，一個(gè)不再只是盲從于男人和世俗要求的女性，一個(gè)對(duì)自己的價(jià)值和情感做出了獨(dú)立判斷的女性，一個(gè)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)獨(dú)立的女性。夏洛蒂·勃朗特創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)前所未有的女性形象；簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)發(fā)出了一個(gè)屬于女性自己的聲音—對(duì)于平等、獨(dú)立、完整、自由的堅(jiān)持和追求。作品當(dāng)中處處散發(fā)著女性主義的光輝，它所倡導(dǎo)的女性經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立意識(shí)，女性自我意識(shí)以及進(jìn)步的婚姻觀，至今仍然閃爍著耀眼的光芒。它像是一個(gè)風(fēng)標(biāo)，指引著千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的女性去追求自由、平等和幸福。

但她的思想也有一定的局限性。縱觀夏洛蒂的人生路程，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)自卑感是籠罩其一生的陰影，所以，她筆下的人物有時(shí)也有一種自卑感?！案F、低微、矮小、不美”是簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)對(duì)自己的評(píng)價(jià)，這一客觀事實(shí)也是她產(chǎn)生自卑的根源。在這一評(píng)價(jià)之中，既有對(duì)自身形象的哀嘆，也有對(duì)家境出身的不滿。二者都對(duì)簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)的人生選擇產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。在自卑感作祟下，簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)在一定程度上認(rèn)同了世俗的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所以，即使贏得了羅切斯特的愛(ài)情，簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)也一直處于一種患得患失的狀態(tài)，沒(méi)有足夠的信心來(lái)維系這份感情，因?yàn)樗[隱感覺(jué)到世俗的強(qiáng)大力量在威脅著他們。[11]所以，當(dāng)知道閣樓上瘋女人的真實(shí)身份之后，簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)選擇了自我放逐。從心理上來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一種逃避的行為，而自卑心理正是導(dǎo)致回避行為的主因。

她還無(wú)法擺脫的男權(quán)束縛作為女權(quán)主義的先驅(qū)者，夏洛蒂塑造的簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)在一定程度上突破了維多利亞時(shí)代女性存在價(jià)值的限定。但是，長(zhǎng)期沿襲下來(lái)的男權(quán)文化和男權(quán)話語(yǔ)的負(fù)面影響不可能在一夜之間就徹底肅清。她只是在家庭或經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)關(guān)注女性，而沒(méi)有深入更廣泛的社會(huì)領(lǐng)域，即政治層面。

夏洛蒂僅僅局限于表現(xiàn)在婚姻和家庭中，女性的遭遇以及她們對(duì)男權(quán)主義的憤怒和反抗上面，卻并沒(méi)有揭示女性問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)，當(dāng)然也沒(méi)有指出實(shí)現(xiàn)女性解放的有效途徑，更無(wú)法體會(huì)到女性解放只有建立在女性價(jià)值的全面實(shí)現(xiàn)，建立在社會(huì)壓抑的解除和女性的徹底解放上。這樣，夏洛蒂一方而期盼著女性有獨(dú)立自主的意識(shí)，一方而卻又無(wú)法擺脫時(shí)代傳統(tǒng)觀念束縛。就像她的作品《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中主人公簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)以一個(gè)“拯救者”的身份回歸家庭。這體現(xiàn)出了夏洛蒂女權(quán)主義思想的局限性，即她認(rèn)為女人的幸福仍

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參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]陸揚(yáng),張艷.拉康與弗洛伊德:無(wú)意識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)言分析[J].西北師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2005(7).[2]Bronte Charlotte·Jane Eyre [M].Beijing: Yili People’s Publishing House，2002：23-24.[3] 魏琴.試析女性主義意識(shí)在《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》中的體現(xiàn)[J].文化研究.2009(12): 249-250.[4]朱虹.《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》與女性意識(shí)[J].河南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，1987:5．

[5]路甬祥.簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的性格分析 [M].北京 : 北京大學(xué)出版社，2006:73-76.[6]吳 朋.《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的人格魅力 [J].外語(yǔ)界，2001(6):16-21.[7]王惠昭．淺析《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中的女性價(jià)值觀 [M]．外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué)，2001:29-31.[8]朱虹.最后一幅素描[M].天津：百花文藝出版社，2008.[9]夏洛特·勃朗特著.《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》，黃源深譯.南京：意林出版社，2006(11).[10] 劉淑華.淺談筒愛(ài)的性格：反抗與獨(dú)立[J].沈陽(yáng)師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，1994(4).[11] 趙海虹.《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的失敗[J].外國(guó)文學(xué)，2004.21314-

第四篇：《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中女權(quán)主義意識(shí)(英文)

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摘 要

《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被認(rèn)為是一位卓越的女作家。因?yàn)樗谛≌f(shuō)中描述的是與傳統(tǒng)不同的女主人公簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)的勇于追求自由、平等和獨(dú)立精神。它也是作者的自傳體小說(shuō)。通過(guò)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)的性格進(jìn)行剖析，證明了簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的女權(quán)主義者。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)這個(gè)人物形象，博得讀者的愛(ài)憐，在英國(guó)文學(xué)史上是位具有代表性的人物，不僅表現(xiàn)在外表的樸實(shí)無(wú)華，而且表現(xiàn)在她性格上的獨(dú)特魅力。簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)因其性格中所具有的強(qiáng)烈反抗意識(shí)而特別地引人注目。她堅(jiān)持自己的原則去不斷反抗不公平的社會(huì)。她用盡全力去追求自由，平等，獨(dú)立和真愛(ài)。經(jīng)過(guò)堅(jiān)持不懈的努力她最終獲得自尊，自由和真愛(ài)。

關(guān)鍵詞：女權(quán), 反叛, 獨(dú)立,平等, 真愛(ài)

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青島理工大學(xué)琴島學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文用紙

ABSTRACT

Jane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist.Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine‘s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence.It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality.Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character‘s outstanding and alien thoughts.The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character.She always insists on her principle to rebel and fights bravely against the unjust world.She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love.By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.KEY WORDS: feminist, rebel, independence, equality, true love

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Contents

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..(9)Chapter One The Development of Jane Eyre‘s Resistance ……………………...(10)

1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead …………………………………………...(10)

1.2 Jane‘s resistance at Lowood Institution ………………………………(11)1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House ………………….(13)Chapter Two Jane Eyre‘s Pursuit of Independence and Freedom ……………….(14)2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom …(14)2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve her

independence ………………………………………………………....(14)2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it......(15)Chapter Three Jane Eyre‘s Attitude Towards Love ……………………………(18)3.1 True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding………..(18)3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love ……........(19)Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………….(23)Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………(24)Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………(25)

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青島理工大學(xué)琴島學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文用紙

Introduction

Charlotte Bronte, an English writer, is a great critical realist in the 19th century.She writes lots of works in her life.She sets to work on a new novel, Jane Eyre, which is published in August, 1847.Jane Eyre is her masterpiece which is a world famous novel.Jane Eyre has been translated into many languages and is always high in reading popularity.Jane Eyre, a plain, timid, weak and pale girl who appears to be a heroine, exists in numerous people’s minds.It seems to be a strange phenomenon.How can she arouse the eminent attention of the readers throughout the world? Because Jane Eyre stands for an idealized woman in the 19th century.Charlotte Bronte aims at awakening women's consciousness and courage to equal rights and freedom.Jane Eyre cuts a completely new woman image.She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for the recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.Jane strives with all difficulties to gain women’s liberation and to pursue freedom, equality and true love.The analysis of Jane‘s personalities and her attitudes toward love has shown partly Jane‘s love — a kind of direct, enthusiastic and faithful love.The story of the independent-minded Jane and her love affair with Mr.Rochester opens up new dimension for women.She is a typical character of awakening bourgeois intellectual women.The heroine Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position.The profound meaning of Jane‘s personalities makes this novel an extremely important work lists in the history of world literature as well as in the English literature.第9頁(yè)

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Chapter One The Development of Jane Eyre’s Resistance

1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead

Jane Eyre seems to be pale, thin and weak.She is like a piece of dust, nobody pays attention to her.At any time she may disappear.She was born an orphan, with an unfortunate family and long time repressive feeling;she builds up her resistant emotion.Under this background, everyone looks down upon her.Jane asks herself ―why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always abused, for ever condemned.‖(Bronte, 2002:13)Her reason says ―unjust!-unjust!‖(Bronte, 2002:14)A first angry voice bursts out from her deep heart.When John beats her again, she attacks him viciously.She shouts at him, ―Wicked and cruel boy!You are like a murderer —you are like a slave-driver—you are like the Roman emperors!“(Bronte, 2002:7)When Mrs.Reed tells Mr.Brocklehurst that Jane has a bad character and a deceitful disposition, she defends that ―I am not deceitful: if I were, I should say I loved you;but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except John Reed;and this book about the liar, you may give it to your girl, Georgiana, for it is she who tells lies, and not I.”(Bronte, 2002:48)However, Jane is a brave soldier who dares to face up all kinds of injustice and fights against them.Before she leaves Gateshead, she rebukes her aunt‘s cruelty, ―How dare I, Mrs.Reed? How dare I? Because it is the truth.You think I have no feelings and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness;but I cannot live so: and you have no pity.I shall remember how you thrust me back—roughly and violently thrust me back—into the red-room, and locked me up there, to my dying day;though I was in agony;though I cried out, while suffocating with distress, ?Have mercy!Have mercy, Aunt Reed!‘ And that punishment you made me suffer because your wicked boy struck me—knocked me down for nothing.I will tell anybody who asks me questions, this exact tale.People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!‖(Bronte, 2002:49)Jane suffers various violent treatments by her aunt and

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cousins;she tries her best to be a good girl but only results in failure in Mrs.Reed‘s eyes.Jane resists and resists, but finally breaks out and speaks all her anger;Jane‘s courage frightens Mrs.Reed, for she knows Jane is right.In those days at Gateshead Hall, Jane's strong, brave and unbending characteristics are expressed step by step.Her every behavior shows her great indignation.Isolation, poverty, discrimination and oppression cause her to revolt against the unfair society in her own way.Jane is driven away from and escapes from Reed‘s house partly because of fearless courage.Jane fights not only for just treatment, but also for equality.This is the first step of the development of Jane Eyre‘s rebellious character.1.2 Jane’s resistance at Lowood Institution Lowood Institution is a charity school for poor clergymen‘s daughters.Jane lives here for eight years.Her rebellious sprits become mature.In fact it is a hell for poor girls.The school is like a prison dominated by cold, implacable cruelty and Brocklehurst.Children here are not supplied with enough food, clothes and good treatment of disease.Many of them die of illness.They have no love and sympathy at all, living in hunger and cold.Children must pray for God and thank for oppressors.Helen, a clever, intelligent and beautiful girl receives curse and beat, finally loses her young life.She believes in God.She says to Jane, ―I am sure there is a future state;I believe God is good;I can resign my immortal part to Him without any misgiving.God is my father;God is my friend: I love Him;I believe He loves me.‖(Bronte, 2002:121)Just because of these ideas, Helen hasn‘t a little rebel against that kind of cruel treatment.However Jane is not like Helen.She always tries to rebel, though she is still a child.She tells Helen: ―A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you.It is all I ever desire to be.If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid, and so they would never alter, but would grow worse and worse.When we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard;I am sure we

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should—so hard as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again."(Bronte, 2002:82)This rhythmic and forceful speech embodies the deep bourgeois oppression of the lower women and Jane‘s rebellious spirit.To achieve independence as an equal human, Jane never yields to fate and background.She does as she says.Her attitude towards her cousins, her aunt and Mr.Brocklehurst all proves it.Another woman, Miss Temple, is also admired and deeply loved by Jane.Miss Temple‘s learning stimulates Jane‘s longing for intelligence and Miss Temple‘s kindness stirs up her enthusiasm for ideal life.So when Miss Temple leaves Lowood, Jane can‘t put up with dullness and isolation there.She thinks that now she is left in her natural element, and begins to feel the stirring of old emotions.Jane looks forward to a new life and a free sky.No matter what will happen in the future, she will face it bravely.The rebellious fury is burnt again.Then Jane makes an advertisement and gets a governess profession at Thornfield.In this period, Jane‘s rebellious spirit is up to a new standard and catches a more profound meaning.Her fighting is not only against a person, but against the social convention.1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House At Thornfield, Jane, as a grown-up, changes her harshness into a refined woman with good education, delicacy of feeling and gentleness of manners.At Thornfield she gets along well with everyone.Jane is mild to everyone.Adele, a girl without talent is carefully taught by Jane and made safe and happy.In such a wild world, she forgets her pain and her misery.Furthermore, she learns to be tolerant to others‘ shortcomings.Hearing that Mrs.Reed is dying, she comes back soon to Gateshead.Although she once has told Mrs.Reed that she never wants to see her again, she forgets and forgives her.Jane‘s delicate feeling is best revealed when she meets Rochester, who is hurt.She gives him a hand in a polite way.In spite of his rude rejection, she says, ―I can not think of leaving you, sir, at so late an hour, in this solitary lane, till I see you are fit to mount your horses.‖(Bronte, 2002:173)

When Jane falls in love with Rochester, she is awaken and still keeps her resistance;she makes her every effort to rebel against social prejudice and customs，第12頁(yè)

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struggling for independence and true love.She dares to say ―no‖ to anyone, including her master, Mr.Rochester who is domineering and arrogant.When she talks with Mr.Rochester, she doesn‘t avoid saying what she thinks whether Mr.Rochester is happy or not.On the wedding between Jane and Rochester, Jane is told that Rochester has married before.Bertha Mason, a mad woman is his wife who has been living in Thornfield.At the bad news, Jane knows if she lives with him, she will fall into the category of mistress and lose her respect.The dream of freedom, happiness and the independence which she was looking forward to would become fancies.The strength of reason is power over emotion.Jane leaves Thornfield resolutely to meet unknown fate in the future.When she almost starves to death, St.John helps her.Jane‘s spirit of revolt is obviously expressed by her refusal of St.John‘s offer of marriage.Jane never changes her will to follow St.John.She thinks, ―If I join St.John, I abandon half myself, if I go to India, I go to premature death‖, ―if I do make the sacrifice he urges, I will make it absolutely: I will throw all on the altar—heart, vitals, the entire victim.‖(Bronte, 2002:642)Jane says to St.John, ―I scorn your idea of love.‖(Bronte, 2002:649)Jane dares to rebel against St.John‘s offer because she thinks they are equal.She has the right to rebel against him.This period is the perfection of Jane Eyre‘s rebellions.第13頁(yè)

青島理工大學(xué)琴島學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文用紙

Chapter Two Jane Eyre’s Pursuit of Independence and

Freedom

2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom

Independence is the outstanding quality throughout the whole process of the novel.Jane Eyre is not pretty and her character is unique.She is maltreated by her cousins and aunt.One day, when Jane takes John‘s book to read, he beats her once more.John says that Jane has no business to take his books;―You have no business to take our books;you are a dependant, mama says, you have no money;your father left you none;you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen‘s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mama‘s expense‖.(Bronte, 2002:7)When she fights against him severely, she is sent to Red Room.In the Red Room, she is frightened, but she keeps a clear mind that she realizes she needs to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant.Her mind is in tumult, and all her heart in insurrection, her reason says ―unjust!I never compromise to them.I shall be independent.‖(Bronte, 2002:14)She hates Gateshead, hates everyone there.She hates Mrs.Reed who is a bad, hard-hearted woman.She treats her with miserable cruelty.Gateshead is a shelter for her, which teaches her a lot of things.Only when she is independent, can she be respected by others.After all, she is a little girl, it is hard for her to be economically independent.Therefore, she decides to be independent, self-sufficient in her mind.The Reeds are really mean to her and she thinks they suck.Of course, the feeling is mutual.Therefore, she is spared from the Reeds and is sent to a low budget orphan school called Lowood Institution.2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve her independence

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At Lowood Institution, under the hypocritical Evangelicalism of the headmaster, Mr.Brocklehurst, she suffers further privation in the austere environment.The condition there is disgusting, but Jane doesn‘t submit to it.She gains her strength from her teacher and her fellow students to achieve her independence.Maria Temple, an independent woman, is the headmaster of the Institution.She is a responsible teacher, and kind to the students, even the low students.Consequently, she gains respect and popularity from the people around her.From Maria Temple, Jane learns that independence is a very important thing for everyone.In our modern society, it seems to be more important to be independent.Jane learns the importance of duty and self-control through the friendship with Helen.At the beginning, Jane has much sympathy for Helen.Because Helen doesn‘t dare to fight against the person who insults her.When Helen is to be flogged and to be asked to stand in the middle of a room that full of people.Jane thinks that Helen should turn against others when she is bullied;she should resist against Miss Scatcherd, and dislike Miss Scatcherd.From these we can see that Jane is not obedient to anyone if someone bullies her, she will do the same thing to others.As known to all, it is not violence that best overcomes hatred, nor vengeance that most certainly heals injury.And Jane learns these from Helen.Jane is deeply moved by Helen‘s actions and words.―Yet it would be your duty to bear it, if you could not avoid it: it is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what your fate to be required to bear‖.(Bronte, 2002:79)Then through the friendship with Helen, she learns to be self-control in a certain degree.―It is far better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, than to commit a hasty action whose evil consequences will extend to all connected with you;and besides, the Bible bids us return good for evil‖.(Bronte, 2002:79)

Jane stays at Lowood for 8 years.She attempts to do well in all aspects.She makes rapid progress both in study and work.She becomes stronger than before in her heart.The idea of breaking out the conservative puritan life does not occur to her.She longs for a new form of life.So she gets a job by herself.第15頁(yè)

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2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it In order to lead a life of independence, Jane works as a governess at Thornfield Hall.She is looks down upon by the rich ladies of the fashionable society, but she never despises herself, she never feels herself inferior.She is satisfied with, and even proud of her honest, independent work.She loves Rochester who is in a large possession of fortune and in a high social position, but she never thinks of relying on these things.Once she immediately answers Rochester‘s question about what else she needs, by saying, ―Your regard: and if I give mine in return, that debt will be quit.‖(Bronte, 2002:424)This kind of independence is irrevocable out of her pure soul which hasn‘t been contaminated by the earthy care at all and represented the pure uprightness.When the happiness reaches the highest point where she is about to be the dreamy person‘s wife, Jane keeps a clear mind, protecting her independence and her personality.She refuses all the precious gifts that could have been owned as a fiancee and reminded Rochester again and again of the responsibility she should continue to fulfill as a governess.As Rochester‘s bride, she continues to be Adele‘s governess;when Rochester intends to give her a lot of jewelry and beautiful clothes, she refuses.Generally, beautiful clothes and jewelries are the favorite things to women.Jane thinks that real love is not based on money and jewelry.Her love doesn‘t mix with other strange ideas.In her opinion, self-respect, independence and equal rights are the fundamental elements of one‘s love.She doesn‘t want to be the slave of money, and she doesn‘t want to rely on others.They fall in deep love with each other.Rochester doesn‘t want Jane to go on working，he wishes Jane belongs to him and considers Jane as his property．Jane refuses his suggestion without any hesitation．In her opinion，if she loses her job, she must depend on Rochester to live，thus independence says goodbye to her.She doesn‘t want to be a thing of Rochester.At last, she decides to preserve her independence.With the news coming that Rochester‘s wife is still alive, Jane is driven back to her original status.It means that Jane is just a lover to him.By this time, there are two roads in front of her: One is to be the lover of Rochester.The other is away from

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Rochester to begin a new life.Actually, it‘s very sad for Jane to leave the place she liked, and the man she deeply loved.However, Jane is the unique!She is determined to leave Thornfield without any hesitation.As we know that nothing can succeed in confining her before her resistant spirit.The powerful shout of the born independent spirit from her heart remains her independence.The natural strength of independence overwhelms her, ―still indomitable was the reply—I care for myself.The more solitary, the more friendless, and the more unsustained I can be, the more I will respect myself.‖(Bronte, 2002:467)With Jane and Rochester‘s suffering the readers‘ compassion is also aroused besides the feeling of pity.There is no defying that the blood of independence is going through Jane‘s whole body from the day she was born.Fleeing from calamity solitarily, she does not hesitate all prices to maintain her own personality, dignity, and rebellions and independence is portrayed more perfect, and richer.Nowadays, as to women, we can‘t depend on men completely.We should earn money through our efforts, we must be independent, never be subsidiary to others.In order to get dignity, freedom and independence, she runs away.At the prerequisite of maintaining her own character she doesn‘t take the jewelry and clothes which Rochester gives her.Jane arrives at the desolate crossroads of whitcross and is reduced to begging for food.Fortunately, the Rivers siblings helped her.At Moor House, Jane learns the pleasure of self-sufficiency.She lives a happy life there.She develops great affection for the ladies, Diana and Mary, and they are really nice to her.Jane becomes spiritually stronger and more confident through the friendship with Diana and Mary.She doesn‘t want to live there for a long time.She intends to find a job to support herself, so St.John finds a job for her to teach at the local school.While teaching, she gains more social respect, and her students make progress quickly.Furthermore, the students and their parents like her very much.She is very happy and satisfied with her own conditions.As a teacher, her students‘ progress and popularity are the best gifts to her.第17頁(yè)

青島理工大學(xué)琴島學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文用紙

Chapter Three

Jane Eyre’s Attitude Towards Love

3.1 True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding From the strong ego and independent personality, Jane seeks for love which should be based on mutual understanding, equality, respect and attraction.Jane is a governess, who has the profession with very low social position.Nearly no one looks up on it at that time.Being born of second class, Jane is sensitive about her position in society.She hopes that she can live with the same self-esteem as everyone in the upper class.She works very hard to be a good lady to reach the norm which is required by the upper class.Then she is eager to be admitted by the man who she loves, i.e.Rochester.Generally speaking, people are often satisfied with beloved one‘s compliment.As for Jane, things are the same.Rochester is one of the members of the upper class.Rochester is a rich gentleman with high social status and reputation.But Rochester falls in love with Jane, so does Jane.Jane doesn‘t pay much attention to the difference between their social positions, because she only admires and believes in marriage based on true love.Humble job and poverty cannot stop her loving an upper class gentleman.On this point, she shows a woman's extra strength to take a risky love with Rochester and keeps her self-esteem.She respects the mutual equality of personality.Jane‘s viewpoint shows she has clear self-awake sense of love.As a woman living in the society unequal between men and women, Jane doesn‘t follow the outmoded conventions.She believes men and women are equal even if not in property, but in personality.When Rochester tells Jane that he is going to marry Miss Ingram and he insists that Jane must stay at Thornfield.Jane is angry at it.Let us see how Jane retorts to Rochester‘s teasing.―I tell you I must go!‖ ―Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?––a machine without feelings? And I can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from

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my lips? Do you think I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? In fact you think wrong!––I have as much soul as you, and full as much heart!And if God had gifted me with some beauty.and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;it is my spirit that addressed your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God‘s feet, equal,—as we are!‖(Bronte, 2002:396)Rochester understands fully and esteems her.Jane still maintains self-control and clear-headed when she becomes Rochester‘s fiancée.She wants to protect her honor and independence.When Rochester buys diamond necklace, bracelet, ring, etc., which means to bind her, she refuses those gifts and reminds her, ―I shall continue to act as Adele‘s governess;by that I shall earn my board and lodging, and thirty pounds a year besides.‖(Bronte, 2002:423)Thus she is such a person who regards her dignity sacredly and inviolably.Jane seeks for happiness and love, but she doesn‘t think love is supreme.She can throw away traditions to follow love, but she will never sacrifice her dignity and independence for the reason of love.Obtaining equality in life is Jane's ambition.It is equality that makes her love Rochester with all of her heart and soul;also it is equality that makes her leave Rochester with her disappointment and distress.Life is hard to Jane.On their wedding day, a secret is exposed that Rochester has a mad wife locked for several years, and then Jane resolutely gives up Rochester and is determined not to be a mistress.Jane's ambition, of course, forbids her to accept the unequal position of being the mistress of someone‘s husband.She has her self-respect and must keep her nobility.Being an illegal mistress benefits her nothing but reduces her virtue and demoralizes her personality.Then she would have to depend on Rochester and lose her quality, independence and freedom.So she chooses the distress of leaving Rochester to realize her pursuit.3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love At that time, women were first customarily dependent on their parents then upon

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husbands.Their parents tried their best to choose good husbands for their daughters.The choices of husbands and fates were determined by men‘s social positions and properties, rather than personalities and sincere emotions.Usually, women‘s rational consideration triumphed over their personal interests.A problem raises in the novel is the position of a woman in society.Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel, maintains that women should have equal rights with men.When she decides to leave her love, she is very sad.But Jane will feel unpeaceful if she does not leave and stays with Rochester as a lover.And she would not be her cousin‘s wife without love.It is very easy to choose one‘s own love in today‘s England.But it is not so easy to do it in the 18th and 19th century England.Jane thinks that it is a glorious thing to have the hope of living with him and being his wife.Jane loves him with her whole heart.They have a meeting of the mind.But in that social background, people pay too much attention to property, rank and status.If the disparity is great, a pair of lovers would suffer disagreement with their families and their friends.Mrs.Fairfax, one of Rochester‘s servants, is very surprised and feels puzzled that her master is madly clinging to Jane.In their opinion, Blanche Ingram, who is a typical representative of the rich class, is so beautifu1, rich and has the same high social position.She is regarded as Thornfield wife of Rochester in the future by most people.She is the ideal wife of Rochester.If Rochester marries Ingram, it is natura1．Because in that society，people‘s sense of love is on the basis of money.In their eyes，money is everything，money is marriage.For the sake of money they can marry anyone even though the husband or the wife is an idiot.So the marriage between Rochester and Ingram is fair and reasonable．In their opinion, Jane is an ordinary looking woman without wealth, so she can never match Rochester.But with the development of the plot，Miss Ingram is proven to be a loser．Rochester is deeply attracted by Jane and gives up Ingram.Jane defeats her though Jane has no property and beauty.Jane‘s plainness，poverty, position and disposition are contrasted to Ingram‘s obviously.Jane is kind，intelligent, sympathetic and thoughtful, while Ingram‘s minds is poor and hypocritica1.She has no sympathy at al1.She plans to

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marry Rochester only because of Rochester‘ s property，Ingram tries her best to fascinate Rochester again and again，unfortunately，she falls again and again.Jane is fully aware of it．She witnesses ―repeated failures‖．The party is the climax of the novel and the essence of the book.At the party，Jane‘s victory is complete.According to her beautiful personality and the strength of her noble spirit，Jane drives those aristocrats away from competitive stages．High position and great wealth shows by the noble class are put aside．Jane gets glorious victory．

The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love.She distains the money and hunt marriage, and looks down upon her artificial and hypocritical manners.The way she gets to know Rochester well is talking with him, observing him and getting agreements with him.She falls in love with Rochester not at the first sight but after a fairly long time of acquaintance.Before she completely knows Rochester Jane only takes him as the master and an object for talking.Every time she talks with him, her attitude to Rochester changes.Through communicating with each other by their minds, they gradually come to a harmony in spirit.Jane thinks, ―The ease of his manner freed me from painful restraint;the friendly frankness, correct as cordial，with which he heated me, drew me to him.I felt at times as if he were my relation rather than my master: yet he was imperious sometimes still;but 1 did not mind that.‖(Bronte, 2002:225)This is Jane's revelation of true feeling to Rochester.Only when Jane understands Rochester, can she appropriately analyse and accept Rochester‘s character.Understanding each other and getting harmonious in spirit，the solid base of their true love.Jane loves Rochester‘s value as a man, instead of his properties, social and family status.So, whether Rochester is a rich person in the upper-class society, or is afflicted with calamity and becomes totally-blinded disabled man;whether Jane is a poor and plain governess in Thornfield, or she becomes a rich heiress in one night.Nothing can change her steadfast love for Rochester.After leaving Rochester‘s home, Thornfield Hall, Jane walks and travels without any aim.She lives in hunger and cold.As she roams about a whit cross, she is nearly dead because she suffers terrible hardships.St.John helps her and saves her life.St

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John wants to marry Jane and takes her to India with him.Although he is a little merciful and handsome, he is also very harsh and arbitrary.He considers little of Jane‘s benefit.He does not respect her or give her selfless love.Jane says if she joins St John, she will abandon half herself and if she goes to India, she will go to premature death.Jane tells John that she does not believe in marriage without love, because she still loves Rochester deeply.Jane insists that true love should be based on equality, mutual understanding and respect.She knows that to marry such a stonehearted person is to become a tool of him to serve God, so she refuses John‘s proposal.She hears the voice of Rochester in her mind, then she comes back to look for Rochester.She learns that Thornfield Hall has been burnt down, and that Rochester, attempting vainly to save his mad wife from the fire, loses one of his hands, is blind in both eyes, and becomes a crippled man.Now Mr.Rochester is not as rich as he used to, and he is disabled.But Jane loves him more than ever.Jane decides to stay with him and look after him for all of her life.This pair of lovers comes together in the end.But in that society such a marriage is considered uncommon and untraditional.In their love affairs there exist various paradoxes and conflicts which linked equality.Through mutual understanding, they gain the love between them.Jane gets Rochester‘s love as well as equality.Their love is based on equal communication, equal understanding and equal spirit.As we know, Jane is deep in love with Mr.Rochester, but if love runs against independence and equality, she would rather choose the latter, though it would be a great sorrow for them two.The unfulfilled matrimonial ceremony, therefore, provides the reader a good chance to learn the good sense and shrewdness in making decisions.In the end, Jane‘s return to and union with Mr.Rochester(who is not only nearly blind but relieved from his mad wife,)helps the reader see her true love for Mr.Rochester and her willing sacrifice to restore their paradise.第22頁(yè)

青島理工大學(xué)琴島學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文用紙

Conclusion

Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte‘s masterpiece;it is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree.Charlotte Bronte was so poor when she was young and she nearly could not feel her parents‘ love.In addition, she is not attractive and is very short, so all of these reflect her self-humiliation.She has a strong sense of self-esteem, and she often compensates for the self-humiliation by her self-esteem.She describes Jane Eyre, in fact, she writes herself.Jane Eyre is as common as Charlotte Bronte, and she keeps going after a kind of free, bright and beautiful life because of her self-esteem.The poetic, imaginative story of the love of a young governess for her married employer also has undoubted connections with Charlotte Bronte‘s experience in Brussels.It is an immediate success with both readers and most of the critics.Jane Eyre, the heroine of this novel, struggles to acquire her self-respect, independence, dignity and self-sufficiency at every stage of her life, both in struggling with social pressure, maltreatment, discrimination and in resisting against the temptation of passion.That the author describes her leading personalities in the novel, and highly praises her spirit against the oppression and social prejudice, her pursuit of the independent personality and the dignity, and her tenacious struggle for happy life is obviously aimed at revealing the call of the people of the lower class for respect and freedom, and further to awaken them to protest against the unfair society that kills humanity.And it‘s in this sense that Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position.In my opinion, the value of a woman does not lie in her looks, her dress, and any other things that have a powerful fascination to men‘s eyes, but in her nature, her mind, her character and her sentiment.This novel embodies the indomitable struggle of the laboring class who are awakening.The author, Charlotte Bronte calls for the equality between sexes, spiritual freedom and inviolable human dignity, showing her sympathy for the laboring class.第23頁(yè)

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Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to delicate my most sincere graduate to my supervisor Liu Xueyun, for his kindness and patience, unreserved help, respectable tolerance and his valuable suggestions.Without his meticulous proofreading and revision, my thesis would not be like what it is today.Secondly, I want to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to all the respectable professors and teachers who taught me the B.A.courses during my four-year undergraduate study, Professor Liu Shifa, Professor Jiang Xiping, Miss Shi Luan, Miss Tian Yan, Miss Jia Lihong and Miss An Mei etc.I have benefited a lot from their profound knowledge and wonderful lectures which are indispensable to the accomplishment of my thesis.Thirdly, my heart-felt thanks also go to my friends, especially Liang Qian, Zhang Qian, Yu Jing with whom I have shared the joy and frustration in pursuit of knowledge.In the end, my thanks go to my parents, without whose support I could not have accomplished my study.第24頁(yè)

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Bibliography

Bronte, Charlotte.Jane Eyre Edited with an Introduction by Smith, Margaret.London: Oxford University Press, 2002.Shorter, C.K.Charlotte Bronte and Her Circle.London, 1896.Ellison, Edith.A Study of Bronte’s Novels.Green Wood Press, 1991.Wu Weiren.History and Anthology of English Literature, 1988． 簡(jiǎn)同，《百部世界文學(xué)名著賞析》。北京：北京出版社，2001。李獻(xiàn)民，譯《簡(jiǎn)·愛(ài)》。呼和浩特：內(nèi)蒙古人民出版社，2002。劉炳善，英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史。上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1981。田兆耀，《西方文學(xué)鑒賞》。北京：中國(guó)廣播電視出版社，2002。楊靜遠(yuǎn)，《勃朗特姐妹研究》。北京：中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社, 1983。楊豈深，《外國(guó)文學(xué)名著欣賞》。哈爾濱：黑龍江人民出版社, 1984。

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第五篇：簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的女權(quán)主義思想試析

《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的女權(quán)主義思想試析

內(nèi)容摘要：

夏洛蒂在《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中塑造的女主人公簡(jiǎn)愛(ài),她敢愛(ài)敢恨、敢作敢當(dāng)、反抗著社會(huì)的不公,追求者平等、自尊、自強(qiáng),成為傳統(tǒng)女性叛逆者的化身。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)不幸的童年和學(xué)校寄宿生活一直被鄙視、嘲諷、毒打所包圍,但是她沒(méi)有被這些所嚇到,反而激發(fā)起了她對(duì)這些丑陋人的嫉恨,她要反抗,要平等,要自尊。該文以結(jié)合夏洛蒂的經(jīng)歷及作品《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的故事情節(jié),淺析《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》中的女權(quán)主義思想。關(guān)鍵詞：女權(quán)主義 愛(ài)情 男女平等 經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立 自我價(jià)值

正文：

《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》是19世紀(jì)英國(guó)著名的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的成功之作，是一部真正意義上的女性文學(xué)作品。女權(quán)主義作為一種社會(huì)文化思潮在西方有著漫長(zhǎng)的歷史。艾略特·伍爾夫、西蒙·波夫瓦等都是著名的女權(quán)主義理論家。女權(quán)主義的核心是抗議男權(quán)社會(huì)對(duì)女性的奴役，強(qiáng)調(diào)女性應(yīng)有和男性平等的權(quán)利和地位，呼吁女性不應(yīng)受制于男性社會(huì)，應(yīng)有其自身的價(jià)值。顛覆男權(quán)社會(huì)的不合理性，確立和提高女性的社會(huì)地位是女權(quán)主義奮斗的目標(biāo)。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)以經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立為基礎(chǔ)，以自尊自愛(ài)為人生支柱，走了一條自己為自己鋪就的人生道路，表現(xiàn)了強(qiáng)烈的自我意識(shí)，展現(xiàn)了女性的情感與自我。她從追求理想愛(ài)情開(kāi)始，逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)δ信降鹊匚坏囊?，再深入到?duì)女性自我價(jià)值的認(rèn)證與追求，彰顯了強(qiáng)烈的女權(quán)主義思想。

一、夏洛蒂的女權(quán)主義思想首先表現(xiàn)在愛(ài)情的追求上。她反對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的婚姻觀，追求理想的愛(ài)情。傳統(tǒng)的婚姻跟愛(ài)情大都沒(méi)有太多的關(guān)系，婦女把嫁人當(dāng)作衣食之計(jì)和終身經(jīng)營(yíng)的職業(yè)。財(cái)富和社會(huì)地位成為衡量婚姻的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此為了利益而結(jié)合的婚姻比比皆是，許多少女人生的唯一目標(biāo)就是投機(jī)經(jīng)營(yíng)，攀上一門(mén)有利可圖的親事。無(wú)數(shù)的功利婚姻造就一對(duì)對(duì)怨偶。夏洛蒂通過(guò)切身感受和對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀的深刻理解，認(rèn)為這是女性可悲的墮落，并對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的婚姻給予強(qiáng)烈的鄙視。她提出婚姻應(yīng)以愛(ài)情為基礎(chǔ)，真正的愛(ài)情不取決于任何外在的條件，是男女雙方心靈的契合和精神的交融。她把對(duì)兩性之愛(ài)的理解上升到了精神追求的崇高層次，也表達(dá)了自己對(duì)心中理想愛(ài)情的渴求。

在小說(shuō)中，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)與羅切斯特的愛(ài)情沒(méi)有落入傳統(tǒng)的俗套。既不是男性對(duì)女性的征服，也不是女性對(duì)男性的誘惑。它超越了年齡、姿色、財(cái)富門(mén)第的世俗層次，是精神上的平等和相互吸引。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)沒(méi)有花容月貌，她矮小、瘦弱、低微，但她卻憑借著卓異的人格力量發(fā)出灼灼光華，把美麗富有的貴族小姐逐出愛(ài)情競(jìng)技場(chǎng)，突顯了內(nèi)在美不可抗拒的力量。簡(jiǎn)從不把取悅男主人作為自己跨入上流社會(huì)的階梯。面對(duì)羅切斯特的居高臨下，她不卑不亢，從容大方，談話中直言不諱，不察言觀色迎合主人的意圖，也不為討好主人而作違心的回答。她深刻的思想和優(yōu)秀的品格深深吸引了羅切斯特，并與之產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的思想共鳴。早年的羅切斯特是金錢(qián)婚姻的受害者，在情感上飽受挫折，曾在流浪中尋找安寧，在放蕩中尋找快樂(lè)，結(jié)果只能是更加的空虛和絕望。簡(jiǎn)像一股清新的風(fēng)，拂過(guò)他傷痕累累的心靈，簡(jiǎn)巨大的精神炬火和靈魂力量點(diǎn)燃了他的生命之燭，崇高和純潔的情感在他心中復(fù)活與再生。對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)而言，吸引她的不是羅切斯特的財(cái)富和顯赫門(mén)第，而是他的真誠(chéng)、友好、坦率、放棄貴族偏見(jiàn)的平等作風(fēng)和對(duì)金錢(qián)社會(huì)世俗觀念的蔑視，與簡(jiǎn)在思想認(rèn)識(shí)上高度的統(tǒng)一。

簡(jiǎn)堅(jiān)信自己與羅切斯特的精神平等和相通，所以在追求幸福的道路上也表現(xiàn)出一往無(wú)前的勇氣。她敢于蔑視英格拉姆小姐高貴美麗外表下的淺薄與低俗，勇敢地向羅切斯特說(shuō)出“你娶了一個(gè)配不上你的人，我不相信你真正愛(ài)她”。她那句經(jīng)典的人格宣言打動(dòng)了無(wú)數(shù)的知識(shí)女性，“你以為我窮、低微、不美、矮小，我就沒(méi)有靈魂嗎？----我們站在上帝面前是平等的”。對(duì)愛(ài)情的追求發(fā)自內(nèi)心的平等，并帶有宗教般的虔誠(chéng)。這雖然是她經(jīng)歷了痛苦的掙扎所發(fā)出的吶喊，但它的圣潔高尚足以讓當(dāng)時(shí)虛偽的世俗社會(huì)深深的震撼。在小說(shuō)的結(jié)尾，一場(chǎng)大火，使得桑滄巨變，羅切斯特變得一貧如洗，又瞎又殘，而此時(shí)已成為富家女的簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)卻義無(wú)反顧的回到了他的身邊。男女雙方年齡的差距，地位的懸殊，甚至身體的缺陷，都被 高尚而深邃的感情所超越，被異乎尋常的心靈契合所升華了。

在人物塑造上，作者還突破了傳統(tǒng)的藝術(shù)模式。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)是英國(guó)小說(shuō)史上第一位不借容貌贏得男性喜愛(ài)的女主人公，而羅切斯特既非英雄亦非完人，而是一位難看又有過(guò)放蕩生活經(jīng)歷的人。在女權(quán)主義看來(lái)，出賣姿色的愛(ài)情是女性的拍賣，英雄崇拜的愛(ài)情是女性的臣服，只有精神和靈魂的兩相呼應(yīng)與吸引才是男女平等的真正愛(ài)情?？梢?jiàn)夏洛蒂對(duì)愛(ài)情的見(jiàn)解已具有女權(quán)主義的高度。

二、夏洛蒂的女權(quán)主義思想 又表現(xiàn)在反對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的角色定位，追求男女平等上。

夏洛蒂對(duì)女性問(wèn)題的關(guān)注并未僅僅停留在愛(ài)情婚姻的基礎(chǔ)上，而是轉(zhuǎn)向更深一步的探索。

作者所處的時(shí)代是維多利亞時(shí)的英國(guó)。當(dāng)時(shí)雖然實(shí)行了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主改革，不少處于小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)范疇的女性有幸受過(guò)文化教育，但婦女在社會(huì)上的地位并沒(méi)有改善，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有獲得平等的權(quán)利。女性還是很少參加社會(huì)工作，過(guò)著依附于男性的封閉式家庭生活。當(dāng)時(shí)的文學(xué)作品中充斥著“家庭天使”一類的女性，她們溫柔、順從、美麗、勤勞，是當(dāng)時(shí)的男性作家們按照自己意愿塑造的理想女性形象。這些作家們普遍認(rèn)為女性受教育的目的是為了培養(yǎng)良好的婦德，家庭生活才是婦女最合適的天地。他們要求女性以侍奉男人、操持家務(wù)為己任，把自己全部的身心都奉獻(xiàn)給自己的丈夫、孩子、及親人。生活空間的狹小，精神上的空虛與壓抑，使得“家庭天使”們已成為男子的附庸、家庭的奴隸、生育的工具。夏洛蒂以其自己的切身感受和敏銳的觀察力關(guān)注著當(dāng)時(shí)婦女的悲劇命運(yùn)，大膽地對(duì)男權(quán)社會(huì)強(qiáng)加給女性的卑微定位以狠狠的回?fù)?。她有意拉大?jiǎn)愛(ài)與“家庭天使”之間的差距，出現(xiàn)在讀者眼前的簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)既沒(méi)有美麗的外表，也沒(méi)有溫順的性情，而且個(gè)性極強(qiáng)，對(duì)社會(huì)充滿了反叛的激情。她從不刻意裝飾自己，甚至“還沒(méi)有使女穿戴的一半那么漂亮。”當(dāng)羅切斯特要用綢緞、花邊、玫瑰、珠寶把她包裝起來(lái)時(shí)，她提出了強(qiáng)烈的抗議。羅切斯特總想照自己的意愿把簡(jiǎn)打造成世人眼中的“美人”，試圖培養(yǎng)簡(jiǎn)溫柔順從的“天使”美德。其實(shí)男性對(duì)女性服飾裝扮的關(guān)注背后無(wú)非是男權(quán)社會(huì)對(duì)女性形象千古不變的追求，而男性對(duì)女性溫順性情的標(biāo)榜則更能暴露他們希望助長(zhǎng)女性性格中卑微特征的自私。因此追求平等的簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)大聲疾呼：“我不是天使，我是我自己”，表達(dá)了她對(duì)男權(quán)社會(huì)最強(qiáng)烈的抗議。她不再承認(rèn)傳統(tǒng)女性的“美德”，不肯再扮演傳統(tǒng)女性的角色，認(rèn)為“女人一般被認(rèn)為是極其安靜的，可是女人也和男人一樣有感覺(jué)，她們像她們的兄弟作學(xué)問(wèn)時(shí)一樣，需要運(yùn)用她們的才能，需要一個(gè)努力的場(chǎng)地；她們受到過(guò)于嚴(yán)峻的束縛、過(guò)于絕對(duì)的停滯會(huì)感到痛苦?！迸圆粦?yīng)該僅僅局限于家庭生活的狹小空間，安分守己的充當(dāng)“家庭天使”。針對(duì)這一點(diǎn)，恩格斯也曾指出“只要婦女仍然被排斥在社會(huì)生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)之外，而且限于從事家庭的私人勞動(dòng)，那么婦女的解放，婦女同男子的平等，現(xiàn)在與將來(lái)都是不可能的?！睆男≌f(shuō)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)美的否定中，我們可以看到作者對(duì)內(nèi)在美深刻而獨(dú)道的認(rèn)識(shí)。因?yàn)榕栽谖醋叱黾彝ブ埃盎ㄈ菰旅病笔呛饬科鋬r(jià)值的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。只有女性走出家庭，從事社會(huì)工作，才華才能被體現(xiàn)，內(nèi)在美才能得到充分發(fā)揮。女性也只有參與社會(huì)勞動(dòng)，取得相應(yīng)的報(bào)酬，才能夠自食其力，才不會(huì)為了生存而屈附于男性。婦女的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位決定了她的社會(huì)地位，要實(shí)現(xiàn)男女平等的核心就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的獨(dú)立，這也恰恰是簡(jiǎn)苦苦堅(jiān)守的原則。即使在她瀕臨死亡的時(shí)候，簡(jiǎn)也沒(méi)有放棄這種意識(shí)，教師的職位一直是她經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立的保障，桑菲爾德府是她經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立意識(shí)體現(xiàn)最強(qiáng)烈的地方。面對(duì)成為莊園女主人后得到的豐厚物質(zhì)財(cái)富，簡(jiǎn)依然堅(jiān)持擔(dān)任阿黛爾的家庭教師，用自己的酬勞換得自己的食宿費(fèi)，自食其力得過(guò)著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。簡(jiǎn)拒絕婚后被丈夫供養(yǎng)，不愿接受他對(duì)未來(lái)生活種種美好的設(shè)計(jì)。她認(rèn)為心安理得的不勞而獲，會(huì)使自己降至男性目光的海平面之下，失去了與丈夫平等的地位，所以任何物質(zhì)的饋贈(zèng)都使她煩惱。也正是因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的獨(dú)立，所以她敢于向羅切斯特發(fā)出：“我們是平等的！”宣言。盡管在物質(zhì)上他們一個(gè)貧窮，一個(gè)富有，但在社會(huì)心理上他們是兩個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的個(gè)體，他們經(jīng)濟(jì)自主，人格平等。在簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的眼中，誠(chéng)實(shí)勞動(dòng)換來(lái)的面包永遠(yuǎn)要比不勞而獲得來(lái)的香甜。

著名的女權(quán)主義理論家西蒙·波夫瓦在《第二性》中提出了一個(gè)重要觀點(diǎn)，她認(rèn)為“在社會(huì)歷史中，男性處于主導(dǎo)和決定地位，女性處于被主導(dǎo)和被決定地位，關(guān)鍵在于女性經(jīng)濟(jì)不能自立，這是極其重要的原因”。女性要解放，“首先要完成女人經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的演變”。因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)依附，女性只能封閉于家庭，而使女人注定成為附庸的禍根就在于她沒(méi)有可能做任何事，所以擺脫低下的地位，就必須走經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立的道路。“女性通過(guò)有報(bào)酬的職業(yè)可以極大地跨越同男性的距離，而女性要真正實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立并不容易。女性必須踏上一條極為艱苦的道路。不過(guò)這又是一條最可靠的道路，每一種事物都在誘惑她走容易走的道路?！比绻潏D安逸，女性就會(huì)墮入“附屬”的生活。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的辛酸歷程正說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)，夏洛蒂的良苦用心也正在于此。小說(shuō)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)因素決定婦女社會(huì)地位的揭示，表明了作者為婦女解放，為爭(zhēng)取與男性平等的地位所做出的努力。同時(shí)作者也為全天下受到不平等待遇的婦女指出了一條明確的出路，那就是：千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)受過(guò)教育的女性只有像簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)一樣自食其力，不依附他人，才能贏得社會(huì)的尊重和熱愛(ài)，也才能實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的男女平等。從這層意義上講，夏洛蒂無(wú)疑是女權(quán)主義者的先驅(qū)。

三、夏洛蒂的女權(quán)主義思想還表現(xiàn)在自我認(rèn)證與自我價(jià)值追求上。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)對(duì)女性作為社會(huì)人的角色認(rèn)證以及對(duì)自我價(jià)值的追求是在一次次地反抗中得以升華的。

小說(shuō)在表現(xiàn)生存意義和價(jià)值取向上實(shí)際已經(jīng)超出對(duì)“男女平等”的要求，而達(dá)到通過(guò)反抗來(lái)證實(shí)自我、維護(hù)自我、表現(xiàn)自我，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)人生價(jià)值的更高層次的思想境界。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)在幼年時(shí)代每天面對(duì)的是少爺?shù)膶M、小姐的無(wú)禮、夫人的厭惡、女仆的歧視，盡管她每天小心翼翼，循規(guī)蹈矩，但還總是無(wú)故挨打受罵。簡(jiǎn)覺(jué)得自己做為一個(gè)真真實(shí)實(shí)存在的人，卻沒(méi)有人顧及自己的感受，也沒(méi)人為自己申張正義，為此她不顧一切的進(jìn)行反擊，為了要求公平合理的待遇。看似弱小的她在一次次非理性的、暴虐的、沒(méi)有憐惜的威脅面前，經(jīng)受了恐怖、憎恨、絕望，卻依然堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。在洛伍德學(xué)校，女學(xué)生們被強(qiáng)制剪掉長(zhǎng)發(fā)，穿最粗、最丑陋的衣服，吃不飽、穿不暖，沒(méi)有足夠的休息時(shí)間，甚至受到非人的體罰。在這種惡劣的環(huán)境中，簡(jiǎn)沒(méi)有屈服，也沒(méi)有順從，對(duì)于不公正的懲罰，表現(xiàn)的正氣凜然、傲骨錚錚。并且，簡(jiǎn)通過(guò)自己的努力最終以無(wú)可挑剔的成績(jī)成為該學(xué)校的一名教師，實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己的價(jià)值。

簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的自強(qiáng)不息和蓬勃向上的生命力體現(xiàn)了生存的價(jià)值及生命的意義。簡(jiǎn)對(duì)教育事業(yè)的熱愛(ài)說(shuō)明了她對(duì)人生真諦的探索，除了精神平等和心靈契合的愛(ài)情外，還有對(duì)崇高事業(yè)的追求和對(duì)人生價(jià)值及意義的探索。她通過(guò)一系列的超越性的行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了她生存的價(jià)值。正如波夫瓦所闡述的“女性的真正解放應(yīng)當(dāng)也必將在女性通過(guò)超越性的行動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)她的真實(shí)的存在價(jià)值的基礎(chǔ)上才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。”

四、夏洛蒂的女權(quán)主義思想還表現(xiàn)在她的思想局限性上。在20世紀(jì)80年代以后，《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》的反傳統(tǒng)性受到質(zhì)疑，更有一些女權(quán)主義批評(píng)家們認(rèn)為《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》不僅沒(méi)有對(duì)傳統(tǒng)觀念進(jìn)行沖擊，還順從了傳統(tǒng)文化，甚至是傳統(tǒng)制度的維護(hù)者。

“知人論世”是文學(xué)研究的一貫方法。我們應(yīng)從作家的生活時(shí)代和生活經(jīng)歷來(lái)整體把握作品，任何極端的定論都是不正確的。夏洛蒂由于身處的時(shí)代和環(huán)境的制約，肯定有其無(wú)法逾越的束縛和障礙。作者雖有對(duì)男權(quán)統(tǒng)治的不滿和反抗，但畢竟接受的是男權(quán)文化的教育。因此叛逆與從俗的矛盾造成了她思想的局限。

首先，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)始終存有精神平等和物質(zhì)平等間的困惑，她主張精神平等，但對(duì)建立在精神平等上的愛(ài)情始終抱有疑慮，感到不安。她反對(duì)建立在世俗物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)上愛(ài)情，但又不能釋?xiě)眩詿o(wú)法快樂(lè)而幸福的擁抱愛(ài)情。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)拒絕接受羅切斯特一切金銀珠寶的饋贈(zèng)，小心翼翼的維護(hù)著自己的尊嚴(yán)，不愿羅切斯特以“救世主”的姿態(tài)對(duì)待自己，覺(jué)得“像蘇丹在充滿幸福與溫情的時(shí)刻賜給那些用金子和寶石抬高起來(lái)的奴隸時(shí)的微笑”。婚前的日子，她的情緒中透著不安、抵觸，彌漫著淡淡的恐懼感，總懷疑是哪個(gè)地方出了問(wèn)題，不相信這是真的，“像這樣的命運(yùn)會(huì)落在我的頭上，那真是神話，真是幻想”。她還在不安中祈禱“要是我能有很小的一點(diǎn)兒獨(dú)立財(cái)產(chǎn)，那將是一種安慰”。這些正說(shuō)明了簡(jiǎn)對(duì)世俗的平等既敏感又在意。其次，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)既堅(jiān)持愛(ài)情至高無(wú)上，又屈從于傳統(tǒng)法律條文對(duì)婚姻的定位，寧可犧牲自己的愛(ài)情，也不愿意向所謂的“法定婚姻”挑戰(zhàn)，把名節(jié)看得比愛(ài)情更重要，暴露出其在男權(quán)文化里順從的一面，也體現(xiàn)了她性格中的保守和對(duì)名份的過(guò)分重視。最后，要不是一場(chǎng)大火使瘋女人葬身火海，為簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)與羅切斯特的結(jié)合掃清了障礙，那么簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)將永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法超越心中名節(jié)觀念的藩籬，與羅切斯特失之交臂，帶著永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法磨滅的痛苦，教書(shū)終其一生，至死仍念念不忘羅切斯特。這種下場(chǎng)，將與《廊橋遺夢(mèng)》中的弗朗西斯卡有點(diǎn)類似。但弗朗西斯卡卻有深愛(ài)自己的丈夫和一雙兒女，她只是由于強(qiáng)烈的家庭責(zé)任而沒(méi)有去尋找自己的真愛(ài)，在讀者看來(lái)會(huì)覺(jué)得情有可原。人們不是批評(píng)弗朗西斯卡的傳統(tǒng)與保守，相反的，是欣賞她崇高的家庭責(zé)任感和她身上體現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)代女性的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。弗朗西斯卡的故事是一曲愛(ài)情悲劇，但同時(shí)也是西方人重倫理、重家庭責(zé)任的寫(xiě)照，從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō)是值得稱贊的。與弗朗西斯卡不同，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)僅看到羅切斯特的瘋太太就認(rèn)定，她與羅切斯特不能相隨，從而逃離的做法，則有點(diǎn)盲從于封建舊秩序，她在所謂的法律約束面前完全低頭了。針對(duì)這點(diǎn)，韓敏中就對(duì)此作了批評(píng)：“這至高無(wú)上的原則其實(shí)只是英國(guó)改革離婚法之前現(xiàn)存的婚姻戒律，如果開(kāi)始以反叛形象出現(xiàn)在小說(shuō)中的簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)此刻成了不敢越雷池半步的守法公民，豈不大大降低了小說(shuō)的力度？”

最后，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)是一個(gè)有理想的女性。她一直追求自我價(jià)值的實(shí)現(xiàn)，她的教師生涯明顯地從家庭走向了社會(huì)，具有鮮明的崇高事業(yè)追求的色彩。但她最終又回歸了家庭，成了一個(gè)以侍奉殘疾丈夫?yàn)槁?、?duì)生活境遇心滿意足的家庭婦女。她通過(guò)丈夫的存在而存在，這依然體現(xiàn)了她作為傳統(tǒng)女性的精神歸宿。由此看來(lái)，簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)對(duì)自身價(jià)值的追求仍然是茫然的，最終導(dǎo)致她沒(méi)有逃脫男權(quán)文化的世俗巢穴。

從女權(quán)主義批評(píng)的角度來(lái)看，夏洛蒂的女權(quán)主義是不徹底的。簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)幸福的充當(dāng)了“家庭天使”，并發(fā)表了著名的“天使”宣言：“我認(rèn)為自己無(wú)比幸福，幸福的難以言傳，我完全是我丈夫的生命，他也是我的生命??”，她對(duì)愛(ài)情的渴求和對(duì)男性的依賴有著“小鳥(niǎo)依人”的非女性獨(dú)立的意味。雖然她對(duì)男性超出了物質(zhì)上的依賴，但在精神層面上卻無(wú)法真正因?yàn)椤白晕摇倍嬖凇！敖?jīng)濟(jì)因素在女性發(fā)展的演變過(guò)程中曾經(jīng)是并且依舊是根本因素，但女性要想完全改變的命運(yùn)，還必須擺脫愛(ài)情依附”。作者的時(shí)代局限造成了作者的目光不能夠看得很遠(yuǎn)。由于夏洛蒂特殊的成長(zhǎng)經(jīng)歷，她出生在牧師家庭，受到了嚴(yán)格的傳統(tǒng)教育，并且所接觸到的幾個(gè)男性僅有父親、兄弟和文學(xué)教師埃熱，使得她對(duì)男性始終持有一種崇拜的思想。正像她自己所說(shuō)：“倘若我有朝一日結(jié)婚，我對(duì)我的丈夫必須懷著崇拜的感情，且甘愿為他去死”。長(zhǎng)期男權(quán)文化的影響，造就了她有著嚴(yán)重的男性崇拜，她認(rèn)為女人最大的幸福源于家庭內(nèi)部，女人一生似乎也只為愛(ài)情而生活，所以簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)的歸宿也是作者心中的理想。從這點(diǎn)看，她思想的不徹底性也就不足為怪了。

夏洛蒂的女權(quán)主義思想盡管不夠完善，但她所表達(dá)的對(duì)婦女解放的追求和向往，是具有積極和進(jìn)步意義的，她是開(kāi)女性解放浪潮的先鋒人物，也為以后轟轟烈烈的女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)提供了不盡的話題。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

1、韓敏中《坐在窗臺(tái)上的女人》，外國(guó)文學(xué)評(píng)論，1991年1期。

2、王珂《平權(quán)與霸權(quán)》，青海社會(huì)科學(xué)報(bào)2001年第6期。

3、高文斌《維多利亞時(shí)代女性文學(xué)的范本》，四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2002年1期。

4、[英]夏洛蒂·勃朗特著：《簡(jiǎn)愛(ài)》，凌雯譯，浙江文藝出版社2003年版。

5、《圣經(jīng)》，牛津大學(xué)劍橋大學(xué)聯(lián)合出版社1981年版。

6、[英]瑪麗·伊格爾頓著：《女權(quán)主義文學(xué)理論》，胡敏 陳映霞 林樹(shù)明譯，湖南文藝出版社1989年版。

7、[英]柯文垂·帕特摩爾著：《家里的天使》中國(guó)社科出版社1983年版。

8、[英]蓋斯凱爾夫人著：《夏洛蒂·勃朗特傳》，北京團(tuán)結(jié)出版社2000年第1版。

9、[法]西蒙娜·波伏瓦著：《第二性》，桑竹影等譯，湖南文藝出版社1986年版。