第一篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)作文1

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)作文范文

（一）1.推薦信： Directions:

One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers.Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.Dear Sir or Madam，I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post.With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times.Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record.Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua Middle School.What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children.This won him great popularity among his students.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised.I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

2.愛(ài)心/奉獻(xiàn) Directions:

Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his or her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to

1)Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below.2)Give a specific example, and

3)Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

When we use the word “l(fā)ove”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word.The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes.As a matter of fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the most sublime of human emotions.As an illustration of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of the deadly earthquake in Sichuan Province.Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can——be it money or goods——to help their needy fellow citizens.Furthermore, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.It is my view that the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are.We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers.Only by doing so can we help to make the world a better place, for, as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.3.感謝信： Directions:

After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by Mr.Shakespeare.Write a special letter to express your thanks.Dear Mr.Shakespeare，I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude.I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious.Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach.If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

4.求學(xué)信： 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Directions:

You want to study at a certain foreign university.Write a letter to ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees, possible scholarships, and what qualifications one needs for acceptance.Dear Sir or Madam，I am a Chinese student who wishes to apply for admission into your prestigious university.My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a bachelor’s degree from Beijing University, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements.Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although I intend to be self-supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students.Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation?

I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.Yours sincerely，Li Ming

5.責(zé)任/兩代關(guān)系 Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.This picture reveals a not-uncommon phenomenon of how elders are treated by their grown-up children in some of the families in China.When they are too old to take care of themselves, the elders become burdens to be kicked around by their sons and daughters like a football, a pitiful and unjust sight that will arouse indignation among many Chinese.As a nation renowned in the world for many of its virtues, the Chinese people have been practicing filial piety throughout history.Many much-told stories reiterate this time-honored virtue of loving and respecting the elders, like the story of Ti Ying in the West Han Dynasty who risked her life in order to save her wronged father from corporal punishment.Those who tried every means to avoid their duty of looking after their elders should bear in mind that they are much indebted to their parents for their birth and growth.Without the loving 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

care and unrelenting work of their parents, how could they have grown up healthy and successful? How could it possible for them to go about without the pricks of conscience?

Everyone of us should live up to the virtues passed down to us by our ancestors Only in this way can we be worthy of the name of a Chinese.

第二篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

（九）The view from the top, and bottom

老板與員工的意見(jiàn)分歧

Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板們認(rèn)為公司對(duì)員工關(guān)懷備至，但其下屬卻不以為然。

AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.隨著沃爾瑪發(fā)展成為全球最大零售商，其員工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆規(guī)則的限制。

Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃爾瑪已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到其以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化過(guò)于死板，無(wú)法應(yīng)對(duì)全球化和科技變革所帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。

and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃爾瑪正嘗試逐漸培養(yǎng)一種以價(jià)值觀為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化，在這種文化中，員工了解公司的主張，所以能夠得到公司的信任，去做他們認(rèn)為正確的事情。

Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.價(jià)值觀念 是管理學(xué)思維最新的熱門話題。

PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可樂(lè)公司已開(kāi)始宣揚(yáng)一個(gè)信條： 目的性績(jī)效。

Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龍?jiān)谧约旱纳虡?biāo)上印上 ‘人類體能 的供應(yīng)商 的字樣，盡管它大概并非真的希望你用人力車代步。

Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

幾乎每一家大型企業(yè)都宣稱自身正在發(fā)展更為關(guān)懷體貼、合乎道德的企業(yè)文化。

A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一項(xiàng)新的研究顯示，實(shí)際情況與商家們所標(biāo)榜的有差距。

Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同時(shí)也是《怎么做到的?》

a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士頓研究集團(tuán)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng) 國(guó)家治理、文化和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力評(píng)估 的研究，該研究是以對(duì)來(lái)自公司各個(gè)級(jí)別的數(shù)千位美國(guó)雇員的調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)的。

It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有43%的調(diào)查對(duì)象對(duì)其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指揮為基礎(chǔ)、自上而下的管理模式或強(qiáng)制式的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)——塞德曼先生稱之為 盲目服從型。

The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的調(diào)查對(duì)象，即有54%的人認(rèn)為其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也有技巧可言，只是規(guī)則繁多并存在軟硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生稱這種為 知情服從型。

Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的調(diào)查對(duì)象屬于 自我管理型，即每個(gè)員工都被一套 核心原則和價(jià)值 所引導(dǎo)，這套原則和價(jià)值激勵(lì)每個(gè)員工以公司的宗旨為中心進(jìn)行工作。

The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)一些證據(jù)，證明這些公司文化之間的差異事關(guān)重大。

Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服從型企業(yè)中，幾乎有過(guò)半數(shù)員工都稱在前一年目睹過(guò)有違職業(yè)道德的行為，而在其他類型的企業(yè)中只有四分之一的員工有此經(jīng)歷。

Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服從型企業(yè)中只有約四分之一的員工說(shuō)他們可能會(huì)揭發(fā)這種行為，而在自我管理型企業(yè)中卻有90%的員工會(huì)進(jìn)行揭發(fā)。

Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同樣，上下級(jí)之間缺乏信任會(huì)抑制員工創(chuàng)新。

More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超過(guò)90%的員工承認(rèn) 絕妙的想法很容易會(huì)被公司采納，選擇性順從型公司中也有三分之二的員工這樣認(rèn)為。

At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服從型公司中，持這種想法的人少于五分之一。

Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)老板們時(shí)常對(duì)自己瞎掰的那一套信以為真，即便員工們不以為然。

Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板們相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通員工高八倍。

Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大約27%的老板認(rèn)為自己公司的員工能夠被公司所激勵(lì)。

Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的員工同意此說(shuō)?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同樣，41%的老板稱其公司對(duì)績(jī)效的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是建基于價(jià)值觀之上的，而不僅是業(yè)績(jī)。

Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的員工接受此說(shuō)。

二．

A big, bad business

點(diǎn)肥成金不現(xiàn)實(shí)

Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments

制藥公司試圖從減肥治療中獲利

OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖癥對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)是傳染病，對(duì)別的一些人來(lái)說(shuō)則是機(jī)遇。

More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超過(guò)三分之二的美國(guó)人已經(jīng)超重。

Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找個(gè)辦法和肥胖對(duì)抗，說(shuō)必定就此大賺一筆。

On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找個(gè)辦法和肥胖對(duì)抗，說(shuō)必定就此大賺一筆。

A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制藥公司朝著這個(gè)目標(biāo)前進(jìn)了一步。給美國(guó)食品藥物管理局做咨詢的一家委員會(huì)推薦，Vivus公司的減肥藥Qnexa。

However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

但是，如果獲得批準(zhǔn)，該藥品的漫長(zhǎng)的最終肯定直到四月份才會(huì)到來(lái)。

The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人們，這是一場(chǎng)點(diǎn)肥成金的抗?fàn)帯?/p>

Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制藥和醫(yī)療器械公司非常善于解決肥胖帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。

However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他們無(wú)法幫助消費(fèi)者戰(zhàn)勝肥胖本身，減少體重。

This is not for lack of trying.這不是因?yàn)槿狈L試。

Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束帶為例。

Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治療手術(shù)可以幫助患者在較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)減少體重。醫(yī)院就是從這些減肥療程中賺錢，包括胃繞道手術(shù)，但是胃部束帶卻是一個(gè)罕見(jiàn)的例子，被當(dāng)成一個(gè)器械制造商用來(lái)從減肥中賺錢的法子。

Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以銷售肉毒桿菌而出名，嘗試用產(chǎn)品Lap-Band打入減肥市場(chǎng)。

It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松緊帶，外科醫(yī)生可以用它繞住患者胃的上部，這樣患者會(huì)提前有腹飽感。

Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束帶和充氣袋市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)70%，但是如今銷量卻有所下降。

The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣讓消費(fèi)者忍住做昂貴的手術(shù)的欲望。

Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至連束帶也不用了，因?yàn)槭鴰Т蚧蛘邲](méi)有效果。

Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美國(guó)食品藥物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保險(xiǎn)公司卻拒絕付款。

In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席執(zhí)行官David Pyott說(shuō)，他將放棄在年輕人束帶市場(chǎng)的努力。

He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前試圖讓保險(xiǎn)公司也看到Lap-Band的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為兩萬(wàn)美元手術(shù)費(fèi)可以在四年之內(nèi)通過(guò)減少醫(yī)療支出收回。

There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人懷疑他是否能成功：“事實(shí)上使用束帶不必胃繞道手術(shù)好，所有人都知道，除了束帶的公關(guān)公司，”馬薩諸塞州中心醫(yī)院體重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是說(shuō)。

Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制藥公司的麻煩甚至比醫(yī)療器械公司的還要多。

It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.從美國(guó)食品藥物管理局批準(zhǔn)減肥藥為處方藥到如今已經(jīng)過(guò)了十三年。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士羅氏制藥公司的Xenical臭名昭著，該藥會(huì)引發(fā)胃腸功能的副作用。

The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美國(guó)食品藥物管理局于2010年拒絕批準(zhǔn)Vivus公司的Qnexa，因?yàn)閾?dān)心該藥對(duì)孕婦的安全造成傷害，擔(dān)心該藥會(huì)加快患者的心率。

Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的數(shù)據(jù)顯然讓管理局的咨詢委員會(huì)滿意。

However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是該局還是可能拒絕批準(zhǔn)該藥。

Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa獲得批準(zhǔn)，患者會(huì)不會(huì)買賬仍不明了。

Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa結(jié)合了兩種市面上上有的療效。

Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.這兩種藥物都是非專利藥，這說(shuō)明醫(yī)生可能會(huì)給患者開(kāi)已有的藥而不選擇Qnexa，后者更貴。

For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前為止，治療肥胖患者還是要比讓他們減肥更有利可圖。

第三篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

（三）Facebook and privacy Sorry, friends

臉譜和用戶隱私 對(duì)不起，朋友

The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings

社交網(wǎng)巨頭因嚴(yán)重隱私缺陷而遭受公眾譴責(zé)

FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again.臉譜一直在玩火，這次它又燒傷了自己的指頭。

On November 29th America s Federal Trade Commission announced that it hadreached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it hadmisled people about its use of their personal data.11月29日美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)聲明已和該社交網(wǎng)巨頭關(guān)于公眾對(duì)它欺騙用戶、濫用用戶個(gè)人信息的控訴初步達(dá)成解決方案。

The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users,betrayed its users trust.這份解決方案的細(xì)目明確說(shuō)明，臉譜網(wǎng)背叛了它所聲稱的八億用戶的信任。

It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft anew privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.FTC有個(gè)更大的計(jì)劃，那就是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的隱私框架以應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)快速攀升的社交網(wǎng)用戶。而這份方案似乎是這個(gè)計(jì)劃中的一部分，這也是它受到廣泛關(guān)注的另一個(gè)原因。

The regulator s findings come at a sensitive time for Facebook, which is said to be preparingfor an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion.調(diào)解員的調(diào)查對(duì)這個(gè)時(shí)候的臉譜網(wǎng)來(lái)說(shuō)很敏感。據(jù)說(shuō)它正在準(zhǔn)備明年的首次招股，這將使它的價(jià)值達(dá)到一千億。

To clear the way for its blockbuster flotation, the firm first needs to resolve its privacytussles with regulators in America and Europe.為了給這次非同一般的上市計(jì)劃掃清障礙，臉譜網(wǎng)必須首先解決與美國(guó)和歐洲協(xié)調(diào)員關(guān)于用戶隱私的爭(zhēng)端，因此這周它公開(kāi)了商談意向。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Hence its willingness to negotiate the settlement unveiled this week, which should befinalised at the end of December after a period for public comment.經(jīng)過(guò)征詢公共意見(jiàn)后，商談結(jié)果將在十二月底最終敲定。

Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook hadmade claims that were unfair and deceptive, and violated federal law.宣布協(xié)議時(shí)，F(xiàn)TC說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)有好幾回臉譜的聲明都是 不公平，虛假并觸犯聯(lián)邦法 的，F(xiàn)or instance, it passed on personally identifiable information to advertisers, even though itsaid it would not do so.比如，它把用戶身份信息透露給廣告商，但是嘴上卻聲稱不會(huì)做此類事情。

And it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deactivated and deletedaccounts inaccessible.還有，賬戶不再活動(dòng)或取消后，上面的相片和視頻卻仍然可以被搜索到，這完全與它的承諾不相符。

The settlement does not constitute an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law.臉譜沒(méi)有在這份協(xié)議中承認(rèn)自己觸犯法律。

But the regulator s findings are deeply embarrassing for the company nonetheless.但是，協(xié)調(diào)員的調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)讓這個(gè)公司陷入極為尷尬的境地。

In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to play downthe impact of the deal.同一天，臉譜老板Mark Zuckerberg在一篇博文上極力淡化這份協(xié)議的影響。

First he claimed that a small number of high-profile mistakes were overshadowing thesocial network s good history on privacy.在這篇博文中他首先聲明 一小部分被高調(diào)炒作的錯(cuò)誤 正在掩蓋臉譜網(wǎng)關(guān)于用戶隱私的 良好記錄。

Then he confessed that it could still do better and said he had hired two new chief privacyofficers.接著，他承認(rèn)確實(shí)有一些地方需要改進(jìn)，并說(shuō)明他已經(jīng)雇用了兩名新的 首席隱私官?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself.FTC不指望臉譜自我監(jiān)督。

Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before itchanges the way it shares their data.And it has agreed to an independent privacy auditevery two years for the next 20 years.此外，在改變用戶信息共享方式前，它還必須征詢用戶的同意，并且它也同意在未來(lái)二十年里每?jī)赡赀M(jìn)行一次獨(dú)立的隱私審核。

Jeff Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy reckons this will make it somewhat easier forprivacy activists to hold the social network to account.數(shù)字民主中心的Jeff Chester認(rèn)為，這從某種程度上讓隱私主義者更容易相信臉譜會(huì)為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。

There is a clear pattern here.這里有個(gè)很清晰的模式。

In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Googleaccept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy.從過(guò)去幾年里Twitter和Google各自的案例來(lái)看，在這兩家公司分別被指控觸犯用戶隱私后，F(xiàn)TC也堅(jiān)持要求兩家公司接受定期的外部審核，The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,but one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.目的似乎就是為了給此類社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)比現(xiàn)狀嚴(yán)格卻又有足夠空間革新的管理制度。

The audits can be used to tweak the framework in the light of new developments.從發(fā)展的角度講，這些審核有助于打破原本框架。

Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect apush for more onerous privacy legislation in America.一些觀測(cè)者認(rèn)為，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司全盤接受這些審核，希望借此擺脫美國(guó)更為繁瑣的隱私保護(hù)法。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

But outrage over Facebook s behaviour could spur Congress into action anyway.And it willcertainly not be lost on regulators in Europe who are scrutinising the social network sprivacy record too.但是公眾對(duì)臉譜行為的不滿終將刺激國(guó)會(huì)做出反應(yīng)，而正在審閱該社交網(wǎng)隱私記錄的歐洲協(xié)調(diào)員們也必然會(huì)給予這些不滿的呼聲以相應(yīng)的重視。

Mr Zuckerberg s latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his last.看來(lái)Zuckerberg先生最近的這次檢討不會(huì)是最后一次。

二．

Drugmakers Cliffhanger

制藥企業(yè) 懸念

Big Pharma struggles to protect its blockbusters as they lose patent protection

大型制藥企業(yè)艱難保護(hù)著專利失效的 重磅炸彈 藥物

FOR some years the big drugmakers have been dreading an approaching patent cliff —aslump in sales as the patents on their most popular pills expire or are struck down by legalchallenges, with few new potential blockbusters to take their place.多年來(lái)，大型制藥企業(yè)一直擔(dān)心 專利懸崖 出現(xiàn)——最暢銷藥品的專利到期或?qū)＠蛟V訟而中止，而市場(chǎng)上鮮有新的 重磅炸彈 藥物，這時(shí)企業(yè)的銷售額將會(huì)銳減。

This week the patent on the best-selling drug in history expired—Lipitor, an anti-cholesterolpill which earned Pfizer nearly $11 billion in revenues last year.本周，史上最暢銷的藥物 立普妥 專利到期，這種降膽固醇藥去年就為輝瑞公司賺了近110億美元。

In all, blockbusters with a combined $170 billion in annual sales will go off-patent by 2015.到了2015年，多種 重磅炸彈 藥物的專利都將失效。

What is supposed to happen now is that lots of copycat firms rush in with generic versions of Lipitor at perhaps one-fifth of its price.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

很多仿制藥公司現(xiàn)在大概正忙著推出與立普妥的非專利藥，價(jià)格僅為立普妥的1/5。

Patients and health-care payers should reap the benefit.病人和醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支付方會(huì)收益，而輝瑞的收入會(huì)縮水。

Pfizer s revenues should suffer.The same story will be repeated many times, as otherbest-selling drugs march over the patent cliff.同樣的事件將反復(fù)上演，因?yàn)槠渌麜充N藥也要臨近專利懸崖。

But generics makers may face delays getting their cheaper versions to market.然而，非專利制藥企業(yè)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)仿制藥上市一拖再拖。

Ranbaxy, a Japanese-owned drugmaker, struggled to get regulators approval for itsgeneric version of Lipitor, and only won it on the day the patent expired.蘭伯西這家日本制藥企業(yè)歷盡艱辛，獲得了立普妥非專利藥的生產(chǎn)許可，但該許可要到專利失效那天才生效。

More important, research-based drug firms are using a variety of tactics to make the patentcliff slope more gently.更重要的是，以研發(fā)為基礎(chǔ)的制藥公司正使用各種方法緩沖 專利懸崖 效應(yīng)。

Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous additional patents on their products to put off the day whentheir protection expires.美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)主席Jon Leibowitz注意到，制藥商們千方百計(jì)地為產(chǎn)品增加后續(xù)專利，以延緩保護(hù)的失效，但其實(shí)那些專利沒(méi)什么價(jià)值。

Another tactic is pay-for-delay , in which a drugmaker facing a legal challenge to itspatent pays its would-be competitor to put off introducing its cheaper copy.另一種戰(zhàn)術(shù)是 有償延遲 協(xié)議，也就是說(shuō)在專利訴訟時(shí)，制藥企業(yè)會(huì)付給未來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一筆錢，以延遲價(jià)錢更低的仿制藥進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。

In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such settlements.截止到10月，F(xiàn)TC就發(fā)現(xiàn)了28起類似事件。

American and European regulators are looking into these deals.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

美國(guó)和歐洲的監(jiān)管部門也開(kāi)始調(diào)查這些協(xié)議。

However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck inCongress.然而，反對(duì)這些協(xié)議的訴訟一再擱淺，而美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)也未能通過(guò)禁止此類事件的一項(xiàng)法案。

To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheapercopies，為了鼓勵(lì)非專利制藥企業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)藥品專利、生產(chǎn)價(jià)錢更低的仿制藥，an American law passed in 1984 says that the first one to do so will get a 180-day exclusivityperiod，美國(guó)于1984年通過(guò)一項(xiàng)法案，其中提到 第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)成功的仿制藥企能獲得180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期，in which no other generics maker can sell versions of the drug in question, as Ranbaxysupposedly won with Lipitor.在此期間其他仿制藥企不能販?zhǔn)弁粚＠幍钠渌轮扑帲拖裉m伯西獲得立普妥仿制藥的生產(chǎn)權(quán)一樣。

However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American firm.然而，輝瑞鉆了這個(gè)法案的空子，它讓第二家授權(quán)仿制藥企業(yè)——華生制藥公司來(lái)仿制。

According to BernsteinResearch, under the deal between the two drugmakers Pfizer willreceive about 70% of Watson s revenues from its approved copy of Lipitor.根據(jù)BernsteinResearch的分析，在此交易期間，華生公司獲得立普妥的仿制權(quán)，輝瑞將獲得華生公司年收入的70%。

More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing itvigorously.更為不同的是，輝瑞將降低立普妥專利藥的價(jià)格，并對(duì)其采取積極的營(yíng)銷策略。

So Ranbaxy faces not one, but two competitors.所以說(shuō)，蘭伯西的對(duì)手是兩個(gè)，而非一個(gè)。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is unmatched.摩根士丹利的David Risinger認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)策略雖有先例，但就規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)而言絕對(duì)不能與輝瑞的計(jì)劃相比。

Patients with a special discount card from Pfizer will make co-payments of just $4 for a month s worth of the originalLipitor, compared with about $10 for many generic medicines.輝瑞的患者，若使用一種特殊打折卡，通過(guò)共同支付方式，只花4美元就可以獲得一個(gè)月用量的立普妥專利藥，而其他仿制品需要花費(fèi)約10美元。

Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription costs.輝瑞還以仿制藥價(jià)格向美可保健等大型公司提供立普妥。

All this may raise Pfizer s sales by nearly $500m in the first half of 2012 compared with whatthey would otherwise have been, says Tim Anderson of BernsteinResearch, with revenuesthen falling after the 180 days are over.BernsteinResearch的Tim Anderson認(rèn)為，所有這些舉措將使得輝瑞2012年上半年的銷售額比不采取措施時(shí)增加近5億美元，總收入在180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期后會(huì)下降。

Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the drug.美可保健公司辯解說(shuō)，輝瑞的項(xiàng)目是為各方省錢，并保證穩(wěn)定供貨。

Others fear that Pfizer s tactics may drive up costs for the employers who sponsor healthplans, thanks to the complexities of co-payment schemes, and confuse patients lectured foryears about the merits of generics.也有人擔(dān)心，由于共同支付計(jì)劃很復(fù)雜，輝瑞的戰(zhàn)術(shù)會(huì)增加雇主門支付健康計(jì)劃的成本，也讓患者們?cè)跀?shù)年內(nèi)都不明白仿制藥的重要意義。

Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for Lipitor.快捷藥方公司正建議其所屬的健康計(jì)劃反對(duì)輝瑞的立普妥交易。

The biggest worry is that Pfizer s strategy, if copied, will make the 180-day exclusivityperiod worth far less, and thus discourage generics firms from challenging patents in thefirst place.他們最擔(dān)心，如若輝瑞的做法被仿制，那么180天專有期的價(jià)值會(huì)縮水，而仿制藥公司可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

挑戰(zhàn)專利的動(dòng)力也會(huì)在初期被抑制。

第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)閱讀文章精選

（五）Gene therapy

基因療法

Genetic mutations predict which cancers willrespond to treatment

基因突變將預(yù)測(cè)某種治療會(huì)對(duì)哪些癌癥起作用

THE International Cancer Genome Consortium, analliance of laboratories that is trying to produce adefinitive list of the genetic mutations that causecancer, is accumulating data at an astonishing rate.About 3,000 individual breast tumours,for example, have now had their genotypes published.But these data will not, bythemselves, help patients.For that, they have to be collected in the context of a drug trial.And this is just what Matthew Ellis and his colleagues at Washington University in St Louishave done for women suffering from breast cancer.Their methods, if they prove to work forother cancers too, may revolutionise treatment.國(guó)際癌癥基因組協(xié)作組是試圖建立一份會(huì)引起癌癥的基因突變完整清單的實(shí)驗(yàn)室聯(lián)盟，它積累數(shù)據(jù)的速度讓人吃驚。例如，它已經(jīng)發(fā)表了大約3000種不同的乳房腫瘤的基因型。但光憑這些數(shù)據(jù)本身無(wú)法幫助患者。要醫(yī)治病人，人們必須結(jié)合藥物試驗(yàn)采集數(shù)據(jù)。而這正是在圣路易斯市的華盛頓大學(xué)工作的馬修?埃利斯及其同事們?yōu)轭净既橄侔┑膵D女們所作的工作。如果事實(shí)證明他們的方法對(duì)其他癌癥也有用的話，這可能會(huì)是癌癥治療的一次革命。

Dr Ellis and his team sequenced the whole genomes of both cancerous and normal tissuefrom 46 women with tumours of a type called oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.They also sequenced just the gene-containing regions of the genome-about 1% of totalDNA-from an additional 31 women, and parts of the sequences of 240 more.They thencompared the healthy and tumorous genomes of each patient, in order to discover whichgenes had mutated in the cancer.埃利斯博士及其團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)46名身患雌激素受體陽(yáng)性乳腺癌的婦女的癌組織和正常組織進(jìn)行了全基因組測(cè)序。他們也對(duì)另外31名病人的基因組中含有基因的那些區(qū)域進(jìn)行了測(cè)序，并對(duì)其他240 名病人的這些部分做了部分測(cè)序。此后，為找出癌細(xì)胞中哪些基因發(fā)生了突變，他們比較了每個(gè)病人的健康和癌變基因組。

In this, they were following the normal protocol of the cancer genome consortium.Thenovelty of their approach was that the women in question had each been involved in one oftwo clinical trials of a drug called letrozole.These trials established letrozole as a standardtreatment for people with this type of breast cancer, but not all patients benefit equally fromthe drug.Dr Ellis hoped to find out why.他們?cè)谶@一工作中是按癌癥基因組協(xié)作組的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序操作的，但其方法的新穎之處是，他們還同時(shí)進(jìn)行一種名為來(lái)曲唑的藥物的臨床試驗(yàn)。該試驗(yàn)有兩種，每個(gè)病人都接受其中的可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

一種。這些試驗(yàn)證實(shí)來(lái)曲唑是這類乳腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方法，但它對(duì)每個(gè)病人的療效并不一樣。埃利斯博士希望找出其原因。

As they report in Nature, he and his team discovered 18 genes that were often mutated.Some were the usual suspects of cancer genetics.These included p53, a gene that, whenworking properly, suppresses cancer by regulating DNA repair, cell division and cellularsuicide, and MAP3K1 and MAP2K4, which both promote cell growth.Others, though, were asurprise.At the top of that list were five which had previously been linked to leukaemia, butwere not thought to affect solid tumours.正如他們?cè)凇蹲匀弧冯s志中所報(bào)告的那樣，埃利斯和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了18種經(jīng)常發(fā)生突變的基因，其中有些是癌癥遺傳學(xué)通常懷疑的對(duì)象。這中間包括p53，這種基因在正常工作時(shí)通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)DNA對(duì)的修復(fù)、細(xì)胞分裂和細(xì)胞自殺來(lái)抑制癌癥;還有MAP3K1和MAP2K4，它們都能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。但也有些令人吃驚的其他結(jié)果。高踞名單前列的5種基因是人們過(guò)去認(rèn)為與白血病有關(guān)的，沒(méi)想到它們也會(huì)影響實(shí)體瘤。

By combining their newly acquired genetic data with clinical data from the participants, DrEllis and his colleagues showed that those whose tumours carried mutations in p53 were less likely to have responded to letrozole than women whose tumours hadnormal p53.Conversely, those whose tumours had changes in either MAP3K1 or MAP2K4 had better than average responses to the drug.將他們新得到的基因數(shù)據(jù)與參與試驗(yàn)者的臨床數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合，埃利斯博士等人證明了，來(lái)曲唑?qū)δ[瘤中有p53基因突變的病人的療效不如對(duì)腫瘤中p53基因正常的病人那樣顯著。與此相反，這一藥物對(duì)腫瘤中MAP3K1或MAP2K4有變化的病人的療效高于平均水平。

This sort of information has obvious implications for treatment.And the cheapness ofmodern gene-sequencing methods, particularly those that are looking for specific mutationssuspected in advance, means that a tumour s mutational complement can be worked outeasily in an appropriately equipped pathology laboratory.In the case of oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, the genetic analysis has not yet gone so far as to be able to say withcertainty which drug will produce the best result for a given individual, but Dr Ellis s resultlays a foundation on which such an edifice might be built for breast cancer and perhaps forother types of tumour, too.這種信息對(duì)治療的含義是明顯的。而且，現(xiàn)代基因測(cè)序法價(jià)格低廉，尋找預(yù)先已有懷疑的某些特別的基因突變尤為便宜;這意味著，在擁有合適裝備的病理實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，人們可以很容易地找出腫瘤基因突變的補(bǔ)體。就雌激素受體陽(yáng)性乳腺癌來(lái)說(shuō)，基因分析還無(wú)法肯定地告訴我們，哪種藥物對(duì)某個(gè)病人療效最佳;但埃利斯博士的結(jié)果打下了一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)，或許可以在此之上為乳腺癌——甚至其他種類的癌癥——的治療建立有效的預(yù)測(cè)方法。

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Medical implants

醫(yī)用植入設(shè)備

A sweet idea.一個(gè)甜美的想法。

Researchers are trying to harness glucose-the body s own fuel-to power implantablegadgets such as pacemakers.研究人員正試圖利用葡萄糖-人體自身的燃料-作為像起搏器這樣的可植入設(shè)備的能源

LIKE any other electrical device, a pacemaker needs a power source.Since the firstpermanent pacemaker was installed in 1958, manufacturers of implantable medical devices have tinkered with many different ways of supplying electricity to their products.Avariety of chemical batteries have been tried, as well as inductive recharging schemes andeven plutonium power cells that convert the heat from radioactive decay into electricity.Plutonium-powered pacemakers still turn up from time to time in mortuaries and hospitals,and a failure to dispose of them properly keeps America s Nuclear Regulatory Commissionbusy handing out citations to unsuspecting hospitals.和其他所有的電子設(shè)備一樣，一個(gè)起搏器同樣需要能源。自從1958年第一個(gè)永久起搏器被植入后，可植入醫(yī)療設(shè)備的制造商就在不斷嘗試為其產(chǎn)品提供電能的各種方法。嘗試了各種化學(xué)電池以及感應(yīng)充電計(jì)劃，甚至是將放射衰變的熱能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的钚電源單元格?，F(xiàn)在，钚電源起搏器還是時(shí)不時(shí)的出現(xiàn)在停尸房和醫(yī)院中，并且使得美國(guó)核管理委員忙于忙于處罰那些疏于妥善處理钚電源起搏器的醫(yī)院。

Today, non-rechargeable lithium-based batteries are common.Used in many cardiologicaland neurological implants, they provide between seven and ten years of life.That is morethan enough: the speed of medical progress is such that by the time the battery has run downit is generally time to replace the whole device with a newer model in any case.如今，不可充電的鋰電池較為普遍。應(yīng)用在心臟病和神經(jīng)源性疾病的移植設(shè)備中，一般能夠提供7年到10年的使用時(shí)間。這么長(zhǎng)的使用時(shí)間顯得綽綽有余：醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的速度意味著等到設(shè)備的電量用光就到了用一個(gè)更先進(jìn)的型號(hào)來(lái)替換整個(gè)設(shè)備的時(shí)候。

But that has not dissuaded researchers from continuing to seek perfection, in the form of acompact, perpetual energy source which does not require external recharging.Now,several researchers are closing in on just such a solution using glucose, a type of sugar thatis the main energy source for all cells in the body.然而這并沒(méi)有阻止研究人員繼續(xù)尋找完美的，緊湊型的永久能源，從而使得這些移植設(shè)備不再需要外部充電?，F(xiàn)在，幾個(gè)研究人員正在接近一個(gè)能夠提供這樣能源的方法，使用葡可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

萄糖，即為人體所有細(xì)胞提供主要能源的一種糖。

Many other ideas have been tried down the years.The kinetic energy of the human body, forexample, has long been harnessed to power watches, and should also be enough to keep apacemaker ticking.Temperature differences between the body and the ambient air meanthat thermoelectric couples can generate useful quantities of juice.A properly tuned devicecould capture background radio-frequency energy and rectify it into small amounts ofusable power.這些年還有許多其他想法也被嘗試。比如，很久以前人體動(dòng)能就用來(lái)為手表提供能量，這種動(dòng)能也足夠維持起搏器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。人體與外部環(huán)境的溫差意味著熱電偶能夠產(chǎn)生一定數(shù)量能量。一個(gè)適當(dāng)調(diào)諧裝置能夠捕獲北京射頻能量并且將其轉(zhuǎn)換成少量可用能源。

Although all these ideas have been shown to work in theoretical tests on lab benches, theyall suffer from the same handicap: intermittent operation.Unconscious patients, forinstance, generate little kinetic energy.Sitting in a warm room reduces the poweravailable from thermocouples.And radio waves are common but not ubiquitous.These areserious drawbacks for an IMD that may be responsible for keeping someone alive.盡管這些想法在實(shí)驗(yàn)的理論測(cè)試中運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常，但是他們都有一個(gè)同樣的缺陷：間歇運(yùn)行。例如，處于昏迷的患者產(chǎn)生的人體動(dòng)能很少。處于溫暖的房間中會(huì)減少熱電偶產(chǎn)生的可用能量。另外射頻很常見(jiàn)，但是也不是處處可見(jiàn)。這些問(wèn)題對(duì)于維持生命的可移植醫(yī)療設(shè)備來(lái)說(shuō)都是十分嚴(yán)重的缺陷。

Power in the blood

血液中的能量。

A glucose-powered implant would solve such problems.Glucose is continuously deliveredthroughout the body by its circulatory systems.A sugar-powered device would thereforehave access to a constant supply of fuel, and could be implanted almost anywhere.而一個(gè)葡萄糖供能的移植設(shè)備可以解決這些問(wèn)題。葡萄糖由人體的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)被源源不斷的輸送到人體各處。一個(gè)糖分供能的設(shè)備因此能夠取得持續(xù)供給的能量并且?guī)缀蹩梢栽谌魏挝恢眠M(jìn)行移植。

One approach, which has been employed by Sameer Singhal, a researcher at the CFDResearch Corporation in Alabama, involves the same enzymes that break down glucosewithin a living cell.Using carbon nanotubes, he and his colleagues immobilised two differentenzymes on the electrodes of a fuel cell, where they generated electricity by freeingelectrons from glucose.At present, only two of the 24 available electrons in a single glucosemolecule can be harnessed, but refinements to the technology should boost that number.就職于Alabama的CFD Research Corporation的研究人員Sameer Singhal所使用的方法涉及利用酶將活細(xì)胞中的葡萄糖分解。利用碳納米管，他和他的同事在燃料電池的電子上找到可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

了2種不同的酶，在燃料電池中他們通過(guò)釋放葡萄糖的電子來(lái)產(chǎn)生電能?，F(xiàn)在，在一個(gè)葡萄糖分子中的24個(gè)可用電子中只有2個(gè)可以利用，但是對(duì)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的后續(xù)完善應(yīng)該會(huì)使得可以利用的電子數(shù)量有所增加。

Dr Singhal has implanted prototype devices into live beetles.Fitted with a fuel cell about thesize of a penny, the bionic bugs were able to generate over 20 microwatts during a two-week trial.Singhal博士將設(shè)備原型移植進(jìn)了甲蟲(chóng)活體。放入了一個(gè)一便士大小的能量池，這些甲蟲(chóng)在2周實(shí)驗(yàn)期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了20微瓦。

That is only around a fifth of the power that a pacemaker requires, but Dr Singhal reckonsthat a human-sized version of his cell would be able to deliver enough juice.There is a catch,though: a process called biofouling, in which foreign objects implanted in the body becomeencrusted with proteins and tissue.That could render Dr Singhal s device inoperable afteronly a few months.Equally worrying are the enzymes, which tend to break down over time.Losing enzymes means losing power.這只是一個(gè)起搏器所需能量的15分之一，但是Singhal博士認(rèn)為人類體積大小的細(xì)胞量能夠產(chǎn)生足夠的能量。這里有個(gè)欠缺點(diǎn)：被稱做生物污垢的過(guò)程，即被移植進(jìn)人體的外來(lái)物會(huì)嵌入蛋白質(zhì)和組織中。這會(huì)使得Singhal博士的設(shè)備在移植后的幾個(gè)月內(nèi)便無(wú)法使用。同樣使人擔(dān)憂的是酶，這種物質(zhì)隨著時(shí)間的推移會(huì)被分解。而丟失酶就意味著丟失能量。

Rahul Sarpeshkar, an electrical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has asolution to both these problems.In a paper published on June 12th in Public Library ofScience, Dr Sarpeshkar and his colleagues describe building a glucose fuel cell which uses aplatinum catalyst that does not degrade over time.一位MIT的電子工程師Rahul Sarpeshkar有個(gè)方法可以解決這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。6月12號(hào)發(fā)表于Public Libraryof Science的一篇論文中，Sarpeshkar博士和他的同事證實(shí)用鉑催化劑打造的葡萄糖能量池，其效果不會(huì)隨著時(shí)間被削弱。

The downside is that platinum is a less efficient catalyst than the enzymes used by DrSinghal, and so Dr Sarpeshkar s cell works less well.But it might be able to generateenough electricity to run the next generation of ultra-low-power IMDs.該方法的缺點(diǎn)是鉑催化劑與Singhal博士所用的酶相比效率不高，因此，Sarpeshkar博士的能量池運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效果不好。但是它也許能夠生產(chǎn)足夠的電能來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)下一代超低功耗的可移植醫(yī)療設(shè)備。

Dr Sarpeshkar also has a novel solution to the biofouling problem: implant the fuel cell inthe cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain.Although the CSF has only half theglucose concentration of the bloodstream, it is virtually free of the proteins and cells whichwould foul a device implanted in other areas of the body, and thus its life would be greatlyextended.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

另外，Sarpeshkar博士還有一個(gè)針對(duì)于生物燃料問(wèn)題的新型解決方法：在大腦周圍的腦脊液中植入能量池。盡管腦脊液僅含有體液中葡萄糖濃度的一半，但是這樣做幾乎可以使其免于植入人體其他部位而被蛋白質(zhì)和細(xì)胞包圍的命運(yùn)，因此使其使用壽命大大延長(zhǎng)。

Other approaches could yield more energy.Some soil-dwelling bacteria have evolved todeposit the electrons from glucose oxidation onto iron molecules, which allows researchersto trick them into living on the anode of a fuel cell.A colony of microbes like these, properlyisolated from the host s immune system, might be coerced into trading electrons fornutrients from the bloodstream.The bacteria can renew their own enzymes, so such asystem should last indefinitely.But the idea of implanting a bacterial colony into a patientmight be a tricky one to get past medical regulators-not to mention public opinion.其他一些方法則需要更多的能量。用一些土壤細(xì)菌將葡萄糖氧化過(guò)程所產(chǎn)生的電子安置在鐵分子上，這樣研究人員就可以誘使這些細(xì)菌存活在能量池的陽(yáng)極上。像這樣的克隆微生物，與寄主的免疫系統(tǒng)相分離，可能被迫的用電子與體液交換營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分。細(xì)菌可以重新激活他們自身的酶，因此這樣的系統(tǒng)能夠永久的持續(xù)下去。然而將細(xì)菌克隆體移植進(jìn)病人的身體這種想法可能無(wú)法通過(guò)醫(yī)療監(jiān)管人員的監(jiān)管，就更不要說(shuō)公眾輿論了。

A better idea might be to retrain some of the body s own cells to do the work.Just as anoutdated procedure called a cardiomyoplasty involved severing a seldom-used upper-backmuscle and wrapping it around the heart to assist in pumping blood, muscle fibres might beretrained to crank an electromechanical generator.Such a setup would be capable ofproducing enough electricity to drive even the most power-hungry of devices, like artificialhearts.一個(gè)更好的想法可能是將一些人體自身的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)來(lái)完成這個(gè)工作。正如一個(gè)已過(guò)時(shí)的手術(shù)，叫做心肌成形術(shù)，將較少用到的上背部肌肉切斷并將它包絡(luò)再心臟周圍來(lái)協(xié)助心臟輸送血液，肌肉纖維也許可以經(jīng)過(guò)在訓(xùn)練后來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)電發(fā)電機(jī)。這樣的方法能夠產(chǎn)生足夠的電能來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)哪怕是最耗費(fèi)能源的設(shè)備，比如人造心臟。

The energy density of lithium batteries has come a long way in the past few decades, but thechemical reaction on which they rely will never be able to match the energy available fromthe metabolisation of glucose.The chemical energy in a gram of glucose is nearly half theamount available from petrol, a famously energy-dense fuel.With a bit of refinement,sugar could prove a very sweet solution for powering the next generation of IMDs.在過(guò)去的幾十年間，鋰電池的能量密集度取得了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展，但是鋰電池所依賴的化學(xué)反應(yīng)永遠(yuǎn)也無(wú)法產(chǎn)生與葡萄糖代謝所產(chǎn)生的能量相匹敵的數(shù)量。一克葡萄糖所含有的化學(xué)能量相當(dāng)于半克汽油能產(chǎn)生的能量，原油是眾所周知的能源密集型燃料。再經(jīng)過(guò)一點(diǎn)優(yōu)化，糖就有可能為下一代可移植醫(yī)療設(shè)備的能源問(wèn)題提供一個(gè)十分完美的解決辦法。

第五篇：2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)完形填空模擬題

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2018年可銳考研英語(yǔ)完形填空模擬題

（一）Text1．

Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon.The first civilisations arose____________(1)water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge__________(2)man’s ingenuity.The Egyptians invented the 365___________(3)calendar in response___________(4)the Nile’s annual flooding.The Babylonians, who were among ___________(5)most famous law-makers___________(6)antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage.Water inspired the Chinese___________(7)build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system___________(8), after nearly 2,500 years, ___________(9)still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers.But the ancients never found complete solutions ____________(10)their water problems.The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River, is also known___________(11)“China’s Sorrow”;it is so erratic and dangerous___________(12)in a single flood it has caused a million deaths.Floods harassed the great civilisation of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much__________(13)its land.Today____________(14)dominates man as it always has___________(15).Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities;its tempestuous variability can kill ___________(16)or his herds or his crops;its routes link him to____________(17)fellows;its immense value may add___________(18)already dangerous political conflicts.There are many examples__________(19)this in our___________(20)time.參考答案：

1.where 2.to 3.day 4.to 5.the 6.of/in 7.to 8.which/that 9.is/remains 10.to 11.as 12.that 13.of 14.it/water 15.done 16.him/man 17.his 18.to 19.of 20.own

Text2．

SectionⅠ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1 agreed upon among linguists, this 2 covers four important aspects: system, arbitrary, symbol and vocal.It is a system, 3 linguistic elements are arranged systematically, 4 chaotically.Its being a system ensures a common 5 on which the users can 6 it and understand it.Arbitrary, in the 7 that there is usually without 8 connection between a word(dog, for instance)and the thing referred to by the word “dog”.A 9 from Shakespeare would make a good example: “a rose by any other name 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

would smell as sweet?！?That is why there are 10 languages in the world, with so many different sounds and writings, all of which 11 more or less the same meanings.It is symbolic, because words(writings/pictogram)are associated 12 objects, concepts, actions, by nothing more than 13.In other words, language users 14 the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize 15 they wish to convey.It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary 16 for all human languages.17 systems developed much later than the spoken forms.This recognition can be proved by the fact 18 every normal human can 19 in a certain language but not 20 is able to write。

1.[A] Presumably [B] Broadly [C] Incidentally [D] Cheerfully

2.[A] interference [B] access [C] impact [D] definition

3.[A] since [B] if [C] unless [D] while

4.[A] other than [B] now that [C] rather than [D] except that

5.[A] freedom [B] origin [C] ground [D] reform

6.[A] grasp [B] urge [C] oblige [D] assess

7.[A] cost [B] sense [C] sight [D] risk

8.[A] paradoxical [B] continuous [C] incompatible [D] intrinsic

9.[A] maintenance [B] quotation [C] existence [D] survival

10.[A] complex [B] racial [C] numerous [D] prominent

11.[A] bind [B] carry [C] restrain [D] sustain

12.[A] to [B] from [C] by [D] with

13.[A] convention [B] conviction [C]conservation [D] consensus

14.[A] substitute [B] wreck [C] employ [D] propel

15.[A] when [B] that [C] which [D] what

16.[A] version [B] weapon [C] contest [D] medium

17.[A] Recording [B] Decoding [C] Writing [D] Quoting

18.[A] that [B] whereas [C] which [D] once 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

19.[A] speak [B] talk [C] say [D] put

20.[A] necessarily [B] generally [C] hardly [D] confusedly

參考答案

SectionⅠ Use of English(10 points)

1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.B 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A

全文翻譯

語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的語(yǔ)音符號(hào)的體系。這是語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們普遍認(rèn)同的定義。它包含四個(gè)重要概念：系統(tǒng)性，任意性，符號(hào)性以及語(yǔ)音性。語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)體系，因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言成分是有條理地而不是凌亂地拼湊在一起。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言有體系，使用者就有共同處，便于掌握和理解。說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是任意性的，意思是，某個(gè)詞(如“狗”)與它所指的物體之間通常沒(méi)有本質(zhì)的內(nèi)在的固有的聯(lián)系。援引莎氏的一句名言很能說(shuō)明，“一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字，聞起來(lái)都是一樣香?！彼裕澜缟嫌腥绱吮姸嗖煌恼Z(yǔ)音和書(shū)面文圖，其含義都略同或相同。說(shuō)語(yǔ)言是符號(hào)，因?yàn)樵~語(yǔ)跟客觀世界的物體，行動(dòng)，想法等的聯(lián)系是約定俗成的。換言之，人們用一定的音和語(yǔ)言形式去象征地表達(dá)和交流事物。語(yǔ)言是有聲的，是因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)音或口頭對(duì)于全人類的語(yǔ)言都是第一性的，文字是第二性的。這種觀點(diǎn)可從下列事實(shí)得到證明：所有正常人都能講一種語(yǔ)言，但并不一定能寫(xiě)它。

Text3．

In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male.It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection.__4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.__5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair.Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half.Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

of blessing.Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__.Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common.Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1.A.by way of

B.with regard to

C.on behalf of

D.as well as 2.A.decide on

B.provide for

C.compete with

D.adapt to 3.A.close

B.arrange

C.renew

D.Postpone 4.A.In theory

B.Above all

C.In time

D.For example 5.A.Unless

B.Less

C.After

D.Although 6.A.into

B.within

C.from

D.through 7.A.or

B.since

C.but

D.so

8.A.test

B.copy

C.recite

D.create 9.A.folding

B.piling

C.wrapping

D.tying 10.A.passing

B.lighting

C.hiding

D.serving

11.A.association B.meeting

C.collection

D.union 12.A.deal

B.part

C.grow

D.live 13.A.whereas

B.until

C.for

D.if

14.A.avoid

B.follow

C.challenge

D.obtain

15.A.isolated

B.persuaded

C.viewed

D.exposed 16.A.wherever

B.whatever

C.whenever

D.However 17.A.changed

B.brought

C.shaped

D.pushed 18.A.invested

B.divided

C.donated

D.withdrawn 19.A.warms

B.clears

C.shows

D.breaks 20.A.while

B.so that

C.once

D.in that

1.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]as well as

[考點(diǎn)分析] 本題考察邏輯關(guān)系

[選項(xiàng)分析] 因?yàn)榭疾爝壿嬯P(guān)系，所以需要我們先對(duì)填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：文章身處大環(huán)境not only?..but also之中，這是一個(gè)明顯的并列關(guān)系，表示“不僅??而且??”該空與前一句“his parents and his friends”也是并列關(guān)系，表示“與他本人以及伴侶的父母朋友相關(guān)” 所以答案只能是D.as well as.A.by way of通過(guò) B.with regard to 關(guān)于 C.on behalf of 代表

2.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A] decide on

[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義

[選項(xiàng)分析] 根據(jù)該句的主語(yǔ)a young man與賓語(yǔ)a likely spouse的關(guān)系，答案只能是A.decide on 決定。表示自己決定自己的對(duì)象。B.provide for 為??提供準(zhǔn)備 C.compete with與??競(jìng)爭(zhēng) D.adapt to適用

3.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]arrange

[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞辨析

[選項(xiàng)分析] 該句意思為，他可以自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父母_____相關(guān)事務(wù)?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A.close 關(guān)閉 C renew 更新；恢復(fù) D postpone“推遲”，語(yǔ)義不正確，只有B arrange安排是符合語(yǔ)境。

4.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]In theory

[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義

[選項(xiàng)分析]邏輯判斷題。主要是看前后兩句的含義，前面是說(shuō)“

他可以自己選擇自己中意的伴侶并讓父母安排相關(guān)事務(wù)，或者幾乎不參與，完全讓父母選擇自己的對(duì)象?！?空格后面說(shuō)“女方可以拒絕她父母所選擇的對(duì)象?！边@兩句之間沒(méi)有舉例說(shuō)明的關(guān)系，且有一個(gè)may，更證明A.In theory的正確性。而其他選項(xiàng) B.Above all 最重要的是，C.In time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) D.For example舉例，均不符合題意。

5.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [C]After

[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義

[選項(xiàng)分析]根據(jù)下文“______a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other??”知道，只有對(duì)象選擇好后，父母才會(huì)去調(diào)查研究對(duì)方的背景。所以只有after才對(duì)。其他選項(xiàng)A.Unless 除非，否則 B.Lest 以免，唯恐 D.Although 盡管 都不符合題意。

6．[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]into

[考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及介詞詞義辨析

[選項(xiàng)分析] 這里主要是看marry與相關(guān)介詞的固定搭配。這里marry into就是指嫁到，而其他選項(xiàng)均沒(méi)有這層含義。

7.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [C]but [考點(diǎn)分析] 邏輯關(guān)系題 [選項(xiàng)分析]根據(jù)上文，說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)的婚禮時(shí)間跨度很長(zhǎng)，但是到了1980s, 婚禮只持續(xù)一天半。所以與前文發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。因此要選擇but轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。8． [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [C]recite [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析 [選項(xiàng)分析]空格處需要填一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，和后面的prayers of blessing所搭配，C選項(xiàng)recite 為背誦的意思，與所給短語(yǔ)搭配最為合理，譯為“為祈禱者做祈?！薄?． [標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]tying [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析

[選項(xiàng)分析] 本題需要根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)義分析，空格處需要搭配后文“棉花線頭”，縱觀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)[A]折疊

[B]堆積 [C]包裹 [D]系上，根據(jù)選項(xiàng)含義，只有D和后文的“棉花線頭”搭配最為合理。10．[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]passing [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

[選項(xiàng)分析] 本題根據(jù)選項(xiàng)[A]傳遞[B]點(diǎn)亮 [C]隱藏 [D]服務(wù)，原文空格需要填寫(xiě)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞與后文“around a circle”來(lái)搭配，譯為“將蠟燭傳一圈”，故[A]傳遞為正確選項(xiàng)。

11．[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]union [考點(diǎn)分析] 名詞詞義辨析 [選項(xiàng)分析] 本題根據(jù)選項(xiàng)[A]協(xié)會(huì)，社團(tuán)[B]會(huì)議，會(huì)面 [C]集合 [D]結(jié)合。本句語(yǔ)義為“這些受尊敬的夫妻祈禱?”根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，結(jié)婚是一種夫妻二人的結(jié)合，因此，選項(xiàng)[D]結(jié)合更符合語(yǔ)境。12.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]live [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析

[選項(xiàng)分析] 本題比較簡(jiǎn)單。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義“根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)，新婚夫婦要搬到妻子父母家，與父母____一年”根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，應(yīng)為[D]居住為最佳答案。13．[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]until [考點(diǎn)分析] 時(shí)間邏輯關(guān)系

[選項(xiàng)分析] 根據(jù)原文，“_____他們?cè)诟浇ㄔ煲粭澬路孔印?[A]然而[B]直到 [C]為 [D]如果 結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，[B]直到最符合原文語(yǔ)境，搭配最為合理。14．[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D]obtain [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析 [選項(xiàng)分析] Divorce is legal and relatively easy to __14__, but not common.該句句意為離婚是合法的，且相對(duì)容易____.A.avoid 避免B.follow 跟隨C.chanllenge挑戰(zhàn)，質(zhì)疑D.obtain獲得。這里出現(xiàn)and,所以對(duì)于離婚這件事不可能是避免或是挑戰(zhàn)，但是跟隨和離婚之間語(yǔ)義不符，但是獲得離婚（的批準(zhǔn)）是可以的。選D.15.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [D] viewed [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞詞義辨析 [選項(xiàng)分析] Divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval.離婚的人?一些不贊同。在段首，已經(jīng)注明離婚是合法的且相對(duì)容易得到批準(zhǔn)，但是不常見(jiàn)。這說(shuō)明離婚在現(xiàn)實(shí)中肯定是不太受到人們的歡迎的。而接下來(lái)這句就說(shuō)離婚的人?一些不贊同。再看選項(xiàng)：A.isolated孤立 B.persuaded勸說(shuō)C.viewed看做 D.exposed接觸，受到?的影響 C選項(xiàng)固定搭配被認(rèn)為，放進(jìn)。

16.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]whatever [考點(diǎn)分析] 語(yǔ)法

[選項(xiàng)分析Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage, 17個(gè)空對(duì)應(yīng)的都是動(dòng)詞，所以該句意思為：夫婦雙方保有?財(cái)產(chǎn)，這個(gè)財(cái)產(chǎn)是他或她?(動(dòng)詞)進(jìn)婚姻的。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)A whenever“無(wú)論何地；任何（地方）=any place where(定從)”。B whatever“無(wú)論什么；任何（東西）=anything that/any+N that”。C whenever無(wú)論何時(shí)；任何（時(shí)間=any time when）D however 無(wú)論如何；無(wú)論多么。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義，這里應(yīng)該不是讓步的關(guān)系,而可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

且填的這個(gè)詞還要能修飾property。因此，選擇B =retains any property that he or she ?.17.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]brought [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞義辨析

[選項(xiàng)分析] Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she __17__ into the marriage,結(jié)合選項(xiàng)A changed“改變”。B brought “帶來(lái)”。C shaped“形成” D pushed“推，逼迫”。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境只有B符合，把財(cái)產(chǎn)帶入婚姻。18.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [B]divided [考點(diǎn)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義及動(dòng)詞義辨析

[選項(xiàng)分析] ?and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally.結(jié)合選項(xiàng)A invested投資.[B]divided平分 [C] donated 捐贈(zèng)[D]withdrawn撤出，提取。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義應(yīng)該是共同財(cái)產(chǎn)被（夫妻雙方）平分。

19.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [C]shows [考點(diǎn)分析] 動(dòng)詞固定搭配 [選項(xiàng)分析] Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up.該句語(yǔ)義為離過(guò)婚的人或許會(huì)再婚，但是性別偏見(jiàn)?。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)A.warm（up）加熱 B.clear(up)變晴C.show(up)顯現(xiàn)D.break（up）分裂，分開(kāi)；，顯然C是正確選項(xiàng)。

20.[標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案] [A]while [選項(xiàng)分析] 上下文語(yǔ)義 [考點(diǎn)分析] 很明顯的兩類人的對(duì)比比較關(guān)系。只能選擇while.