第一篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題

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2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題范文

（一）Democrats and global warming

A RECENT sketch on Saturday Night Live suggested how the world would be if Al Gore had won the presidency in 2000.In the last six years we have been able to stop global warming, intoned Mr Gore.No one could have predicted the negative results of this.Glaciers that once were melting are now on the attack.Nerdy environmentalism is Mr Gore s forte.He would have ridden that hobby horse in the 2000 campaign, according to Joe Klein in Politics Lost , if his political consultants had not muzzled him.Now, almost alone, he has brought his favourite issue back into the political spotlight.His film about the horrors of global warming, An Inconvenient Truth , opened this week in Los Angeles and New York.With it comes inevitable talk of another try at the presidency.Mr Gore consistently waves that away.But other prominent Democrats are raising their voices for the cause.This week Senator Hillary Clinton urged action on global warming in a big speech on energy policy in Washington, DC.Notably, she praised Mr Gore as a committed visionary on global warming for more than two decades.Last week, her husband Bill told graduates at the University of Texas s public affairs school in Austin-as temperatures outside soared to 34°C-that Climate change is more remote than terror, but a more profound threat.Do voters care? Although a Gallup poll this spring found that 67% of respondents thought the quality of the environment was getting worse , climate change is hardly in the class of Iraq or health care.And it is still rare for politicians to mention it on the stump.Bill Ritter, the Democratic nominee for governor in Colorado, notes that global warming is a worry for the ski industry in his state-but says his audiences care more about the quality of their water or their air.Most midwestern politicians nowadays cannot talk enough about alternative fuels, but they link them to the economy rather than climate change, hoping for a boost for local corn or soyabean farmers.A few bad hurricanes may change that indifference.The 2006 season begins next week, and federal meteorologists predict it will be particularly nasty.Although conservatives have vigorously disputed the link between global warming and last year s dreadful storms, another Katrina could push people over the edge.Gregg Easterbrook of the Brookings Institution, a think tank, says that politicians also need a new tack.Instead of dwelling on gloom and doom, they should appeal to American optimism, emphasising that the problem can probably be solved after all, and cheaper and faster than anyone thinks.And what about conservatives? George Bush has recently conceded that America is addicted to oil , but he still argues about the causes of global warming.John McCain, another possible presidential contender in 2008, has been out in front.He has sponsored legislation for cap and trade emissions of greenhouse gases, and declared in a recent speech in Phoenix that Climate 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

change is real and is having a major impact on our way of life.二．

Senate inquiry in loan case is studying stock transfer

An Education Department official and financial aid directors at three universities received stock in a student loan company from the company s current president in what may have been a violation of securities law, Senate aides looking into the transactions say.In various documents that have been turned over to staff members working for Senator Edward M.Kennedy, the president of the company described the transfers as gifts.But at least one recipient of the shares has said he paid for the stock.Because the executive, Fabrizio Balestri of Student Loan Xpress, had acquired the shares in a private placement of stock that restricts how it can be transferred, the gifts-or sale-may have run afoul of federal securities laws, said Mr.Kennedy, the Massachusetts Democrat who heads the Senate education committee.Yesterday he called on federal regulators to investigate the transactions.The senator s staff has been investigating relations between loan companies and universities.The disclosures last week that the financial aid administrators owned the stock have prompted concerns that they had an incentive to steer students to the loan company.The government official helped oversee lenders in the federal student loan program.The documents describing the transfers of stock as gifts were signed by Mr.Balestri and his wife.They contradict what one financial aid director said in an interview last week.That official, Lawrence Burt of the University of Texas at Austin, said he had paid $1,000 for 1,500 shares.Mr.Burt could not be reached for comment last night.Mr.Balestri transferred stock not only to Mr.Burt but also to David Charlow, financial aid director for Columbia s undergraduate college and its engineering school;Catherine Thomas, director of financial aid at the University of Southern California;and Matteo Fontana, general manager in a unit of the Office of Federal Student Aid at the Department of Education.In recent days, all four have been put on leave by their employers.Senate aides said that for each $10,000 in the private placement, investors had received 10,000 shares and 5,000 warrants, or options to purchase additional stock before a certain date, in Education Lending Group, which was then the parent of Student Loan Xpress.Mr.Balestri obtained $80,000 worth of stock and kept none of it, according to the documents.In a personal list called memorandums of gift , he wrote that he gave away 80,000 shares to 16 people on Dec.31, 2001.That was one day before he began work at the company as its president.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

The 2001 private placement raised $3.7 million for Education Lending and was authorized by that company s chief executive, Robert deRose.At the time, the stock was trading between $1 and $2 a share.It is not clear who purchased the rest of the shares or whether anyone else at the company had knowledge of Mr.Balestri s transfers.violation

n.違反, 違背, 妨礙, 侵害, [體]違例

afoul

a.沖撞的，糾纏的ad.沖突著, 碰撞著

securities law證券法

steer

v.駕駛，掌舵

[真題例句] Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes , makes it sound like a precise science.[1997年閱讀5]

[例句精譯] 很多用來(lái)描述貨幣政策的詞，如 引導(dǎo)經(jīng)濟(jì)軟著陸、經(jīng)濟(jì)剎車(chē)，使貨幣政策聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是一門(mén)精確的科學(xué)。

warrant

n.①正當(dāng)理由;②許可證，委任狀;v.保證，擔(dān)保

三．

The world since September 11th

IT STANDS to reason that 19 men cannot change history.But they did.Five years and two Americanled wars later, the world created by the September 11th hijackers is a darker place than almost anyone predicted at the start of the new century.Al Qaeda itself may have been battered and dispersed, but the idea it stands for has spread its poison far and wide.The essence of that idea, so far as a coherent one can be distilled from the ferment of broadcasts and fat was issued by Osama bin Laden and his disciples, is that Islam is everywhere under attack by the infidel and that every Muslim has a duty to wage holy war, jihad, in its defence.America is deemed a special target for having trespassed on the Arab heartland.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Intoxicated by their defeat of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan in the 1980s, the jihadists are hungry to topple another superpower.This cause had deadly adherents before the attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Centre in 2001.Mr bin Laden issued his Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders in 1998, the year alQaeda bombed two American embassies in East Africa.But an honest tally of the record since September 11th has to conclude that the number of jihadists and their sympathisers has probably multiplied many times since then.It has multiplied, moreover, partly as a result of the way America responded.The first of the two wars George Bush launched after September 11th looked initially like a success, and compared with the second it still is.AlQaeda operated openly in Afghanistan and enjoyed the protection of its noxious Taliban regime, which refused America s request to hand Mr bin Laden over.America s invasion, one month after America itself had been attacked, therefore enjoyed broad international support.The fighting ended swiftly and the political aftermath went as well as could be expected in a polity as tangled as Afghanistan s.By 2004 a firstever free election had legitimated the presidency of Hamid Karzai.A ramshackle but representative parliament took office in 2005.The country is plagued by warlordism and the opium trade, and Taliban fighters are mounting a challenge in the south.But they do not yet look capable of dislodging the new government in Kabul.Even though Mr bin Laden himself eluded America s forces in Afghanistan, the invasion deprived alQaeda of a haven for planning and training.This achievement, however, was cancelled out by the consequences of Mr Bush s second war: the invasion of Iraq in March 2003.There, three and a half years on, fighting and terrorism kill hundreds every month, providing the jihadists with both a banner around which to recruit and a live arena in which to sharpen their military skills.Why has Iraq turned out so much worse than Afghanistan? Not only because of the familiar catalogue of Rumsfeldian incompetence-disbanding Iraq s army, committing too few American troops-but also because of alQaeda itself.Like most Sunni extremists, some in alQaeda regard Shia Muslims as virtual apostates.Abu Musab alZarqawi, the movement s leader in Iraq, managed before being killed last June to organise so many attacks on Shias and their holy places that after a long forbearance the Shias at last struck back, turning what had been an insurgency against the Americans and the new government into a bitter sectarian war.

第二篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題解析

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2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題解析

（二）三、英學(xué)業(yè)間斷期

Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year and a misty look will come into their eyes.There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student does require family back-up, financial, emotional and physical.The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring;it is vicarious living.We all wish pre-university gap years had been the fashion in our day.We can see how much tougher our kids become;how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree.Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them.Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade.The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English.With this trend, however, comes a danger.Once parents feel that a well-structured year is essential to their would-be undergraduate’s progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies’ blurbs suggest it might be, then parents will start organising—and paying for—the gaps.Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies’ umbrella organisation, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning.That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation.“When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls, it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality.”

The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies.Kids don’t mature if mum and dad decide how they are going to mature.If the 18-year-old’s way of maturing is to slob out on Hampstead Heath soaking up sunshine or spending a year working with fishermen in Cornwall, then that’s what will be productive for that person.The consensus, however, is that some structure is an advantage and that the prime mover needs to be the student.The 18-year-old who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks’ notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of ￡5,800, probably came back with little more than a hangover.The 18-year-old on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland, and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance.1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that parents of gap students may_____.[A] help children to be prepared for disasters [B] receive all kinds of support from their 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

children

[C] have rich experience in bringing up their offspring [D] experience watching children grow up

2.According to the text, which of the following is true?

[A] the popularity of gap years results from an increasing number of charities.[B] Prince William was working hard during his gap year.[C] gap years are not as fashionable as they were ten years ago.[D] a well-structured gap year is a guarantee of university success.3.The word “packages” means_____.[A] parcels carried in travelling [B] a comprehensive set of activities

[C] something presented in a particular way [D] charity actions

4.What can cause the disasters of gap years?

[A] Intervention of parents.[B] Careful planning.[C] Good health.[D] Realistic expectation.5.An 18-year-old is believed to take a meaningful gap year when he/she_____.[A] lives up to his/her parents’ expectations [B] spends time being lazy and doing nothing

[C] learns skills by spending parents’ money [D] earns his or her living and gains working experience

答案：1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.D

核心詞匯和超綱詞匯

a gap year學(xué)業(yè)間斷的一年，間斷年

vicarious間接感受到的，如He got a ~ thrill out of watching his son score the winning goal

package包，盒，袋;一套東西，一套建議，一攬子交易，如a benefits ~一套福利措施an aid ~綜合援助計(jì)劃

backpack背包旅行 go ~ing 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

umbrella綜合體，總體，整體，如an ~ group/fund綜合團(tuán)體/基金

fork out大量花錢(qián)，大把掏錢(qián)

slob懶惰而邋遢的人slob out/around游手好閑，無(wú)所事事

structure結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造;精心組織，周密安排，體系

dispatch派遣，調(diào)遣，派出;發(fā)出，發(fā)送

at short notice隨時(shí)，沒(méi)有提前很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間通知，at two week’s notice提前兩周通知

hangover遺留的感覺(jué)，如the insecure feeling that was a ~ from her childhood

counterbalance抗衡，抵消;對(duì)??起平衡作用;平衡抵消物，抗衡

全文翻譯

與度過(guò)了新奇的學(xué)業(yè)間斷年的孩子的父母交談，他們的眼神中會(huì)有一種含糊不清的東西。這一年中有一些危機(jī)，即使是目的明確、很有條理的學(xué)生，在間斷年期間也需要家庭從經(jīng)濟(jì)上、情感上和體力上給予幫助。父母眼中的含糊不僅僅是因?yàn)樽屗麄兊暮⒆映墒炱饋?lái)的美好經(jīng)歷，也是因?yàn)樗麄冏约洪g接感受到的生活方式。我們都希望在我們那個(gè)時(shí)代大學(xué)前的間斷年就已經(jīng)很時(shí)興了。我們能看著孩子們變得更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，更好地準(zhǔn)備從上大學(xué)中有所收獲或者積極地決定他們將做一些除了獲得學(xué)歷之外的事情。

學(xué)業(yè)間斷年現(xiàn)在很時(shí)興，這反映在提供它們的慈善團(tuán)體和私人公司的數(shù)目呈巨額增長(zhǎng)。威廉王子在智利吃苦的事情發(fā)揮了作用，但這種趨勢(shì)十年來(lái)一直在加強(qiáng)。學(xué)業(yè)間斷年期間的一整套活動(dòng)從背包旅行開(kāi)始，包括和慈善團(tuán)體一起工作，修建醫(yī)院和學(xué)校，以及常見(jiàn)的做語(yǔ)言助教、教英語(yǔ)。然而，隨著這種趨勢(shì)而來(lái)的也有危險(xiǎn)。一旦父母相信那些學(xué)業(yè)間斷年公司介紹的內(nèi)容，認(rèn)為精心安排的一個(gè)間斷年對(duì)于想成為本科生的孩子進(jìn)入更好的大學(xué)，獲得高學(xué)歷，得到令人印象深刻的簡(jiǎn)歷和待遇良好的工作是至關(guān)重要的，那么他們就會(huì)開(kāi)始組織并資助間斷年期間的活動(dòng)。

按照學(xué)業(yè)間斷年公司綜合機(jī)構(gòu)“走出學(xué)業(yè)間斷年團(tuán)體”的負(fù)責(zé)人理查德·奧利弗埃的觀點(diǎn)，出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題往往是因?yàn)橛?jì)劃不周。他說(shuō)，“這可能是公司或?qū)W生的責(zé)任，但是最保險(xiǎn)的方法是作好審慎的準(zhǔn)備。當(dāng)人們把它搞砸時(shí)，往往是因?yàn)榻】祮?wèn)題，尤其是女孩，因?yàn)樗齻儚奈措x開(kāi)過(guò)家，或者期望與現(xiàn)實(shí)不符”。

學(xué)業(yè)間斷年的意義在于它應(yīng)該是離校生開(kāi)始做自己喜歡做的事情的時(shí)候。如果由父母來(lái)決定孩子怎樣成熟，那么他們不會(huì)真地變成熟。如果18歲時(shí)變成熟的方式是在倫敦漢普斯泰德石南園中無(wú)所事事地曬太陽(yáng)，或者花上一年時(shí)間和康沃爾郡的漁夫一起工作，那么對(duì)于另外一個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)將是有所收獲的。然而，多數(shù)人卻認(rèn)為進(jìn)行某種安排是有利的，而且行動(dòng)的安排者應(yīng)是學(xué)生自己。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

如果18歲的年輕人兩周前得到父母的通知，被派去加拿大花5,800英鎊學(xué)習(xí)成為一名滑雪教練，回來(lái)后可能只會(huì)留下很少的感覺(jué)。同樣的18歲的年輕人，先通過(guò)工作賺錢(qián)，再用一年中剩下的時(shí)間在從新西蘭到瑞士的多個(gè)避暑勝地執(zhí)教，回來(lái)后申請(qǐng)大學(xué)，這樣的經(jīng)歷則是完全不同的積極的做法。

四、生態(tài)環(huán)境恐怖主義

Islamic terrorism may be a distant threat for Shearer Lumber Products, a timber company based in Idaho.But eco-terrorism is a very real one.In November, the Earth Liberation Front , an underground organization, gave warning that it had“spiked”trees in the Nez Perce national forest to protest against logging.Spiking involves hiding metal bars in tree trunks, thereby potentially crippling chain saws and hurting people.More such attacks are expected.How do they fit into America’s war on terrorism?

The nation’s forests have seen a sharp increase in violent incidents—equipment vandalized, people intimidated—over the past ten years.Shearer now carefully inspects every tree before cutting and has been using metal detectors to check every trunk being processed.Yet Ihor Mereszczak, of the Nez Perce Forest Service, says it has been hard to get the FBI’s attention, and investigations have got nowhere.The ELF is only one thread in a web of underground radical environmentalists.Its aim is to inflict as much financial pain as possible on organizations or people who, by its lights, are exploiting the environment.The ELF, though made up of anonymous cells, nonetheless operates a website offering tips on how to cause fires with electric timers.Until recently, it also had a public spokesman.Together with the Animal Liberation Front , which operates along the same lines, the ELF is estimated to be responsible for over $45m-worth of damage in North America over the past few years.In 1998, it caused fires that did $12m-worth of damage in Vail, Colorado, to make the point that the ski resort’s expansion was threatening places where lynxes live.Earlier this year, the ELF burned down the offices of a lumber company in Oregon.Since September 11th, the ALF and ELF have claimed responsibility for starting a fire at a primate research center in New Mexico, releasing mink from an Iowa fur farm, and firebombing a federal corral for wild horses in California.Are they terrorists? The two groups reject the label, claiming to take all precautions against harming “animals, whether humans or not”.But earlier this year Louis Freeh, the FBI’s boss, listed both organizations among the most active domestic terrorist groups.Scott McInnis, the Republican congressman whose district includes Vail, argues it is only a matter of time before somebody gets hurt, and he now expects the FBI to put in more resources.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

The House subcommittee on forests, which Mr McInnis heads, will hold a hearing on eco-terrorism in February.But he has annoyed some mainstream green groups by asking them to denounce the ELF’s and ALF’s methods.Greenpeace, for instance, says that its disapproval is self-evident, and resents being asked to express it.Mr.McInnis still wants their answer by December 1st, but the war on eco-terrorism is off to a rocky start.1.What did the ELF do to Shearer Lumber Products?

[A] Hurt its employees.[B] Crippled its equipments.[C] Hid metals in its trees.[D] Protested against its spiking.2.We can infer from the passage that_____.[A] Shearer has experienced many violent incidents [B] new tools have been used to investigate terrorists

[C] FBI has been active in the war on eco-terrorism [D] ELF openly declares its beliefs and ends

3.According to ELF, all of the following are environmentally harmful except_____.[A] causing fire in the houses [B] expanding ski resort [C] doing research on animals [D] invading into animal habitats

4.It is true of radical environmentalists that they_____.[A] aim at causing damage to companies [B] resort to violence to achieve their purpose

[C] will do no harm to real people [D] are divided on opinions about terrorism

5.The best title for the text may be_____.[A] The Green Threat [B] Protecting Forests [C] Earth’s Liberation [D] Terrorism Defeated 答案：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 核心詞匯和超綱詞匯

spike尖狀物，尖頭;鞋釘用尖物刺入

cripple使殘廢，使跛，使成瘸子;嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞;傷殘人，殘疾人，有缺陷的人

vandalize摧殘，破壞，任意破壞 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

cell牢房;細(xì)胞;小隔室;電池;政治小組，基層組織，如a terrorist ~

along/on the lines按??方式

denounce公開(kāi)指責(zé)，公然抨擊，譴責(zé)

全文翻譯

對(duì)于駐愛(ài)達(dá)荷的希勒木材產(chǎn)品公司來(lái)說(shuō)，伊斯蘭恐怖主義也許是遙遠(yuǎn)的威脅。但是生態(tài)恐怖主義是確實(shí)存在的威脅。十一月份的時(shí)候，地下組織“地球解放陣線” 警告說(shuō)他已在內(nèi)茲佩爾塞國(guó)家森林的樹(shù)木中“釘了釘子”以抗議伐木行為?！搬斸斪印卑ㄔ跇?shù)干中藏金屬棒，從而破壞鏈鋸并有可能傷到人。更多類(lèi)似的攻擊還會(huì)發(fā)生。它們?cè)鯓託w入美國(guó)對(duì)抗恐怖主義的戰(zhàn)斗中呢?

過(guò)去十年中，國(guó)家森林里的暴力事件急劇增多。如今希勒在砍樹(shù)前仔細(xì)檢查每一棵樹(shù)，并一直使用金屬探測(cè)器檢查所有被加工的樹(shù)干。然而，內(nèi)茲佩爾塞國(guó)家森林服務(wù)中心的Ihor Mereszczak說(shuō)，很難引起美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的注意，調(diào)查也毫無(wú)進(jìn)展。

“地球解放陣線”只是地下激進(jìn)環(huán)保主義組織中的一員。它的目的是讓那些根據(jù)它的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)破壞了環(huán)境的個(gè)人或組織在經(jīng)濟(jì)上盡可能蒙受巨大的損失。該組織雖然由匿名的小組組成，卻經(jīng)營(yíng)著一個(gè)網(wǎng)站就如何用電子計(jì)時(shí)器縱火給予提示。最近它還有了公共發(fā)言人。

“地球解放陣線”和按同一種方式運(yùn)行的“動(dòng)物解放陣線”一起，估計(jì)在過(guò)去幾年中造成了多達(dá)四千五百萬(wàn)元的損失。比如,1998年“地球解放陣線”在科羅拉多州的唯爾因抗議滑雪勝地的擴(kuò)建威脅了山貓的居所而放火;今年初它在俄勒岡州又燒毀了一家伐木公司的辦公室;以及自九月十一日以來(lái)，它和同性質(zhì)的“動(dòng)物解放陣線”一起，聲稱(chēng)對(duì)以下事件負(fù)責(zé)：新墨西哥州一家靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物研究中心的縱火事件，愛(ài)荷華州一家毛皮生產(chǎn)農(nóng)場(chǎng)的貂被放走事件，加利福尼亞州一個(gè)用來(lái)圈野馬的畜欄遭到燃燒彈攻擊事件。

他們是恐怖主義者嗎?這兩個(gè)團(tuán)體拒絕被稱(chēng)作“恐怖分子”，而且宣稱(chēng)他們會(huì)采取一切措施來(lái)預(yù)防對(duì)動(dòng)物的傷害。但是今年初，聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局局長(zhǎng)路易·弗里將兩個(gè)組織列為國(guó)內(nèi)最活躍的恐怖主義組織。共和黨籍眾議員麥克伊尼斯所在區(qū)包括唯爾，認(rèn)為遲早會(huì)有人受到傷害，現(xiàn)在他期望聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局局投入更多的資源。

麥克伊尼斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的“森林小組委員會(huì)”將在二月份召開(kāi)生態(tài)恐怖主義的聽(tīng)證會(huì)。但是，他已經(jīng)觸怒了一些主流的綠色組織，因?yàn)樗笏鼈児_(kāi)譴責(zé)“地球解放陣線”和“動(dòng)物解放陣線”的做法。比如，“綠色和平”組織宣稱(chēng)它的反對(duì)是不言而明的，并對(duì)被要求表態(tài)表示氣憤。麥克伊尼斯先生仍然要求他們?cè)?1月1日給出回答，關(guān)于生態(tài)恐怖主義的戰(zhàn)斗有了一個(gè)開(kāi)端。

第三篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀真題

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cnN: Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn t deserve to be killed for this.The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens, says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Before Gaither s murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive.From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its Equality Begins at Home campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation.Says Conaty: These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message.The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force s policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights.Adds Vaid: It s more than just a gay thing.1.What is implied in the first two paragraphs? 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred [B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago [C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death [D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga 2.The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation [B]people want to extend the hate-crime law [C]the gays are really in a terrible fix [D] people are indifferent to the gay student 3.Alvin Holmes’ attitude toward the gay victims is _________.[A]indifferent [B]sympathetic [C]outrageous [D]considerate 4.Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay [B] sharpened people’s awareness [C]gave legislation some momentum [D]failed to have any change in the legislation 5.The text intends to express the idea that __________.[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors [B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go

[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched

答案：C A B D C

詞匯注釋

homosexual n.同性戀

echo vt.摹仿, 重復(fù)

rallying point n.聚集點(diǎn),號(hào)召力

legislator n.立法者

momentum n.動(dòng)力, 要素

in the wake of adv.尾隨, 緊跟, 仿效

lynching n.處私刑

allegation n.主張，斷言, 辯解

offensive n.進(jìn)攻, 攻勢(shì)

grass-roots adj.一般民眾的, 由鄉(xiāng)間民間來(lái)進(jìn)行的 二．

Federal reserve: Difference of opinion

THE outcome was never in doubt.On December 12th America s central bank kept shortterm interest rates unchanged at 5.25%.What mattered was the statement accompanying the Federal Reserve s decision.Although Ben Bernanke and his colleagues gave a nod to the slowing economy , they repeated that they still considered inflation a bigger worry than weak growth.That is not what Wall Street has been thinking.According to the latest Blue Chip monthly survey, four out of five financial forecasters reckon the central bank s next move will be to cut the federal funds rate.Some once optimistic seers have been busy cutting their growth forecasts.The price of fed funds futures suggests that financial markets see a 20% chance of lower interest rates by April.This had been close to 70%, but unexpectedly strong growth in jobs and then retail sales 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

in November has caused some in the markets to think a rate cut less likely.The central bankers are simultaneously more cautious and more optimistic than many on Wall Street.With core inflation still well above the 12% rate they unofficially deem appropriate, Mr.Bernanke and his colleagues are genuinely worried about price pressure.Although fuel costs have fallen sharply, core consumer prices, which exclude the volatile categories of food and energy, still rose by 2.8% in the year to October.The Fed s preferred price gauge, the core personal consumption deflator, went up by 2.4% in the year to October, only a little short of the fastest pace for a decade.With inflation still too high, cautious central bankers see scant reason for abandoning their hawkish rhetoric.By the same token, the officials are less concerned by the risk of a slowdown than their counterparts on Wall Street are.Not only do the central bankers expect the economy to grow below its trend rate in the short term;they want it to.That is because a period of below trend growth will help dampen inflationary pressure by increasing the amount of slack in the economy.Fed officials worry that labour markets, in particular, are too tight.In their July forecast the central bankers expected an average unemployment rate of between 4.75% and 5% for the fourth quarter of 2006 and 2007, well above today s 4.5%.Modestly higher joblessness would be welcome.That unemployment has not risen suggests the economy has not slowed much below its trend rate of growth.If prudence is telling the central bankers to stand pat, so is their optimism.The Fed is not among those who believe that America s unexpectedly deep housing bust will drag the rest of the economy down.In a recent speech Mr Bernanke made it clear that he saw little sign of the housing recession spreading elsewhere.A stream of weak statistics in subsequent days, particularly a report hinting that manufacturing was in recession, suggested that his optimism might be misplaced.

第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

（九）The view from the top, and bottom

老板與員工的意見(jiàn)分歧

Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板們認(rèn)為公司對(duì)員工關(guān)懷備至，但其下屬卻不以為然。

AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.隨著沃爾瑪發(fā)展成為全球最大零售商，其員工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆規(guī)則的限制。

Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃爾瑪已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到其以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化過(guò)于死板，無(wú)法應(yīng)對(duì)全球化和科技變革所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。

and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃爾瑪正嘗試逐漸培養(yǎng)一種以?xún)r(jià)值觀為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化，在這種文化中，員工了解公司的主張，所以能夠得到公司的信任，去做他們認(rèn)為正確的事情。

Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.價(jià)值觀念 是管理學(xué)思維最新的熱門(mén)話題。

PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可樂(lè)公司已開(kāi)始宣揚(yáng)一個(gè)信條： 目的性績(jī)效。

Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龍?jiān)谧约旱纳虡?biāo)上印上 ‘人類(lèi)體能 的供應(yīng)商 的字樣，盡管它大概并非真的希望你用人力車(chē)代步。

Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

幾乎每一家大型企業(yè)都宣稱(chēng)自身正在發(fā)展更為關(guān)懷體貼、合乎道德的企業(yè)文化。

A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一項(xiàng)新的研究顯示，實(shí)際情況與商家們所標(biāo)榜的有差距。

Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同時(shí)也是《怎么做到的?》

a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士頓研究集團(tuán)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng) 國(guó)家治理、文化和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力評(píng)估 的研究，該研究是以對(duì)來(lái)自公司各個(gè)級(jí)別的數(shù)千位美國(guó)雇員的調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)的。

It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有43%的調(diào)查對(duì)象對(duì)其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指揮為基礎(chǔ)、自上而下的管理模式或強(qiáng)制式的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)——塞德曼先生稱(chēng)之為 盲目服從型。

The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的調(diào)查對(duì)象，即有54%的人認(rèn)為其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也有技巧可言，只是規(guī)則繁多并存在軟硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生稱(chēng)這種為 知情服從型。

Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的調(diào)查對(duì)象屬于 自我管理型，即每個(gè)員工都被一套 核心原則和價(jià)值 所引導(dǎo)，這套原則和價(jià)值激勵(lì)每個(gè)員工以公司的宗旨為中心進(jìn)行工作。

The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)一些證據(jù)，證明這些公司文化之間的差異事關(guān)重大。

Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服從型企業(yè)中，幾乎有過(guò)半數(shù)員工都稱(chēng)在前一年目睹過(guò)有違職業(yè)道德的行為，而在其他類(lèi)型的企業(yè)中只有四分之一的員工有此經(jīng)歷。

Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服從型企業(yè)中只有約四分之一的員工說(shuō)他們可能會(huì)揭發(fā)這種行為，而在自我管理型企業(yè)中卻有90%的員工會(huì)進(jìn)行揭發(fā)。

Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同樣，上下級(jí)之間缺乏信任會(huì)抑制員工創(chuàng)新。

More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超過(guò)90%的員工承認(rèn) 絕妙的想法很容易會(huì)被公司采納，選擇性順從型公司中也有三分之二的員工這樣認(rèn)為。

At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服從型公司中，持這種想法的人少于五分之一。

Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)老板們時(shí)常對(duì)自己瞎掰的那一套信以為真，即便員工們不以為然。

Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板們相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通員工高八倍。

Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大約27%的老板認(rèn)為自己公司的員工能夠被公司所激勵(lì)。

Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的員工同意此說(shuō)?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同樣，41%的老板稱(chēng)其公司對(duì)績(jī)效的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是建基于價(jià)值觀之上的，而不僅是業(yè)績(jī)。

Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的員工接受此說(shuō)。

二．

A big, bad business

點(diǎn)肥成金不現(xiàn)實(shí)

Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments

制藥公司試圖從減肥治療中獲利

OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖癥對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)是傳染病，對(duì)別的一些人來(lái)說(shuō)則是機(jī)遇。

More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超過(guò)三分之二的美國(guó)人已經(jīng)超重。

Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找個(gè)辦法和肥胖對(duì)抗，說(shuō)必定就此大賺一筆。

On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找個(gè)辦法和肥胖對(duì)抗，說(shuō)必定就此大賺一筆。

A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制藥公司朝著這個(gè)目標(biāo)前進(jìn)了一步。給美國(guó)食品藥物管理局做咨詢(xún)的一家委員會(huì)推薦，Vivus公司的減肥藥Qnexa。

However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

但是，如果獲得批準(zhǔn)，該藥品的漫長(zhǎng)的最終肯定直到四月份才會(huì)到來(lái)。

The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人們，這是一場(chǎng)點(diǎn)肥成金的抗?fàn)帯?/p>

Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制藥和醫(yī)療器械公司非常善于解決肥胖帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。

However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他們無(wú)法幫助消費(fèi)者戰(zhàn)勝肥胖本身，減少體重。

This is not for lack of trying.這不是因?yàn)槿狈L試。

Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束帶為例。

Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治療手術(shù)可以幫助患者在較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)減少體重。醫(yī)院就是從這些減肥療程中賺錢(qián)，包括胃繞道手術(shù)，但是胃部束帶卻是一個(gè)罕見(jiàn)的例子，被當(dāng)成一個(gè)器械制造商用來(lái)從減肥中賺錢(qián)的法子。

Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以銷(xiāo)售肉毒桿菌而出名，嘗試用產(chǎn)品Lap-Band打入減肥市場(chǎng)。

It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松緊帶，外科醫(yī)生可以用它繞住患者胃的上部，這樣患者會(huì)提前有腹飽感。

Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束帶和充氣袋市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)70%，但是如今銷(xiāo)量卻有所下降。

The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣讓消費(fèi)者忍住做昂貴的手術(shù)的欲望。

Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至連束帶也不用了，因?yàn)槭鴰Т蚧蛘邲](méi)有效果。

Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美國(guó)食品藥物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保險(xiǎn)公司卻拒絕付款。

In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席執(zhí)行官David Pyott說(shuō)，他將放棄在年輕人束帶市場(chǎng)的努力。

He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前試圖讓保險(xiǎn)公司也看到Lap-Band的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為兩萬(wàn)美元手術(shù)費(fèi)可以在四年之內(nèi)通過(guò)減少醫(yī)療支出收回。

There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人懷疑他是否能成功：“事實(shí)上使用束帶不必胃繞道手術(shù)好，所有人都知道，除了束帶的公關(guān)公司，”馬薩諸塞州中心醫(yī)院體重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是說(shuō)。

Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制藥公司的麻煩甚至比醫(yī)療器械公司的還要多。

It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.從美國(guó)食品藥物管理局批準(zhǔn)減肥藥為處方藥到如今已經(jīng)過(guò)了十三年。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士羅氏制藥公司的Xenical臭名昭著，該藥會(huì)引發(fā)胃腸功能的副作用。

The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美國(guó)食品藥物管理局于2010年拒絕批準(zhǔn)Vivus公司的Qnexa，因?yàn)閾?dān)心該藥對(duì)孕婦的安全造成傷害，擔(dān)心該藥會(huì)加快患者的心率。

Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的數(shù)據(jù)顯然讓管理局的咨詢(xún)委員會(huì)滿意。

However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是該局還是可能拒絕批準(zhǔn)該藥。

Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa獲得批準(zhǔn)，患者會(huì)不會(huì)買(mǎi)賬仍不明了。

Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa結(jié)合了兩種市面上上有的療效。

Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.這兩種藥物都是非專(zhuān)利藥，這說(shuō)明醫(yī)生可能會(huì)給患者開(kāi)已有的藥而不選擇Qnexa，后者更貴。

For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前為止，治療肥胖患者還是要比讓他們減肥更有利可圖。

第五篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

（三）Facebook and privacy Sorry, friends

臉譜和用戶隱私 對(duì)不起，朋友

The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings

社交網(wǎng)巨頭因嚴(yán)重隱私缺陷而遭受公眾譴責(zé)

FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again.臉譜一直在玩火，這次它又燒傷了自己的指頭。

On November 29th America s Federal Trade Commission announced that it hadreached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it hadmisled people about its use of their personal data.11月29日美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)聲明已和該社交網(wǎng)巨頭關(guān)于公眾對(duì)它欺騙用戶、濫用用戶個(gè)人信息的控訴初步達(dá)成解決方案。

The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users,betrayed its users trust.這份解決方案的細(xì)目明確說(shuō)明，臉譜網(wǎng)背叛了它所聲稱(chēng)的八億用戶的信任。

It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft anew privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.FTC有個(gè)更大的計(jì)劃，那就是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的隱私框架以應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)快速攀升的社交網(wǎng)用戶。而這份方案似乎是這個(gè)計(jì)劃中的一部分，這也是它受到廣泛關(guān)注的另一個(gè)原因。

The regulator s findings come at a sensitive time for Facebook, which is said to be preparingfor an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion.調(diào)解員的調(diào)查對(duì)這個(gè)時(shí)候的臉譜網(wǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)很敏感。據(jù)說(shuō)它正在準(zhǔn)備明年的首次招股，這將使它的價(jià)值達(dá)到一千億。

To clear the way for its blockbuster flotation, the firm first needs to resolve its privacytussles with regulators in America and Europe.為了給這次非同一般的上市計(jì)劃掃清障礙，臉譜網(wǎng)必須首先解決與美國(guó)和歐洲協(xié)調(diào)員關(guān)于用戶隱私的爭(zhēng)端，因此這周它公開(kāi)了商談意向?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Hence its willingness to negotiate the settlement unveiled this week, which should befinalised at the end of December after a period for public comment.經(jīng)過(guò)征詢(xún)公共意見(jiàn)后，商談結(jié)果將在十二月底最終敲定。

Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook hadmade claims that were unfair and deceptive, and violated federal law.宣布協(xié)議時(shí)，F(xiàn)TC說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)有好幾回臉譜的聲明都是 不公平，虛假并觸犯聯(lián)邦法 的，F(xiàn)or instance, it passed on personally identifiable information to advertisers, even though itsaid it would not do so.比如，它把用戶身份信息透露給廣告商，但是嘴上卻聲稱(chēng)不會(huì)做此類(lèi)事情。

And it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deactivated and deletedaccounts inaccessible.還有，賬戶不再活動(dòng)或取消后，上面的相片和視頻卻仍然可以被搜索到，這完全與它的承諾不相符。

The settlement does not constitute an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law.臉譜沒(méi)有在這份協(xié)議中承認(rèn)自己觸犯法律。

But the regulator s findings are deeply embarrassing for the company nonetheless.但是，協(xié)調(diào)員的調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)讓這個(gè)公司陷入極為尷尬的境地。

In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to play downthe impact of the deal.同一天，臉譜老板Mark Zuckerberg在一篇博文上極力淡化這份協(xié)議的影響。

First he claimed that a small number of high-profile mistakes were overshadowing thesocial network s good history on privacy.在這篇博文中他首先聲明 一小部分被高調(diào)炒作的錯(cuò)誤 正在掩蓋臉譜網(wǎng)關(guān)于用戶隱私的 良好記錄。

Then he confessed that it could still do better and said he had hired two new chief privacyofficers.接著，他承認(rèn)確實(shí)有一些地方需要改進(jìn)，并說(shuō)明他已經(jīng)雇用了兩名新的 首席隱私官?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself.FTC不指望臉譜自我監(jiān)督。

Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before itchanges the way it shares their data.And it has agreed to an independent privacy auditevery two years for the next 20 years.此外，在改變用戶信息共享方式前，它還必須征詢(xún)用戶的同意，并且它也同意在未來(lái)二十年里每?jī)赡赀M(jìn)行一次獨(dú)立的隱私審核。

Jeff Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy reckons this will make it somewhat easier forprivacy activists to hold the social network to account.數(shù)字民主中心的Jeff Chester認(rèn)為，這從某種程度上讓隱私主義者更容易相信臉譜會(huì)為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。

There is a clear pattern here.這里有個(gè)很清晰的模式。

In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Googleaccept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy.從過(guò)去幾年里Twitter和Google各自的案例來(lái)看，在這兩家公司分別被指控觸犯用戶隱私后，F(xiàn)TC也堅(jiān)持要求兩家公司接受定期的外部審核，The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,but one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.目的似乎就是為了給此類(lèi)社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)比現(xiàn)狀嚴(yán)格卻又有足夠空間革新的管理制度。

The audits can be used to tweak the framework in the light of new developments.從發(fā)展的角度講，這些審核有助于打破原本框架。

Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect apush for more onerous privacy legislation in America.一些觀測(cè)者認(rèn)為，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司全盤(pán)接受這些審核，希望借此擺脫美國(guó)更為繁瑣的隱私保護(hù)法?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

But outrage over Facebook s behaviour could spur Congress into action anyway.And it willcertainly not be lost on regulators in Europe who are scrutinising the social network sprivacy record too.但是公眾對(duì)臉譜行為的不滿終將刺激國(guó)會(huì)做出反應(yīng)，而正在審閱該社交網(wǎng)隱私記錄的歐洲協(xié)調(diào)員們也必然會(huì)給予這些不滿的呼聲以相應(yīng)的重視。

Mr Zuckerberg s latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his last.看來(lái)Zuckerberg先生最近的這次檢討不會(huì)是最后一次。

二．

Drugmakers Cliffhanger

制藥企業(yè) 懸念

Big Pharma struggles to protect its blockbusters as they lose patent protection

大型制藥企業(yè)艱難保護(hù)著專(zhuān)利失效的 重磅炸彈 藥物

FOR some years the big drugmakers have been dreading an approaching patent cliff —aslump in sales as the patents on their most popular pills expire or are struck down by legalchallenges, with few new potential blockbusters to take their place.多年來(lái)，大型制藥企業(yè)一直擔(dān)心 專(zhuān)利懸崖 出現(xiàn)——最暢銷(xiāo)藥品的專(zhuān)利到期或?qū)＠蛟V訟而中止，而市場(chǎng)上鮮有新的 重磅炸彈 藥物，這時(shí)企業(yè)的銷(xiāo)售額將會(huì)銳減。

This week the patent on the best-selling drug in history expired—Lipitor, an anti-cholesterolpill which earned Pfizer nearly $11 billion in revenues last year.本周，史上最暢銷(xiāo)的藥物 立普妥 專(zhuān)利到期，這種降膽固醇藥去年就為輝瑞公司賺了近110億美元。

In all, blockbusters with a combined $170 billion in annual sales will go off-patent by 2015.到了2015年，多種 重磅炸彈 藥物的專(zhuān)利都將失效。

What is supposed to happen now is that lots of copycat firms rush in with generic versions of Lipitor at perhaps one-fifth of its price.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

很多仿制藥公司現(xiàn)在大概正忙著推出與立普妥的非專(zhuān)利藥，價(jià)格僅為立普妥的1/5。

Patients and health-care payers should reap the benefit.病人和醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支付方會(huì)收益，而輝瑞的收入會(huì)縮水。

Pfizer s revenues should suffer.The same story will be repeated many times, as otherbest-selling drugs march over the patent cliff.同樣的事件將反復(fù)上演，因?yàn)槠渌麜充N(xiāo)藥也要臨近專(zhuān)利懸崖。

But generics makers may face delays getting their cheaper versions to market.然而，非專(zhuān)利制藥企業(yè)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)仿制藥上市一拖再拖。

Ranbaxy, a Japanese-owned drugmaker, struggled to get regulators approval for itsgeneric version of Lipitor, and only won it on the day the patent expired.蘭伯西這家日本制藥企業(yè)歷盡艱辛，獲得了立普妥非專(zhuān)利藥的生產(chǎn)許可，但該許可要到專(zhuān)利失效那天才生效。

More important, research-based drug firms are using a variety of tactics to make the patentcliff slope more gently.更重要的是，以研發(fā)為基礎(chǔ)的制藥公司正使用各種方法緩沖 專(zhuān)利懸崖 效應(yīng)。

Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous additional patents on their products to put off the day whentheir protection expires.美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)主席Jon Leibowitz注意到，制藥商們千方百計(jì)地為產(chǎn)品增加后續(xù)專(zhuān)利，以延緩保護(hù)的失效，但其實(shí)那些專(zhuān)利沒(méi)什么價(jià)值。

Another tactic is pay-for-delay , in which a drugmaker facing a legal challenge to itspatent pays its would-be competitor to put off introducing its cheaper copy.另一種戰(zhàn)術(shù)是 有償延遲 協(xié)議，也就是說(shuō)在專(zhuān)利訴訟時(shí)，制藥企業(yè)會(huì)付給未來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一筆錢(qián)，以延遲價(jià)錢(qián)更低的仿制藥進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。

In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such settlements.截止到10月，F(xiàn)TC就發(fā)現(xiàn)了28起類(lèi)似事件。

American and European regulators are looking into these deals.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

美國(guó)和歐洲的監(jiān)管部門(mén)也開(kāi)始調(diào)查這些協(xié)議。

However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck inCongress.然而，反對(duì)這些協(xié)議的訴訟一再擱淺，而美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)也未能通過(guò)禁止此類(lèi)事件的一項(xiàng)法案。

To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheapercopies，為了鼓勵(lì)非專(zhuān)利制藥企業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)藥品專(zhuān)利、生產(chǎn)價(jià)錢(qián)更低的仿制藥，an American law passed in 1984 says that the first one to do so will get a 180-day exclusivityperiod，美國(guó)于1984年通過(guò)一項(xiàng)法案，其中提到 第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)成功的仿制藥企能獲得180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期，in which no other generics maker can sell versions of the drug in question, as Ranbaxysupposedly won with Lipitor.在此期間其他仿制藥企不能販?zhǔn)弁粚?zhuān)利藥的其他仿制藥，就像蘭伯西獲得立普妥仿制藥的生產(chǎn)權(quán)一樣。

However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American firm.然而，輝瑞鉆了這個(gè)法案的空子，它讓第二家授權(quán)仿制藥企業(yè)——華生制藥公司來(lái)仿制。

According to BernsteinResearch, under the deal between the two drugmakers Pfizer willreceive about 70% of Watson s revenues from its approved copy of Lipitor.根據(jù)BernsteinResearch的分析，在此交易期間，華生公司獲得立普妥的仿制權(quán)，輝瑞將獲得華生公司年收入的70%。

More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing itvigorously.更為不同的是，輝瑞將降低立普妥專(zhuān)利藥的價(jià)格，并對(duì)其采取積極的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)策略。

So Ranbaxy faces not one, but two competitors.所以說(shuō)，蘭伯西的對(duì)手是兩個(gè)，而非一個(gè)?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is unmatched.摩根士丹利的David Risinger認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)策略雖有先例，但就規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)而言絕對(duì)不能與輝瑞的計(jì)劃相比。

Patients with a special discount card from Pfizer will make co-payments of just $4 for a month s worth of the originalLipitor, compared with about $10 for many generic medicines.輝瑞的患者，若使用一種特殊打折卡，通過(guò)共同支付方式，只花4美元就可以獲得一個(gè)月用量的立普妥專(zhuān)利藥，而其他仿制品需要花費(fèi)約10美元。

Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription costs.輝瑞還以仿制藥價(jià)格向美可保健等大型公司提供立普妥。

All this may raise Pfizer s sales by nearly $500m in the first half of 2012 compared with whatthey would otherwise have been, says Tim Anderson of BernsteinResearch, with revenuesthen falling after the 180 days are over.BernsteinResearch的Tim Anderson認(rèn)為，所有這些舉措將使得輝瑞2012年上半年的銷(xiāo)售額比不采取措施時(shí)增加近5億美元，總收入在180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期后會(huì)下降。

Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the drug.美可保健公司辯解說(shuō)，輝瑞的項(xiàng)目是為各方省錢(qián)，并保證穩(wěn)定供貨。

Others fear that Pfizer s tactics may drive up costs for the employers who sponsor healthplans, thanks to the complexities of co-payment schemes, and confuse patients lectured foryears about the merits of generics.也有人擔(dān)心，由于共同支付計(jì)劃很復(fù)雜，輝瑞的戰(zhàn)術(shù)會(huì)增加雇主門(mén)支付健康計(jì)劃的成本，也讓患者們?cè)跀?shù)年內(nèi)都不明白仿制藥的重要意義。

Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for Lipitor.快捷藥方公司正建議其所屬的健康計(jì)劃反對(duì)輝瑞的立普妥交易。

The biggest worry is that Pfizer s strategy, if copied, will make the 180-day exclusivityperiod worth far less, and thus discourage generics firms from challenging patents in thefirst place.他們最擔(dān)心，如若輝瑞的做法被仿制，那么180天專(zhuān)有期的價(jià)值會(huì)縮水，而仿制藥公司可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

挑戰(zhàn)專(zhuān)利的動(dòng)力也會(huì)在初期被抑制。