第一篇：怎樣區(qū)別被動(dòng)語態(tài)與“連系動(dòng)詞 be+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)

怎樣區(qū)別被動(dòng)語態(tài)與“連系動(dòng)詞 be+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)

“be+過去分詞”并不一定都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，有時(shí)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)“be+過去分詞”表示動(dòng)作時(shí)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，be是助動(dòng)詞，be后面的過去分詞是主要?jiǎng)釉~，動(dòng)作的對象是主語；當(dāng)“be +過去分詞”表示主語所處的狀態(tài)時(shí)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，be是連系動(dòng)詞。be后面的過去分詞是表語，相當(dāng)于形容詞。其區(qū)分辦法如下：

1．如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，該句一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，否則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

The glass is broken．玻璃杯碎了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

2．如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：

The magazine is published in Shanghai．這家雜志出版于上海。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

The door is locked．門鎖著。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The door has already/just been locked．門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

The shop is opened．這家商店開門了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）

The shop is opened at 8 a.m.everyday．這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開門。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

3．被動(dòng)語態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外，還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)。

所以下列句子都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

The machine is being repaired．機(jī)器正在修。

A new school will be built here．這里將要建一所新學(xué)校。

第二篇：過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別

過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別

(1)過去分詞在構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)，不定式完成式以及被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)除外)

eg：The door was closed an hour ago．

這門在一小時(shí)前就關(guān)閉了。

They have finished their homework。

他們已經(jīng)做完了家庭作業(yè)

(2)過去分詞作前置定語時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。eg： That was an inspired suggestion．

那是一條由某人提出的建議。

同樣現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式作為定語表示動(dòng)作時(shí)，也不能用過去分詞來代替。eg：The house being built is a big project.正在施工的那幢樓是一項(xiàng)大的工程。

(3)過去分詞作條件、時(shí)間等狀語時(shí)，不可用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。eg：Given more time，I can do it better．(表?xiàng)l件)

多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我會(huì)做得更好些。

Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.(MET 90)(表示條件)如果多關(guān)心一些，這些樹會(huì)長得更好。

Heated ,the metal expands．(表示時(shí)間)

加熱后，這種金屬會(huì)膨脹。

Asked why he did it，he said it was his duty ．(表示時(shí)間)

問及為何要做此事時(shí)，他說這是他的職責(zé)。

(4)過去分詞作表語時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式代替。eg：The top of the mountain is covered with snow.山頂滿是雪。

(5)過去分詞在構(gòu)成have，get, want等動(dòng)詞后的復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式。

eg：Why don’t you have the radio fixed?

你為什么不把收音機(jī)拿去修一修?

尤其是一些感官動(dòng)詞，如：see，hear，find等后構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語時(shí)，過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式意思完全不同。

eg:I heard this song being sung by my students in the next room.我聽到隔壁房間的學(xué)生正在吟唱這首歌。

(注：現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)

I have never heard this song sung in English．

我從來沒有聽到過用英語唱這首歌。

(注：過去分詞表示己完成的動(dòng)作)

(6)在下面一些比較固定的分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常多用過去分詞。eg: all told總計(jì)

all things considered考慮了一切因素之后

this accomplished完成這項(xiàng)工程之后

this explanation given這樣解釋之后

all said and done畢竟

二．過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別：

及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞沒有完成式，但它有“完成”的含義，所以它可以代替現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。

eg:The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longer safe.=

Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.=

Having been weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.=這座橋接二連三地遭到暴風(fēng)雨的襲擊后，己經(jīng)不安全了。

但若強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞表示的行為發(fā)生在后一個(gè)動(dòng)詞表示的行為之前時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。

eg:Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuables at home。當(dāng)警告有強(qiáng)盜出沒時(shí)，他就把貴重物品留在家里。

通常過去分詞可作定語使用，而現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式卻不能用作定語。eg:The computer centre, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school.(MET 93)

去年開辦的計(jì)算機(jī)中心很受學(xué)生的歡迎。

(過去分詞既能表示被動(dòng)又有完成的含義)

The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(NMET 94)

作為外語的英語教科書早在十六世紀(jì)就已經(jīng)出版了。

Most of the artists invited to the party were from south America(MET 90)應(yīng)邀參加舞會(huì)的大多數(shù)藝術(shù)家都來自南美。

過去分詞可以用“連詞＋過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是狀語從句的省略，而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式卻不能這樣用。

eg:Once seen, it can never be forgotten.目睹一眼，終生難忘。

If bitten by a snake,you should send for help and don't walk

要是你被蛇咬了，你應(yīng)當(dāng)向別人求助而不要走。

When shot in the leg,he continued to fire back with his gun.雖腿部己遭槍擊，他人仍然繼續(xù)開槍還擊。

The room,although supposed to be kept locked,was often left open.通常以為是鎖著的那個(gè)房間，其實(shí)經(jīng)常敞開著。

綜上所述，過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式無論其形式和內(nèi)涵，都有一定的差異。正確地區(qū)別它們的異同，準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用它們的表達(dá)形式，對英語學(xué)習(xí)者來說，尤為重要，只要多加比較，反復(fù)體會(huì)，就能掌握這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

第三篇：功能材料與結(jié)構(gòu)材料的區(qū)別

功能材料

具有除力學(xué)性能以外的其他物理性能的特殊材料。

功能材料是指那些具有優(yōu)良的電學(xué)、磁學(xué)、光學(xué)、熱學(xué)、聲學(xué)、力學(xué)、化學(xué)、生物醫(yī)學(xué)功能，特殊的物理、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)效應(yīng)，能完成功能相互轉(zhuǎn)化，主要用來制造各種功能元器件而被廣泛應(yīng)用于各類高科技領(lǐng)域的高新技術(shù)材料

功能材料是新材料領(lǐng)域的核心，是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展及國防建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)和先導(dǎo)。它涉及信息技術(shù)、生物工程技術(shù)、能源技術(shù)、納米技術(shù)、環(huán)保技術(shù)、空間技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、海洋工程技術(shù)等現(xiàn)代高新技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)。功能材料不僅對高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展起著重要的推動(dòng)和支撐作用，還對我國相關(guān)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的改造和升級(jí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)跨越式發(fā)展起著重要的促進(jìn)作用。功能材料種類繁多，用途廣泛，正在形成一個(gè)規(guī)模宏大的高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)群，有著十分廣闊的市場前景和極為重要的戰(zhàn)略意義。世界各國均十分重視功能材料的研發(fā)與應(yīng)用，它已成為世界各國新材料研究發(fā)展的熱點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)，也是世界各國高技術(shù)發(fā)展中戰(zhàn)略競爭的熱點(diǎn)。在全球新材料研究領(lǐng)域中，功能材料約占 85 %。我國高技術(shù)(863)計(jì)劃、國家重大基礎(chǔ)研究[973]計(jì)劃、國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目中均安排了許多功能材料技術(shù)項(xiàng)目（約占新材料領(lǐng)域70%比例），并取得了大量研究成果。

新型功能材料國外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

當(dāng)前國際功能材料及其應(yīng)用技術(shù)正面臨新的突破，諸如超導(dǎo)材料、微電子材料、光子材料、信息材料、能源轉(zhuǎn)換及儲(chǔ)能材料、生態(tài)環(huán)境材料、生物醫(yī)用材料及材料的分子、原子設(shè)計(jì)等正處于日新月異的發(fā)展之中，發(fā)展功能材料技術(shù)正在成為一些發(fā)達(dá)國家強(qiáng)化其經(jīng)濟(jì)及軍事優(yōu)勢的重要手段。超導(dǎo)材料

以NbTi、Nb3Sn為代表的實(shí)用超導(dǎo)材料已實(shí)現(xiàn)了商品化，在核磁共振人體成像（NMRI）、超導(dǎo)磁體及大型加速器磁體等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域獲得了應(yīng)用；SQUID作為超導(dǎo)體弱電應(yīng)用的典范已在微弱電磁信號(hào)測量方面起到了重要作用，其靈敏度是其它任何非超導(dǎo)的裝置無法達(dá)到的。但是，由于常規(guī)低溫超導(dǎo)體的臨界溫度太低，必須在昂貴復(fù)雜的液氦(4.2K)系統(tǒng)中使用，因而嚴(yán)重地限制了低溫超導(dǎo)應(yīng)用的發(fā)展。

高溫氧化物超導(dǎo)體的出現(xiàn)，突破了溫度壁壘，把超導(dǎo)應(yīng)用溫度從液氦（4.2K）提高到液氮（77K）溫區(qū)。同液氦相比，液氮是一種非常經(jīng)濟(jì)的冷媒，并且具有較高的熱容量，給工程應(yīng)用帶來了極大的方便。另外，高溫超導(dǎo)體都具有相當(dāng)高的上臨界場[H c2(4K)>50T]，能夠用來產(chǎn)生20T以上的強(qiáng)磁場，這正好克服了常規(guī)低溫超導(dǎo)材料的不足之處。正因?yàn)檫@些由本征特性Tc、Hc2所帶來的在經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)上的巨大潛在能力，吸引了大量的科學(xué)工作者采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)裝備，對高Tc超導(dǎo)機(jī)制、材料的物理特性、化學(xué)性質(zhì)、合成工藝及顯微組織進(jìn)行了廣泛和深入的研究。高溫氧化物超導(dǎo)體是非常復(fù)雜的多元體系，在研究過程中遇到了涉及多種領(lǐng)域的重要問題，這些領(lǐng)域包括凝聚態(tài)物理、晶體化學(xué)、工藝技術(shù)及微結(jié)構(gòu)分析等。一些材料科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域最新的技術(shù)和手段，如非晶技術(shù)、納米粉技術(shù)、磁光技術(shù)、隧道顯微技術(shù)及場離子顯微技術(shù)等都被用來研究高溫超導(dǎo)體，其中許多研究工作都涉及了材料科學(xué)的前沿問題。高溫超導(dǎo)材料的研究工作已在單晶、薄膜、體材料、線材和應(yīng)用等方面取得了重要進(jìn)展。

生物醫(yī)用材料

作為高技術(shù)重要組成部分的生物醫(yī)用材料已進(jìn)入一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的新階段，其市場銷售額正以每年16%的速度遞增，預(yù)計(jì)20年內(nèi)，生物醫(yī)用材料所占的份額將趕上藥物市場，成為一個(gè)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。生物活性陶瓷已成為醫(yī)用生物陶瓷的主要方向；生物降解高分子材料是醫(yī)用高分子材料的重要方向；醫(yī)用復(fù)合生物材料的研究重點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)韌化生物復(fù)合材料和功能性生物復(fù)合材料，帶有治療功能的HA生物復(fù)合材料的研究也十分活躍。

能源材料

太陽能電池材料是新能源材料研究開發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)，IBM公司研制的多層復(fù)合太陽能電池，轉(zhuǎn)換率高達(dá)40%。美國能源部在全部氫能研究經(jīng)費(fèi)中，大約有50%用于儲(chǔ)氫技術(shù)。固體氧化物燃料電池的研究十分活躍，關(guān)鍵是電池材料，如固體電解質(zhì)薄膜和電池陰極材料，還有質(zhì)子交換膜型燃料電池用的有機(jī)質(zhì)子交換膜等，都是目前研究的熱點(diǎn)。

生態(tài)環(huán)境材料

生態(tài)環(huán)境材料是20世紀(jì)90年代在國際高技術(shù)新材料研究中形成的一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域，其研究開發(fā)在日、美、德等發(fā)達(dá)國家十分活躍，主要研究方向是：①直接面臨的與環(huán)境問題相關(guān)的材料技術(shù)，例如，生物可降解材料技術(shù)，CO 2 氣體的固化技術(shù)，SOx、NOx催化轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)、廢物的再資源化技術(shù)，環(huán)境污染修復(fù)技術(shù)，材料制備加工中的潔凈技術(shù)以及節(jié)省資源、節(jié)省能源的技術(shù)；②開發(fā)能使經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)性材料，如仿生材料、環(huán)境保護(hù)材料、氟里昂、石棉等有害物質(zhì)的替代材料、綠色新材料等；③材料的環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)性評(píng)價(jià)。

智能材料

智能材料是繼天然材料、合成高分子材料、人工設(shè)計(jì)材料之后的第四代材料，是現(xiàn)代高技術(shù)新材料發(fā)展的重要方向之一，將支撐未來高技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使傳統(tǒng)意義下的功能材料和結(jié)構(gòu)材料之間的界線逐漸消失，實(shí)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)功能化、功能多樣化?？茖W(xué)家預(yù)言，智能材料的研制和大規(guī)模應(yīng)用將導(dǎo)致材料科學(xué)發(fā)展的重大革命。國外在智能材料的研發(fā)方面取得很多技術(shù)突破，如英國宇航公司在導(dǎo)線傳感器，用于測試飛機(jī)蒙皮上的應(yīng)變與溫度情況；英國開發(fā)出一種快速反應(yīng)形狀記憶合金，壽命期具有百萬次循環(huán)，且輸出功率高，以它作制動(dòng)器時(shí)、反應(yīng)時(shí)間，僅為10分鐘；在壓電材料、磁致伸縮材料、導(dǎo)電高分子材料、電流變液和磁流變液等智能材料驅(qū)動(dòng)組件材料在航空上的應(yīng)用取得大量創(chuàng)新成果。

國內(nèi)功能材料發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀和差距

我國非常重視功能材料的發(fā)展，在國家攻關(guān)、“ 863”、“973”、國家自然科學(xué)基金等計(jì)劃中，功能材料都占有很大比例。在“九五”“十五”國防計(jì)劃中還將特種功能材料列為“國防尖端”材料。這些科技行動(dòng)的實(shí)施，使我國在功能材料領(lǐng)域取得了豐碩的成果。在“863”計(jì)劃支持下，開辟了超導(dǎo)材料、平板顯示材料、稀土功能材料、生物醫(yī)用材料、儲(chǔ)氫等新能源材料，金剛石薄膜，高性能固體推進(jìn)劑材料，紅外隱身材料，材料設(shè)計(jì)與性能預(yù)測等功能材料新領(lǐng)域，取得了一批接近或達(dá)到國際先進(jìn)水平的研究成果，在國際上占有了一席之地。鎳氫電池、鋰離子電池的主要性能指標(biāo)和生產(chǎn)工藝技術(shù)均達(dá)到了國外的先進(jìn)水平，推動(dòng)了鎳氫電池的產(chǎn)業(yè)化；功能陶瓷材料的研究開發(fā)取得了顯著進(jìn)展，以片式電子組件為目標(biāo)，我國在高性能瓷料的研究上取得了突破，并在低燒瓷料和賤金屬電極上形成了自己的特色并實(shí)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)業(yè)化，使片式電容材料及其組件進(jìn)入了世界先進(jìn)行列； 高檔釹鐵硼產(chǎn)品的研究開發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化取得顯著進(jìn)展，在某些成分配方和相關(guān)技術(shù)上取得了自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)； 功能材料還在“兩彈一星”、“四大裝備四顆星”等國防工程中作出了舉足輕重的貢獻(xiàn)。目前世界各國功能材料的研究極為活躍，充滿了機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)，新技術(shù)、新專利層出不窮。發(fā)達(dá)國家企圖通過知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的形式在特種功能材料領(lǐng)域形成技術(shù)壟斷，并試圖占領(lǐng)中國廣闊的市場，這種態(tài)勢已引起我國的高度重視。近年來，我國在新型稀土永磁、生物醫(yī)用、生態(tài)環(huán)境材料、催化材料與技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)了專利保護(hù)。但是，我們應(yīng)該看到，我國目前功能材料的創(chuàng)新性研究不夠，申報(bào)的專利數(shù)，尤其是具有原創(chuàng)性的國際專利數(shù)與我國的地位遠(yuǎn)不相稱。我國功能材料在系統(tǒng)集成方面也存在不足，有待改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。

國內(nèi)外功能材料社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需求分析 功能材料的國外需求分析

根據(jù)預(yù)測，2001年新材料技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)在世界市場的銷售額將超過4000億美元,，其中功能材料約占75～80%。某些特種功能材料就其單項(xiàng)而言，其市場也是巨大的。1995年信息功能陶瓷材料及其制品的世界市場銷售額已達(dá)210億美元，預(yù)期到2010年將達(dá)到800億美元；2000年超導(dǎo)材料銷售額已達(dá)80億美元,預(yù)測2010年的年銷售額預(yù)計(jì)將達(dá)到600億美元，其中高溫超導(dǎo)電力設(shè)備的全球銷售額可達(dá)50-60億美元,到2020年，全球與超導(dǎo)相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)值（按1995年的價(jià)格估算）可能達(dá)到1500億到2000億美元，其中高溫超導(dǎo)占60%；2010年全球釹鐵硼永磁材料的市場需求量將達(dá)14.6萬噸,產(chǎn)值達(dá)80億美元，帶動(dòng)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值700億美元；生物醫(yī)用材料是一個(gè)正在迅速發(fā)展的高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，目前全球生物醫(yī)用材料及制品的產(chǎn)值超過700億美元，美國約為400億美元，與半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)相當(dāng)，是美國經(jīng)濟(jì)中最活躍、出口量最大的6個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，近年來一直保持每年20%以上的速率持續(xù)增長，預(yù)計(jì)到本世紀(jì)前十年左右,生物醫(yī)用材料產(chǎn)業(yè)將達(dá)到藥物市場的份額；隨著可持續(xù)發(fā)展政策被各國政府的廣泛采納，生態(tài)環(huán)境材料的市場需求也將迅速增加，估計(jì)2010年的社會(huì)需求將高于500億美元?？梢?，在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中，特種功能材料無論是需求的規(guī)模，還是需求的增長速度，都是相當(dāng)驚人的。

功能材料的國內(nèi)需求分析

中國作為一個(gè) 12億人口的大國，正在實(shí)施宏偉的第三步發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，這一根本國情加之特種功能材料在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中的重要作用和地位，決定了我國對功能材料的需求將是巨大的。功能材料不僅是發(fā)展我國信息技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)、能源技術(shù)等高技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和國防建設(shè)的重要基礎(chǔ)材料，而且是改造與提升我國基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)和傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ) ,直接關(guān)系到我國資源、環(huán)境及社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

我國國防現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)一直受到以美國為首的西方國家的封鎖和禁運(yùn)，所以我國國防用關(guān)鍵特種功能材料是不可能依靠進(jìn)口來解決的，必須要走獨(dú)立自主、自力更生的道路。如軍事通信、航空、航天、導(dǎo)彈、熱核聚變、激光武器、激光雷達(dá)、新型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、主戰(zhàn)坦克以及軍用高能量密度組件等，都離不開特種功能材料的支撐。

我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長和社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，對發(fā)展新型能源及能源材料具有迫切的需求。能源材料是發(fā)展能源技術(shù)、提高能源生產(chǎn)和利用效率的關(guān)鍵因素，我國目前是世界上能源消費(fèi)增長最快的國家，同時(shí)也是能源緊缺的國家。發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車、使用清潔能源、節(jié)約石油資源等政策措施使得新型能源轉(zhuǎn)換及儲(chǔ)能材料的需求不斷增加。近年來，隨著電子信息技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展，我國便攜式電器如手提電話、筆記本計(jì)算機(jī)用戶每年均以超過 20%的速度增加，形成了一個(gè)對小型高能量密度電池的巨大社會(huì)需求。

隨著移動(dòng)通信等新一代電子信息技術(shù)的迅速崛起，作為一大批基礎(chǔ)電子元器件技術(shù)核心的信息功能陶瓷日益成為我國發(fā)展相關(guān)高技術(shù)的需求重點(diǎn)。按照 5%的世界市場占有率計(jì)，2010 年我國信息功能陶瓷材料及制品的年銷售額將達(dá) 300億元人民幣，對信息通訊產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展具有舉足輕重的作用。

國是一個(gè)稀土大國，其工業(yè)儲(chǔ)量占世界總儲(chǔ)量的 70%以上，發(fā)展稀土功能材料我國有著獨(dú)特的資源優(yōu)勢。例如，稀土永磁材料全世界的年平均增長率為23%,而我國高達(dá)60%，1995年全球的釹鐵硼永磁材料的生產(chǎn)總量為6000噸，其中我國為2000噸，占總量的1/3，預(yù)測2010年全球釹鐵硼永磁材料的產(chǎn)量將達(dá)14.6萬噸，產(chǎn)值達(dá)80億美元,其中我國的產(chǎn)量將達(dá)5.4萬噸，產(chǎn)值達(dá)20多億美元，相關(guān)器件產(chǎn)值達(dá)100～150億美元。稀土在發(fā)光、催化等領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用也具有廣闊的市場需求。

我國西部還擁有一些儲(chǔ)量豐富的資源，如稀土、鎢、鈦、鉬、鉭、鈮、釩、鋰等，有的工業(yè)儲(chǔ)量甚至占世界總儲(chǔ)量的一半以上，這些資源均是特種功能材料的重要原材料。研究開發(fā)與上述元素相關(guān)的特種功能材料，拓寬其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，取得自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，將大幅度地提高我國相關(guān)特種功能材料及制品的國際市場競爭力，這對實(shí)現(xiàn)西部資源的高附加值利用，將西部的資源優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)化為技術(shù)優(yōu)勢和經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢具有重要意義，將有力地支持國家的西部大開發(fā)。隨著我國人民生活質(zhì)量的進(jìn)一步改善和提高 ,我國潛在的生物醫(yī)用材料市場將很快轉(zhuǎn)化為充滿勃勃生機(jī)的現(xiàn)實(shí)市場,從而創(chuàng)造出巨大的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。我國已確定“在發(fā)展中解決保護(hù)，在保護(hù)環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)持續(xù)發(fā)展”的原則，簽署了有關(guān)國際公約，并通過了國家有關(guān)環(huán)境保護(hù)的法律、法規(guī)，這些都為生態(tài)環(huán)境材料需求發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。發(fā)展生態(tài)環(huán)境材料，除了在社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面具有巨大的需求之外，在政治上還對我國加入 WTO，融入國際社會(huì)，提升國際地位具有重要作用。此外，生態(tài)環(huán)境材料還對我國的“科技、人文、綠色”奧運(yùn)工程起著特殊的作用。

總之，在未來的五到十年，我國經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)及國家安全對功能材料有著巨大的需求，功能材料是關(guān)系到我國能否順利實(shí)現(xiàn)第三步戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵新材料。

結(jié)構(gòu)材料

1.定義

結(jié)構(gòu)材料(structural material)是以力學(xué)性能為基礎(chǔ)，以制造受力構(gòu)件所用材料，當(dāng)然，結(jié)構(gòu)材料對物理或化學(xué)性能也有一定要求，如光澤、熱導(dǎo)率、抗輻照、抗腐蝕、抗氧化等。建筑工程中主體結(jié)構(gòu)材料有鋼筋水泥 沙子石子

2.分類

現(xiàn)代通信、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、集成微機(jī)械智能系統(tǒng)、工業(yè)自動(dòng)化和家電等以電子信息技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)的高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，推動(dòng)了系列信息功能材料的研究、發(fā)展，以及廣泛應(yīng)用。研制與開發(fā)具有高比強(qiáng)度、高比剛度、耐高溫、耐磨損、耐腐蝕等性能結(jié)構(gòu)材料，是新一代高性能結(jié)構(gòu)材料發(fā)展的主要方向。材料細(xì)分領(lǐng)域龐大復(fù)雜，涉及約70家A股上市公司。我們根據(jù)主要新材料的發(fā)展方向，將其分為金屬新材料、新型無機(jī)非金屬材料、高分子及復(fù)合材料三大類。

一、金屬類材料

金屬新材料按功能和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域可劃分為高性能金屬結(jié)構(gòu)材料和金屬功能材料。高性能金屬結(jié)構(gòu)材料指與傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)材料相比具備更高的耐高溫性、抗腐蝕性、高延展性等特性的新型金屬材料，主要包括鈦、鎂、鋯及其

合金、鉭鈮、硬質(zhì)材料等，以及高端特殊鋼、鋁新型材等。金屬功能材料指具有輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)光、電、磁或其他特殊功能的材料，包括磁性材料、金屬能源材料、催化凈化材料、信息材料、超導(dǎo)材料、功能陶瓷材料等。

在眾多品種中，我們建議重點(diǎn)關(guān)注稀土永磁材料。與其他材料相比，稀土具有優(yōu)異的光、電、磁、催化等

物理特性，近年來在新興領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用急速增長，其中永磁材料是稀土應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域最重要的組成部分，2009年永磁材料占稀土新材料消費(fèi)總量的57%。在國家新興產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的推動(dòng)下，新能源汽車、風(fēng)力發(fā)電、節(jié)能家電等領(lǐng)域?qū)⒗瓌?dòng)稀土永磁材料釹鐵硼磁體的需求出現(xiàn)爆發(fā)式增長。建議重點(diǎn)關(guān)注釹鐵硼行業(yè)龍頭中科三環(huán)、寧波韻升，以及稀土資源類企業(yè)包鋼稀土、廈門鎢業(yè)等。鋼鐵材料、稀有金屬新材料、高溫合金、高性能合金是屬于金屬類工程結(jié)構(gòu)材料。①、鋼鐵材料和稀有金屬新材料

鋼鐵材料提高鋼材的質(zhì)量、性能，延長使用周期，在鋼鐵材料生產(chǎn)中，應(yīng)用信息技術(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)工藝，提高生產(chǎn)過程的自動(dòng)化和智能化程度，實(shí)現(xiàn)組織細(xì)化和精確控制，提高鋼材潔凈度和高均勻度，出現(xiàn)低溫軋制、臨界點(diǎn)溫度軋制、鐵素體軋制等新工藝。

稀有金屬新材料指高強(qiáng)、高韌、高損傷容限鈦合金，以及熱強(qiáng)鈦合金、鋯合金、難熔金屬合金、鉭鎢合金、高精度鈹材等。②、高溫合金和高性能合金

高溫結(jié)構(gòu)材料主要種類包括：高溫合金、粉末合金、高溫結(jié)構(gòu)金屬間化合物，以及高熔點(diǎn)金屬間化合物等。

二、新型無機(jī)非金屬材料

無機(jī)非金屬材料指某些元素的氧化物、碳化物、氮化物、硼化物、硫系化合物和硅酸鹽、鈦酸鹽、鋁酸鹽、磷酸鹽等含氧酸鹽為主要組成的無機(jī)材料，主要包括陶瓷、玻璃、水泥、耐火材料、搪瓷、磨料等。新型無機(jī)非金屬材料指經(jīng)過微觀結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、精確化學(xué)計(jì)量、先進(jìn)制備技術(shù)而達(dá)到不含有害元素且具有特定性能的材料。

從材料種類看，新型陶瓷具有強(qiáng)度高、耐高溫、耐磨損等特點(diǎn)，主要應(yīng)用于汽車、火車、飛機(jī)、機(jī)械等制造業(yè)，個(gè)股可關(guān)注生產(chǎn)陶瓷軸承的軸研科技和生產(chǎn)陶瓷剎車片的博云新材；陶瓷纖維具有重量輕、熱穩(wěn)定性好、導(dǎo)熱率低的特性，廣泛應(yīng)用于節(jié)能環(huán)保、機(jī)械、冶金化工等領(lǐng)域，個(gè)股可關(guān)注北京利爾、魯陽股份；新型玻璃中，玻璃基板是構(gòu)成液晶顯示器件的一個(gè)重要基本部件，目前全世界僅4家企業(yè)能夠制造玻璃基板，國內(nèi)企業(yè)彩虹股份已取得玻璃基板的技術(shù)突破，有望在年底前實(shí)現(xiàn)量產(chǎn)，可保持關(guān)注。

高溫結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷材料是先進(jìn)陶瓷材料發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)，其主要應(yīng)用目標(biāo)是燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)和重載卡車用低散熱柴油機(jī)。采用陶瓷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)可以提高熱效率，降低燃料消耗。

三、高分子合成材料

高分子及復(fù)合材料是新材料領(lǐng)域的重要組成部分，具有優(yōu)良的物理、化學(xué)性能和優(yōu)異的加工特性，被廣泛應(yīng)用于信息產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空航天、生物醫(yī)藥、交通運(yùn)輸、機(jī)械儀表、建筑和能源等國民經(jīng)濟(jì)重要領(lǐng)域，包括橡膠、塑料、纖維、涂料、膠粘劑和高分子基復(fù)合材料。在細(xì)分品種中，建議重點(diǎn)關(guān)注改性塑料中的龍頭企業(yè)金發(fā)科技，新型橡膠中的時(shí)代新材，纖維類別中生產(chǎn)覆膜濾材的中材科技和生產(chǎn)耐熱聚酰亞胺纖維的深圳惠程，以及生產(chǎn)新型膠粘劑的回天膠業(yè)。

新型高分子結(jié)構(gòu)材料發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)是特種工程塑料、有機(jī)硅材料、有機(jī)氟材料、高性能纖維、高性能合成橡膠、高性能樹脂等。合成樹脂是在迅速發(fā)展中的材料。高性能乙丙橡膠生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入新階段，以活性陰離子聚合、活性陽離子聚合，以及彈性體改性和熱塑化等技術(shù)為開發(fā)的熱點(diǎn)。

第四篇：高中英語語法講解與練習(xí)之動(dòng)詞過去分詞

高中英語語法之動(dòng)詞過去分詞

簡介

規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞一般是由動(dòng)詞加ed構(gòu)成(具體規(guī)則見后)，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表。過去分詞則屬于類動(dòng)詞

1.及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),不但表示被動(dòng),還表示已完成了.The cup is broken.茶杯破了.2.不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,表示主語的狀態(tài),只表示動(dòng)作的完成.He is retired.他已退休.3.有些過去分詞作表語時(shí),構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).一、當(dāng)過去分詞作為表語

The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.這座城市三面環(huán)山.【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別:過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主語的狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作.(1)The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被動(dòng)語態(tài),表示動(dòng)作)(2)The library is now closed.圖書館關(guān)門了.(過去分詞作表語)【注意】過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成,-ing 形式表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行.有些動(dòng)詞如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用-ing 形式來修飾物.(3)The book is interesting and I'm interested in it.這本書很有趣,我對它很感興趣.二、當(dāng)過去分詞作為定語

作定語用的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動(dòng)又表完成;不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完成.1.過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個(gè)的,常置于其所修飾的名詞之前.We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改變了的情況.2.過去分詞短語用作定語時(shí),一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用于書面語中.The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會(huì)大為成功.3.過去分詞短語有時(shí)也可用作非限制性定語,前后常有逗號(hào).The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會(huì),到會(huì)的有五千多人.4.用來修飾人的過去分詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關(guān).The boy looked up with a pleased expression.男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視.三、當(dāng)過去分詞作為狀語

1.過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動(dòng)的和完成的動(dòng)作.(1)Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!因?yàn)閷懙么颐?這篇文章不是

很好.【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章是被寫的,而且已經(jīng)被寫.值得注意的是,有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語時(shí)不表被動(dòng)而表主動(dòng).這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有: lost(迷路);seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(駐扎);lost / absorbed in(沉溺于);born(出身于);dressed in(穿著);tired of(厭煩).(2)Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因?yàn)槌聊缬谒伎贾?所以他沒聽到那個(gè)聲音.2.過去分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時(shí)應(yīng)注意人稱一致.(1)Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.再給我一個(gè)小時(shí),我也能解這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語,它的邏輯主語為主句主語 I ,即 I 被再給一個(gè)小時(shí).)(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.從山頂看城市,城市顯得更漂亮.(seen 為過去分詞作狀語,表“被看”,由語境可知,它的邏輯主語必須是城市,而不是“我們”,因?yàn)椤拔覀儭睉?yīng)主動(dòng)看城市.)【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時(shí),前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).(1)The signal given, the bus started.信號(hào)一發(fā)出,汽車就開動(dòng)了.(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語.(2)Her head held high, she went by.她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去.(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語,因此主句主語 she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語.)3.過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句.(1)Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓龃笥?所以他全身濕透了.(caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源于原因狀語從句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果種在肥沃的土壤里,這些種子能長得很快.(grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞,構(gòu)成“連詞+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語.When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí)要保持鎮(zhèn)定.4.過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,后面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開.He stood there silently, moved to tears.= Moved to tears, he stood there silently.他靜靜地站在那里,被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶.四、當(dāng)過去分詞作為賓語補(bǔ)足語

(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下四類: 1.表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.(1)I heard the song sung in English.我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞sung的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作heard;)(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed.他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大.(過去分詞changed的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作found)2.表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.(1)I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理發(fā).(2)He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天把牙拔了.(3)Don't leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完.3.表示思維活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞如consider，know，think等后。如：(1)I consider the matter settled.我認(rèn)為這件事解決了。(2)I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain.我認(rèn)為自己在這場交易中被愚弄了。

4.表示愛憎?意愿的動(dòng)詞如want，wish，like，hate等后。如：(1)I wanted two tickets reserved.我要預(yù)定兩張機(jī)票。

(2)He didn’t wish it mentioned.他不愿這事被提起。

【注意】過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系.(二)使役動(dòng)詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況.1.過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人完成.He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了.(被別人偷去了)2.過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了.(自己的經(jīng)歷)

五、“with +賓語+過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)

此結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞用作介詞 with的賓語補(bǔ)足語.這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時(shí)間,方式,條件,原因等狀語.(1)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.兇手被帶進(jìn)來了,他的雙手被綁在背后.(表方式)(2)With water heated, we can see the steam.水一被加熱,我們就會(huì)看到水蒸氣.(表?xiàng)l件)(3)With the matter settled, we all went home.事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因)(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face.她站在他面前,眼睛注視著他.(5)He stood for an instant with his hand still raised.他仍然舉著手站了一會(huì)兒.練習(xí)

1.Mr.Smith, _______ of the ________ speech, started to read a novel.A.tired;boring B.tiring;bored C.tired;bored D.tiring;boring 2.On getting to the kindergarten, the mother was glad to see her baby well _________.A.looked for B.cared for C.take care of D.cared after 3.The two old sisters, _________ so long, held each other and burst into tears.A.being separated B.having been separated C.having separated D.had been separated 4.Let’s have a rest.The _______ work made me very ________.A.tired;tired B.tiring;tiring C.tired;tiring D.tiring;tired 5.Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _________ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.A.adding B.to have added C.to add D.added 6.As we all know, newspapers, magazines and radios as well as television broadcasts

can keep us ______ about what is happening in the world.A.informing B.to inform C.informed D.being informed 7.Everyone was ________ by his _______ progress which he made during the two months.A.surprised;surprise B.surprised;surprised C.surprised;surprising D.surprising;surprising 8.When he turned around, he found a pair of eyes _________ him.A.looking B.watch at C.fixing on D.staring at 9.The film you saw last light was made _________ on a true story that happened many years ago.A.base B.to be based C.based D.basing 10.After _______ his work, the teacher came to help me with my English.A.finished B.being finished C.having finished D.be finishing 11.Follow the directions on the bottle carefully when __________the medicine.A.you will take B.taking C.to take D.taken 12.The students, ________ their teachers, came home.A.followed B.follow C.following D.will follow 13.The long-lasting war, filled with blood and deaths, ended in people’s sadness, _______ no result.A.reached B.to reach C.would reach D.reaching 14.They spent the night _________ in the room.A.having locked B.locking C.to be locked D.locked 15.He wrote a letter to the king ___________.A.hoping to be set free B.to set him free C.so that be set free D.asked to be set free 16.Steven has devoted all his life to _______ films, and Kate, his wife, is also ________ to the duty of her profession.A.make;devoted B.making;devoting C.making;devoted D.make;devoting 17.________ in the dark, his head hit against a tree.A.Walking B.He was walking C.Walked D.When he was walking 18.Time should be made good use ________ our lessons well.A.of learning B.to learn C.to learning D.of to learn 19.The film, ________ true story of this Red Army general, attracted people’s interest all over the country.A.is based on B.is on the base of C.which is the base of D.based upon 20.She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things_______.A.stole B.missing C.missed D.losing 21._________ it rains, we will stay at home.A.Supposed B.Supposing C.To suppose D.If suppose 22._________ with yours, our library is _________ too small a size.A.Comparing;in B.Comparing;of C.Compared;in D.Compared;of 23.It’s dangerous to carry a hot pan with ________ oil.A.burning B.burnt C.burn D.burns 24.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A.dated B.dating C.coming D.kept 25.The boy lay on his back, his teeth _______ and his glaring eyes _______ straight upwards.A.set;looked B.set;looking

C.setting;looked D.setting;looking 26.________ in the forest, he had to ask for help by sending out signals.A.Having lost B.Losing C.Lost D.He was lost 27.The Golden Gate Bridge, ________ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous.A.which is built B.which built C.having built D.built 28.I suggested the cheat _________ into prison.A.referred to being put B.referred be put C.referred should be put D.referred to be put 29.___________, I went out for a walk.A.There was nothing to do B.There being nothing to do C.There had nothing to do D.Had nothing to do 30.He returned home to learn that the girl ________ had been married the secretary village.A.became engaged to him B.was engaged to him C.engaged to him before D.got engaged to him 31.__________ at failing in the maths exam, John wouldn’t like to talk about it to his parents.A.Disappointed B.To be disappointed C.Disappointing D.Having disappointed 32._________ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by ________ enemy soldiers.A.Hidden;armed B.Hide;armed C.hidden;arm D.Hiding;armed 33.To have the wonderful cloth ________ new clothes, they had the machine ______ all day long.A.made of;running B.made of;run C.made into;working D.made into;work 34.The World Trade Organization finally opened its door to China on November 10, _______ our Chinese 15-year wait.A.to end B.ended C.ending D.ends 35.If _______ in wet sand, the vegetables can_______ fresh for a long time.A.being buried;remain B.buried;remain C.buried;be remained D.burying;remain 36._________ over and over again, but he still couldn’t understand.A.Having explained B.having been explained C.Explaining D.It had been explained 37.Everything _________, the plan is fairly practical, you can put it into practice.A.considering B.taken into consideration C.to consider D.taking into consideration 38.________ from the moon, our earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “ blue ball”.A.Seen;covered B.seeing;covering C.Seen;covering D.To see;to cover 39.A great big fellow, ________around 250 pounds, walked with slow heavy noisy footsteps up to the producer counter in the supermarket.A.weighed B.weighing C.weighs D.weighty 40.---The plan ________ is of great importance to everybody.---I see.He is sure to finish it on time.A.made B.making C.to be made D.to make 41.From the dates________ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago.A.marking B.marked C.to be marked D.having been marked 42.Hearing the good news, I felt a heavy load ________ my mind.A.taking off B.to be taken off C.having taken off D.taken off 43.The students were listening to the teacher, with their eyes ________.A.widely open B.wide opened C.widely opened D.wide open 44.The scientist came to the meeting with his wife ________ him.A.being supported B.supporting C.supported D.support 45.The noise of the machines _________ can be clearly heard in our classroom.A.fixed B.being fixed C.to be fixed D.having been fixed 46.After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute __________.A.being settled B.to be settled C.had settled D.as settled 47.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _________ on benches, chairs, or boxes.A.having seated B.seating C.seated D.seat 48.__________ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing.A.To look at B.Looking at C.Looked at D.To be looked at 49._________ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.A.To be judged the best B.Having judged the best C.Judged the best D.Judging the best 50.The president promised to keep all the board members _________ of how the negotiations were going on.A.inform B.informing C.be informed D.informed 51.________ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.A.To face B.Having faced C.Faced D.Facing 52.When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians ________ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly.A.wearing B.to wear C.worn D.having worn 53.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV;there are pictures ______ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A.to form B.form C.forming D.having formed 54.When first _________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A.introducing B.introduced C.introduce D.being introduced 55.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when _________ at the meeting by my boss.A.questioning B.having questioned C.questioned D.to be questioned 56.________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait B.Have waited

C.Having waited D.To have waited 57.The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt 58.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party.A.recorded B.recording C.to be recorded D.having recorded 59.Having been attacked by terrorists, ___________.A.doctors came to their rescue B.the tall building collapsed C.an emergency measure was taken D.warnings were given to tourists 60.________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend anther two days on the farm.A.Attracting B.Attracted C.To be attracted D.Having attracted 61.The old man, _________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his mother.A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having worked 62.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.A.knowing B.known C.being known D.to be known 63._________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two days.A.Not completing B.Not completed C.Not having completed D.Not completed 64.Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents ________.A.worried B.to worry C.worrying D.worry 65.He looked around and caught a man ________ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A.put B.to be putting C.to put D.putting 66.Sarah, hurry up.I’m afraid you won’t have time to ________ before the party.A.get changed B.get change C.get changing D.get to change 67.After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, __________.A.exhausting B.exhausted C.being exhausted D.having exhausted 68.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked 69.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _______ the girl and took her away, ________ into the woods.A.seizing;disappeared B.seized;

disappeared C.seizing;disappearing D.seized;disappearing 70.________ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given 71.Generally speaking, _______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.A.when taking B.when taken C.when to take D.when to be taken 72.Friendship is like money: easier made than __________.A.kept B.to be kept C.keeping D.being kept 73.Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A.invited B.inviting C.being invited D.having invited 74.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ________ whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seen 75.The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it.A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun 76.________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s health.A.Exposed B.Having exposed C.Being exposed D.After being exposed 77.The bell _______ the end of the period rang, _______our heated discussion.A.indicating;interrupting B.indicated;interrupting C.indicating;interrupted D.indicated;interrupted 78.Mr Reed made up his mind to devoted all he had to _______ some schools for poor children.A.set up B.setting up C.have set up D.having set up 79.__________ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.A.Suffered B.Suffering C.Having suffered D.Being suffered 80.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ the next year.A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out 81._________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A.Being found B.It was founded C.Founded D.Founding 82.The picture ________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A.having hung B.hanging C.hangs D.being hung 83.The _______ boy was last seen _______ near the East Lake.A.missing;playing B.missing;play C.missed;played D.missed;to play 84.________ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given 85.European football is played in 80 countries, ________ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make 86._________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose 87.The lady said that she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _________.A.20 dollars remained B.20 dollars to remain C.remained 20 dollars D.remaining 20 dollars 88._________ and happy, Tonny stood up and accepted the prize.A.Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising 89.A good story doesn’t necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _________.A.unsatisfied B.unsatisfying C.to be unsatisfying D.being unsatisfied 90.Five people won the “ China’s Green Figure” award, a title _______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A.being given B.is given C.given D.was given 91.The first textbooks _________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century.A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written 92.The computer centre, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A.open B.opening C.having opened D.opened 93.John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes __________.A.open B.to be opened C.to open D.opening 94.The murderer was brought in with his hands _________ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied 95._________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A.Given B.to give C.Giving D.having given 96.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _______ by the hour.A.pay B.paying C.paid D.to pay 97.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing 98.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ________ as the plane was making a landing.A.seat B.seating C.seated D.to be seating 99.________such heavy pollutions already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.suffered 100.Sugar, when ________ with water, dissolves quickly.A.mixed B.mixing C.mix D.is mixed

答案：1-10ABBDD CCDCC 11-20BCADB CDDDB 21-30BDABB CDDBC 31-40AACCB DBCBC 41-50BDDBB DCCCD 51-60CACBC CBABB 61-70BBAAD ADBDD

71-80BAABD CABBC 81-90CBAAA CDBAC 90-100DDADA CCCAA

第五篇：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

1.邏輯關(guān)系

現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語與過去分詞作狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于：兩者與所修飾的主句的主語的邏輯關(guān)系的區(qū)別。

1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。

He went out, shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。

2）過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better.如果多給這個(gè)孩子一些鼓勵(lì)，他本來會(huì)表現(xiàn)得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難時(shí)，我們必須設(shè)法克服。

3)※部分過去分詞來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語時(shí)不表示“被動(dòng)關(guān)系”，其前不用being。這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有：lost in（陷入某種狀態(tài)）、seated（坐著的）、hidden（躲著）、stationed（駐扎）、lost/absorbed（沉溺于）、born in（出身于）、dressed in（穿著）、tired of（厭煩了）等。

Lost/Absorbed/Buried in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.因?yàn)槌聊缬谒伎贾?，所以他沒有聽到那個(gè)聲音。Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it.出生于這個(gè)美麗的小鎮(zhèn)，他不愿離開它。

2．時(shí)間概念

過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，或表示“一種狀態(tài)”，與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或存在。

現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式(doing)表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式(having done)表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的一個(gè)“主動(dòng)”動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的被動(dòng)式(having been done)常和表示次數(shù)的短語及時(shí)間段(for+一段時(shí)間)連用，表示發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的一個(gè)“被動(dòng)動(dòng)作”，這種情況下不能用過去分詞替換，其它情況下通常被過去分詞所替換，使句式更簡潔。

Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.因?yàn)閷懙么颐?，這篇文章不是很好。

Reading carefully, he found something he hadn’t known before.他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。Having finished his homework, he went home.完成了作業(yè)，他就回家了。

Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made.進(jìn)行了幾次討論后，終于做出了決定。