第一篇：2018年可銳考研英語優(yōu)秀閱讀文章賞析

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語優(yōu)秀閱讀文章賞析

（六）Maps on smartphones

智能手機(jī)的地圖應(yīng)用

Lost

敢問路在何方?

The criticism heaped on Apple shows the growing importance of cartography

蘋果目前飽受批評(píng)，證明在智能手機(jī)市場(chǎng)中地圖繪制愈加重要

Update: On September 28th Tim Cook, Apple s chief executive, published an open letterapologising to customers for the shortcomings of the company s maps.Mr Cook even directedusers to alternative map apps, writing that they could be downloaded from Apple s AppStore and that Google s and Nokia s maps were available as web apps.最新消息：9月28 日，蘋果公司首席執(zhí)行官蒂姆?庫(kù)克發(fā)表了一封公開信，就該公司地圖應(yīng)用的缺陷向用戶致歉。庫(kù)克甚至引導(dǎo)用戶去選擇其他地圖應(yīng)用作為替代。他在信中寫道，用戶可以從蘋果的應(yīng)用商店下載這些替代性地圖應(yīng)用，而谷歌和諾基亞的地圖可作為網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用提供給用戶。

OLD hands at The Economist have fond memories of Mokaris, a café near our office in StJames s.There was nothing fancy about the food, the prices or the service.Mokaris closed in2005, and Franco s, the smarter Italian restaurant next door, expanded to take over thepremises.But in the parallel universe of the iPhone, hungry hacks can still enjoy anomelette and chips for around a fiver.Mokaris is still on the map-at least, the map on Apple snew mobile operating system, iOS 6.在圣詹姆斯《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的辦公室附近，有一家叫做 Mokaris 的咖啡館。對(duì)于本報(bào)的老員工來說，這里有很多美好的回憶。這家咖啡館的食物和服務(wù)算不上一流，但價(jià)位也不是太離譜。2005年，Mokaris 關(guān)門大吉，店面被隔壁那家較為高檔的意大利餐館 Franco s 盤了下來。但在 iPhone 所勾畫出的平行宇宙 里，本報(bào)員工若是餓了，仍然能花五英鎊左右在這里享受一份煎蛋卷和一些薯?xiàng)l。Mokaris 還在地圖上——至少，在蘋果最新移動(dòng)設(shè)備操作系統(tǒng) iOS 6 的地圖上還能找到它。

Apple s mobile maps used to be supplied by its friend-turned-archrival, Google.But this yearApple decided to put maps of its own into iOS 6, rather than be beholden to its foe.The newmaps are built into the iPhone 5, which went on sale on September 21st, and appear whenolder devices are upgraded to iOS 6.The internet has been teeming with complaints about alack of detail and a surfeit of errors.And unlike Google s maps, Apple s lack public-transport information.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

蘋果的移動(dòng)設(shè)備地圖應(yīng)用曾經(jīng)由谷歌提供。但今年，蘋果不愿再受制于人，決定在 iOS 6里安裝自主研發(fā)的地圖應(yīng)用。9月21日上市的 iPhone 5內(nèi)嵌了新的地圖應(yīng)用;如果用戶把老機(jī)型升級(jí)到 iOS 6系統(tǒng)，也可以使用它。但這種地圖應(yīng)用缺少詳細(xì)信息而且漏洞百出，用戶的抱怨聲已經(jīng)充斥整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。此外，和谷歌地圖應(yīng)用不同的是，蘋果的地圖應(yīng)用并沒有提供公共交通信息。

Maps are becoming important strategic terrain.They are more than an aid to getting fromA to B.Apps based on location-to summon a taxi, say-need maps inside them.Digital mapscan include countless layers of information, plus advertisements from which money can bemade.There are thousands of indoor maps, too, of airports, department stores and so forth.Smartphones also act as sensors, reporting their whereabouts, which can be used to improvemaps.According to comScore, a data firm, in August 95% of American iPhone owners and83% of owners of smartphones with Google s Android operating system used a mobile map.地圖應(yīng)用將成為智能手機(jī)行業(yè)重要的戰(zhàn)略地帶。它不僅僅是幫助用戶從一地到另一地那么簡(jiǎn)單?；诙ㄎ幌到y(tǒng)的應(yīng)用需要在程序里內(nèi)建地圖信息。數(shù)字地圖能夠包含無數(shù)的信息層，生產(chǎn)商還可以在地圖里做廣告從而實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。成千上萬的室內(nèi)地圖應(yīng)用也覆蓋了機(jī)場(chǎng)、百貨商店等場(chǎng)所。智能手機(jī)還扮演了傳感器的角色，可以收集位置信息，用來完善地圖應(yīng)用。根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)公司 comScore 的資料，今年八月份美國(guó)有95%的 iPhone 用戶使用了移動(dòng)設(shè)備地圖應(yīng)用;在谷歌安卓系統(tǒng)智能手機(jī)的用戶中，這個(gè)比例也有83%。

Being chucked off the iPhone is thus a blow to Google, though it may be enjoying Apple sdiscomfiture.It could return by making a new maps app, which would have to be approvedby Apple.Its chairman, Eric Schmidt, said on September 25th that it had not done anythingyet.因此，盡管谷歌可能會(huì)對(duì)蘋果的窘境感到竊喜，但地圖應(yīng)用被 iPhone 拋棄對(duì)谷歌來說的確是一記重拳。該公司可以通過發(fā)布新的地圖應(yīng)用來重新回到 iPhone 市場(chǎng)，但這必須經(jīng)過蘋果的批準(zhǔn)。9月25日，谷歌董事長(zhǎng)艾瑞克?施密特稱該公司 尚未采取任何行動(dòng)。

Creating good maps demands a lot of time and money.Google has taken about eight years tobuild up its expertise: it has sent cars along the world s roads and maintains a fleet ofaeroplanes.Nokia s mappers have a longer pedigree still.Apple, which has bought three mapmakingfirms in the past three years and is supplied with data by TomTom, a Dutch company, hasplenty of money to throw at catching up on maps, but it will take time.Over two to threeyears, estimates Martin Garner of CCS Insight, a research firm, Apple can get up to goodenough.編寫優(yōu)秀的地圖應(yīng)用需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間和大量的資金。谷歌研發(fā)了八年左右才具備這方面的專長(zhǎng)：該公司往世界各地派遣了道路勘測(cè)車輛，并且保有一批用于地圖測(cè)繪的飛機(jī)。諾基亞的地圖繪制歷史更是源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。蘋果在過去的三年里收購(gòu)了三家地圖繪制公司，還有荷蘭公司 TomTom 為其提供數(shù)據(jù)。要想在地圖應(yīng)用方面后來居上，蘋果有足夠的資金;但這畢竟需要時(shí)間。研究公司 CCS Insight 的 Martin Garner 估計(jì)： 再過兩到三年，蘋果的地圖應(yīng)用就能達(dá)到一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的水準(zhǔn)。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Meanwhile, Apple seems to be relying on three things.The first is speedy improvement.The second is the embedding of useful content.Itsnew maps have spoken turn-by-turn driving directions, which Google s version for the iPhonedid not, as well as reviews from Yelp, a local-listings company that offers pretty full coverageof eateries and bars in America but much less elsewhere.同時(shí)，蘋果要想取得成功似乎還將仰賴于三個(gè)條件。其一是快速提高地圖應(yīng)用的質(zhì)量。其二是在地圖應(yīng)用里植入實(shí)用內(nèi)容。蘋果新的地圖應(yīng)用擁有語音智能導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)還有 Yelp 公司提供的點(diǎn)評(píng)功能。

The third is the loyalty of Apple s fans.More than 5m iPhone 5s were sold in the first threedays.Although some analysts had expected more, that still beat the previous version, the4S, by 1m.其三就是蘋果擁躉的忠誠(chéng)性。iPhone 5 發(fā)布不到三天就售出了500萬臺(tái)以上。盡管這個(gè)數(shù)字低于某些分析人士的預(yù)期，但仍然比前一代的 iPhone 4S 多出了100萬臺(tái)。

Under the late Steve Jobs Apple paid fanatical attention to detail, so it is remarkable thatits maps should have come up so short.But polishing its hardware was one thing;the strugglewith maps has been the first really obvious head-butting of the wall, says Carolina Milanesiof Gartner, another research firm.Past perfectionism over devices has won it time toimprove its maps.In a market in which brands can fall fast, that is a rare luxury.已故的史蒂夫?喬布斯執(zhí)掌蘋果時(shí)，該公司曾極為注重細(xì)節(jié)。因此，如今的地圖應(yīng)用竟然出現(xiàn)了這么大的缺陷不免令人吃驚。但硬件水平的提高只是一方面;在另一方面，用研究公司 Gartner 的 CarolinaMilanesi 的話來說：努力改善地圖應(yīng)用的蘋果公司 這次真的明顯是在自找苦吃。蘋果對(duì)于產(chǎn)品的舊式完美主義為它贏得了改善地圖應(yīng)用的時(shí)間。在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈、淘汰迅速的市場(chǎng)中，時(shí)間正是極為寶貴的。

二．

An intellectual-property exchange

知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易所

Marketplace of ideas

創(chuàng)意市場(chǎng)

A new financial exchange hopes to make it easier to trade patent rights

一個(gè)嶄新的金融交易所希望讓專利權(quán)的交易變得更容易 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

THE technology industry is at war over intellectual property.On May 7th the first round ofa three-part fight between Oracle and Google over patent and copyright claims relating tothe Java programming language ended in a decision that denied outright victory to eitherfirm.Apple, Samsung and others are fighting over smartphone patents.Facebook and Yahoo!are at loggerheads over internet patents.Accusations abound that innovation is taking aback seat to litigation.Only the lawyers are smiling.科技業(yè)界打響了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)。甲骨文和Google之間關(guān)于Java編程語言的專利和版權(quán)的戰(zhàn)斗拉開了這場(chǎng)由三部分組成的保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)的序幕。2012年5月7日，這第一輪戰(zhàn)斗以雙方都沒有得到徹底勝利宣告結(jié)束。蘋果、三星以及行業(yè)內(nèi)其他企業(yè)正在爭(zhēng)奪智能手機(jī)專利權(quán)。Facebook和雅虎在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)專利上發(fā)生了沖突。指控比比皆是，如今在訴訟面前科技創(chuàng)新只能靠邊站。只有律師軍團(tuán)正微笑著。

All of which makes this a good time to launch a new approach to trading intellectualproperty, says Gerard Pannekoek, the boss of IPXI, a new financial exchange that letscompanies buy, sell and hedge patent rights, just like any other asset.The idea is to offer apatent or group of patents as unit licence rights , which can be bought and sold likeshares.A ULR grants a one-time right to use a particular technology in a single product: anew type of airbag sensor in a car, say.If a company wants to use the technology in 100,000cars, it buys 100,000 ULRs at the market price.ULRs are also expected to be traded onsecondary markets.芝加哥國(guó)際知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易所的老板杰拉德Pannekoek稱，所有這些專利侵權(quán)訴訟案件制造了一個(gè)很好的時(shí)機(jī)來啟動(dòng)一個(gè)新的方法來交易知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)。芝加哥知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易所是一個(gè)新的金融交易所，在這里就像任何其他資產(chǎn)一樣企業(yè)可以購(gòu)買、銷售、對(duì)沖專利權(quán)。這個(gè)主意就是提供一項(xiàng)專利或是作為一個(gè)許可權(quán)單元的專利組，這些都可以像股票一樣進(jìn)行購(gòu)買拋售。一個(gè)URL授權(quán)在一個(gè)產(chǎn)品中一次性應(yīng)用某項(xiàng)技術(shù)，就像是一輛汽車上的一種新型的安全氣囊傳感器。如果一個(gè)公司想在10萬輛汽車上使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)，那么他得要以市場(chǎng)價(jià)購(gòu)買10萬份專利許可。專利許可預(yù)計(jì)也將會(huì)在二級(jí)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行交易。

This is simpler, faster and cheaper than the lawyer-intensive process of negotiating bilaterallicences for intellectual property, the high cost of which discriminates against smallcompanies, leaves patents unused on the shelf and hampers innovation.IPXI s approachdoes not work for all types of intellectual property-it does not allow exclusive licensing,for example-but should make it easier for companies to make money from their inventions.It s a great form of non-dilutive funding for start-ups, suggests Mr Pannekoek.相對(duì)于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)雙邊談判的律師們的密集過程，這是更簡(jiǎn)單、更快、更便宜的方法。而且，對(duì)于小公司而言，雙邊談判所帶來的高成本是不可接受的，他們只有把專利權(quán)擱置，從而阻礙了科技的創(chuàng)新。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易所的這個(gè)方法不是適用于所有類型的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，例如它不允許獨(dú)家授權(quán)，而是將使得公司更加容易地從他們的創(chuàng)造發(fā)明中賺取更多的利益。IPXI總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官 GerardJ.Pannekoek認(rèn)為，對(duì)于新創(chuàng)公司而言，這是個(gè)不稀釋每股收益的集資好方式。

The exchange has signed up 30 members including Philips, an electronics giant, and 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

severaluniversities and research laboratories.IPXI was set up in 2008 by Ocean Tomo, a merchantbank that specialises in intellectual property, and its investors include CBOE Holdings, theparent company of the Chicago Board Options Exchange.On May 4th IPXI published therulebook that governs how the exchange will work, and it expects to open for business laterthis year.Its novel approach is ideal for the open, non-exclusive licensing of smartphone-related patents, says Ruud Peters, chief intellectual-property officer at Philips.Good newsfor innovators, perhaps, but bad news for lawyers?

這個(gè)交易所已經(jīng)簽署30成員，包括電子巨頭飛利浦以及幾所大學(xué)和研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室。專門經(jīng)營(yíng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的商業(yè)銀行公司Ocean Tomo在2008年成立了芝加哥國(guó)際知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)交易所，其投資者包括芝加哥期權(quán)交易所控股公司。5月4日IPXI出版發(fā)行了這個(gè)交易所將要工作的規(guī)范手冊(cè)，交易所有望今年下半年進(jìn)行交易。飛利浦首席知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)官路畢德認(rèn)為，IPXI這個(gè)新穎的方法對(duì)于具有開放性，非專屬授權(quán)性的智能手機(jī)相關(guān)專利來說是最適合的，不切實(shí)際的。或許，這是創(chuàng)新者的好消息，但是對(duì)于律師團(tuán)來說就是個(gè)壞消息。

第二篇：2018年可銳考研英語優(yōu)秀閱讀文章賞析

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語優(yōu)秀閱讀文章賞析

（四）Stories of resistance;Shades of grey

關(guān)于抵抗的故事;灰色的幽影

Beautiful Souls: Saying No, Breaking Ranks, andHeeding the Voice of Conscience in Dark Times.ByEyal Press.美麗靈魂:說不，打破等級(jí)，留心黑暗時(shí)代中道德之音。

You have a decent job and work hard.You keepyour nose clean, respect authority and have never joined a protest march.Suddenly youhave the bad luck to face a cruel and seemingly impossible choice.Your superiors tell you todo something outrageous or unacceptable.Do you obey or, at grave personal cost,refuse? In “Beautiful Souls”, a subtle and thoughtful book, Eyal Press, an Americanjournalist, tells the stories of four very ordinary people who, in widely different times, placesand circumstances, surprised themselves by saying “no”.你有份體面的工作并且做得很努力。你保持潔身自愛，尊重權(quán)威，從不加入抗議性游行中。突然你不幸的要面對(duì)殘忍幾乎表面來看不可能的選擇：你的上級(jí)令你去做你粗暴不可接受的事。服從命令還是犧牲重大的個(gè)人代價(jià)去拒絕?在精細(xì)巧妙充滿思想的”美麗靈魂”一書中，美國(guó)記者Eyal Press為您講述一個(gè)關(guān)于四位來自不同時(shí)空不同地點(diǎn)不同環(huán)境的普通人在說出“不”之后得到的意想不到的結(jié)果。

This morally courageous foursome includes a Swiss police official who broke the law in 1938by giving entry permits to Jewish refugees;a Serb who, at risk to his own life, savedcaptured Croats from summary execution during the Serb-Croat war in 1991;an Israelispecial-forces soldier in the occupied territories who could no longer stomach orders toprotect Israeli settlers who were doing wrong, as he saw it, to Palestinian farmers;and amid-ranking whistle-blower in a Texas investment company accused of fraud.這個(gè)著實(shí)勇敢的四人組包括一名1938年因給猶太逃亡者放行二觸犯法律的瑞士警官;一名冒生命危險(xiǎn)在1991年救了在塞爾維亞克羅地亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中即將被草率處決的克羅地亞人的塞爾維亞人;一名在被占領(lǐng)土的以色列特種兵，就像他看到的，不能再容忍錯(cuò)誤的針對(duì)巴勒斯坦農(nóng)民而保護(hù)以色列移居者的命令;還有一名在德克薩斯投資公司被指控詐騙罪的中層內(nèi)部揭發(fā)者。

At first glance, this looks like a jumble of risks and motives.The policeman had to be braveover months.The Serb had to decide in an instant.The Israeli soldier s disquiet nagged foryears before he quit.The whistle-blower was fired, whereas the Serb faced being shot.Thatlack of a pattern, though, is part of Mr Press s point.We recognise moral bravery when wesee it.Explaining it is extremely hard.乍一看，這書是危險(xiǎn)與動(dòng)機(jī)的混雜體。警察不得不在數(shù)月里保持勇敢。塞爾維亞人不得可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

不即刻做決定。以色列士兵在退役前數(shù)年的焦慮讓他煩惱不已。揭發(fā)者被炒了，另一方面塞爾維亞人面臨槍決。這些例子乍一看沒有什么共性，但這也是Mr Press所要強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方。當(dāng)我們看到它時(shí)會(huì)認(rèn)可道德上的勇氣。而要解釋清楚卻極端困難。

On stage and in the pulpit, moral dilemmas of this kind tend to have a black-and-whiteclarity.Working from life, Mr Press brings out the greys.All of the choices he looked at werehard, and only the Serb s involved a clear-cut decision in the moment.The good achieved byeach of these “beautiful souls” was small: the few lives the Serb and the Swiss policemansaved were a pittance when set against greater evils they could not stop.The soldier has notstopped Israel s settlement-building, and the whistle-blower did not dent the financialsystem.So why did they do it?

在舞臺(tái)上也好，在講道壇上也好，這類的道德上的是與非往往很明確，就是非黑即白。而在實(shí)際生活中，Mr Press提出還有“灰色”這種情況。他所觀察到的所有抉擇都極其困難，只有塞爾維亞人在那刻卷入的抉擇時(shí)則是心里明鏡似的。這些美麗靈魂的所作所為只是造成很小范圍內(nèi)的而影響：少數(shù)人讓塞爾維亞人存活了下來，瑞士警察所解救的也只是滄海一粟，對(duì)其他更強(qiáng)大的惡勢(shì)力更是無能為力。士兵沒能阻止以色列的殖民建設(shè)，揭發(fā)者也沒能削弱金融系統(tǒng)。所以為什么主人公們還要這么做呢?

Without claiming to have firm answers, Mr Press sees three factors at work.One is that thesepeople listened to their emotions.Faced with the unacceptable, their instincts rebelled.Direct confrontation was also important.The challenge to their moral sensibility was face-to-face.This was not true of the whistle-blower, but her conduct suggests to Mr Press athird element.She was not a rebel out to flout authority or change the rules.On thecontrary, she acted to protect rules that her superiors flouted.雖然Mr Press申明這些問題沒有確切的回答，但他看到有這樣的三個(gè)因素在起作用。一個(gè)原因就是主人公們都聽從了他們的心做出選擇。面對(duì)不能接受的事物，他們本能的反叛排斥。直接的抗?fàn)幰埠苤匾?。這對(duì)他們道德感情的挑戰(zhàn)是直接面對(duì)面的。這不適合揭發(fā)者，但是揭發(fā)者的行為也給Press先生帶去了第三個(gè)重要的要素。她不是個(gè)試圖藐視權(quán)威或改變規(guī)則的叛逆者。相反，她維護(hù)了那些她的上級(jí)沒有遵守的規(guī)則。

In leading us through such thickets, Mr Press points to studies in psychology and tophilosophical work on moral dilemmas.A drier sort of book might have probed morewhether our moral emotions are always reliable and how sure naysayers must be beforeoutright disobedience is their best course.On the other hand “Beautiful Souls” gains muchfrom its storytelling approach.It is rich in personal, circumstantial details that analyticalthinkers in search of clear principles may overlook.These are modern instances of ancientpuzzles, and Mr Press is wise not to pretend to be offering new wisdom.在引導(dǎo)我們穿越錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的進(jìn)程中，Press先生表明了心理學(xué)的研究和道德兩難時(shí)的哲學(xué)著作。一種更純粹故事的書可能更能探測(cè)出我們的道德情感是否總是可靠，如何在拒絕者們完全不服從前確定那是他們最好的道路。另一方面“美麗靈魂”以它講故事的特別方式收益很多。大量的人物塑造和環(huán)境描寫可能會(huì)被善于分析的讀者們?cè)谝晃秾ふ仪逦砟畹倪^程可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

中忽略。書中表達(dá)的都是謎題的現(xiàn)代實(shí)例，而Press先生很明智的沒有假裝在提供新智慧。

二．

Doctor or decorator?

整改還是整容?

Stéphane Richard, the new boss of France Telecom,wants to overhaul its strategy as well as itsoffices;

法國(guó)電信新任CEO Stéphane Richard 準(zhǔn)備大舉革新經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略，辦公環(huán)境也待舊貌換新顏;

When Stéphane Richard appeared recently in Paris Match, a celebrity and news magazine,lightly tanned in an open-necked shirt and leaning jauntily against the corporate logo of hisnew firm, France Telecom, he raised eyebrows in the buttoned-down world of Frenchtelecoms.Mr Richard did not attend the elite engineering school which produces almost all ofFrance’s senior telecoms executives, including his predecessor at France Telecom, DidierLombard, and the boss of Vivendi, a rival.Instead, he is a political operator who has made afortune in property.He is a friend of Nicolas Sarkozy, France’s president, and worked untilrecently as chief of staff to the finance minister.He became boss of France Telecom lastmonth with the immediate task of responding to a wave of suicides among employees whichhad prompted a political outcry.最近，Stéphane Richard的照片登上了名人新聞雜志《巴黎競(jìng)賽畫報(bào)》，他穿著敞領(lǐng)襯衫，膚色微黑，背靠著公司的標(biāo)志，看起來很時(shí)尚。他新執(zhí)掌的公司法國(guó)電信相當(dāng)傳統(tǒng)，這一舉動(dòng)也讓全公司吃了一驚。法國(guó)電信業(yè)的絕大部分高管都出身著名工程院校，包括Stéphane Richard的前任Didier Lombard，還有法國(guó)電信對(duì)頭公司威望迪集團(tuán)的老總。和這些人背景不同，Stéphane Richard是個(gè)政治活動(dòng)家，靠房地產(chǎn)起家。他是薩科奇的好友，直到最近還是財(cái)政部的辦公廳主任。上個(gè)月他成為法國(guó)電信的首席執(zhí)行長(zhǎng)，上任后立即著手處理公司員工自殺潮。此前，法國(guó)電信員工的連續(xù)自殺曾引發(fā)政治抗議。

Since 2008 over 30 France Telecom employees have killed themselves, some explicitlyblaming the company.Even though the firm’s suicide rate is in line with the national average,France Telecom says that it was partly to blame.Because of the group’s former status aspart of government, 66,000 or 65% of its employees are classed as civil servants, withguaranteed tenure.Unable to fire them, France Telecom instead subjected them to a systemcalled “Time to Move”, in which they were obliged to change offices and jobs abruptly everyfew years.僅2008年中，就有30名員工自殺，對(duì)其中一些自殺事件，很明顯公司難辭其咎。盡管公司的自殺率和全國(guó)平均自殺率一樣高，法國(guó)電信堅(jiān)稱只負(fù)有部分責(zé)任。法國(guó)電信集團(tuán)前身屬于政府部門，66000名員工劃定為公務(wù)員，享有固定工作年限。由于無法解雇這批人，公司實(shí)施了名為“定時(shí)重組”的措施，每隔幾年，強(qiáng)令安于其位的員工換辦公室或調(diào)職?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

“The former management needed to change the nature of peoples’ jobs due to technologicalchange and increased competition,” says Mr Richard, “but the company underestimatedthe consequences.” For the first time in 15 years, he has promised, France Telecom willexpand its workforce.Job and office moves will become voluntary, and up to 30% of thevariable pay of the firm’s top 1,100 managers will be tied to their “social” performance.Other measures include making France Telecom’s numerous offices more pleasant: thecompany will renovate 800 of its buildings and create 270 new “conviviality spaces” foremployees.Richard說：“科技日益更新，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也日漸激烈，所以以前的公司管理才要求不斷變動(dòng)工作性質(zhì)。但是管理層顯然低估了這樣做的后果?！彼兄Z公司會(huì)增加雇員，這是法國(guó)電信15 年來第一次增員。今后，員工調(diào)職和換辦公室必須出于自愿，1100名高層經(jīng)理30%的薪水根據(jù)社會(huì)績(jī)效調(diào)整。其他措施包括重新裝修800幢辦公樓，新增 270處員工休閑場(chǎng)所，創(chuàng)造讓員工身心愉快的辦公環(huán)境。

Mr Richard, a former board member, joined the firm in 2009 as heir apparent to MrLombard, with the blessing of the government, which still holds a 27% stake.He was notdue to take over until next year, but the handover was accelerated in the midst of the crisis.In an unusual outburst last week, Louis-Pierre Wenes, the group’s former deputy chiefexecutive, who resigned under pressure last year, told a British website that “externalstakeholders” in France Telecom had taken advantage of the suicides to advance theiragenda.Mr Lombard was not close to the current administration, whereas Mr Richard is.2009年Richard以董事身份加入電信集團(tuán)，政府指定他接任Lombard的位置，現(xiàn)在他仍有27%的股份。他本打算明年接手公司，不料自殺潮造成的危機(jī)促成了權(quán)力交接。去年，前任副總裁Louis-Pierre Wenes迫于壓力辭職，他在上周向一家英國(guó)網(wǎng)站披露了不尋常的內(nèi)幕：法國(guó)電信的某位股東，利用自殺事件奪取公司管理權(quán)?，F(xiàn)在Richard所在的管理層將Lombard排除在外。

Minority shareholders are now waiting to hear in detail what Mr Richard plans for the businessbeyond improving morale.He is a talented communicator, but some foreign investorsgrumble that despite having been at the firm for over six months, he tends to turn to otherexecutives when asked for precise details on France Telecom’s financial performance.ButMr Richard clearly has lots of business nous.The grandson of a shepherd, he made hisfortune from a leveraged buy-out of a property developer, Nexity, in 2000-01.He is likelyto push France Telecom into behaving like a private firm, and further away from its past as apublic monopoly.小股東希望聽到Richard有更詳盡的商業(yè)規(guī)劃，而不僅僅是提升士氣。他處事圓熟，一些外國(guó)投資者仍然指責(zé)他：盡管執(zhí)掌公司已六月有余，一旦面對(duì)公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況詳情的質(zhì)詢，就推諉給其他高管。但是毋庸置疑的是，Richard頗有商業(yè)頭腦。2000年1月，這個(gè)牧羊人的孫子用杠桿收購(gòu)的方法得到了一家房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)公司，自此起家。他想讓法國(guó)電信按私有企業(yè)的方式運(yùn)作，進(jìn)而完全脫離國(guó)有控制。

“Stéphane Richard is far more attuned to the market than Didier Lombard,” says Xavier 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Niel,founder of Iliad, a young telecoms firm which has upended the French broadband market.“Under his management France Telecom will become a more dangerous competitor for us.”Already, while at the finance ministry, Mr Richard demonstrated a strong belief in thebeneficial effects of competition by helping Iliad obtain a mobile licence in the face offierce resistance from the incumbents and their political allies.Xavier Niel是伊里亞特公司的創(chuàng)建者。這家公司成立時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，卻逆轉(zhuǎn)性地掌握了法國(guó)的寬帶業(yè)務(wù)。Xavier Niel這樣評(píng)價(jià)Richard：“在把握市場(chǎng)這方面，Didier Lombard遠(yuǎn)遜于Stéphane Richard。在他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，法國(guó)電信會(huì)成長(zhǎng)為更具威脅性的對(duì)手?！碑?dāng)Richard還在財(cái)政部供職時(shí)，曾協(xié)力伊里亞特公司取得3G牌照，盡管面對(duì)當(dāng)局和政治同盟的重重阻力，Richard仍公開表示支持，他深信這樣做有利于市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

In the past, says Mr Richard, France Telecom, having recruited most of the graduates of theX-Corps des Telecoms, the most elite stream of telecoms students, “thought there were fewskills or knowledge on telecoms outside France Telecom”.Engineers still tend to call theshots, rather than marketing types.Whereas Iliad offers just one kind of set-top box, hepoints out, the equivalent product from France Telecom appears in 140 different types andgenerations, resulting in far too much complexity for users.“We must not lose oursuperiority in technology, research and development and innovation,” he says, “but weneed to be more marketing-oriented and mindful of customers”.Richard指出，法國(guó)電信過去一直聘用名門院校的通信高材生，“認(rèn)為在技術(shù)智能方面，除了法國(guó)電信，再無業(yè)界翹楚。”公司管理由技術(shù)人員而非營(yíng)銷人員主導(dǎo)。他以機(jī)頂盒舉例，伊里亞特推出的產(chǎn)品只有一種類型，法國(guó)電信的同類產(chǎn)品竟有 140種類型，每種類型還有換代產(chǎn)品，大大增加了操作的難度?！拔覀儽仨毨卫握瓶丶夹g(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)，同時(shí)需要適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向，滿足顧客需求。”

With its premium products and pricing in France, which provides two-thirds of its cashflow,France Telecom’s market share and profits are being eroded by newcomers such as Iliad,which will launch its new mobile service in 2012.The firm’s shares performed far worse thanthose of its European peers in 2009, says Antoine Pradayrol of Exane BNP Paribas, abrokerage.Investors want to know how Mr Richard will fend off France Telecom’s rivals aswell as how he will cheer up its staff.憑著優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品和有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格，法國(guó)電信在國(guó)內(nèi)的收入占到運(yùn)作資金的2/3。然而，外來者正在蠶食國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)份額和利潤(rùn)，比如伊里亞特就將在2012年推出新的3G服務(wù)。法巴銀行證券部門的股票交易人Antoine Pradayrol 說，2009年法國(guó)電信的股票表現(xiàn)十分甚差，遠(yuǎn)遜于歐洲同行。投資者迫切想知道Richard如何擊敗競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，重振公司士氣。

第三篇：2018年可銳考研英語優(yōu)秀閱讀文章賞析

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語優(yōu)秀閱讀文章賞析

（五）Businesses and cyber-security

商業(yè)活動(dòng)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全

A spook speaks.鬼魅之聲。

Its cost may be hard to count, but cybercrime hascompanies worried.網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪損失難料，公司企業(yè)憂心忡忡。

LIKE blooms on a peculiar plant, speeches by thehead of the British security service are rare;andwhen they do appear, they draw attention.On June 25th Jonathan Evans, the director-general of MI5, burst into oratorical flower for the first time in 21 months.After commentingon preparations for the Olympic Games and on counter-terrorism, Mr Evans turned to cyber-security-where the front line…is as much in business as it is in government.States as wellas criminals were up to no good, he said: in particular, a major London listed company withwhich we have worked had lost revenue of some ￡800m to state-sponsoredcyber-attack.The firm in question had lost intellectual property and had been put at adisadvantage in commercial negotiations.英國(guó)安全局的發(fā)言就如鐵樹開花一般罕見，而一旦他們發(fā)話了，便立即吸引眾人目光。6月25日，軍情五處的總干事Jonathan Evans在沉默了21個(gè)月后首次發(fā)表演講。他先評(píng)價(jià)了奧運(yùn)會(huì)準(zhǔn)備工作和反恐的問題，接著便把話題轉(zhuǎn)移到網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全上—— 在前線……企業(yè)和政府的遭遇沒什么區(qū)別。他說，國(guó)家和個(gè)人罪犯都不懷好意，尤其是國(guó)家給予經(jīng)濟(jì)支持的網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊，使得 部分受我們保護(hù)的主要倫敦上市企業(yè) 盈利損失近達(dá) 8億英鎊。遭受攻擊的企業(yè)失去了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，還會(huì)在商務(wù)談判中處于劣勢(shì)。

Examples and rumours abound of companies being burgled by cyberfrauds, cyberspooks orcyber-mischief-makers.On June 26th America s Federal Trade Commission sued WyndhamWorldwide, a hotel group, alleging that security failures at the company in 2008 and 2009had led to the export of hundreds of thousands of guests payment-card account numbers toa domain registered in Russia.The FTC says millions of dollars were lost to fraud.Wyndham says it knows of no customers who lost money and that the FTC s claims are without merit.關(guān)于公司企業(yè)遭受網(wǎng)絡(luò)詐騙、網(wǎng)絡(luò)幽靈或者網(wǎng)絡(luò)惡作劇綁架的例子和傳聞遍地開花。6月26日，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)控告溫德姆環(huán)球酒店公司，控訴其因安全疏忽致使08至09年客戶的信用卡賬號(hào)信息泄露，流入了一個(gè)在俄羅斯注冊(cè)的域名。聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)稱因受詐騙，數(shù)百萬美元 的資金遭受損失，而溫德姆酒店方面則沒有客戶受害，聯(lián)邦委員會(huì)的說法 毫無根據(jù)。可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

The loss of industrial secrets is perhaps even more worrying to companies than that of theircustomers credit-card data.Some think worry is overdue.Mark Anderson, the chairman ofINVNT/IP, a new organisation of technology companies, says: We are encouraged bydiscovering the number of global technology CEOs who have come to understand thisissue and its importance to their own company welfare, regardless of the incentives andprotestations offered by China, Russia and other nations known to actively steal IP.恐怕對(duì)于企業(yè)來說，更可怕的是泄露商業(yè)機(jī)密而不是顧客信用卡數(shù)據(jù)被竊取，有些人認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在才開始擔(dān)心來得太遲。INVNT/IP是一家新成立的技術(shù)公司，他的總裁Mark Anderson說： 中國(guó)、俄羅斯和其他猖狂進(jìn)行IP偷竊的國(guó)家如今一味發(fā)表聲明以正其身，盡管如此，我們?nèi)匀粋涫芄奈瑁驗(yàn)槲覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)世界上越來越多技術(shù)公司總裁意識(shí)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全的問題及其對(duì)他們公司資產(chǎn)的重要性。

Working out the cost of cybercrime is a devil of a job.The FTC and Wyndham are poles aparton their estimates of the effect of the credit-card thefts.Companies say they are underconstant cyber-attack in ever more ingenious forms, but they are loth to say in public howoften the raiders get through and how much damage they do—assuming that the breach isspotted.That suggests the damage is underreported.When they are speaking to thesecurity services they may be more forthcoming, but will they be accurate? Companiesmight anyway have lost some of the business written off to cybercrime.In that case, MrEvans s ￡800m would be on the high side.核算網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪帶來的成本損失讓人避之若浼，聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)和溫德姆酒店集團(tuán)對(duì)信用卡盜竊的影響預(yù)估大相徑庭。公司企業(yè)聲稱他們經(jīng)常受到網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊，其形式更甚高明，但他們卻不愿意公布，如果他們的漏洞被盯上的話，他們受入侵的次數(shù)以及受損程度會(huì)是多少，估計(jì)損失也被低估。他們可能會(huì)向安全局透露更多，但在這過程中他們會(huì)給出準(zhǔn)確信息嗎?企業(yè)的部分業(yè)務(wù)收入可能也與網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪的損失勾銷。在之前提到的事例中，Evan先生的8億美金就算偏高了。

In a report by Britain s Cabinet Office last year, Detica, the software arm of BAE Systems, adefence company, put the cost of cybercrime to the country at a staggering ￡27 billion, or1.8% of GDP.Businesses bore ￡21 billion, mostly because of the theft of secrets andindustrial espionage.Lots of people doubted these numbers-including, it seems, the Ministryof Defence, which commissioned a study from a team led by Ross Anderson, a computer-security expert at Cambridge University.據(jù)英國(guó)內(nèi)閣辦公廳去年的報(bào)告顯示，主理防衛(wèi)業(yè)務(wù)的英國(guó)BAE系統(tǒng)公司的附屬公司Detica給其提供軟件助理，Detica在去年投入到英國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪防范成本驚人，達(dá)到270億英鎊，占了GDP的1.8%。他們的業(yè)務(wù)收入達(dá)到210億英鎊，大部分涉及偷取商業(yè)機(jī)密和行業(yè)間諜活動(dòng)。包括國(guó)防部在內(nèi)的許多人都質(zhì)疑這份數(shù)據(jù)，國(guó)防部還特此委任了劍橋大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)安全專家Ross Anderson組織團(tuán)隊(duì)開展研究。

The team s report, published this month, shies away from adding up totals, preferring toassess the costs of different types of crime in turn, but comes up with much lower 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

figures-partly because it discounts Detica s numbers for intellectual-property theft and espionageentirely, saying they have no obvious foundation.Most of the cost of cybercrime, itconcludes, is indirect, such as spending on antivirus software or other corporate defences.In other words, a lot goes on payments by one lot of businesses to another: the computer-security industry.該團(tuán)隊(duì)于本月發(fā)布了報(bào)告，報(bào)告避而不談?chuàng)p失總量，卻反過來評(píng)估各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪造成的不同損失，但是其估算出來的數(shù)據(jù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)偏低——部分原因是他們完全不重視 Detica關(guān)于知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)竊取和商業(yè)間諜活動(dòng)的數(shù)據(jù)，聲稱他們 沒有明顯基礎(chǔ)。該報(bào)告總結(jié)，大部分針對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪的成本損失都是間接的，比如說殺毒軟件或其他公司防衛(wèi)手段的支出。換句話說，大部分花費(fèi)支付給了另一類行業(yè)：計(jì)算機(jī)安全保障行業(yè)。

That may be inevitable.Cyber-attacks are happening more often and are becoming moreprecisely targeted.Greg Day, the chief technology officer for security in the Europeanbusiness of Symantec, a computer-security firm, says that for years cybercrime was moreor less random , as crooks looked for any holes they could find anywhere.In the pastcouple of years, however, they have chosen their corporate targets more precisely.Symantec observed virtually no targeted attacks before Stuxnet, a worm that attackedindustrial-control systems, appeared in 2010.Last December it spotted an average of 154 aday.這是不可避免的，網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊越來越頻繁，目標(biāo)越來越精確。計(jì)算機(jī)安全公司賽門鐵克的歐洲分公司技術(shù)總監(jiān)Greg Day說，過去的網(wǎng)絡(luò)犯罪多多少少有點(diǎn) 隨機(jī)性，不法分子只是在到處找尋他們可以突破的漏洞而已。然而，在最近幾年，他們更加有的放矢。據(jù)賽門鐵克觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)，2010年之前，沒有任何網(wǎng)絡(luò)受到過針對(duì)性攻擊，后來，旨在攻擊企業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)的蠕蟲病毒Stuxnet出現(xiàn)了，這種情況就改變了，去年12月，每天就有154個(gè)系統(tǒng)受到這種病毒的攻擊。

The bad guys are increasingly using social media to try to find a way in, either by gatheringintelligence or by befriending employees who may be tricked into opening an e-mail withnasty code within.People, a security-industry adage runs, are the weakest link.Trainingthem to be careful may still be the best defence.越來越多壞蛋利用社交媒體進(jìn)行黑客攻擊活動(dòng)，他們要么成群結(jié)隊(duì)地展開活動(dòng)，要么找易上當(dāng)?shù)墓蛦T下手，欺騙他們打開含有惡意代碼的電子郵件。正如安保行業(yè)的格言所說，人們是最脆弱的環(huán)節(jié)。因此，訓(xùn)練人們警惕小心可能仍是最好的防衛(wèi)手段。

二．

A shiny new telescope is crowding out NASA s other science missions

一個(gè)引人矚目的望遠(yuǎn)鏡把其他科研項(xiàng)目擠出NASA的預(yù)算

THE Hubble space telescope, an orbiting observatory launched in 1990 by NASA, America 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

sspace agency, has been one of that agency s most successful missions since the Apollo moonshots in the 1960s and 1970s.It has produced a string of scientific achievements: confirmingthat most galaxies have a black hole in the middle;providing a front-row seat for thecollision, in 1994, of a comet with the planet Jupiter;and helping to uncover the strangefact that the expansion of the universe seems to be accelerating.But beyond the science,it has also been a public-relations hit.Its beautiful images have introduced a generation tothe wonders of astronomy.哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡是于1990年由美國(guó)航空航天局發(fā)射的一個(gè)軌道運(yùn)行天文臺(tái)。它已成為美國(guó)航空局自20世紀(jì)6、70年代阿波羅號(hào)發(fā)射后最重大的成就之一。它也產(chǎn)生了一系列科學(xué)成果：證實(shí)了大多數(shù)星系中間都有一個(gè)黑洞;為1994年彗星和木星碰撞的觀測(cè)提供最清晰的視角;有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)宇宙趨于加速膨脹的奇特現(xiàn)象。在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域之外，它也同樣是一個(gè)公眾討論的熱點(diǎn)。哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡所提供的美妙圖片已經(jīng)將一代又一代人引入天文學(xué)奇觀中去。

So in 2002, when the agency considered plans for a successor that would study the universein infra-red, rather than visible light, would be ready to fly in 2010 and would cost just $2.5billion, saying yes was easy.Nine years later, NASA is regretting that decision.The JamesWebb space telescope , as the new machine is called, is still in the workshop, and itslaunch date has been set back repeatedly.Its cost hasgone up to $8.8 billion, a figure that, if history is any guide, could rise still further.Whichwould be embarrassing at the best of times, but with public-spending cuts looming andNASA s budget flat for the foreseeable future, it is causing real strains.所以在2002年，代理機(jī)構(gòu)考慮一個(gè)將用紅外線代替可見光研究宇宙的繼任者的計(jì)劃。這個(gè)繼任者計(jì)劃在2010年起飛，而且只花25億美元，因此當(dāng)時(shí)很容易就通過了。但是9年以后，NASA真的很后悔當(dāng)初的決定。這臺(tái)名為JWST的新機(jī)器仍然還在工作間，并且它的發(fā)射日期一再被推演，按照以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)推測(cè)，這筆預(yù)算還會(huì)繼續(xù)增加。在這最佳時(shí)期將會(huì)是尷尬的。但是隨著公共花費(fèi)削減正隱隱約約呈現(xiàn)并且對(duì)NASA未來的預(yù)期并不景氣，它正造成真的擔(dān)憂。

In July, irritated by the JWST s rising costs, the House of Representatives tried to cut $1.9billion from NASA s budget for next year, in an attempt to have the project cancelled.OnNovember 1st, after lobbying from the telescope s defenders , the Senate passed a bill that restored the telescope s funding.7月，受到JWST不斷上升的花費(fèi)的影響，美國(guó)眾議院試圖從NASA下半年的預(yù)算中減少19億美元，讓這個(gè)項(xiàng)目取消。在9月1日，在望遠(yuǎn)鏡保護(hù)人的游說下，眾議院通過了恢復(fù)望遠(yuǎn)鏡基金的議案。

But it is not just politicians that are restive.Astronomers have long worried that theballooning costs of the telescope would affect NASA s other science projects.Officially, thespace agency will say only that other missions will be delayed, but there are fears that somecould be cut completely.One potential sacrifice is WFIRST, an infra-red space telescopeintended for launch in 2020.This is designed to probe the nature of dark energy , which 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

isthought to be responsible for the quickening expansion of the universe that Hubble helpedbring to the world s attention.A string of other, smaller projects could suffer as well.但是焦躁不安的不僅僅是政治家，天文學(xué)家也一直擔(dān)心不斷增加德望遠(yuǎn)鏡開支會(huì)影響美國(guó)航空航天局其他科研項(xiàng)目。盡管航天局發(fā)布消息說其他項(xiàng)目將僅僅被推遲，但是仍然存在一些項(xiàng)目被完全終止的可怕結(jié)果。其中最有可能被犧牲的項(xiàng)目是計(jì)劃在2020年推出的紅外線太紅望遠(yuǎn)鏡。該望遠(yuǎn)鏡為了探究宇宙 暗能量 的本質(zhì)而設(shè)計(jì)，而 暗能量 被認(rèn)為是加快宇宙膨脹的主要原因。哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡在探究 暗能量 中的作用引起了世界的關(guān)注。接下來一系列的其他小項(xiàng)目也將遇到相同的困境。

The telescope s advocates say junking it now would be a false economy.Most of the hardwarehas already been built, so cancelling it, they argue, would mean throwing all that away.Andthey play on fears that America is in danger of losing its pre-eminence in high-budget bigscience , following the closure earlier this year of the Illinois-based Tevatron, the second-most-powerful particle accelerator in the world.望遠(yuǎn)鏡的擁護(hù)者認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在放棄它也是假省錢。大多數(shù)的硬件已經(jīng)開發(fā)完成，因此，他們認(rèn)為取消他它將意味著前功盡棄。隨著今年早些時(shí)候，世界上第二給力的粒子加速器，伊利諾斯州的一萬億電子伏加速器的關(guān)閉，他們擔(dān)憂美國(guó)正面臨著失去它在以高預(yù)算為支撐的尖端科技領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)先地位的威脅。

The JWST, if it does eventually fly, would surely do some spectacular science.The size ofits mirror-25 square metres, as against Hubble s 4.5—and the location of its orbit far from thereflected light of Earth will allow it to study some of the earliest events in the universe, including the formation of the first galaxies.It will also help with thesearch for extrasolar planets.如果JWST最后可以升空的話，將要成為科學(xué)界的壯舉。它的反射鏡有25平米——遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了哈勃4.5平米的面積——而且它的運(yùn)行軌道離地球的反射光更遠(yuǎn)，可以讓人們看清早期宇宙發(fā)生的事情，包括第一個(gè)星系的形成。它也能對(duì)尋找太陽系外的行星提供幫助。

Hubble, of course, was also late-and around $2 billion over budget.It was lampooned afterits launch when a wonky mirror meant that its images were blurred almost to the point ofuselessness, and a mission by the Space Shuttle to fix the problem cost hundreds of millionsof dollars.Given its subsequent record, few now begrudge the cost.With all that in mind,NASA will press on with the JWST, at least for now.All that remains for America sastronomers to do is pray that their favourite mission is not one of those delayed, or evencancelled, to keep the new telescope on track.當(dāng)然，哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡也是出現(xiàn)較晚的，并且超出預(yù)算達(dá)20億美元。在它發(fā)射之后因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)鏡片晃動(dòng)造成像模糊而被諷刺是毫無用處的，并且一個(gè)用航天飛機(jī)來完成這樣一個(gè)修理任務(wù)要花費(fèi)上億美元，但是據(jù)它隨后傳回的數(shù)據(jù)來看，很少有人會(huì)吝嗇這筆錢。鑒于這一切，就目前而言，美國(guó)航空航天局會(huì)對(duì)JWST的研發(fā)施壓。對(duì)于美國(guó)航天員來說，他們所能做的就是祈禱他們熱衷的任務(wù)沒有被拖延或者取消將來讓望遠(yuǎn)鏡走上正軌。

第四篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

（九）The view from the top, and bottom

老板與員工的意見分歧

Bosses think their firms are caring.Their minions disagree.老板們認(rèn)為公司對(duì)員工關(guān)懷備至，但其下屬卻不以為然。

AS WALMART grew into the world s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list ofdos and don ts covering every aspect of their work.隨著沃爾瑪發(fā)展成為全球最大零售商，其員工在工作的各方各面都受到了一大堆規(guī)則的限制。

Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with thechallenges of globalisation and technological change，如今，沃爾瑪已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到其以規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化過于死板，無法應(yīng)對(duì)全球化和科技變革所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。

and is trying to instil a values-based culture, in which employees can be trusted to do theright thing because they know what the firm stands for.所以，沃爾瑪正嘗試逐漸培養(yǎng)一種以價(jià)值觀為基礎(chǔ)的公司文化，在這種文化中，員工了解公司的主張，所以能夠得到公司的信任，去做他們認(rèn)為正確的事情。

Values is the latest hot topic in management thinking.價(jià)值觀念 是管理學(xué)思維最新的熱門話題。

PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of performance with purpose.百事可樂公司已開始宣揚(yáng)一個(gè)信條： 目的性績(jī)效。

Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of human energy , though presumably itdoes not really want you to travel by rickshaw.石油公司雪佛龍?jiān)谧约旱纳虡?biāo)上印上 ‘人類體能 的供應(yīng)商 的字樣，盡管它大概并非真的希望你用人力車代步。

Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

幾乎每一家大型企業(yè)都宣稱自身正在發(fā)展更為關(guān)懷體貼、合乎道德的企業(yè)文化。

A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label.一項(xiàng)新的研究顯示，實(shí)際情況與商家們所標(biāo)榜的有差距。

Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, andauthor of How ，LRN的老板、同時(shí)也是《怎么做到的?》

a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, andconducted by the Boston Research Group, the National Governance, Culture and LeadershipAssessment is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung ofthe corporate ladder.的作者多弗?塞德曼委托波士頓研究集團(tuán)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng) 國(guó)家治理、文化和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力評(píng)估 的研究，該研究是以對(duì)來自公司各個(gè)級(jí)別的數(shù)千位美國(guó)雇員的調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)的。

It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company s culture as based oncommand-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what MrSeidman calls blind obedience.研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有43%的調(diào)查對(duì)象對(duì)其公司的文化有以下描述：以命令和指揮為基礎(chǔ)、自上而下的管理模式或強(qiáng)制式的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)——塞德曼先生稱之為 盲目服從型。

The largest category, 54%, saw their employer s culture as top-down, but with skilledleadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr Seidman calls informedacquiescence.所占百分比最多的調(diào)查對(duì)象，即有54%的人認(rèn)為其公司文化自上而下型的，但公司的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也有技巧可言，只是規(guī)則繁多并存在軟硬兼施的手段，塞德曼先生稱這種為 知情服從型。

Only 3% fell into the category of self-governance , in which everyone is guided by a set ofcore principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company s mission.只有3%的調(diào)查對(duì)象屬于 自我管理型，即每個(gè)員工都被一套 核心原則和價(jià)值 所引導(dǎo)，這套原則和價(jià)值激勵(lì)每個(gè)員工以公司的宗旨為中心進(jìn)行工作。

The study found evidence that such differences matter.研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)一些證據(jù)，證明這些公司文化之間的差異事關(guān)重大。

Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

unethicalbehaviour in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firm.在盲目服從型企業(yè)中，幾乎有過半數(shù)員工都稱在前一年目睹過有違職業(yè)道德的行為，而在其他類型的企業(yè)中只有四分之一的員工有此經(jīng)歷。

Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow thewhistle, compared with over 90% in self-governing firms.但是，在盲目服從型企業(yè)中只有約四分之一的員工說他們可能會(huì)揭發(fā)這種行為，而在自我管理型企業(yè)中卻有90%的員工會(huì)進(jìn)行揭發(fā)。

Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too.同樣，上下級(jí)之間缺乏信任會(huì)抑制員工創(chuàng)新。

More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that good ideas are readily adopted by my company.自我管理型公司中超過90%的員工承認(rèn) 絕妙的想法很容易會(huì)被公司采納，選擇性順從型公司中也有三分之二的員工這樣認(rèn)為。

At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.而在盲目服從型公司中，持這種想法的人少于五分之一。

Tragicomically, the study found that bosses often believe their own guff, even if theirunderlings do not.令人哭笑不得的是，研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)老板們時(shí)常對(duì)自己瞎掰的那一套信以為真，即便員工們不以為然。

Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organisation is self-governing.老板們相信其公司是自我管理型公司的程度比普通員工高八倍。

Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm.大約27%的老板認(rèn)為自己公司的員工能夠被公司所激勵(lì)。

Alas, only 4% of employees agree.奈何，只有4%的員工同意此說?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather thanmerely on financial results.同樣，41%的老板稱其公司對(duì)績(jī)效的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是建基于價(jià)值觀之上的，而不僅是業(yè)績(jī)。

Only 14% of employees swallow this.然而只有14%的員工接受此說。

二．

A big, bad business

點(diǎn)肥成金不現(xiàn)實(shí)

Medical firms struggle to profit from weight-loss treatments

制藥公司試圖從減肥治療中獲利

OBESITY is an epidemic to some and an opportunity to others.肥胖癥對(duì)某些人來說是傳染病，對(duì)別的一些人來說則是機(jī)遇。

More than two-thirds of Americans are overweight.超過三分之二的美國(guó)人已經(jīng)超重。

Find a way to battle the bulge and a huge profit might be made.找個(gè)辦法和肥胖對(duì)抗，說必定就此大賺一筆。

On February 22nd one pharmaceutical firm, Vivus, took a small step towards this goal.找個(gè)辦法和肥胖對(duì)抗，說必定就此大賺一筆。

A committee advising America s Food and Drug Administration recommended that itapprove Vivus s diet drug, Qnexa.2月22日，Vivus制藥公司朝著這個(gè)目標(biāo)前進(jìn)了一步。給美國(guó)食品藥物管理局做咨詢的一家委員會(huì)推薦，Vivus公司的減肥藥Qnexa。

However, the pill s long-awaited final approval may not come until April, if at all.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

但是，如果獲得批準(zhǔn)，該藥品的漫長(zhǎng)的最終肯定直到四月份才會(huì)到來。

The announcement mostly served as a reminder of what a struggle it is to turn fat intogold.公告主要是提醒人們，這是一場(chǎng)點(diǎn)肥成金的抗?fàn)帯?/p>

Pharmaceutical and medical-device companies are quite good at treating the conditions thatcome with obesity.制藥和醫(yī)療器械公司非常善于解決肥胖帶來的問題。

However, they are dismal at helping consumers lose weight.但是他們無法幫助消費(fèi)者戰(zhàn)勝肥胖本身，減少體重。

This is not for lack of trying.這不是因?yàn)槿狈L試。

Take the curious case of the gastric band.以古怪的胃部束帶為例。

Bariatric surgery can lead to weight loss in the long term.Hospitals can make money fromall bariatric procedures, including gastric bypasses , but the gastric band is a rareexample of an opportunity for device-makers to profit from weight loss.肥胖治療手術(shù)可以幫助患者在較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)減少體重。醫(yī)院就是從這些減肥療程中賺錢，包括胃繞道手術(shù)，但是胃部束帶卻是一個(gè)罕見的例子，被當(dāng)成一個(gè)器械制造商用來從減肥中賺錢的法子。

Allergan, best known for selling Botox, has tried to use its Lap-Band to tap the obesitymarket.Allergan公司以銷售肉毒桿菌而出名，嘗試用產(chǎn)品Lap-Band打入減肥市場(chǎng)。

It is an inflatable loop which the surgeon fits near the top of the stomach, which helps thepatient feel sated earlier.Lap-Band是一圈松緊帶，外科醫(yī)生可以用它繞住患者胃的上部，這樣患者會(huì)提前有腹飽感。

Allergan has captured about 70% of the worldwide market for gastric bands and balloons, 可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

butsales are now shrinking.Allergan公司在全球胃部束帶和充氣袋市場(chǎng)占有率達(dá)70%，但是如今銷量卻有所下降。

The recession has sapped consumers desire for expensive surgery.經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣讓消費(fèi)者忍住做昂貴的手術(shù)的欲望。

Some patients have had bands removed because they slipped or proved ineffective.有些病人甚至連束帶也不用了，因?yàn)槭鴰Т蚧蛘邲]有效果。

Last year the FDA approved the Lap-Band s use in patients who are only slightly overweight,but insurers have refused to pay.去年，美國(guó)食品藥物管理局同意，微超重病人使用 Lap-Band，但是保險(xiǎn)公司卻拒絕付款。

In January David Pyott, Allergan s chief executive, said he would scrap an effort to marketthe band for teenagers.一月份，Allergan公司首席執(zhí)行官David Pyott說，他將放棄在年輕人束帶市場(chǎng)的努力。

He is now trying to convince insurers of Lap-Band s merits, arguing that the $20,000surgery is recouped in saved medical costs within four years.他目前試圖讓保險(xiǎn)公司也看到Lap-Band的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他認(rèn)為兩萬美元手術(shù)費(fèi)可以在四年之內(nèi)通過減少醫(yī)療支出收回。

There is some scepticism about his chances of success: The fact that banding is not as goodas bypass has been known by everybody except the PR firms for the band, says LeeKaplan, director of the Weight Centre at Massachusetts General Hospital.至今仍有人懷疑他是否能成功：“事實(shí)上使用束帶不必胃繞道手術(shù)好，所有人都知道，除了束帶的公關(guān)公司，”馬薩諸塞州中心醫(yī)院體重中心主任Lee Kaplan如是說。

Drug companies have had even more trouble than device-makers.制藥公司的麻煩甚至比醫(yī)療器械公司的還要多。

It has been 13 years since the FDA approved a prescription diet pill.從美國(guó)食品藥物管理局批準(zhǔn)減肥藥為處方藥到如今已經(jīng)過了十三年?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

That drug, Roche s Xenical, has notorious gastrointestinal side-effects.瑞士羅氏制藥公司的Xenical臭名昭著，該藥會(huì)引發(fā)胃腸功能的副作用。

The FDA rejected Vivus s Qnexa in 2010 over concerns for the safety of pregnant women andthe quickening of patients heart rates.美國(guó)食品藥物管理局于2010年拒絕批準(zhǔn)Vivus公司的Qnexa，因?yàn)閾?dān)心該藥對(duì)孕婦的安全造成傷害，擔(dān)心該藥會(huì)加快患者的心率。

Vivus s new data apparently satisfied the FDA s advisory committee.Vivus公司新的數(shù)據(jù)顯然讓管理局的咨詢委員會(huì)滿意。

However, the agency may yet reject the drug.但是該局還是可能拒絕批準(zhǔn)該藥。

Even if Qnexa is approved, it is unclear that patients will buy it.就算Qnexa獲得批準(zhǔn)，患者會(huì)不會(huì)買賬仍不明了。

Qnexa combines two treatments that are already on the market.Qnexa結(jié)合了兩種市面上上有的療效。

Both medicines are generic, which means that doctors may prescribe the existing drugsrather than Qnexa s more expensive version.這兩種藥物都是非專利藥，這說明醫(yī)生可能會(huì)給患者開已有的藥而不選擇Qnexa，后者更貴。

For now, it is more profitable to treat fat patients than to try to make them slim.到目前為止，治療肥胖患者還是要比讓他們減肥更有利可圖。

第五篇：2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

2018年可銳考研英語閱讀文章精選

（三）Facebook and privacy Sorry, friends

臉譜和用戶隱私 對(duì)不起，朋友

The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings

社交網(wǎng)巨頭因嚴(yán)重隱私缺陷而遭受公眾譴責(zé)

FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again.臉譜一直在玩火，這次它又燒傷了自己的指頭。

On November 29th America s Federal Trade Commission announced that it hadreached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it hadmisled people about its use of their personal data.11月29日美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)聲明已和該社交網(wǎng)巨頭關(guān)于公眾對(duì)它欺騙用戶、濫用用戶個(gè)人信息的控訴初步達(dá)成解決方案。

The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users,betrayed its users trust.這份解決方案的細(xì)目明確說明，臉譜網(wǎng)背叛了它所聲稱的八億用戶的信任。

It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft anew privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.FTC有個(gè)更大的計(jì)劃，那就是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的隱私框架以應(yīng)對(duì)美國(guó)快速攀升的社交網(wǎng)用戶。而這份方案似乎是這個(gè)計(jì)劃中的一部分，這也是它受到廣泛關(guān)注的另一個(gè)原因。

The regulator s findings come at a sensitive time for Facebook, which is said to be preparingfor an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion.調(diào)解員的調(diào)查對(duì)這個(gè)時(shí)候的臉譜網(wǎng)來說很敏感。據(jù)說它正在準(zhǔn)備明年的首次招股，這將使它的價(jià)值達(dá)到一千億。

To clear the way for its blockbuster flotation, the firm first needs to resolve its privacytussles with regulators in America and Europe.為了給這次非同一般的上市計(jì)劃掃清障礙，臉譜網(wǎng)必須首先解決與美國(guó)和歐洲協(xié)調(diào)員關(guān)于用戶隱私的爭(zhēng)端，因此這周它公開了商談意向?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

Hence its willingness to negotiate the settlement unveiled this week, which should befinalised at the end of December after a period for public comment.經(jīng)過征詢公共意見后，商談結(jié)果將在十二月底最終敲定。

Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook hadmade claims that were unfair and deceptive, and violated federal law.宣布協(xié)議時(shí)，F(xiàn)TC說發(fā)現(xiàn)有好幾回臉譜的聲明都是 不公平，虛假并觸犯聯(lián)邦法 的，F(xiàn)or instance, it passed on personally identifiable information to advertisers, even though itsaid it would not do so.比如，它把用戶身份信息透露給廣告商，但是嘴上卻聲稱不會(huì)做此類事情。

And it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deactivated and deletedaccounts inaccessible.還有，賬戶不再活動(dòng)或取消后，上面的相片和視頻卻仍然可以被搜索到，這完全與它的承諾不相符。

The settlement does not constitute an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law.臉譜沒有在這份協(xié)議中承認(rèn)自己觸犯法律。

But the regulator s findings are deeply embarrassing for the company nonetheless.但是，協(xié)調(diào)員的調(diào)查結(jié)果已經(jīng)讓這個(gè)公司陷入極為尷尬的境地。

In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook s boss, tried to play downthe impact of the deal.同一天，臉譜老板Mark Zuckerberg在一篇博文上極力淡化這份協(xié)議的影響。

First he claimed that a small number of high-profile mistakes were overshadowing thesocial network s good history on privacy.在這篇博文中他首先聲明 一小部分被高調(diào)炒作的錯(cuò)誤 正在掩蓋臉譜網(wǎng)關(guān)于用戶隱私的 良好記錄。

Then he confessed that it could still do better and said he had hired two new chief privacyofficers.接著，他承認(rèn)確實(shí)有一些地方需要改進(jìn)，并說明他已經(jīng)雇用了兩名新的 首席隱私官?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself.FTC不指望臉譜自我監(jiān)督。

Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers approval before itchanges the way it shares their data.And it has agreed to an independent privacy auditevery two years for the next 20 years.此外，在改變用戶信息共享方式前，它還必須征詢用戶的同意，并且它也同意在未來二十年里每?jī)赡赀M(jìn)行一次獨(dú)立的隱私審核。

Jeff Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy reckons this will make it somewhat easier forprivacy activists to hold the social network to account.數(shù)字民主中心的Jeff Chester認(rèn)為，這從某種程度上讓隱私主義者更容易相信臉譜會(huì)為自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。

There is a clear pattern here.這里有個(gè)很清晰的模式。

In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Googleaccept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers privacy.從過去幾年里Twitter和Google各自的案例來看，在這兩家公司分別被指控觸犯用戶隱私后，F(xiàn)TC也堅(jiān)持要求兩家公司接受定期的外部審核，The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo,but one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate.目的似乎就是為了給此類社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)比現(xiàn)狀嚴(yán)格卻又有足夠空間革新的管理制度。

The audits can be used to tweak the framework in the light of new developments.從發(fā)展的角度講，這些審核有助于打破原本框架。

Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect apush for more onerous privacy legislation in America.一些觀測(cè)者認(rèn)為，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司全盤接受這些審核，希望借此擺脫美國(guó)更為繁瑣的隱私保護(hù)法?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

But outrage over Facebook s behaviour could spur Congress into action anyway.And it willcertainly not be lost on regulators in Europe who are scrutinising the social network sprivacy record too.但是公眾對(duì)臉譜行為的不滿終將刺激國(guó)會(huì)做出反應(yīng)，而正在審閱該社交網(wǎng)隱私記錄的歐洲協(xié)調(diào)員們也必然會(huì)給予這些不滿的呼聲以相應(yīng)的重視。

Mr Zuckerberg s latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his last.看來Zuckerberg先生最近的這次檢討不會(huì)是最后一次。

二．

Drugmakers Cliffhanger

制藥企業(yè) 懸念

Big Pharma struggles to protect its blockbusters as they lose patent protection

大型制藥企業(yè)艱難保護(hù)著專利失效的 重磅炸彈 藥物

FOR some years the big drugmakers have been dreading an approaching patent cliff —aslump in sales as the patents on their most popular pills expire or are struck down by legalchallenges, with few new potential blockbusters to take their place.多年來，大型制藥企業(yè)一直擔(dān)心 專利懸崖 出現(xiàn)——最暢銷藥品的專利到期或?qū)＠蛟V訟而中止，而市場(chǎng)上鮮有新的 重磅炸彈 藥物，這時(shí)企業(yè)的銷售額將會(huì)銳減。

This week the patent on the best-selling drug in history expired—Lipitor, an anti-cholesterolpill which earned Pfizer nearly $11 billion in revenues last year.本周，史上最暢銷的藥物 立普妥 專利到期，這種降膽固醇藥去年就為輝瑞公司賺了近110億美元。

In all, blockbusters with a combined $170 billion in annual sales will go off-patent by 2015.到了2015年，多種 重磅炸彈 藥物的專利都將失效。

What is supposed to happen now is that lots of copycat firms rush in with generic versions of Lipitor at perhaps one-fifth of its price.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

很多仿制藥公司現(xiàn)在大概正忙著推出與立普妥的非專利藥，價(jià)格僅為立普妥的1/5。

Patients and health-care payers should reap the benefit.病人和醫(yī)療費(fèi)用支付方會(huì)收益，而輝瑞的收入會(huì)縮水。

Pfizer s revenues should suffer.The same story will be repeated many times, as otherbest-selling drugs march over the patent cliff.同樣的事件將反復(fù)上演，因?yàn)槠渌麜充N藥也要臨近專利懸崖。

But generics makers may face delays getting their cheaper versions to market.然而，非專利制藥企業(yè)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)仿制藥上市一拖再拖。

Ranbaxy, a Japanese-owned drugmaker, struggled to get regulators approval for itsgeneric version of Lipitor, and only won it on the day the patent expired.蘭伯西這家日本制藥企業(yè)歷盡艱辛，獲得了立普妥非專利藥的生產(chǎn)許可，但該許可要到專利失效那天才生效。

More important, research-based drug firms are using a variety of tactics to make the patentcliff slope more gently.更重要的是，以研發(fā)為基礎(chǔ)的制藥公司正使用各種方法緩沖 專利懸崖 效應(yīng)。

Jon Leibowitz, chairman of America s Federal Trade Commission , is concerned bydrugmakers filing frivolous additional patents on their products to put off the day whentheir protection expires.美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)主席Jon Leibowitz注意到，制藥商們千方百計(jì)地為產(chǎn)品增加后續(xù)專利，以延緩保護(hù)的失效，但其實(shí)那些專利沒什么價(jià)值。

Another tactic is pay-for-delay , in which a drugmaker facing a legal challenge to itspatent pays its would-be competitor to put off introducing its cheaper copy.另一種戰(zhàn)術(shù)是 有償延遲 協(xié)議，也就是說在專利訴訟時(shí)，制藥企業(yè)會(huì)付給未來競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手一筆錢，以延遲價(jià)錢更低的仿制藥進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)。

In the year to October the FTC identified what it believes to be 28 such settlements.截止到10月，F(xiàn)TC就發(fā)現(xiàn)了28起類似事件。

American and European regulators are looking into these deals.可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

美國(guó)和歐洲的監(jiān)管部門也開始調(diào)查這些協(xié)議。

However, legal challenges against them have faltered, and a bill to ban them is stuck inCongress.然而，反對(duì)這些協(xié)議的訴訟一再擱淺，而美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)也未能通過禁止此類事件的一項(xiàng)法案。

To encourage generics makers to challenge patents on drugs, and introduce cheapercopies，為了鼓勵(lì)非專利制藥企業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)藥品專利、生產(chǎn)價(jià)錢更低的仿制藥，an American law passed in 1984 says that the first one to do so will get a 180-day exclusivityperiod，美國(guó)于1984年通過一項(xiàng)法案，其中提到 第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)成功的仿制藥企能獲得180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期，in which no other generics maker can sell versions of the drug in question, as Ranbaxysupposedly won with Lipitor.在此期間其他仿制藥企不能販?zhǔn)弁粚＠幍钠渌轮扑?，就像蘭伯西獲得立普妥仿制藥的生產(chǎn)權(quán)一樣。

However, Pfizer is exploiting a loophole in the 1984 law, which lets it appoint a second,authorised copycat—in this case, Watson, another American firm.然而，輝瑞鉆了這個(gè)法案的空子，它讓第二家授權(quán)仿制藥企業(yè)——華生制藥公司來仿制。

According to BernsteinResearch, under the deal between the two drugmakers Pfizer willreceive about 70% of Watson s revenues from its approved copy of Lipitor.根據(jù)BernsteinResearch的分析，在此交易期間，華生公司獲得立普妥的仿制權(quán)，輝瑞將獲得華生公司年收入的70%。

More unusual, Pfizer has cut the price of its original version, and will keep marketing itvigorously.更為不同的是，輝瑞將降低立普妥專利藥的價(jià)格，并對(duì)其采取積極的營(yíng)銷策略。

So Ranbaxy faces not one, but two competitors.所以說，蘭伯西的對(duì)手是兩個(gè)，而非一個(gè)?？射J教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

This strategy has precedent, says David Risinger of Morgan Stanley, but the scale andstructure of Pfizer s scheme is unmatched.摩根士丹利的David Risinger認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)策略雖有先例，但就規(guī)模和結(jié)構(gòu)而言絕對(duì)不能與輝瑞的計(jì)劃相比。

Patients with a special discount card from Pfizer will make co-payments of just $4 for a month s worth of the originalLipitor, compared with about $10 for many generic medicines.輝瑞的患者，若使用一種特殊打折卡，通過共同支付方式，只花4美元就可以獲得一個(gè)月用量的立普妥專利藥，而其他仿制品需要花費(fèi)約10美元。

Pfizer is also offering Lipitor for a generic price to big firms such as Medco, which managehealth schemes prescription costs.輝瑞還以仿制藥價(jià)格向美可保健等大型公司提供立普妥。

All this may raise Pfizer s sales by nearly $500m in the first half of 2012 compared with whatthey would otherwise have been, says Tim Anderson of BernsteinResearch, with revenuesthen falling after the 180 days are over.BernsteinResearch的Tim Anderson認(rèn)為，所有這些舉措將使得輝瑞2012年上半年的銷售額比不采取措施時(shí)增加近5億美元，總收入在180天市場(chǎng)獨(dú)占期后會(huì)下降。

Medco argues that Pfizer s scheme will save money for all parties, and ensure a steadysupply of the drug.美可保健公司辯解說，輝瑞的項(xiàng)目是為各方省錢，并保證穩(wěn)定供貨。

Others fear that Pfizer s tactics may drive up costs for the employers who sponsor healthplans, thanks to the complexities of co-payment schemes, and confuse patients lectured foryears about the merits of generics.也有人擔(dān)心，由于共同支付計(jì)劃很復(fù)雜，輝瑞的戰(zhàn)術(shù)會(huì)增加雇主門支付健康計(jì)劃的成本，也讓患者們?cè)跀?shù)年內(nèi)都不明白仿制藥的重要意義。

Express Scripts is advising the health plans it works for to reject Pfizer s deals for Lipitor.快捷藥方公司正建議其所屬的健康計(jì)劃反對(duì)輝瑞的立普妥交易。

The biggest worry is that Pfizer s strategy, if copied, will make the 180-day exclusivityperiod worth far less, and thus discourage generics firms from challenging patents in thefirst place.他們最擔(dān)心，如若輝瑞的做法被仿制，那么180天專有期的價(jià)值會(huì)縮水，而仿制藥公司可銳教育官網(wǎng)http://004km.cn

挑戰(zhàn)專利的動(dòng)力也會(huì)在初期被抑制。