第一篇：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)金融學(xué)院金融專業(yè)英語試題及答案2002

對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)

2002年攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試

金融學(xué)院 金融專業(yè)英語 試題

（英譯中，五段，每段20分，共100分）

1.What is a bank?

As important as banks are to the economy as a whole and to local communities, there is much confusion about exactly what a bank is.Certainly banks can be identified by the functions(services or roles)they perform in the economy.The problem is that not only are the functions of banks changing, but the functions of their principal competitors are changing as well.Indeed, many financial institutions including leading security dealers, brokerage firms, mutual funds, and insurance companies arc trying to be as similar as possible to banks in the services they offer.Bankers, in turn, are challenging these nonblank competitors by lobbying for expanded authority to offer real estate and full-service security brokerage, insurance coverage, investments in mutual funds, and many other new services.The result of many legal and regulatory changes is a state of confusion in the public’s mind today over what is or is not a bank.The safest approach is probably to view these institutions in terms of what types of services the offer the public.Banks are those financial institutions that offer the widest range of financial services especially credit, savings, and payment services and perform the widest range of financial functions of any business form in the economy.This multiplicity of bank services and functions has led to banks being labeled“financial department store”.2.The Adoption of Indirect Instruments of Monetary Policy

In the late 1970s, industrial countries began phasing out the direct instruments some of them used to operate monetary policy-including credits controls, interest rate ceilings, and sometimes directed credits-and began moving toward full reliance on indirect instruments, such as open market operations, rediscount facilities, and reserve requirement.In more recent years, there has been also an increasing tendency for the developing countries and the economies in transition to adopt such instruments.The greater use of indirect monetary instruments can be seen as the counterpart in the monetary area to the widespread movement toward enhancing the role of price signals in the economy more generally.Both have the same objective of improving market efficiency.Perhaps even more critically, moves to indirect instruments are taking place in an increasingly more open economic environment, with widespread adoption of current account convertibility.In such an environment, direct instruments have become increasingly ineffective, leading to inefficienciesand disintermediation.In the absence of indirect instruments of monetary policy, the authorities would, therefore, be unable to counter any problems of excess liquidity, which would impede their efforts to stabilize the economy.3.Why banks are so heavily regulated?

Why are banks so closely regulated? There are number of reasons for this heavy burden of government supervision, some of them centuries old.First, banks are among the leasing repositories of the public’s savings especially the saving of individuals and families.While most of the public’s saving are placed in relatively short-term, highly liquid deposits, banks also hold large amounts of long-term savings in individual retirement accounts(IRAs).The loss of these funds due to bank failure or bank crime would be catastrophic to many individuals and families.But, many savers lack the financial expertise and depth of

information needed to correctly evaluate the riskiness of a bank.Therefore, regulatory agencies are charged with the responsibility of gathering and evaluating the information needed to assess the true financial condition of banks in order to protect the public against loss.Banks are also closely watched because of their power to create money in the form of readily spendable deposits by making loans and investments.Changes in the volume of money created by banks appear to be closely correlated with economic conditions, especially the growth of jobs and the presence or absence of inflation.Banks are also regulated because they provide individuals and businesses with loans that support consumption and investment spending.Regulatory authorities argue that the public has a keen interest in an adequate supply of loans flowing from the banking system.Moreover, where discrimination in the granting of credit is present, those individuals who are discriminated against face a significant obstacle to their personal well-being and an improved standard of living.This is especially true if access to credit is denied because of age, sex, race, national origin, or similar factors.Finally, banks have a long history of involvement with government federal, state, and local.Early in the history of the industry governments relied upon cheap bank credit and the taxation of banks to finance armies and to supply the funds they were unwilling to raise through direct taxation of their citizens.More recently, governments have relied upon banks to assist in conducting economic policy, in collecting taxes, and in dispensing government payments.4.Financial Futures

A financial futures contract is an agreement between buyer and a seller reached today that calls for the delivery of particular security in exchange for cash at some future date.The market value of a futures contract changes daily as the market price of the security to be exchanged moves over time.As a result, futures contracts are “marked to marker” each day to reflect the current value of the assets subject to eventual delivery under each futures contract, and a cash payment may have to be made(usually to a broker)by one or the other party to the contract in order to protect against possible loss.The financial futures markets are designed to shift the risk of interest rate fluctuations from risk-averse investors, such as commercial banks, to speculators willing to accept and possibly profit from such risks.Futures contracts are traded on organized exchanges(such as the Chicago Board of Trade or the London Futures Exchange), where floor brokers execute orders received from the public to buy or sell these contracts at the best prices available.Then a bank contacts an exchange broker and offers to sell futures contracts(I, e., the bank wishers to “go short” in futures), this means it is promising to deliver securities of a certain kind and quality to the buyer of those contracts on a stipulated date at a predetermined price.Conversely, a bank may enter the futures market as buyer of futures contracts(i.e., the bank chooses to “go long” in futures), agreeing to accept delivery of the particular securities named in each contract and to pay cash to the exchange clearinghouse the day the contracts mature, based on their price at that time.5.Offshore Financial Center(OFC)

An offshore financial center(OFC)may be defined as jurisdiction in which transactions with non-residents far outweigh transactions related to the domestic economy.They have developed by offering an attractive tax, legal and/or regulatory environment.In particular, the absence of inheritance, wealth, withholding or capital gains taxes can make the environment in OFCs very favorable to, for example, internationally mobile individuals.Zero or low direct taxes can make it

attractive for companies conducting business with non-residents to incorporate in OFCs.Ina similar vein, the corporate legal environment may facilitate speedy adoption of new financial products or allow greater flexibility in restructuring and refinancing options.Political and economic stability and the presence of high quality professional(eg legal and accounting)and supporting services are also important in attracting business from other major financial centers.A number of important OFCs are small island states, with few domestically owned financial institutions, a large number of “brass-plate” institutions and little non-financial economic activity.The Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands are obvious examples.But the distinction between OFCs and other financial centers is not clear-out.Some economies.Such as Hong Kong and Singapore have a significant volume of entrepot business alongside domestically orientated financial intermediation.The term “OTC” is , furthermore, sometimes also used in connection with special tax and/or regulation zones that are established within the borders of a country to attract non-resident business(for example Labuan in Malaysia, or the International Financial Services Center in Dublin).1． 銀行是什么？

無論是對于整個經(jīng)濟(jì)還是對于某一地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)而言，銀行都是很重要的，同樣地，人們對銀行的準(zhǔn)確含義也充滿了困惑。當(dāng)然，可以通過銀行在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的職能（服務(wù)或作用）來給銀行下定義。問題在于，不僅僅銀行的職能在變化，其主要競爭對手的職能也在變化。事實(shí)上，從提供的服務(wù)上來看，許多金融機(jī)構(gòu)（包括主要的證券承銷商、經(jīng)紀(jì)公司、共同基金和保險公司）都類似于銀行。相反，銀行家們則通過游說方式爭取權(quán)力以便能夠開展房地產(chǎn)和全面證券經(jīng)紀(jì)業(yè)務(wù)、保險理賠業(yè)務(wù)、共同基金投資和其他許多新的服務(wù)，藉此向非銀行競爭對手挑戰(zhàn)。

許多法規(guī)發(fā)生變化的結(jié)果是，導(dǎo)致了對于什么是銀行什么不是銀行這一問題，目前公眾心里一片茫然。根據(jù)這些機(jī)構(gòu)對公眾提供服務(wù)的種類來評價，或許是最保險的做法。銀行是提供最廣泛金融服務(wù)（尤其是信貸、儲蓄和支付業(yè)務(wù)）的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，并執(zhí)行經(jīng)濟(jì)中所有商業(yè)形式的最廣泛的金融職能。這種服務(wù)和職能的多樣性，使銀行被稱為“金融百貨公司”。

2.貨幣政策間接工具的運(yùn)用

在20世紀(jì)70年代末期，有些工業(yè)化國家開始逐步摒棄一些曾經(jīng)用來實(shí)施貨幣政策的直接工具，包括信貸控制，利率上限，有時是直接存款，并開始完全采用間接工具，比如，公開市場操作、再貼現(xiàn)和準(zhǔn)備金要求。在最近幾年，發(fā)展中國家和過渡經(jīng)濟(jì)體也開始采用這些間接工具，而且呈上升趨勢。

間接貨幣政策在貨幣領(lǐng)域里發(fā)揮著日益重要的作用，就如同經(jīng)濟(jì)中價格信號的功能日益廣泛一樣。二者有著共同的目標(biāo)：提高市場效率?；蛟S更為重要的是，轉(zhuǎn)向間接工具的行為發(fā)生在一個日益開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境里，“經(jīng)常性項目可兌換”被廣泛采用。在這樣一種環(huán)境下，直接工具的效果越來越差，最終會導(dǎo)致完全無效和非居間化投資。如果沒有貨幣政策的間接工具，管理當(dāng)局就沒有辦法解決任何過剩流動性帶來的問題，而過剩的流動性會妨礙他們穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟(jì)的努力。

3.為什么要對銀行進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格管制？

為什么要對銀行進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格管制？有很多理由可以解釋政府監(jiān)管這一重負(fù)，這已經(jīng)有幾個世紀(jì)的歷史了。

首先，銀行是公眾儲蓄（尤其是個人和家庭儲蓄）的出租倉庫。大多數(shù)公眾儲蓄都屬于短期存放，屬于高流動性的存款，而銀行也掌握了大量來自個人退休賬戶的長期存款。銀行破產(chǎn)和犯罪行為會導(dǎo)致銀行存款的損失，這對于許多個人和家庭來說，將是巨大的災(zāi)難。

但是，許多存款人缺乏正確評價銀行風(fēng)險的金融知識和足夠的信息。因此，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)有義務(wù)收集和評價那些用來評估銀行真實(shí)財務(wù)狀況的信息，以保護(hù)公眾免受損失。

對銀行密切監(jiān)管的另一個重要原因是，銀行有創(chuàng)造貨幣的權(quán)力，而這些貨幣通過貸款和投資就可以直接放出?？瓷先?，銀行所創(chuàng)造的貨幣量的變化與經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況密切相關(guān)，尤其是與就業(yè)的增長和通貨膨脹的存在與否有關(guān)。

要對銀行進(jìn)行管制還因為它們對個人和企業(yè)貸款以支持消費(fèi)和投資。監(jiān)管當(dāng)局聲稱，公眾對銀行系統(tǒng)能夠提供足夠的貸款供給非常感興趣。尤其是，當(dāng)信貸條件存在歧視的時候，那些被歧視人的個人福利和已經(jīng)得到改善的生活水平將會遇到嚴(yán)重的影響。如果信貸的權(quán)利因為年齡、性別、種族、民族等類似原因而被拒絕的話，這種影響尤其明顯。

最后，銀行與政府（聯(lián)邦政府，州政府和地方政府）的糾纏由來已久。在工業(yè)化的早期，政府就依靠銀行成本低廉的信貸和銀行的稅收為軍隊籌措資金，并向他們不愿意通過公民的直接稅收籌資的基金提供支持。更近一些時候，政府依靠銀行幫助實(shí)施其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，征繳稅收，發(fā)放政府支付款。

4.金融期貨

金融期貨合約指買賣者雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議，協(xié)議規(guī)定了在未來的某個日期以現(xiàn)金交換某一特定的證券。由于被交易的證券的市場價格不斷地隨著時間變化，期貨合約的市場價值也每天都發(fā)生變化。因此，期貨合約每天都進(jìn)行逐日結(jié)算，以便可以反映該筆合約最終將要交割的資產(chǎn)的當(dāng)前價值。為了避免可能的損失，合約的一方或者另一方必須采用現(xiàn)金結(jié)算（通常是支付給經(jīng)紀(jì)人）的方式。

金融期貨市場的目的在于，把利率波動風(fēng)險從風(fēng)險規(guī)避型的投資者（如商業(yè)銀行）轉(zhuǎn)移給那些為了得到利潤而愿意承擔(dān)風(fēng)險的投機(jī)者。期貨合約交易是在有組織的交易所（如芝加哥期貨交易所或倫敦期貨交易所）內(nèi)進(jìn)行的。在那里，場內(nèi)經(jīng)紀(jì)人執(zhí)行由公眾發(fā)出的以可能的最好價格買入或者賣出合約的指令。一家銀行與一個經(jīng)紀(jì)人取得聯(lián)系，發(fā)出出售合約（例如，銀行希望可以做空某期貨），這意味著它承諾在一個事先確定的價位上、在規(guī)定的日期把確定品種和數(shù)量的證券出售給合約購買者。相反，一家銀行也可以以期貨合約購買者的身份進(jìn)入期貨市場（例如，銀行希望能夠持有某種期貨的多頭），承諾在合約到期的時候，按照合約規(guī)定的價格買入合約中所規(guī)定的證券，并將現(xiàn)金支付給交易清算所。

5．離岸金融中心（OFC）

當(dāng)某一市場中由非本國居民所進(jìn)行的金融交易遠(yuǎn)超過與本國經(jīng)濟(jì)相關(guān)的交易時，這個市場就可以稱為離岸金融中心。它們通過提供優(yōu)惠的稅收政策、法律和/或規(guī)范的交易環(huán)境得到了很大的發(fā)展。特別地，由于OFC不對遺產(chǎn)、財富、預(yù)提款和資本利得征稅，OFC對那些諸如國際流動人口等一類人來說非常具有吸引力。零稅收或者很低的直接稅收能夠吸引那些與非本國居民從事商業(yè)往來的公司進(jìn)駐OFC。同理，這樣的公司法律環(huán)境能夠催生新的金融產(chǎn)品，并允許公司在重組和募資的選擇上擁有更大的彈性。穩(wěn)定的政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境、高質(zhì)量的專業(yè)人才（如法律和會計人才）以及相關(guān)的配套服務(wù)對于OFC能夠從其他主要金融中心吸引企業(yè)也是很重要的。

許多重要的OFC都是一些島國，當(dāng)?shù)氐慕鹑跈C(jī)構(gòu)很少，而“黃銅板”機(jī)構(gòu)很多，非金融經(jīng)濟(jì)活動卻很少。開曼群島和英屬維京群島就是很典型的例子。但是，OFC和其他金融中心的區(qū)別并不是很明確。諸如香港和新加坡除了作為世界上很繁榮的貿(mào)易中心的同時，它們也擁有大量的本土金融業(yè)務(wù)。此外，OFC作為一個專有名詞，有時也與這樣的地區(qū)相聯(lián)系的，它們往往是建立在一國之內(nèi)，卻執(zhí)行特定的規(guī)章制度和/或者稅收政策，其設(shè)立的目的在于吸引非本土的企業(yè)（例如，馬來西亞的納閩島，或者是都柏林的國際金融服務(wù)中心）。

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第二篇：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2002年考研經(jīng)貿(mào)專業(yè)英語試題

對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2002年考研經(jīng)貿(mào)專業(yè)英語試題

2008-11-19 17:46

頁面功能 【字體：大 中 小】【打印】【關(guān)閉】

本試題為英譯中，共五段，每段二十分。

1.The True,Peaceful Face of Islam

There are 1.2 billion Muslims in the world,and Islam is the world's fastest-growing religion.If the evil carnage we witnessed on Sept.11 were typical of the faith,and Islam truly inspired and justified such violence,its growth and the increasing presence of Muslims in both Europe and the U.S.would be a terrifying prospect.Fortunately,this is not the case.The very word Islam,which means surrender,is related to the Arabic salam,or peace.When the Prophet Muhammad brought the inspired scripture known as Koran to the Arabs in the early 7th century A.D.,a major part of his mission was devoted precisely to bringing an end to the kind of mass slaughter we witnessed in New York City and Washington.Pre-Islamic Arabia was caught up in a vicious cycle of warfare,in which tribe fought tribe in a pattern of vendetta and counter-vendetta.Muhammad himself survived several assassination attempts,and the early Muslin community narrowly escaped extermination by the powerful city of Mecca.The Prophet had to fight a deadly war in order to survive,but as soon as he felt his people were probably safe,he devoted his attention to building up a peaceful coalition of tribes and achieved victory by an ingenious and inspiring campaign of non-violence.When he died in 632,he had almost single-handedly brought peace to war-torn Arabia.Because the Koran was revealed in the context of an all-out war,several passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle.Warfare was a desperate business on the Arabian Peninsula.A chieftain was not expected to spare survivors after a battle,and some of the Koran injunctions seem to share this spirit.Muslims are ordered by God to slay [enemies] wherever you find them！。Extremists such as Osama bin laden like to quote such verses but do so selectively.They do not include the exhortation to peace,which in almost every case follow these more ferocious passages： Thus,if they let you be,and do not make war on you,and offer you peace,God does not allow you to harm them.Islam is not addicted to war,and jihad is not one of its pillars,or essential practices.The primary meaning of the word jihad is not holy war but struggle。It refers to the different effort that is needed to put God's will into practice at every level-personal and social as well as political.A very important and much quoted tradition has Muhammad telling his companions as they go home after a battle.We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad，the far more urgent and momentous task of extirpating wrongdoing from one’s own society and one's own heart.——Time,October 1st 2001.2.Women at work

Throughout American history,the proportion of women who work to provide for themselves or their families has always very high,What has changed——and has changed dramatically——is how many women earn a wage.After the rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century,men increasingly sold their labor on the market.Most American women,however,continued to work without pay inside the home or on the family farm.This has changed.Most Americans now regard the rigidly enforced isolation of women from the labor force as out of step with contemporary business and culture.For over a century,at any given time more than 80 percent of men have earned a wage or salary.One hundred years ago,only about 20 percent women earned a wage or salary.Today,over 70percent do.Historians will report that the entrance of large numbers of women into the labor force was the most profound shift in the demographic composition of U.S.workers in the twentieth century.Indeed,it could be argued soundly that it was the century's preeminent sociocultural change as well.Wage-earning women in the industrial democracies today have greater earning power than women have ever had in the history of the West.Many see the World War II ear,with its tight labor market and Rosie the Riveter campaigns as the watershed period for women's first beginning to work for wages in large numbers.Such exclusive attention to the temporary upsurge cause by the war,though,risks ignoring how there has been a trend toward increasing labor force participation throughout the development of the American market economy.There can be little doubt that,on balance,a woman's expectation to earn a wage has been liberating.The labor power of today’s women allows personal and professional choices to be made that were unavailable in the past.Some worry,however,that the economic agency that women have gained by entering the labor force is culturally hollow,At very least,the grand social transformation that many feminists hoped would follow after large number of hours outside the home still earn less on average than their male coworkers and are often excluded from positions of authority,yet continue to bear disproportionate responsibility for completing household chores.——America by the Numbers

3.The Knowledge Economy

Economists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth.Traditional production functions focus on labor,capital,materials and energy； knowledge and technology are external influences on production.Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions.Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into new products and processes.And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing(rather than decreasing)returns,they are the key to long-term economic growth.The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the information society。Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge,transforming it into a market commodity:large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks.The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade.These computers can be linked nationally and internationally.Through computer networks,knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire.Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product,and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets.The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet,raging from job searches to medical advice,is one example.The transformation of several disciplines—measurements,navigation,chemistry,music,surgery,telecommunications—by laser technology is another.And as the stock of knowledge accessible to the world economy swells,it is driving economic growth.The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.——The Knowledge Economy

4.Capacity to Be a Principal

Nor every person or entity may be a principal.To be a principal,one must have the capacity to execute a contract.Minors,incompetents,and other natural persons with limited contractual capacity may be restricted in their ability to be a principal or even prohibited entirely from becoming a principal.Adult persons of limited mental capacities or adults who are temporarily incapacitated(for example,while intoxicated)are not permitted to appoint agents freely.Under modern legal theory,minors have contractual capacity for necessities and thus may be principals and appoint agents for any item deemed to be necessary(food,shelter,and so on）。This complicated by the fact that there is no uniform definition of what falls within the term necessary。Consequently,the practical result is that very few people are willing to contract with minors for anything,and even fewer people will deal with the agent of minor.A corporation has contractual capacity and can be a principal.The corporation's ability to appoint an agent is limited to the scope of activities authorized in its articles of incorporation.This caused some problems in the past because lawyers used to draft the articles of incorporation to encompass only those activities contemplated by the incorporations(for example,to operate a railroad）。However,since modern legal practice is to create a corporation with the ability to conduct any business the law allows,there are few limitations on a corporation’s capacity to act as a principal.Partnerships can usually act as principals,although there are two legal theories to explain how.Where the law does not treat a partnership as a legal entity,the partnership itself is not technically capable of being a principal.In these jurisdictions,because the partnership lacks

contractual capability,the individual partners are deemed to be the principal and the partnership's agent is really the agent of the partners.In the jurisdictions where a partnership is a legal entity,this fiction need not be observed,and the partnership can act directly as a principal through its agents.——McGill's Legal Aspects of Life Insurance

5.Financial Derivatives

In the past two decades,we have witnessed the revolutionary period in the trading of financial derivatives or contingent claims in financial markets around world.A derivative security may be defined as a security whose value depends on the values of other more basic underlying variables,which may be the prices of traded securities,prices of commodities or stock indices.The two most common derivative securities are futures and options.A forward contract(called a futures contract if traded on exchange)is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a predetermined price while an option gives the holder the right(but not the obligation)to buy or sell an asset by a certain date for a predetermined price.Options are classified either as a call option or a put option.A call(or put)is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy(or sell)a prescribed asset,known as the underlying asset,by a certain date(expiration date)for a predetermined price(commonly called the exercise price or the strike price）。Since the holder is given the right,but not the obligation,to buy or sell the asset,he will make the decision depending on whether the deal is favorable to him or not.The option is said to be exercised on the expiration date,then the option is called a European option,while the exercise is allowed at any time prior to the expiration date,then it is called an American option(these term have nothing to do with their continental origins）。The simple call and put options with no special features are commonly called plain vanilla options.Also,we have options coined with names like Asian option,lookback option,barrier option etc.The other party to the holder of the option in the contract is called the writer of the option.The holder and the writer are said to be in the long and short positions of the option contract,respectively.Unlike the holder,he writer does have an obligation with regard to the option contract,say,the writer must sell the asset if the holder chooses in his favor to buy the asset.This is zero-sum game.The holder gains from the loss of writer or vice versa.——Mathematical models of financial derivatives

第三篇：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)

對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)

一：學(xué)校簡介

對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)是教育部直屬的全國重點(diǎn)大學(xué)，國家“211工程”首批重點(diǎn)建設(shè)高校，坐落在首都北京朝陽區(qū)。學(xué)校校園規(guī)劃精致，環(huán)境優(yōu)雅，是中國社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)事業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)和科學(xué)研究的重要基地之一。

學(xué)校前身為“高級商業(yè)干部學(xué)?！保瑒?chuàng)建于1951年，受中央貿(mào)易部和教育部雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。1952年，中央貿(mào)易部撤銷，學(xué)校劃歸對外貿(mào)易部，受對外貿(mào)易部和教育部雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。1953年，學(xué)校更名為北京對外貿(mào)易專科學(xué)校，由教育部委托對外貿(mào)易部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。1954年，中國人民大學(xué)貿(mào)易系對外貿(mào)易專業(yè)并入北京對外貿(mào)易?？茖W(xué)校，以北京對外貿(mào)易?？茖W(xué)校為基礎(chǔ)成立北京對外貿(mào)易學(xué)院。1984年，學(xué)校更名為對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)。2000年6月，原中國金融學(xué)院與原對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)合并成立新的對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)，劃歸教育部直屬。2010年12月，教育部與商務(wù)部正式簽署協(xié)議，共建對外經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)。學(xué)校現(xiàn)任黨委書記王玲，校長施建軍。

歷經(jīng)幾代師生員工的艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)和努力奮斗，對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為一所擁有經(jīng)、管、法、文、理五大門類，以國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易、法學(xué)（國際經(jīng)濟(jì)法）、金融學(xué)、工商管理、外語（商務(wù)外語）等優(yōu)勢專業(yè)為學(xué)科特色的多科性財經(jīng)外語類大學(xué)。目前，學(xué)校下設(shè)研究生院及16個學(xué)院，并設(shè)有思政部、體育部和文化藝術(shù)教學(xué)部；擁有國家級重點(diǎn)學(xué)科2個，國家級人文社會科學(xué)重點(diǎn)研究基地1個，教育部戰(zhàn)略研究（培育）基地1個、教育戰(zhàn)略與規(guī)劃研究中心1個，北京市重點(diǎn)學(xué)科7個，北京市哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)研究基地1個，博士后流動站4個，一級學(xué)科博士點(diǎn)5個，一級學(xué)科碩士點(diǎn)8個，專業(yè)碩士學(xué)位授權(quán)點(diǎn)10個，本科專業(yè)39個。

學(xué)?，F(xiàn)有教職工1600余人，其中專任教師950余人，學(xué)校還聘請一定數(shù)量的兼職教師及外國專家。這是一處群英薈萃之地，老教授中名家耀眼，中青年教師里新秀輩出。大批獲得政府特殊津貼、受聘擔(dān)任政府學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)成員的專家學(xué)者工作在教學(xué)科研第一線；大部分中青年教師在國外留學(xué)或進(jìn)修過，教學(xué)科研水平高，許多人被評為省部級學(xué)科帶頭人和骨干教師，入選國家優(yōu)秀人才培養(yǎng)工程。

學(xué)?，F(xiàn)有在校學(xué)生1.6萬余人，其中本科生8000余人，研究生4300余人，來華留學(xué)學(xué)歷生2100余人。學(xué)校培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生一直以專業(yè)知識和技能扎實(shí)、外語嫻熟、思維活躍、實(shí)踐能力強(qiáng)而受到社會的普遍歡迎，畢業(yè)生遍布全國各地的外貿(mào)、金融、三資等行業(yè)領(lǐng)域及國家機(jī)關(guān)、中國駐外商務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，為我國經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會發(fā)展，尤其是經(jīng)貿(mào)事業(yè)的發(fā)展發(fā)揮著重要的作用。

學(xué)校的學(xué)術(shù)研究在我國對外經(jīng)貿(mào)科研領(lǐng)域占有重要地位，設(shè)有100多個研究單位，其中中國WTO研究院是全國唯一的研究世界貿(mào)易組織的國家級人文社科重點(diǎn)研究基地。學(xué)校圖書館文獻(xiàn)總量150余萬冊（件）。學(xué)校主辦并公開發(fā)行多種學(xué)術(shù)刊物，其中《國際貿(mào)易問題》、《國際商務(wù)——對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)學(xué)報》、《日語學(xué)習(xí)與研究》、《Journal of WTO and China》（WTO與中國）等享有較高的學(xué)術(shù)地位。學(xué)校出版社每年出書百余種，在高校出版社中享有較高聲譽(yù)。學(xué)校也是國家培訓(xùn)高級經(jīng)濟(jì)管理干部的基地之一，設(shè)有政府委托或與外國合辦的多個高級在職培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)。

學(xué)校于1989年11月在國內(nèi)率先成立了校董會。李嵐清為首任校董會主席，榮毅仁、霍英東等任名譽(yù)主席，吳儀為第二任校董會主席。2011年9月，校董會第三屆會議選舉施建軍為第三任校董會主席，石廣生、劉鴻儒、陳元為榮譽(yù)主席。校董會的建立，對于學(xué)校的建設(shè)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。

學(xué)校在發(fā)展過程中受到海內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注和支持：政府機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)家、財團(tuán)、大公司等紛

紛向?qū)W校捐資設(shè)立基金或獎學(xué)金，許多國際著名的跨國企業(yè)成為學(xué)校的贊助團(tuán)體。目前，社會力量在學(xué)校設(shè)立的獎學(xué)金、獎教金等已達(dá)20多項，院系級基金則更多。學(xué)校與美、英、法、德、日、俄、意、澳等40多個國家和地區(qū)的100多所著名大學(xué)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)建立合作交流關(guān)系，不斷開展的對外交流與合作，使對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)面向世界辦學(xué)的特色更加鮮明。面對新時期我國全面實(shí)現(xiàn)小康社會建設(shè)目標(biāo)，加快社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的新形勢，學(xué)校堅持走內(nèi)涵式發(fā)展的道路，倡導(dǎo)追求卓越、創(chuàng)造精品的精神，把建設(shè)國際競爭力、影響力顯著增強(qiáng)的國際知名的有特色高水平大學(xué)作為自己的長期愿景和歷史使命。二：專業(yè)介紹

專業(yè)介紹

專業(yè)類型 專業(yè)名稱 專業(yè)層次 專業(yè)名稱 專業(yè)層次

文學(xué)類 漢語言文學(xué) 本科 英語 本科

法學(xué)類

俄語 朝鮮語 商務(wù)英語 對外漢語 西班牙語 葡萄牙語 法學(xué)

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

德語 日語 翻譯 法語 意大利語 阿拉伯語 國際政治

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

理學(xué)類 信息與計算科學(xué) 本科工商管理

本科

管理學(xué)類 信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) 本科

經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)類

電子商務(wù) 會計學(xué) 人力資源管理 公共事業(yè)管理 工商管理 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

市場營銷 財務(wù)管理 行政管理 公共管理 勞動與社會保障 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易

本科 本科 本科 本科 本科 本科

金融學(xué) 金融工程 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

本科 本科 本科

保險 投資學(xué)

本科 本科

三：2014年研究生招生簡章

2014年研究生招生簡章：見附錄一。

碩士研究生入學(xué)考試參考書目：見附錄二。四：專業(yè)碩士生導(dǎo)師介紹博士生導(dǎo)師名單（97人）區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(2)王強(qiáng)洪俊杰 財政學(xué)(2)

孔淑紅 鄭俊田 國際貿(mào)易學(xué)(23)

王林生 王紹熙 薛榮久 林桂軍 白樹強(qiáng)黃曉玲 唐宜紅郭飛盧進(jìn)勇楊長春夏友富趙忠秀 王健葛盈劉東升孫玉琴朱明俠賴平耀 殷曉鵬王強(qiáng)洪俊杰裴長洪*張宏霖*金融學(xué)專業(yè)(28)

劉亞邱兆祥吳軍陳進(jìn)于瑾孫華妤 蔣先玲丁建臣葉陳剛王國軍齊天翔郭敏 郭紅玉丁志杰奉立城劉立新王穩(wěn)呂文棟 吳衛(wèi)星陳欣門明史燕平劉園劉樹林 徐信忠*蔡浩儀*胡懷邦*張曉慧*產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(10)

趙忠秀張新民林漢川夏友富陳進(jìn)邵祥林* 王微* 王強(qiáng)黃曉玲魏巍賢 企業(yè)管理專業(yè)(18)

賈懷勤徐子健 馬春光 余恕蓮范黎波林漢川 張新民張建平雷光勇王斌王玉榮湯谷良 鄭建明張杰王秀麗蔣屏傅慧芬尹建華 世界經(jīng)濟(jì)專業(yè)(10)

張漢林桑百川戴長征華曉紅楊榮珍楊言紅 陳文敬*李鋼*張金生*李琨* 國際法學(xué)(8)

沈四寶王 軍黃勇丁丁石靜霞鮑祿 高西慶*焦津洪* 民商法學(xué)(6)

梅夏英冀宗儒蘇號朋徐海燕李玫王曉川 注：姓名后帶“*”號的為外聘導(dǎo)師。碩士生指導(dǎo)教師名單

金融學(xué)(47)

楊曉泉 劉 園 史燕平黃敬陽 門 明 孫華妤 吳 青 于 瑾 蔣先玲 郝旭光 姚得驥許施智丁建臣朱忠明 馮 彬 羅 興劉 亞邱兆祥 吳 軍郭紅玉 粟 勤 高清霞 李 琦 嚴(yán)渝軍 郭 敏 史 薇 奉立城 陶存文 曾立新 鄒亞生 孫東升 高 潔 齊天翔 宋國良白 薇 王國軍 丁志杰王 穩(wěn)張 穎荊濤衛(wèi)新江何自云何麗芬田秀娟趙霜卓劉光燦劉立新國際貿(mào)易學(xué)(64)

薛榮久 李 詩 楊逢華 宋 沛 石玉川 于俊年 朱明俠夏友富 鄭俊田 林桂軍 李 青 王福明王偉力鄭寶銀 盧進(jìn)勇章昌裕許文凱 孫秀峰 趙秀臣 楊長春 梁 蓓 杜奇華 黃曉玲 王 健 張漢林 舒玉敏 韓 琪 蔣德恩 劉東升 何曉兵趙 蘇張 瑋 白樹強(qiáng) 冷柏軍 王全火 孫玉琴 薛書武 孔淑紅 施 丹 劉曉惠 唐宜紅 趙忠秀 桑百川 金 燕 劉樹林 劉文麗 華曉紅 郭 飛 趙京霞 曹紅月 王 強(qiáng) 葉東亞 徐進(jìn)亮 葉 梅 張家瑾 魏鐵梅 韓立華 楊榮珍 賈保華 陳永紅 高 巍 俞雄飛 王曉東 潘紅宇

產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（18）

蔣漢生 李大豐 李 肖 曹 健 陳恭和 王麗娟 趙杏梅 席寧華 鄒志紅 王朝培 劉瑞林 曹淑燕 陳立波 陳 進(jìn)楊尚群 趙杰民 張福德 徐嘉震國際法學(xué)(20)

沈四寶 高西慶 陸志芳 王 軍 焦津洪 王曉川 孫 利 金渝林 張 紅唐麗子 盛建明 黃 勇 丁 丁 鮑 祿 石敬霞 李 玫 李 莘劉剛仿 李 俊邊永民 民商法學(xué)(4)

冀宗儒 王國平徐海燕 董 靈 英語專業(yè)(43)

黃震華 程海波 陳蘇東 吳 芬 王關(guān)富 李正中 王恩冕 蔣顯璟 趙中源 李柱國 陳準(zhǔn)民 趙賀田 常 力 賈文浩

隋 云閻善明李平謝毅斌 岑 華 張 靜 常玉田黃 豪 陳俐麗 左放軍 陳小全 張佐成 張翠萍 蒲衛(wèi)寧 江 春羨錫彪 楊玉功俞利軍丁崇文沈素萍竇衛(wèi)霖 金冰康 晉王淑芳魏嘯飛周 玲張海森武姜生朱美慧（英語）外語專業(yè)(31)

黃美波 張 晶 鄭文彬 劉寶義 張 萍 劉 軍（法語）(6)楊言洪 葛鐵鷹 葉文樓(阿拉伯語)(3)

徐永彬 金秉運(yùn) 洪成一 樸淑子（朝鮮語）(4)朱 凱楊仲林趙雪梅(西班牙語)(3)張 宓 王天清 周莉莉（意大利語）(3)

陳健平任國強(qiáng) 李伯杰 杜景林 盧 諶 潘亞玲 黃燎宇

戴英杰 史世偉 馮小虎 日語語言文學(xué)(6)

姚莉萍 李愛文 李二敏 企業(yè)管理(22)

馬春光 賈懷勤 徐子建 張 杰 杜學(xué)孔 劉耀威 蔣 屏 高 懿 熊 偉 郭銘華 王正富（德語）(12)傅 蔭馬 駿郭德玉 傅慧芬 余恕蓮 張新民 張建平安玉華 楊恭輔 王玉榮 王秀麗 范黎波 劉寶成 劉子安劉春英

劉玉新 會計學(xué)(6)

張學(xué)謙 吳 革 李相志 導(dǎo)師簡介見附錄三

于守華錢愛民孔寧寧

第四篇：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2000年考研國際貿(mào)易學(xué)專業(yè)英語試題

對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)2000年考研國際貿(mào)易學(xué)專業(yè)英語試題

2008-11-20 11:35

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1.The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector

-------------Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on the Net

Every year,American business sends out 29 billion bills.And by any measure,the exercise isn't much fun.For companies,printing,processing and posting a tipical consumer bill runs about

90.And for recipients ,there's not only a demand for payment,there 's a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.But for banks trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool.Bankers see bills as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where it's tough to command consumer attention——and a key to protecting their existing business managing cash for big companies.Increasingly,banks are battling high-tech competitors for control of Internet billing,or electronic-bill presentment,as it is called.To be sure,this is a fight over a business that is in its infancy.Few bills are now sent via the Net,and online payment systems often involve a paper check.But the technology exists to send bills from business to customers and route payments back on the Net.By the end of next year,industry analysts estimate upwards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online.What's more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper delivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net.Bankers reckon that if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,they can become key entry points on the Net-portals,even.That would enable them to sell other financial services online.The fear is that existing portals,such as Yahoo！or even American Online,will become centers of bill payment and , in turn ,siphon off existing bank business.banks have been slow to get into this, says Kenneth J.Kerr,a Garter analyst in Durham,N.C.But they realize there is a threat here and they need to get aboard.Banks have their advantages.They can offer custumers simultaneous access to their bills and their money.Banks have long relationships with the billers,such as utilities and retailers,and centuries of experience in protecting people's money.Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment could muscle into one of their fastest-growing business-managing cash for big companies.After all ,distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to cash management.At this point,predicting how the industry will shake out is premature.Banks and technology

companies already have formed several alliances aimed a delivering bills on the net.More combinations are likely.What's clear, though , is the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act together._____From Business Week/July 19,1999

2.Principles of Regulation

The following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of government laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets and types of transactions would cease to exist.Without laws, the terms of many types of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable and would cease.The choice facing individuals and society is not between regulation and no regulation ； it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulation are desirable.This description portrays regulation as fully encompassing the systems of government and law with the power to control all markets and transactions.Economists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation,concentrating more on the targets of regulatory action or the regulatory process itself.An economist, focusing on thetargets of regulatory action, might describe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to elicit a desired behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor.An economist or politician focusing on regulatoty process, however, might express a view similar to the following：

Through regulation,society attempts to substitute the decidion-making process of a regulatory commission for the action of the market mechanism……It is clear that the'process' of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment for market-place judgement.In effect, an economic environment of legal rules and regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market,and economic decisions are made by a political process.The above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting asministrative judgement for marketplace judgement.The description identifies the important interaction between regulation and the market and raised an important issue：when, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with as ministrative judgement？

Various answers to this question have been proposed.Of primary importance is the market being considered.Different market require different amounts and types of regulation.____From The Regulation of Insurance

3.Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary System

Bilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been literally fixed； rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins.Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then.Each participating currency is also assigned a central exchange rate against the European Union currencies.When a currency's market xchange rate against the ECU diverges sufficiently from its cegogo the currency is expected to intervene and possibly take other actions to correct the situation.In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a European Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding of ECUs.ECUs can be used, along with other types of international reserves, to purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in intervention opertations but do not wish to hold it.Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not be.If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, for example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM reserves； at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to the Bank of France.EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-currency country loses reserves and the other gains them.Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action.If the bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its margins.In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric.There is little at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign intervention.________From c Economics-Theory and Policy,4th Edition

4.Freedom of Contract

The main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish.This principle comprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose one's contracting party and to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific terms.However, any freedom of contract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, duress,coercion, mistake or other invalidating causes.It should also be observed that it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions.Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforcement authorities is unavailable.This is true for most illegal contracts as one cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to those who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable activities.The same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without the assistance of the authorities, e.g.wagering contract or games for money.In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting parties individually negotiate each and every contract term.Instead, they would in most cases use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms or clauses.It is also possible to use computerized texts available for different types of contracts.If so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties themselves.Such standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditional paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the parties.The standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would understand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties understood it, if they even thought about it at all.Such standardised texts originate from different sources.In some cases they are unilaterally prepared by one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are elaborated under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only representing one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship.However, trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relationship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually called an agreed document.International organisations,such as the International Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principles which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference, In some cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the status of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contracting relationship even in the absence of express reference.________From Igogo, by ICC

第五篇：2012對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)經(jīng)驗

2012年考研已落下帷幕，想起自己一年前在論壇上網(wǎng)羅前輩們的經(jīng)驗，我覺得我應(yīng)該寫點(diǎn)什么了。就簡單說一下自己這一年來走的路吧。

一 擇校

我的擇校過程相當(dāng)坎坷。去年大概三月份的時候，就進(jìn)入了考研準(zhǔn)備。當(dāng)時在晚上搜集了不少信息，初步?jīng)Q定報考南開大學(xué)的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。剛開始時，大家都是熱血澎湃，非名校不選，我當(dāng)時也處于這個狀態(tài)。而最終準(zhǔn)備了半年后，壓力太大而放棄了。實(shí)際上現(xiàn)在回過頭來想想，當(dāng)時有些好笑。經(jīng)濟(jì)類好的985高校只有那么幾所，北大、清華、復(fù)旦、人大、南開、武大、廈大，再其次是中山、南京大學(xué)，其他的985要么偏工要么偏理，而如北大、清華等名校，競爭壓力大，除非你實(shí)力強(qiáng)大，很難考上。再說理工類985，雖然有名氣，但就業(yè)不一定比211財經(jīng)類高校好。所以，像我這樣出身不好的同學(xué)，如果不想冒險，211財經(jīng)類學(xué)校是好的選擇。財經(jīng)類首推地理位置好、就業(yè)也很好的對外、央財、上財，其次是西財、中南財經(jīng)、暨南大學(xué)等。我當(dāng)時九月份就是這樣確定考對外的，現(xiàn)在想想我的選擇很對，對外很適合我。

二 初試

數(shù)學(xué)

報考經(jīng)濟(jì)類院校，可謂成也數(shù)學(xué)，拜也數(shù)學(xué)。從一開始準(zhǔn)備考研，數(shù)學(xué)就是重點(diǎn)。我最終數(shù)學(xué)考了136，雖然沒過140，倒也不差。我是三月份開始看數(shù)學(xué)教材，高數(shù)用的是同濟(jì)的，概統(tǒng)是浙大的，線性代數(shù)也是同濟(jì)的，這基本教材很經(jīng)典，當(dāng)時我系統(tǒng)的把書看了一遍，并且很認(rèn)真的把課后習(xí)題做了一遍?？唇滩牡倪^程中，我們不僅是把忘了的基礎(chǔ)知識撿回來，還是鍛煉自己運(yùn)算能力的時候。我當(dāng)時做過的題都堅持計算出結(jié)果，事實(shí)證明，這個好習(xí)慣很好，后來我基本不會在計算上出錯。我用了一個多月把教材看完了，然后就開始啃李永樂的復(fù)習(xí)全書。這本書我從四月中旬開始看，到六月底才看完一遍，進(jìn)度有點(diǎn)慢（當(dāng)時還要準(zhǔn)備本科考試）。第一遍我強(qiáng)迫自己不看解答，動手做題，確實(shí)不會的再看答案，分析自己到底是哪里出了問題。就這樣一個學(xué)期就過去了，暑假來了。暑假兩個月是我效率最低的兩個月，也最終導(dǎo)致了我換學(xué)校考貿(mào)大。當(dāng)時報了政治和數(shù)學(xué)輔導(dǎo)班，光上課就用了一個月時間。再加上我中間回家一趟，壓力大病了半個月，我最后暑假只把數(shù)學(xué)全書再看了一遍，效率之低，可見之。其實(shí)暑期強(qiáng)化班完全可以不上，也學(xué)不到什么東西，還浪費(fèi)了不少時間，還不如自己鉆研。

我覺得我的數(shù)學(xué)真正得到提高是在暑假后九月份開始。九月后，學(xué)校確定后，我也定下心來，開始進(jìn)入狀態(tài)。當(dāng)時做了一套真題測試，我大受打擊，開始著急。我自己又看不進(jìn)去全書，于是買了李的660題，想通過做題鞏固。當(dāng)時我很認(rèn)真的做了每一道題，雖然全是客觀題，我都寫上解答過程，做得很踏實(shí)、認(rèn)真。實(shí)際上，就是把這本書做完，我開始看到希望。對660題進(jìn)行整理后，很快到了十月。我開始做數(shù)學(xué)真題，用的還是老李的真題。我從97年往前做，第一天卡時間模擬做完后打分，然后分析錯題，再自己試圖做一遍，然后才看答案，第二天再整理錯題。我大約用了一個月把真題做完了，剛開始做得不是很順利，但后來感覺越來越好，每套都接近140分，當(dāng)時很興奮，信心就上來了。做完真題，就是400題了。這也是李的很經(jīng)典的模擬題，難度很大，但做完后，就會脫胎換骨。這套題一共有十套，我是每套用三天時間，第一天卡時間做，第二天對完答案重新做不會的和做錯的，第三天總結(jié)，把以前做過的真題和400題一起總結(jié)。做完400題就到了十一月底了。十二月是沖刺的一個月，早就聽別人說真題很重要，至少要做兩遍，才能體會其精髓，我也不敢怠慢。于是將真題拿出，這次我是分版塊做的，不是一套套做，李的出后半部分已幫你分好

快，很好。我又仔仔細(xì)細(xì)的將真題做了一遍，總結(jié)規(guī)律、題型、解法，大約用了半個多月吧。此后，我又將400題拿出來一套套做，并且將大題解答過程工工整整的寫在本子上。這樣就到了考試了。

英語

關(guān)于英語我沒有多少經(jīng)驗。因為自開始備考到最后，我沒有背過單詞，做很多閱讀。因為一直英語不錯，我沒有花多少時間做英語。上半年就買了張劍的150基礎(chǔ)版做了，就開始做真題，真題第一遍做得很仔細(xì)，期間也買過張劍的150篇沖刺版閱讀，不過沒做多少。總之，英語真題很重要，至少要做三遍以上。

政治

可以說政治是我準(zhǔn)備得最沒底的一門，最終考了73完全是幸運(yùn)。政治大綱解析是9月中旬出的，我從那時開始準(zhǔn)備的。買了大綱解析后，在買了徐之明的梯度，看一節(jié)大綱做一節(jié)習(xí)題。大綱很繁瑣，做題幫助我們增強(qiáng)理解和記憶。徐的書分基礎(chǔ)篇和提高篇，我看第一遍大綱解析是做的基礎(chǔ)篇，用了一個月才把書看完了一遍。此時已是十月中旬，我開始看第二遍，并把提高篇做完。經(jīng)過這個過程，我已經(jīng)對政治有個框架，基礎(chǔ)的選擇題會做。政治100分，選擇題50分，主觀題一般人只能拿30分左右，所以要過70，選擇題很重要?？梢哉f準(zhǔn)備政治的初期，就是狂做選擇題。我在十一月份時又買了任汝芬的序列三，上面有時事和選擇題，不錯的一本書。選擇題，尤其是哲學(xué)選擇題要靠做題理解。有的人說那大題怎么辦？其實(shí)，大題比選擇題簡單。考前半個月會有肖秀榮的最后四套題、任汝芬的最后四套題和海天的小冊子，把那上面狂背，大題30分以上沒問題。我當(dāng)時那幾本書一下來，我每天下午只背政治。

815經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

有的人說，考貿(mào)大專業(yè)課很難。其實(shí)這只是相對而言，因人而異。如果您英語底子很好，那么你就比別人有更大的優(yōu)勢。因為50分翻譯，你只需考前一個月訓(xùn)練一下，完全沒問題，不會給你拉分。

再說經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，有四本指定參考書。其實(shí)就三本，多恩的宏觀，沒時間不看也行，有時間，大致看一下就行，基本不會考的。

關(guān)鍵是另外三本。高的兩本，通俗易懂，而且脈絡(luò)清晰。初期將這兩本書弄透，基礎(chǔ)就打好了。到了十月份時，就該買歷年真題，真題會告訴你哪些是重點(diǎn)。仔細(xì)分析真題，將重點(diǎn)章節(jié)標(biāo)記，仔細(xì)看。平迪克的書很厚，但不是每章都是重點(diǎn)，但是重點(diǎn)章節(jié)是每年都考，因此要有技巧地看、學(xué)。