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      淺談國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略
      
        
       時間：2019-05-14 12:55:18下載本文作者：會員上傳
      
      
      
      
      
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      第一篇：淺談國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略
      

      淺談國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略
      摘 要：隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的不斷發(fā)展，世界各國之間的貿(mào)易往來越來越密切，商務(wù)英語在國際貿(mào)易中起著越來越重要的作用。本文從商務(wù)英語的基本地位和作用入手，分析了商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點，并根據(jù)國際商務(wù)活動的具體情況簡述了國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略，僅供參考。
      關(guān)鍵詞：商務(wù)英語；翻譯；策略
      近年來，隨著國際貿(mào)易的不斷發(fā)展，各國之間的經(jīng)濟交流和合作也得到了加強，英語作為國際通用語言，在這種交流和合作中起著越來越重要的作用，在此情況下，商務(wù)英語在國際貿(mào)易中的作用也是不言而喻的。鑒于此，本文將從商務(wù)英語的基本地位和作用入手，對商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點進行分析，并結(jié)合實際簡述了國際商務(wù)英語的翻譯策略。商務(wù)英語概述
      對于商務(wù)英語的理解，很多相關(guān)的專業(yè)人士都有相同的看法，他們都認為商務(wù)英語的用途不可小覷，它是專門用途英語中不可缺少的部分，在國際貿(mào)易活動中起著重要的作用，雖然它和普通英語有著相同的特點，但又有自身的特點，它的表現(xiàn)內(nèi)容和語言現(xiàn)象都與普通英語不同。有相關(guān)的專業(yè)人士對商務(wù)英語的基本理論進行了歸納總結(jié)，將其概括為文化背景、管理職能、專業(yè)知識、交際職能和語言知識。因此，商務(wù)英語就是在進行國際合作和交流過程中使用的英語。隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的不斷發(fā)展，國際商務(wù)活動越來越頻繁，商務(wù)英語在國際貿(mào)易中起著越來越重要的作用，國際商務(wù)英語的翻譯也引起了人們的高度重視。商務(wù)英語可以促進對外交流，這是其主要作用，而商務(wù)合同又是對外交流的重要內(nèi)容，因此，相比于普通英語的翻譯，商務(wù)英語的翻譯較為復雜，翻譯者必須熟悉相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識和語言特點，還要遵守相關(guān)的商務(wù)英語翻譯原則。商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點
      概括起來說，商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點較多，主要包括清晰、準確、具體、簡潔、完整等。所謂清晰，就是要求商務(wù)文書有明確的主題，合理的結(jié)構(gòu)，清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)。準確就是要求譯文內(nèi)容合乎語法，用詞準確[1]。具體就是要求商務(wù)文書的翻譯具體明確。簡潔就是要求譯文內(nèi)容凝練，具備效率性和時間性。完整就是要求譯文內(nèi)容完整。商務(wù)英語翻譯特點主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯運用特征和語言特點上。
      2.1 商務(wù)英語的詞匯特點
      有關(guān)人士認為，在翻譯的過程中，僅僅掌握兩種語言是無法成功進行翻譯的，還需要掌握兩種文化，因為詞匯在不同文化背景下的意義不同。因此，商務(wù)英語的翻譯需要理解文化差異。商務(wù)英語詞匯還有一個特點就是詞匯縮寫。在國際商務(wù)活動中，由于商務(wù)活動十分頻繁，為了盡快跟上商務(wù)活動的步驟，很多詞匯都會進行縮寫，涉獵范圍非常廣。此外，商務(wù)英語習慣運用形象化詞和新詞。例如Soft-Landing，按照普通英語的翻譯習慣可譯為重量級公司，而在商務(wù)英語中則是指在財政政策和貨幣政策的影響下，對高速增長的經(jīng)濟進行適當調(diào)整，使其恢復正常運作。
      2.2 商務(wù)英語的語言特點
      商務(wù)英語的語言具有很強的專業(yè)性，專業(yè)詞匯運用恰到好處，詞匯含義會因情景的變化而變化。同時，商務(wù)英語詞匯的運用都是符合一定的標準和規(guī)范的。絕大多數(shù)的商務(wù)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)與普通英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)不一樣且難以分清，在新聞報道、合同協(xié)議和招標文書等正式文件中，都是采用正式的文體、嚴謹規(guī)范的句式來完成的。此外，語言表達的要求較高。商務(wù)英語在國際商務(wù)活動中主要作用就是對外交流，其包括雙方的義務(wù)和權(quán)利，這就要求語言表達恰到好處，保證信息的傳達正確無誤。所以，商務(wù)英語表達的內(nèi)容要與實際情況相符，確保各類數(shù)據(jù)的準確性。商務(wù)英語翻譯的策略
      基于上述商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點，可以提煉出商務(wù)英語翻譯的策略，主要包括以下幾大策略：文化差異的理解；研究商務(wù)合同翻譯策略；努力避免錯誤等。
      3.1 文化差異的理解
      由于各國文化存在著較大的差異，對語言的理解也不同，這就極易引發(fā)誤譯和誤解。部分詞語有著不同的文化內(nèi)涵，其漢語涵義與英語涵義也不一樣，有些辭典對詞語的翻譯可能不準確，就無法正確表達與理解其真正涵義。例如，我們都知道的1972年（上海公報）中的acknowledge，中美雙方對其就有不同的理解。中方理解成美方“承認”，而美方則理解成“熟知”，“知道”。此外，其他事件中也遇到過這種情況。這就與文化背景和詞語的涵義有關(guān)。
      再有，在某次商務(wù)活動中，德國商人與美國商人進行談判時有這么一句話：“I know it is impossible，but can we do it ？”德國商人對impossible的理解是不可能的，而美國人的理解卻不一樣，這種理解差異與文化差異有著緊密的聯(lián)系。據(jù)此可知，商務(wù)活動和商務(wù)文章中的詞語運用較為靈活，要根據(jù)文化背景和上下文來翻譯理解，否則就會出現(xiàn)誤譯和誤解。
      3.2 研究商務(wù)合同翻譯策略
      商務(wù)合同都是經(jīng)過雙方同意而簽訂的，與雙方的利益有著莫大的關(guān)系，要特別重視其翻譯，這就要求有商務(wù)合同的翻譯策略。商務(wù)合同的翻譯極為重要，要分清合同是屬于什么類型的。在翻譯前，要在知其梗概的基礎(chǔ)上，了解合同種類和其基本意思，熟知篇章特點和合同的結(jié)構(gòu)條款[2]。同時，要對條款進行認真研讀。在大概了解原文內(nèi)容后，要仔細、嚴謹?shù)匮凶x條款，理解詞語的實際涵義，分清其句子結(jié)構(gòu)，以便進行正確地翻譯。此外，要對翻譯進行有效組織。在完成上述工作后，選取相應(yīng)的詞語，準確、規(guī)范地翻譯原文。當然，審譯、漏譯等工作也不容忽視。翻譯后，要對譯文的審譯進行組織，以便能夠及時地發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并解決，碰到漏譯的情況，一定要及時地進行補充，不然的話，就會給雙方造成巨大的損失。同時，合同中也有許多陷阱，需要引起高度的重視，以免自己的利益受損。
      3.3 努力避免錯誤
      在翻譯商務(wù)英語的過程中，商務(wù)英語翻譯工作者應(yīng)具備扎實的專業(yè)知識和翻譯的基本策略，還要養(yǎng)成良好的習慣，努力避免錯誤。就算是碰到一些常用的詞或詞組，只要碰到不懂的問題，就要翻查相關(guān)的辭典，千萬不可望文生義，完全照搬。中國學生在翻譯的過程中，經(jīng)常會以漢語的理解思維來進行翻譯，這樣就極易出現(xiàn)誤譯或錯譯，從而導致信息傳遞梗塞，讓人無法理解。通常情況下，此種錯誤有兩類，一類是語法錯誤，還有一類是詞匯錯誤，如The prices are cheap會誤翻譯為物價低廉，其實物價低廉正確的翻譯是The prices are low.4 結(jié)語
      綜上所述，商務(wù)英語在國際商務(wù)活動中起著重要的作用，可以促進各國之間的經(jīng)濟合作和交流。由于商務(wù)英語與普通英語存在著差異性，商務(wù)英語的翻譯也有自身的特點，因此，在國際商務(wù)活動中，要注意國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略，以便更好地促進國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。
      參考文獻
      [1]孫圣勇.論國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略[J].商業(yè)視角，2012，47（10）：155-156.[2]林邦鈞.試論國際商務(wù)英語翻譯策略[J].中國西部科技，2011，36（12）：187-188.作者簡介
      呂昕（1992-），男，山東省煙臺市人，山東大學，大學生。
      第二篇：國際商務(wù)英語翻譯
      1.國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家當事人進行的交易，它涉及到許多因素。因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復雜的多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries.It involves mort factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2.隨著經(jīng)濟一體化進程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨立于國際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展，又有益于個人的進步With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can enterprises and personal advancement 3.其他參與國際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同，承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。completely stay away from international business.Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project 4.國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進口到另一國進行消費或轉(zhuǎn)售。International consumption or resale in another.5.除了國際貿(mào)易和投資，國際許可和特許經(jīng)營有時也是進入國際市場的一種方式
      Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are some times taken as a means of entering a foreign market.（二）
      1.國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國收入的兩個重要概念，區(qū)別在于前者強調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進行生產(chǎn)的國家。business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e.exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s income.The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place 2.要估評某一市場的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因為它為那里居民的購買力高低提供了線索In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3.世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域，高收入國家、中等收入國家和低收入國家
      Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of  high-income, middle income and low income 4.中國現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個低收入國家。
      China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.5.就中國來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場，如亞洲四小虎，東盟國家，俄羅斯等國，這些國家都具有前景看好的市場潛力，能為中國提供很好的商機。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc.Those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.(三)1.過去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟一體化越來越嚴重。
      The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.2經(jīng)濟聯(lián)盟的成員國不僅要在稅收、政府開支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)適用同一的貨幣。
      The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc, but also use the same currency.3歐洲委員會是歐盟的管理機構(gòu)之一，此機構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長理事會做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。
      The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU.It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty 4APEC建立與在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長級會議上。當時有12位成員國出席，分別是澳大利亞、美國、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟六國。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attened by 12members of Australia，the united states，canada，japan，republic of korea，new zealand and six ASEAN countries.5著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。
      The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991(四)1.經(jīng)濟全球化為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展提供了新的動力和機會, 同時也使各經(jīng)濟體更加相互依賴、相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive 2.跨國公司是在一個以上國家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。
      A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assents in more than one country 3.許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟全球帶來的好處，但同時也有強烈的反對聲音。
      An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters 4.跨國公司的內(nèi)部交換在整個國際貿(mào)易的一個很大的比例。
      The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade 5.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業(yè)的子公司，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司和新投資等都由母公司來決定。
      Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCS, the major decisions, such at those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company 6.無論人們是否喜歡，經(jīng)濟全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中的一個客觀趨勢。
      Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development
      （五）1.在復雜的經(jīng)濟世界中，沒有一個國家可以完全自給自足。
      In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient 2.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國際專業(yè)化。
      With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e.international specialization 3.按照比較利益學說，兩個貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。
      According to the theory on comparative advantage both trade partners can benefit from trade.4.比較利益并不是一個靜止的概念，一個國家可以通過自己的行為發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept.A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action 5.比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國際貿(mào)易思想的基石。
      The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade
      6.根據(jù)絕對利益理論，只有當一個國家生產(chǎn)的某一商品對另一個國家具有絕對優(yōu)勢時，貿(mào)易才會發(fā)生。According to the absolute advantage theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one commodity.（六）
      1.一件商品的成本會因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴大而減小。
      The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale 2.在實際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟上有利，也可能永遠不會發(fā)生。
      In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous
      3.配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的關(guān)稅壁壘。
      Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers 4.國家從事貿(mào)易種類是多樣的，復雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合。
      The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.5.貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個國家生產(chǎn)能力上而是建立在不同的消費偏好上。Trade will be based not on difference in the production capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences 6.各國政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護主義措施是貿(mào)易壁壘，典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。
      Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.7.由于戰(zhàn)略或國內(nèi)的原因，一個國家可能繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)不具備優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。
      For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage 8.有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進出口貿(mào)易而無形貿(mào)易涉及的是國家間的勞務(wù)交換。Visible trade,.which involves the import and export of goods，there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.（七）
      1.包裝需按運輸?shù)囊筮M行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運到目的地所需要的包裝。Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation.In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.2.在許可情況下，應(yīng)通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運之時或之前安排驗貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則賣方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗貨費用。
      In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment.Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.3.進口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運輸單據(jù)將貨物在運輸途中賣給新的賣方，這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非常方便。very convenient for use The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are 5.2000年對國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動中電子通訊使用的增加以及運輸方式的變化。The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices 6.如果貨物丟失或受損或因某種原因沒有運到，買賣雙方的信任就會下降可能會嚴重到引起法律糾紛的地步。If they are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought 7.買賣雙方在制定合同時，如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參考，他們就肯定簡單可靠的確定各自的責任。If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to , they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely
      (八)1.合同依法實施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強制做出賠償。
      A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2.口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對面的直接談判或通過國際長途電話進行的商談。Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls 3.買方發(fā)出的詢盤時為了獲得擬定購商品的有關(guān)信息，它對發(fā)出詢盤的人無約束力。Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered and are not binding on the inquirer 4.有效期對于實盤是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時間之前，或在被對方接受或拒絕之前發(fā)盤一直是有效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected
      5.還盤是對發(fā)盤的拒絕，一旦做出還盤，原報盤即將失效而失去約束力。
      A counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made
      6.還盤可以針對發(fā)盤中的價格、付款條件、裝運時間或其他條款而提出。A counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payments, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer 7.合同背面的規(guī)定是合同的組成部分，對合同雙方同樣具有約束力The stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contraction parties
      （九）1.對銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國家的政治目標相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對外匯短缺和擴大出口之類的問題。objectives in these countries As counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy 2.實際上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services
      3.回購貿(mào)易和互購貿(mào)易之間另一個重要的區(qū)別在于回購貿(mào)易一般比互購貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長一段時間。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time the a counter purchase deal 4.在正常的市場交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場手段，貨物的買與賣是分別進行的。In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled because of the use of money and the market
      5.盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風險很大的事。
      Despite all its advantage, counter trade can be very risky business
      6.在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。
      Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc
      7.對銷貿(mào)易成為一個將賣方的出口，從買方的進口聯(lián)系起來的跨國界合同的術(shù)語總稱。Counter trade has become the generic term to describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer
      (十)1.在國際貿(mào)易中進出口雙方都面臨風險，因為總存在對不履約的可能。In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract
      2.為處理國際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade
      3.許多國際交易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對銀行是顧客的支付命令。A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a customers to pay
      4.即期付款交單要求進口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents
      5.就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A
      (十一)1.在國際貿(mào)易中，幾乎不可能使付款和實際交貨同時進行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the good
      2.信用證付款方式對買賣雙方都提供保障。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer
      3.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，信用證得到了實質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。
      Credits had substantial development after the First World War
      4.要么因為信用證金額過大，要么因為對開證行不完全信任，出口商有時可能需要保兌的信用證。Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit
      5.信用證的形式、長短、語言和規(guī)定各不相同。
      Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations
      6.雙邊保證是信用證獨特的具有代表性的特征。
      The bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit 7.信用證不但保所購貨物就是發(fā)票所開或所裝運的貨物。It does not guarantee that the goods purchased will be those invoiced or shipped
      8.銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù)而不是所寄予的合同，銀行對于貨物是否符合合同不承擔法律責任。The banks are only concerned with the documents representing the goods instead of the underlying contracts.They have no legal obligation whether the goods comply with the contract
      (十二)1.信用證按其作用、形式和機制分作不同的種類。
      Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism
      2.光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade
      3.在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。In the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents
      5.如果信用證可以有原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個或幾個人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties 6.對于一筆具體交易來說，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式，締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況做出最好的選擇。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions 7.如果允許分批裝運，信用證可以同時轉(zhuǎn)讓給多個受益人。Transferring a credit to more than one party at the same time is allowed provided partial shipments are permitted
      (十三)1.在國際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進口商提貨時會遇到困難。It is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods
      2.商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱“發(fā)票”這種單據(jù)對貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價和總價進行概括性描述。The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods
      3.貨物在運輸過程中可能發(fā)生風險損失，需要辦理貨物保險。It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.4.已裝船提單表明貨物已實際裝上開往目的港的承運船只。An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination
      5.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods
      6.簽發(fā)保險單的日期可以早于提單的簽發(fā)日，但絕不能遲于提單簽發(fā)日。The date on which the document can be made earlier but by on means later than the date of the bill of lading
      （十四）1.毫無疑問，一個沒有先進的運輸系統(tǒng)的社會仍然是一個原始落后的社會。There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive
      2.這些方式在運作特點和性能方面不同。從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢和劣勢，五種運輸方式是水路、鐵路、公路、管道、航空。The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages.The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air
      3.過去10年，公司自己提供運輸能力的傾向越來越大。The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.4.作為一個社會，我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時更富裕、更消閑。As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community
      5.最近幾年運輸功能引人注目的另一個因素就是越來越多的使用零庫存系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入為基礎(chǔ)的。Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs
      6.運輸業(yè)可能更容易的集中原料和勞動力的投入去生產(chǎn)某項產(chǎn)品。Transportation allows the entrepreneur to assemble more easily the raw material and labor inputs needed to make a specific product
      (十五)1.保險是一種風險轉(zhuǎn)換機制通過保險個人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others
      2.即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費用即保險費用來轉(zhuǎn)移風險，而不愿面對不確定的風險損失。Even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss 3.對企業(yè)來說損失的價值要比個人高很多。因此，保險費也比一棟房子或一兩車高出許多。In the case of business enterprises,the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car
      4.企業(yè)投保的主要刺激時他們可以騰出資金，進行其他項目的投資。The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items
      5.因此，貨物保險是一種目的在于把風險從進口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到轉(zhuǎn)敏承擔風險的保險人一方的活動。Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters
      6.通過向共同基金投保，投保方就得到了一旦遭受損失時要求從基金中得到賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。By paying a premium into an insurance pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation from the pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation from the pool should he suffer loss.（十六）
      1.沒有可保利益的保險合同是無效的，而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會被受理。An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained 2.盡管錯誤的陳述是無意的，保險人還是受到欺騙，從而保險合同無效。Even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.3.將受損失人的利益恢復到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險合同。A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred
      4.賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運輸費用再加上保險費再加上一個商訂的百分比如10%。The compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%
      5.如果投保的險別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險公司將不予賠償。The insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.6.每一份保險合同都需要有可保利益的支持，否則它就是無效的，任何根據(jù)此合同提出的索賠都不會受理。Every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it, or otherwise it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained
      7.若兩份保險單承保同一事件，兩家保險公司將按比例分攤損失賠償這恢復保險人損失部分。If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position
      (十七)1.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個國家通過將本國貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的評價。Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value 2.1944年44國在美國布雷頓森林舉行會議簽署了協(xié)議，計劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實現(xiàn)更好的合作。In 1944, 44 nations held a conference at Bretton Woods, U.S.A., to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter
      3.彈性匯率從沒有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動過。因為中央銀行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對貨幣價格進行干涉。The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate 4.在特定條件下，提高利率可以吸引國外短期資金，提高一國的外匯匯率。Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency 5.外匯匯率有三種形式，即：買進匯率、售出匯率、和兩者的平均值----中間匯率。There are three types of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate
      (十八)1.這些機構(gòu)的共同目標是通過把發(fā)達國家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國家?guī)椭@些國家提高生活水平。The common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries
      2.國際復興開發(fā)銀行的資金有相當大一部分來自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。A substantial contribution to the IBRD’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans
      3.國際復興開發(fā)銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國家提供的。The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth
      4.國際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會員國提供中期貸款。The purpose of IMF is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties
      5.為了承擔這項使命，多邊投資擔保機構(gòu)向投資者提供擔保以防范非商業(yè)性風險，向發(fā)展中成員國政府提供咨詢，并為國際商業(yè)界與東道國政府就投資問題安排對話。To undertake this mission, MIG offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.(十九)1.對外直接投資是國際投資的主要方式，一國居民為進行督控和經(jīng)營通過對外投資獲取另一國的資產(chǎn)。Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them
      2.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進行對外投資的主要動機之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個重要發(fā)面。Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI.And lowering production costs is an important consideration
      3.直接在國外經(jīng)營提高一個公司產(chǎn)品的能見度，使當?shù)乜蛻魧λ麄兯徺I的商品更加放心。Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy
      4.及時庫存管理系統(tǒng)的引進能最大限度地降低庫存從而提高經(jīng)營效率。The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation
      5.國外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購買現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures
      (二十)1.選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價格購買或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time 2.未掛牌證券市場是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立地位的，但是較小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。
      The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established，but smaller，less mature companies 3.政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。One of the ways the government meets the public Sector Borrowing Requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks
      4.通過為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場，股票交易所長期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities
      5.國際股票交易所提供了一種途徑，使人們的存貨能夠為那些需要資金的人所利用。The International Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance
      (二十一)1.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系(現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織)是通過一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來的，它最初有三個基本目標。The GATT system(now WTO)was developed through a series of trade negotiations or rounds.It originally had three basic goals
      2.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對中國有益，因為它將促進中國的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，降低商品成本和服務(wù)費用，刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會，改善法制。China’s WTO accession will benefit China because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law.3.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進自由貿(mào)易、進一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛解決機制。The main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures
      4.WTO爭端解決機制是當今國際水準上的最為活躍的體系而且對國際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。The WTO dispute settlement system is the most is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.5.盡管中國取得了很大的成就，但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競爭來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險業(yè)，還有一部分來自于一些國家所采取的貿(mào)易保護主義措施。Despite all the achievements, China still faces big challenges.Some of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance industries.And some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries
      （二十二）1.盡管第一次會議沒有制定出具體目標，聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實施改善發(fā)展進程的措施。Although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general target of UNCTAD is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process
      2.在沒有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應(yīng)立即采用強制的合自動的補救措施。In the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings
      3.實際上西方國家在使低收入國家繁榮起來的同時，其對這些國家的出口將增加，因此也能獲得經(jīng)濟效益。The western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up
      4.國際經(jīng)濟新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達國家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易發(fā)面的優(yōu)惠。The new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries
      5.貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會是聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會議的常設(shè)機構(gòu)。
      A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the United Nations Conforence on Trade and Development
      第三篇：國際商務(wù)英語翻譯
      Unit2 4為了支持和促進國際商務(wù)，公司和政府發(fā)展了各項有關(guān)服務(wù)，諸如建立銀行信貸協(xié)定、制定匯劃結(jié)算安排和締結(jié)國際郵政協(xié)定，從而保證國際商務(wù)的順利開展和擴大
      In order to support and facilitate international business, companies and governments have developed services, such as establishment of bank credit agreements, make remittance settlement arrangements and international postal agreements conclusion, in order to ensure the smoothly development and expansion of international business
      5在加劇的外國競爭的壓力下，為了維持競爭力，謀求生存和發(fā)展，公司不得不將其業(yè)務(wù)擴展到國際市場，對國外銷售機會作出反應(yīng)，積極擴大國際商務(wù)活動 Under the pressure of foreign competition, in order to maintain competitiveness, to seek survival and development, the company will have to expand its business into the international market, respond quickly to many foreign sales opportunities, and actively expand the international business activities
      Unit3
      1、許多國家和地區(qū)工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的巨大增長
      Many countries and regions in the tremendous growth of industrial and agricultural production
      2、導致工業(yè)國對食品和原材料的需求迅速增長
      In industrial countries on food and raw materials to the rapid growth of demand
      3、增至十五倍的工業(yè)品進口量
      Increased to fifteen times of industrial products imports
      4、對發(fā)展中國家農(nóng)業(yè)出口產(chǎn)品需求的劇烈增長
      On developing agricultural export product demand sharp growth
      5、對棉花和天然橡膠等原材料需求的減少
      On cotton and natural rubber and other raw materials to reduce the demand
      6、合成代用品生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展及其產(chǎn)量的增加
      Synthetic substitutes for production development and yield increase
      7、有助于發(fā)展中國家的工業(yè)發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟增長
      Contribute to developing industrial development and economic growth
      8、國際貿(mào)易對各國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展重要的有益作用
      International trade on the economic development of various countries important beneficial effect
      9、有助于欠發(fā)達國家制造業(yè)和制成品生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展
      Contribute to the less developed country manufacturing industry and the development of the production of manufactured goods
      10、刺激和促進發(fā)達與發(fā)展中國家間資本的流動
      To stimulate and promote the flow of capital between the developed and developing countries
      11、新技術(shù)和新的管理技能的傳送手段
      New technologies and new management skills transfer means
      12、從國際貿(mào)易獲得巨大好處的欠發(fā)達國家
      From international trade have great benefits for the less developed countries
      13、國際貿(mào)易與長期經(jīng)濟發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系
      International Trade and economic development of the relationship between
      14、以更快的速度從發(fā)達國家吸引先進技術(shù)
      Faster speed in order to attract advanced technology from developed countries
      1、國際貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展，促進了各國再生產(chǎn)過程的正常運行和不斷擴大，提高了生產(chǎn)力水平，并促進了生產(chǎn)國際化和資本國際化，以及提高其他方面的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
      The emergence of international trade and development, promote the process of reproduction and the normal operation to expand ceaselessly, improve the level of productivity, and promote the internationalization of production and capital internationalization, and improve other aspects of economic development
      2、凱恩斯及其追隨者著重于出口對就業(yè)和收入的作用，他們認為貿(mào)易順差可以擴大支付手段，壓低利率，刺激物價上漲，增加投資，從而有助于國內(nèi)危機的緩和與就業(yè)的擴大
      Keynes and his followers to focus on export of employment and income effects, they think the trade surplus could expand the means of payment, interest rates low, stimulate the price rise, increase investment, which contribute to the domestic crisis of relaxation and expansion of employment
      3、另一些經(jīng)濟學家認為，國際貿(mào)易的興起和發(fā)展，會使商品的市場擴大，從而推動技術(shù)進步和生產(chǎn)過程的改善，促進產(chǎn)量增加，并使投資結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，從而促進整個國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展
      Some economists think, international trade is arisen with development, can make commodity market to expand, thereby promoting technological progress and production process improvement, promoting yield increase, and make the investment structure changes, so as to promote the development of the national economy
      4、發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展對外貿(mào)易導致外匯收入增加和外國先進技術(shù)的引進，它在彌補這些國家資本、促進它們的技術(shù)進步中起著重要的作用
      In developing foreign trade in foreign exchange income increases in foreign countries and the introduction of advanced technology, which make the national capital, promote their technological progress plays an important role in
      5、多年來，在吸收外資的同時，中國全力發(fā)展對外貿(mào)易，大量進口精密的機械設(shè)備和尖端技術(shù)，大量出口各種工農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，有力地促進了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會主義現(xiàn)代化的實現(xiàn)
      Over the years, in the absorption of foreign capital, China to develop foreign trade, large imports of sophisticated equipment and advanced technology, a large number of export all kinds of industrial and agricultural products, effectively promoted the economic development and the socialism modernization  國際貿(mào)易給各國經(jīng)濟帶來了巨大的利益。發(fā)達國家需要全球貿(mào)易的自由化為本國企業(yè)開拓更為廣闊的發(fā)展空間，發(fā)展中國家也紛紛把出口導向作為本國工業(yè)化的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。
      美國是當今世界上最大的進出口貿(mào)易國，每年進出口貿(mào)易達2萬億美元，出口產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為美國經(jīng)濟增長的引擎，美國經(jīng)濟增長的1/3來自出口行業(yè)。
      歐盟是當今世界上最大的貿(mào)易集團，每年進出口貿(mào)易都占世界進出口貿(mào)易的1/5左右。歐盟成員國之間的內(nèi)部貿(mào)易是歐盟一體化的重要經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)。
      國際貿(mào)易對目標市場國家尤為重要，隨著目標市場國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和對外開放，對外貿(mào)易在中國經(jīng)濟中日益顯現(xiàn)，1999年，目標市場國家國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為8.2萬億人民幣，全年進出口總額3607億美元，其中出口總額1949億美元。進出口總額相當于全年國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的1/3以上。全國將近1/5的產(chǎn)品是直接用于出口的。2000年，目標市場國家加入世界貿(mào)易組織，目標市場國家的市場將更加開放，目標市場國家經(jīng)濟與世界經(jīng)濟的聯(lián)系將更為緊密。
      International trade to the economies of the countries brought great benefits.Developed countries need to global trade liberalization for domestic enterprises to exploit more wide development space, developing countries are also seen as a native of export-oriented industrialization development strategy.The United States is the world's largest import and export trading nation, import and export trade of $2 trillion a year, the export sector has become the economic growth of the engine, the American economic growth from exports 1/3 of the industry.The European Union is now the world's largest trade group, import and export trade of the world each year are about 1/5 of the import and export trade.The European Union member states of the European Union between internal trade is an important economic integration based.The international trade of the target market is particularly important to the country, with the goal market national economic development and opening to the outside world, the foreign trade of China's economy becomes increasingly, in 1999, the target market countries GDP for 8.2 trillion RMB, annual export total $360.7 billion, with total export value of 194.9 billion dollars.Total import and export volume throughout the year is equivalent to more than a third of GDP.Nearly 1/5 of the product is directly used for export.In 2000, the target market countries to join the world trade organization, target market markets will more open, target market economy country linked to the world economy will be more closely.Unit4
      1、非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘對國家經(jīng)營活動的影響
      Non-tariff trade barriers on the influence of the national business activities
      2、求助非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘以保護其缺乏競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)
      Resort to non-tariff trade barriers to protect their lack of competitiveness of the industry
      3、把相當大的注意力放在消除國際貿(mào)易的障礙上
      The considerable attention to eliminate barrier to international trade
      4、阻礙國際商品和服務(wù)的自由流動
      Block international products and services to the free flow of
      5、旨在放寬對進口商品限制的法規(guī)條例
      Aims to relax restrictions on imports of the legislation
      6、對來自發(fā)展中國家的某些產(chǎn)品實施進口配額
      From developing countries to some of the product implementation import quotas
      7、對生產(chǎn)重要出口商品的廠商給予特惠
      Production of an important export manufacturers give preferential
      8、估計每年達200億美元的該國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口銷售額
      Estimated $20 billion a year in the country's agricultural product export sales
      9、歧視來自發(fā)展中國家的中、低檔紡織品
      Discrimination from developing countries, and low in textiles
      10、把某些國家排除在得到優(yōu)惠的國家之外
      Put some countries out of the country get preferential outside
      11、干擾各國間正常的交易和經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系
      Interference between countries of the normal trade and economic relations
      12、反對美國對來自該亞洲國家的進口貨征收抵消關(guān)稅
      For the opposition to the United States from Asian countries import tariffs on offset
      13、由減少貿(mào)易潛在利益的進口限制所造成的扭曲
      By reducing the potential benefits of trade import restriction by the distortion
      14、約略計算外國商品需求曲線的彈性
      Roughly calculated foreign goods the elasticity of the demand curve
      1、非關(guān)稅壁壘是指以進口數(shù)量限制為特點的貿(mào)易保護主義措施，它們被發(fā)達國家和有些發(fā)展中國家用來干擾和阻礙商品和服務(wù)在國際間的自由流動
      Non-tariff barrier refers to the limitation of import quantity characteristics of protectionist measures, they are developed countries and some developing countries have used to interference and prevent goods and services in the free flow of international 2、70年代中期以來，由于世界性經(jīng)濟危機爆發(fā)，加上國際市場爭奪加劇，因而發(fā)達國家不得不求助于旨在限制進口的非關(guān)稅壁壘，力圖克服困難
      Since the mid 70 s, due to the world economic crisis, with the international market for increased, so have to turn to developed countries to import restrictions of non-tariff barriers, trying to overcome the difficulties
      3、非關(guān)稅壁壘同關(guān)稅壁壘一樣，起到限制進口、引起進口國國內(nèi)市場物價上漲的作用，加重了西方發(fā)達國家人民的負擔
      Non-tariff barriers with tariff barriers, a way to limit imports, domestic market prices caused by importing countries and the role of the western developed countries increase people's burden
      4、近年來，美國實施的一些貿(mào)易政策和條例對中國加以歧視，并對中國向美國出口的一些產(chǎn)品實行嚴格限制
      In recent years, the implementation of trade policy and regulations about some Chinese to discrimination, and Chinese exports to the us to some of the products shall be strictly limited
      5、在未來的日子里,美國和其他西方國家仍然可能對中國紡織品等勞動密集型產(chǎn)品出口的限制,中國將堅決反對
      In the future, the United States and other western countries still likely to Chinese textiles and other labor-intensive products export restrictions imposed, China will firmly opposed to this
      非關(guān)稅壁壘是指一個國家運用配額制、許可證等一系列非關(guān)稅手段而實行的限制進口措施。
      非關(guān)稅壁壘在資本主義發(fā)展初期已出現(xiàn)，但到了本世紀30年代資本主義世界性經(jīng)濟危機爆發(fā)時，非關(guān)稅壁壘才作為貿(mào)易壁壘的重要組成部分廣泛的盛行。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后初期，許多資本主義國家仍然實行嚴格的限制進口措施，但從50年代到70年代初，發(fā)達資本主義國家除了大幅度降低關(guān)稅外，還放寬和取消非關(guān)稅壁壘，擴大進口自由化，放寬和取消外匯管制，促進了國際貿(mào)易的擴展。但是，從70年代中期以來，在兩次世界性經(jīng)濟危機衰退的沖擊下，發(fā)達資本主義國家貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)越演越烈，它們競相采取非關(guān)稅限制商品進口，對世界貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展產(chǎn)生巨大的不利影響。
      Non-tariff barriers is refers to a country quotas, license and a series of use of the means of non-tariff measures to restrict imports.Non-tariff barriers in the capitalist development initial period already appear, but in this century 30 s capitalism worldwide economic crisis hit, non-tariff barriers to trade barriers as an important part of the widely popular.The second world war ii's early days, many of the capitalist countries still strict measures to restrict imports, but from the 70 s to the s, the developed capitalist countries in addition to greatly reduce tariff outside, still relax and cancellation of non-tariff barriers, expand import liberalization, relax and cancel the foreign exchange control, promote the expansion of international trade.But, from the 70 s, which, after two world economic crisis under the impact of recession, the developed capitalist countries trade war turned ugly, they compete to take non-tariff limit merchandise imports, for the world trade and economic development has great effect.Unit5
      1、按既定的公司方針開始處理出口訂單
      According to the established company policy began to deal with the export order
      2、仔細查對和記錄出口商所收到的訂單的來源
      Carefully check and record received the order of exporters source
      3、出口商必須充分了解外國顧客的要求
      The exporter must fully understand the foreign customer requirements
      4、對進口商的信用進行認真的審查 To the credit of carefully review
      5、得到一份關(guān)于買方信用狀況的信用報告
      Get a about the buyer credit status credit reports
      6、買方與賣方就銷售條款個條件進行洽商
      The buyer and the seller is sales terms and conditions for you
      7、出口合同中說明的買賣雙方的義務(wù)
      Export contract that buyers and sellers of the obligations
      8、出口合同中說明的產(chǎn)品、價格、交貨方法等條款
      Export contract of that product, price, delivery methods of such provisions
      9、出口貨物在商定的交貨地點合理交付
      Export of goods in the agreed delivery place reasonable delivery
      10、出口貨物在商定的發(fā)貨地點準時發(fā)貨
      Export of goods in the agreed delivery location delivery on time
      11、出口貨物的所有權(quán)在交貨地點轉(zhuǎn)移
      The ownership of the export goods in delivery place transfer
      12、取得進口許可證以符合進口國的進口條例
      Import license is obtained in accordance with regulations of the importer import
      13、貨物達到目的地后通過海關(guān)對貨物的處理
      To reach the destination by the customs after the goods to the processing of goods
      14、完成出口交易所需要的各種單據(jù)的獲得
      Complete export exchange needs of the various documents obtained
      1、為了高效率地將貨物移動到進口國，出口企業(yè)必須履行包含出口交易中一系列活動的三項必不可少的職能 In order to move the goods to the high efficiency of importing countries, export enterprise must perform a series of activities include export transactions of the three indispensable function
      2、在進行一項出口交易之前，出口商必須或者通過一份國際信用報告審查新顧客的財務(wù)和信用狀況，或者復查老顧客的信用狀況和支付記錄。
      In a before export transactions, the exporter must or through an international credit report on the financial and new customer review credit conditions, or the old customer credit conditions and payment records.3、作為出口過程的重要組成部分，進口商和出口商必須就銷售條款和條件、雙方的義務(wù)以及銷售合同的其他條款進行洽商
      As an important part of the process of export, the exporters and importers will have to sales terms and conditions, the obligations of the parties and the other clauses of the sales contract negotiations
      4、進口商和出口商之間就銷售條款和條件所達成的協(xié)議成為一個有約束力的合同，它經(jīng)過買賣雙方以書面形式確認后就是雙方都能接受的確定的承諾。
      The exporters and importers is between sales terms and conditions that the agreement as a binding contract, it after both parties after confirmed in writing form is mutually acceptable determined commitment.5、在整個出口過程中，常常要求進口商取得一份進口許可證，有時還有一份外匯許可證，以符合進口國的進口條例，并使貨物能順利地到達進口商。
      In the whole process of export, often calls importers have a import license, and sometimes also a foreign exchange license to comply with the regulations of the importer import, and make the goods can smoothly to the importer.Unit6
      1、充當許多美國制造商的出口銷售部
      Act as many American manufacturers export sales department
      2、利用銷售代理人網(wǎng)絡(luò)促進國外銷售
      Use sales agent network to promote the foreign sales
      3、制定市場策略和安排貨運和海關(guān)單證
      Make a market strategy and arrange transportation and customs in the documents
      4、從對最終的國外顧客的銷售上取得利潤
      The final customers from foreign sales make a profit
      5、充當托銷代理商的一些美國出口經(jīng)營公司
      ACTS as a consignment of some American export agent operating companies
      6、在買賣雙方之間履行尋求貨源或批發(fā)的職能
      Between the parties to perform the functions of the source or seek wholesale
      7、向賣方或買方收取一定百分率的傭金
      The seller or the buyer to charge a percentage of the commission
      8、把按低于批發(fā)價購進的貨物轉(zhuǎn)賣出去
      According to the lower than the wholesale price of purchased goods sold out
      9、初次進入全球市場的一種快速和低成本的方法
      First entering the global market a rapid and low cost method
      10、在全球銷售和經(jīng)銷產(chǎn)品的外國貿(mào)易公司
      In the global sales and distribution of foreign trade company products
      11、提供最佳市場策略和售后顧客服務(wù)
      Providing the best market strategy and after-sales service to your customers
      12、了解市場、風俗和顧客期望的當?shù)亟?jīng)銷商
      Understand the market, customs and customer expectations of local dealers
      13、繞過貿(mào)易公司和經(jīng)銷商而直接向顧客售貨
      Around the trade company and dealers directly to customers and sales
      14、用作全球貿(mào)易銷售渠道之一的合資企業(yè)
      Used as a global trade sales channel, one of the joint venture
      1、國際貿(mào)易中的銷售渠道，是指商品從一個國家的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)流向國外的最終消費者或用戶的流通過程，是商品所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移必須經(jīng)過的中間商機構(gòu)。
      In international trade sales channel, is refers to the goods from a state production enterprise going abroad final consumer or users of the distribution process, the transfer of ownership is goods must pass the middlemen institutions.2、在國際商品流通過程中，銷售渠道的通暢與否和效率高低直接影響到商品的銷售速度、產(chǎn)品利潤和市場份額。
      In international commodity circulation process, sales channel unobstructed or not directly affects the efficiency and product sales speed, product profits and market share.3、一家出口經(jīng)營公司充當許多制造公司的出口銷售部，它或者從制造公司直接購貨、并按獨立經(jīng)營的原則轉(zhuǎn)銷國外，或者進行代銷。
      An export business company act as many manufacturing company export sales, it from a manufacturing company directly or purchase, and according to the principle of independent business presenting abroad, or for sale on a commission basis.4、按逐案的原則充當獨立銷售代理商的出口貿(mào)易公司，在買賣雙方之間履行尋求貨源或批發(fā)的職能，不對交易的任何一方承擔責任。
      According to the principle of independence ZhuAn as the sales agent of export trade company, between the parties to perform the functions of the source or seek wholesale, no transaction of any party liable.5、由于東道國的當?shù)亟?jīng)銷商對當?shù)厥袌鰻顩r及社會、經(jīng)濟、環(huán)境很熟悉，并能執(zhí)行最佳市場策略，辦理售后顧客服務(wù)，所以他們被許多制造公司用作促進外銷的渠道。
      Due to the host of the local dealers of the local market situation and the society, economy and environment is very familiar with, and can perform best marketing strategy, after-sales service for customers, so they are many manufacturing company used as promote the export channel.在國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域中，出口國生產(chǎn)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品，并非直接送達進口國的消費者，而必須先經(jīng)過分銷過程，也就是中間的銷售渠道。進入分銷過程的產(chǎn)品，不僅僅經(jīng)過裝卸和運輸，更重要的是，產(chǎn)品均要通過中間的分銷渠道，包括商人、中間商及代理中間商，既幫助產(chǎn)品實物的移動，又幫助產(chǎn)品所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移，從而使產(chǎn)品進入國際市場，最后達到進口國的最終消費者或用戶，實現(xiàn)出口國生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的最終目標。
      國際市場是一個具有多層次的復雜的市場，也是一個競爭激烈的市場。因此，企業(yè)認真了解國際銷售渠道的模式，根據(jù)國際銷售渠道中常見中間商的業(yè)務(wù)性質(zhì)和范圍，從而制定科學的營銷渠道管理方式，對有效地進入國際市場具有重要意義。In the field of international trade, the exporter production enterprise of produce products, not directly to importers in the consumer, and must first after distribution process, also is the middle of the sales channel.Enter the product distribution process, not only after handling and transportation, more important is, products through the middle of the distribution channels, including businessmen, middlemen and agency middlemen, both helped the movement of the product, and help the transfer of ownership of the products, thus we make our products to enter the international market, and finally reach the final consumer or importing user, realize the ultimate goal of the exporter production enterprise.The international market has a multi-level complex market, is also a competitive market.Therefore, the enterprise down to the international sales channel model, according to the international sales channel of middlemen common nature of the business and range, which make scientific channel management way, to effectively to enter the international market is of great significance.Unit7
      1、賣方在他自己的工廠或倉庫將貨物交給買方
      The seller in his own factory or warehouse the goods to the vendee
      2、賣方必須將貨物交給由買方指定的承運人
      The seller shall deliver the goods to the carrier of the designated by the buyer
      3、裝船和啟運后發(fā)生的事件所引起的貨物滅失或毀損
      Shipment after shipment and the events of the goods caused by the loss or damage
      4、負擔將貨物運至目的地國家所需的一切費用和風險
      Burden the goods to the destination country for all their expenses and risks
      5、支付將貨物運至指定目的地港所必須的費用和運費
      Pay for the goods to the designated destination port of cost and freight must be
      6、辦理買方貨物在運輸途中滅失或損壞風險的海運保險
      Handle the buyer of goods in transit loss of or damage to the Marine insurance risks
      7、交出辦理了出口清關(guān)手續(xù)的貨物時即完成交貨
      Hand over to deal with export clearance of goods delivery is completed
      8、賣方負擔的一切風險和費用，包括關(guān)稅、稅捐及其他費用
      The sellers shall bear all the risks and costs, including taxes, tariffs, and other fees
      9、當貨物在制定裝運港越過船舷時即完成交貨
      When the goods in making across the ship's rail at the port of shipment delivery is completed
      10、按CIP術(shù)語由賣方訂立保險合同并支付保險費
      According to the CIP term insurance contracts entered into by the seller and pay insurance premium
      11、每件為10美元CIF馬尼拉的10000件電子計算器
      For $10 per piece CIF Manila 10000 pieces of the electronic calculator
      12、請給予本公司CFR天津報盤，并連同一切詳情
      Please give the company CFR tianjin offer, and along with all the details
      13、最低的CIF廣州價格，說明裝運期及付款條件
      The lowest price CIF guangzhou that shipment and terms of payment
      14、本公司報鳳凰牌自行車是每輛55美元CFR紐約
      The company reported the phoenix brand bicycle is $55 per car CFR New York
      1、貿(mào)易術(shù)語被用來說明出口價格的構(gòu)成和在貨物由賣方交付買方的過程中，買賣雙方有關(guān)手續(xù)、費用和風險的責任劃分。
      Trade terms be used to explain the structure of the export prices in the goods delivered by the seller and the buyer of the process, both parties, relevant formalities, expenses and risk responsibility divided.2、按CIF術(shù)語，賣方還必須自行負擔費用，向買方提供包括運輸單據(jù)和保險單據(jù)在內(nèi)的全套裝運單據(jù)。
      According to the CIF term, the seller is obliged to bear the cost, including transport documents provided to buyer and insurance documents, the full set of shipping documents.3、假如我們在CFR基礎(chǔ)上同你交易，那你能從CIF價格上減少多少，以便我們進行比較
      If we are in CFR basis trade with you, that you can from the CIF price how much less, so that we are compared
      4、貴公司能否給予永久牌26英寸自行車報盤？請按每次最低訂貨量10000輛為基礎(chǔ)報CIF紐約最低價。
      Your company can be given permanent card 26 inches bicycle offer? Please press the minimum quantity for each 10000 cars based quote your lowest price CIF New York.5、本公司可按下列條款報價： 商品：HL302型彈子抽屜鎖
      價格：每件5美元上海工廠交貨價 每年最低訂貨量：100000件 包裝：紙板箱
      支付：用不可撤銷的即期信用證付款 交貨：收到信用證后60天內(nèi)
      Our company can offer to the following conditions: Commodities: HL302 type billiards drawer lock Price: $5 each Shanghai factory delivery price The minimum order quantity each year: 100000 Packing: cartons are Payment: by irrevocable letter of credit at sight Delivery: within 60 days after receipt of your l/c
      練習1、1980年，低收入發(fā)展中國家國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的年平均增長率為5.9%，與此相比，中等收入國家為3.5%，工業(yè)化國家為1.4% In 1980, low-income developing countries the average annual GDP growth rate of 5.9%, compared with the middle-income countries is 3.5%, and the industrialized countries of 1.4%
      2、這條鐵路的建成和通車將有助于中國西南地區(qū)同沿海地區(qū)經(jīng)濟交流的擴大和整個西南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和繁榮
      The railway construction and open to traffic will help with coastal areas in southwest China economic exchanges and the expansion of the southwest region economic development and prosperity
      3、因國外市場需求銳減所造成的這個欠發(fā)達國家經(jīng)濟狀況的特點是：出口大幅度下降、工農(nóng)業(yè)減產(chǎn)、失業(yè)人數(shù)激增和國際收支逆差擴大 For the foreign market demand caused by the sharp underdeveloped countries in the economic status of the features are: exports dropped substantially, the industrial and agricultural yields, unemployment surged and international balance of payments deficit to expand
      4、這家大型的超市的管理部門了解到雇員們最熟悉經(jīng)營管理存在的問題，所以決定在改善經(jīng)營管理中更多地依靠廣大雇員，而不是只依靠少數(shù)管理人員
      The large supermarket management department to employees know the most familiar with business management problems, so I decided to improve management in more depend on the employees, and not just rely on a few management personnel
      5、這位著名的經(jīng)濟學家在一次學術(shù)報告中指出，民營企業(yè)憑借其廣泛分布在全國各地的為數(shù)眾多的企業(yè)戶數(shù)和人員以及巨大的資金和生產(chǎn)設(shè)施，能在國家的經(jīng)濟建設(shè)中起到重要作用
      The famous economist in an academic report, the private enterprise with its widely distributed throughout the numerous enterprise of households and staff and huge capital and production facilities, can in the country's economic construction and plays a role  6、2004年，由于美國經(jīng)常項目收支和財政收支存在巨額赤字，國際金融市場大量拋售美元，導致美元相對于別國貨幣的不斷貶值。In 2004, due to the us current project payments and the existing financial revenue and expenditure huge deficits, international financial market heavy selling dollars, lead to on other countries of the dollar against the depreciating currency.7、那個亞洲國家的金融當局最近公布的外匯管理條例，其目的主要在于打擊外匯投機活動、穩(wěn)定外匯市場。
      The Asian financial authorities recently published foreign exchange management regulations, it aim is to attack foreign exchange speculation, stable foreign exchange market.8、當時許多美國大公司的最高管理人員指出，美國政府限制向中國出口高科技產(chǎn)品不僅對中國而且對美國經(jīng)濟也帶來了巨大的傷害。
      At the time, many American big company's top management researchers point out, the United States limits exports to China not only to China's and high-tech products to the U.S.economy with great damage.9、2003年末，這位前外經(jīng)貿(mào)部副部長應(yīng)一所著名大學的邀請，專職擔任該校管理學院院長
      By the end of 2003, the former vice minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation shall be a famous university invitation, full-time as the dean of school of management
      10、由于美國限制歐盟的一些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品向美國出口，歐盟可能對從美國進口的一些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品實行限制，進行報復。
      Because the United States limit the some of the agricultural exports to the us, the eu may be imported from the United States to limit some of the agricultural products, for revenget
      11、隨著中國經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，從鋁到洗衣機，擁有13億人口、約占世界人口1/5的中國在世界商品和產(chǎn)品消費中所占比率日益上升。
      Along with the rapid development of China's economy, the aluminum to washing machine, has a population of 1.3 billion, accounts for about 1/5 of the world population in world merchandise and China proportion of consumer products is increasing day by day.12、那年秋季，美國國務(wù)卿與中國外交部長在紐約會晤時討論了一系列重要的雙邊和國際問題，著重于中國加入世貿(mào)組織問題
      That year autumn, the United States secretary of state and the Chinese foreign minister when they met in New York to discuss a series of important bilateral and international issues, mainly in China to join the world trade organization
      13、中國恢復在聯(lián)合國的合法席位后，有權(quán)獲得世界銀行提供的貸款，用以為重要的經(jīng)濟和文化建設(shè)項目提供資金。
      China resumed the lawful seat at the United Nations, have the right to obtain the world bank's loan is used for important economic and cultural construction project provide the funds.14、作為一家制造尖端產(chǎn)品的高技術(shù)企業(yè)，這家合資企業(yè)有權(quán)獲得本國貨幣和外幣優(yōu)惠貸款，以保證發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的資金需要。As a manufacturing state-of-the-art product of high technology enterprise, the joint venture shall have the right to obtain their currencies and foreign currency preferential loans, to ensure that the development of production need for the funds.15、那年，在聯(lián)合國大會上，這個發(fā)展中國家的代表強烈反對少數(shù)發(fā)達國家提出的目的是在國際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域歧視發(fā)展中國家的提案。
      That year, at the UN general assembly, the representative of the developing countries strongly against a few developed countries is put forward in the purpose of international trade field discrimination of the developing countries in the proposal.Unit8 出口公司完成產(chǎn)品向消費或使用地的輸送和裝卸 海洋、航空、鐵路、卡車和內(nèi)河這五種基本運輸方式 運輸方式的選擇取決于費用、時間和安全的全面考慮 運費較低和貨運量大是海洋運輸?shù)膬蓚€基本特點 國際貨運中發(fā)展最快和日見重要的空運
      在美國出口貿(mào)易中占較小份額的鐵路和卡車運輸 在一些歐洲國家間裝運巨量貨物的內(nèi)河運輸 由熟悉運輸條件的出口商最終選擇貨運的確切路線 保護貨物從銷售者向購買者輸送中免遭滅失或損壞 賠償貨物在運往國外過程中所遭受的滅失或損壞
      因貨物安全到達而受益或因貨物滅失、損壞或滯留而受損 該出口企業(yè)保持一家可靠的海上保險公司的云頂保險單 改航空公司對有些裝運的貨物提供有限的保險范圍 出口商按到岸價格向買主報價時必須提供海上保險
      Complete product export company to consumption or use of land transportation and handling Marine, aviation, railways, trucks and inland the five basic transportation The choice of the ways of transportation cost, time and safety depends on the comprehensive consideration The freight is low and the freight volume is big ocean transportation two basic characteristics International freight the fastest-growing and became more and more important air freight In the United States export trade accounts for smaller share of the railway and a truck In some European countries a huge amount of goods shipment inland transport By the familiar transportation conditions of the final choice of the exact exporters shipping route Protect the goods from the seller to the buyer in conveying from loss or damage Compensation in goods shipped abroad in the process of loss or damage sustained by the For the goods arrived safely and benefit for the loss, damage or goods or stranded and be damaged The export enterprise keep a reliable Marine insurance company's genting insurance policy Change airlines to some of loading of the goods, provide insurance coverage According to the price C.I.F.exporters to buyers when quote must provide Marine insurance
      1、鐵路運輸在出口貿(mào)易中載運量最大，運輸速度快，不易受季節(jié)、氣候條件的影響，可常年地、定期的、有規(guī)律的和準確的進行
      Railway transportation in export trade volume in the largest, transportation speed, is not easy to get season, climate condition the influence, but all the land, and regular, regular and accurate
      2、航空公司運輸能保證體積小、重量輕、價值高和時間性強的貨物迅速、準時到達目的地，它在國際貿(mào)易運輸中所占的比重不斷上升
      Airline transportation can guarantee the small volume, light weight, high value and timeliness strong goods quickly, to their destination on time, it in the transport of international trade the proportion of the rising
      3、在外貿(mào)運輸過程中，因運輸工具發(fā)生意外事故而使貨物遭受全損或部分損失，保險人應(yīng)負責賠償
      In the process of foreign trade transportation, for transport accidents and suffered total loss to the goods or a part of the loss, the insurer shall be responsible for the damage
      4、國際航空運輸中，被保險貨物由市價跌落、運輸遲延所造成的損失或費用，保險人不負責賠償
      The international air transport, insured goods fall by market value, transportation delay caused by the loss or expense, the underwriter does not be responsible for compensation
      5、這家出口公司熟悉運輸和保險事務(wù)的部門經(jīng)理，在接受國外訂貨后，負責安排出口貨物的運輸和保險
      The export company familiar with transportation and insurance affairs department manager, in order to accept foreign, be responsible to arrange export goods transportation and insurance
      Unit9 符合國際貿(mào)易支付業(yè)務(wù)的要求和政府管制出口的法規(guī) 每次出口發(fā)貨所需的各種單證和涉及的當事人 單證不齊或制作不當導致延遲的發(fā)貨 由某些單證的差錯所引起的罰款和沒收貨物 由國外發(fā)貨所需要在出口港提交的出口申報單 出口貨物的目的地、詳細名稱及其申報價值 商業(yè)發(fā)票上所標明的貨物商標和包裝數(shù)量 清楚說明的貨物單價和裝運的貨物總價 商業(yè)發(fā)票所標明的報價的性質(zhì)和付款條件 用以收集有關(guān)出口貨物統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的出口申報單 進口商所在國的政府代表向出口商簽發(fā)的領(lǐng)事發(fā)票 裝箱單逐漸記載的裝運貨物中的貨箱或集裝箱內(nèi)容 為證明貨物原產(chǎn)地而由某一機構(gòu)簽發(fā)的單證
      應(yīng)進口商的要求而由不同機構(gòu)簽發(fā)的各種特別檢驗證書
      1、Comply with the requirements of payment in international trade business and government control of the export regulations
      2、Every time the export all kinds of shipping documents and of the parties involved
      3、Documents not neat or improper production to delivery delay
      4、Some of the documents by the error caused by the fines and confiscated goods
      5、By foreign vendor need export port in the export declaration form submitted
      6、The destination of export goods, and the detailed and names of the declared value
      7、Commercial invoice indicated that the goods trademarks and packing quantity
      8、Clearly stated goods unit price and shipment of goods total price
      9、The commercial invoice, indicated that the nature of the price and terms of payment
      10、To collect relevant statistical data of export goods export declaration form
      11、The importer of the country in which the government representatives of consular invoice issued to exporters
      12、Packing list in the shipment of gradually records bins or container content
      13、To prove the goods country of origin and by one of the documents issued by institutions
      14、Should be requested by the importer by different organizations and issued by the various special inspection certificate
      1、在出口交易中，要求出口企業(yè)遞交由它自己和其他單位或政府部門簽發(fā)的各類單證，這是履行出口合同的一部分
      In the export trading, to export enterprise submit of its own and other unit or government issued by the department of all kinds of documents, this is part of the export contract performance
      2、商業(yè)發(fā)票是出口商向進口商開立的、憑以向進口商收款的發(fā)貨清單，它是買賣雙方交接貨物和結(jié)算貨款的主要單據(jù)
      Commercial invoice is open to the importers and exporters to the importer by collection shipping list, it is the sale of goods and the handover of the main documents payment and settlement
      3、海運提單是由船長或承運人的代理所簽發(fā)，證明收到制定的貨物，并保證將貨物運至指定的目的地交付收貨人的單證 Marine bill of lading is the carrier's agent by the master or issued by, that received the goods formulated, and ensure the goods to the specified destination consignee documents
      4、特別檢驗證書是商檢機構(gòu)對進出口貨物包裝容器或運輸工具進行指定項目的檢驗、鑒定后出具的證明書
      Special inspection certificate is the commodity inspection authorities on import and export goods or packaging container transport specified project inspection, identification of the certificate issued by after
      5、原產(chǎn)地證明書的目的在于證明貨物原產(chǎn)地或制造地，它通常是進口國海關(guān)對進口貨物采取不同的國別政策和關(guān)稅待遇的依據(jù)
      The aim is to demonstrate the certificate of origin of the goods country of origin or ZhiZaoDe, it is usually the importer of imported goods to a different nationality policy and the basis of pay of tariffs
      Unit10 對外商業(yè)交易中最常用的四種付款方式 簽發(fā)信用證的銀行承擔了買方的信用風險
      信用證的使用使賣方可通過提交轉(zhuǎn)運單據(jù)收取貨款 在履行合同后與當?shù)劂y行商定簽發(fā)信用證 通知出口商所在國的代理銀行已簽發(fā)信用證 不顧出口商或外國銀行的財務(wù)狀況而承擔付款責任 仔細核對信用證的條款以確定已得到一切必要的單證 使用匯票使出口商在實際收到貨款前承擔全部風險 賣方將他向買方所開發(fā)的匯票提交銀行收款 代理銀行將賣方開發(fā)的匯票提交買方承兌和付款 買方在承兌匯票后可立即得到用以提貨的提單 買方信用可疑時出口交易可按預付款方式進行 通常只對信用聲譽幾號的買方進行賒賬銷售 在多數(shù)情況下出口商不愿按賒賬方式進行出口銷售
      Foreign commercial transactions of the most commonly used four kinds of payment The bank issued by l/c for the buyer's credit risk The use of credit to the seller can transport documents submitted by payment In the performance of the contract with the local bank agreed after issued by l/c Notice of the country in which the exporters has been issued acting bank credit Despite the exporter or foreign bank's financial condition and liable for the payment of the responsibility Carefully check the terms of l/c has been all necessary to determine the documents Use a draft of the exporter in the actual payment is received before assume all the risk The seller to the buyer will he development of the draft collection to the Banks The development of the acting bank draft send to the buyer acceptance and payment The buyer in the acceptance of draft immediately after get up the goods to the bill of lading The buyer credit suspicious export transactions according to the advance payment when manner Usually only for the credit reputation excellent on the buyer credit sales In most cases the exporter would not press credit means export sales
      1、國際商業(yè)付款方式的選擇，除了取決于交易對方的信用狀況外，還取決于資金負擔、市場情況以及費用和手續(xù)等狀況
      The international commercial payment options, in addition to depend on the dealing party credit standing outside, still depends on finance burden, market situation and expenses and procedures and so on the condition
      2、對于出口商來說，信用證是除了預付款以外最有利的付款方式，他通常只要再出口地將合格單據(jù)提交指定銀行就可收款
      For exporters, the l/c is the most favorable outside except advance payment, he usually just to exports will qualified documents designated bank can collect progress payment
      3、開立信用證后，若賣方提交合適單據(jù)，買方就必須付款，但由于賣方有時不能遵守合同條款，因此買方需承擔賣方的信用風險
      Open the l/c, if the seller submit documents to the right, the buyer must pay, but because the seller sometimes can't conform to the terms of the contract, the buyer should bear the seller so credit risk
      4、匯票是出口商開出的、命令作為受票人的進口商立即或在一定期限內(nèi)無條件地支付一定金額給指定受款人的單證
      the bill is a command as exporters and importers drawee immediately or in a certain period of pay a certain amount unconditionally to designated by the drawer of the documents
      5、預付貨款的方式對出口商最為有利，因為收到貨款后再備貨出運，幾乎可以不承擔買方的信用風險，預收貨款無須投入資金就可完成交易
      Payment in advance on the way for the most favorable exporters, because after receive payment ready for shipment again, almost can not bear the buyer's credit risk, already collected payment for goods need not money to complete the transaction
      Unit11 這些公司不斷增加的無形資產(chǎn)銷售額 擁有專利、商標和工序所有權(quán)的本國制造商 擁有該公司授權(quán)的技術(shù)訣竅的獨家使用權(quán) 許可人與被許可人之間簽訂的許可證協(xié)議 提供一種可借以出售專利技術(shù)的制造 采取資本參與形式償付購買財產(chǎn)權(quán)的款項 購得該公司多數(shù)股權(quán)的技術(shù)訣竅的供應(yīng)商
      由許可證貿(mào)易提供的成本低、風險小的進入市場的方式 準許被許可人使用該公司的商標名稱 重視許可人質(zhì)量和可靠性方面的聲譽
      簽署外國公司提供的特殊服務(wù)的技術(shù)援助協(xié)議 工業(yè)化國家跨國公司提供的質(zhì)量檢查人員和生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理 使先進的技術(shù)和技術(shù)訣竅體現(xiàn)在本公司的產(chǎn)品中 日趨重要的通過企業(yè)管理合同進行的技術(shù)訣竅銷售
      The company has increased the intangible asset sales Patent, trademark and processes have the ownership of the producers Have the company authorized technical know-how sole right of use Permits person and the contract between the licensee of the license agreement Provide a so as to sell patent technology manufacturing Take capital participation form pay the money to buy property The company bought most of the shares of the technical expertise supplier The license of trade with low cost, risk small way into the market Allowed by the licensee to use the company's brand name Pay attention to quality and reliability licensor's reputation Foreign company signed provide the special service technical assistance agreement Industrialized countries provide quality inspection of the multinational company personnel and production manager Make the advanced technology and technical know-how reflected in the products of this company Increasingly important through the enterprise management contract of technical know-how sales
      1、國際技術(shù)貿(mào)易對技術(shù)進口國有利，因為技術(shù)進口有利于加速本國國民經(jīng)濟部門的技術(shù)改造和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、縮短研制時間和節(jié)省研制費用，以及提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和加強競爭能力
      International technical trade on importing technology advantage, because the technology import is beneficial to improving national economic department technical reform and economic development, shorten the development time and save the development cost and improve product quality and strengthen the competitive ability
      2、許可證貿(mào)易是當前國際技術(shù)貿(mào)易中最主要的方式，學科正貿(mào)易就是許可人同被許可人簽訂技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓許可證協(xié)議，通過該協(xié)議，準許被許可人獲得使用權(quán)
      License is the current international trade technology trade of the main way, the subject is trade is with the license licensee technology transfer the license agreement signed by the agreement, allowing the licensee to get right of use
      3、在實際的技術(shù)貿(mào)易中，往往把悟性的技術(shù)知識同有關(guān)的機器、設(shè)備結(jié)合起來，如果交易只限于機器、設(shè)備而無技術(shù)知識的轉(zhuǎn)讓，就不能看做技術(shù)貿(mào)易
      In the actual technical trade, often to understanding of technical knowledge with the relevant machine, equipment combined, if the deal is limited to the machine, equipment and no technology of knowledge transfer, cannot regard as technology trade
      4、許可證主要有獨占性許可證排他性許可證和普通許可證，在實際許可證貿(mào)易中采用哪一種許可證，主要取決于潛在市場的容量、技術(shù)的性質(zhì)以及貿(mào)易雙方的意圖
      Permit a monopoly of the major exclusive license permit and ordinary license, in actual license in trade is what kind of license, depending on the potential market size, the nature of the technology and trade the intention of the parties
      5、獨占性許可證協(xié)議是指在規(guī)定地區(qū)內(nèi)，被許可方在協(xié)議的有效期內(nèi)對該該項技術(shù)享有獨占的使用權(quán)，許可方不得在該地區(qū)內(nèi)使用該項技術(shù)制造和銷售產(chǎn)品，也不得把同樣技術(shù)授予該地區(qū)內(nèi)的任何第三方
      Monopoly of the license agreement means stipulated in the region, the licensee the period of validity of the agreement to the enjoy the exclusive right to the technology, the licensor shall not be in the area using the technology in the manufacture and sales of the product, and shall not be granted the same technology in the area of any third party
      Unit12 包括各種無形商品的服務(wù)在國際貿(mào)易中占更大份額 國際服務(wù)貿(mào)易在主要發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)濟中日趨重要 美國整個對外貿(mào)易服務(wù)出口對商品出口的比例 80年代中期美國服務(wù)出口總額估計超過2000億美元 國際商務(wù)在全球的擴展導致國際服務(wù)市場的形成 向外國投資者和企業(yè)提供廣泛的咨詢服務(wù)
      跨國公司在國際服務(wù)市場面臨的保護主義、競爭等問題 對國際服務(wù)貿(mào)易所實施的直接和間接貿(mào)易壁壘 迫使外國公司接受東道國政府機構(gòu)對其電腦檔案的檢查 美國政府的出口管制程序是服務(wù)出口最大的國內(nèi)貿(mào)易壁壘 電信業(yè)等增長最快、競爭最劇烈的服務(wù)部門 商標等易于復制和難以保護的知識產(chǎn)權(quán) 作為服務(wù)行業(yè)最大問題的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護
      服務(wù)部門的產(chǎn)值在國民生產(chǎn)總值中所占份額的激增
      Including all intangible goods in international trade in services accounted for a bigger share International service trade in the major developed economy are becoming more and more important The entire foreign trade service exports to the proportion of export commodities In the mid 80 s total export of American service estimated at more than 200 billion dollars International business in the expansion of international services to global market formation To foreign investors and enterprise offer a wide range of consulting services Multinational companies in international service market could face protectionism, competition, and other problems The implementation of international trade in services of the direct and indirect trade barriers To force foreign companies accept of the host country government institutions, a computer file examination The U.S.government's export control program is the largest domestic services export trade barriers Such as telecommunications industry growing fastest, the most severe competition of the service department Trademark easily copy and difficult to protect intellectual property As a service to the industry of the biggest problem the protection of intellectual property rights Service department in the earnings of the GDP(in the share of the surge
      1、隨著科技的迅速發(fā)展，國際服務(wù)貿(mào)易的范圍已大大擴展，除運輸、通訊、保險、旅游等傳統(tǒng)項目以外，還包括軟件設(shè)計、科技咨詢、信息服務(wù)、技術(shù)貿(mào)易等
      Along with the quick development of science and technology, the international service trade has greatly expand the scope of, in addition to transportation, communication, insurance, tourism and other traditional project, but also including software design, technology consultation and information service, technology trade, etc
      2、目前一些主要服務(wù)輸出國都設(shè)立了一些專門機構(gòu)，負責與外國政府和私人雇主簽署服務(wù)合同，根據(jù)合同需要在國內(nèi)征集服務(wù)
      Now some of the main service exporting countries have established a special agency, is responsible with foreign governments and private employers service contract signed, according to the contract needs to be in the domestic solicitation service
      3、這家歷史悠久、實力雄厚的美國咨詢公司在全世界經(jīng)營咨詢業(yè)務(wù)，幾年來它的營業(yè)額擴大了一倍 This has a long history, rich strength of American consulting company in the world business consulting business, and for years it turnover doubled
      4、美國不少承包咨詢公司憑借先進的技術(shù)和優(yōu)秀的科技人才為客戶提供多種信息資料，幫助業(yè)主指定決策和工作方案
      Many American contract consulting company with advanced technology and excellent scientific and technological personnel to provide a variety of information material, to help our clients specified decision and work plan  5、1979年至1982年，中國組建了27家從事對外承包工程和勞務(wù)合作的公司，營業(yè)總額超過11億美元 From 1979 to 1982, China's form the 27 engaged in foreign home for contract projects and labor services cooperation of company, business worth more than 1.1 billion dollars
      Unit13 1978年以來出口量每隔5年翻一番 大大超過出口量的半數(shù)是由制成品構(gòu)成 出口工業(yè)和出口貿(mào)易成為經(jīng)濟增長的主要引擎 出口額與國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比率上升到30% 旨在促進外資企業(yè)發(fā)展的各項政策和優(yōu)惠措施 外資企業(yè)在擴大出口中所引起的引人注目的作用 港臺企業(yè)家在中國出口業(yè)績中所引起的重大作用 外資企業(yè)中國東南部的出口工業(yè)享有主導地位 該地區(qū)在中國出口總額中所占份額穩(wěn)步增長 那年該地區(qū)的出口增長在過去10年中首次減慢 20世紀90年代中國出口商品構(gòu)成不斷改變 該10年中中國對日本出口的份額逐步增長
      20世紀80年代中期起美國是中國出口的主要目的地 對21世紀中國出口貿(mào)易的前景持十分樂觀態(tài)度
      Since the year 1978, exports double every five years More than half of the exports greatly by a manufactured goods Export industry and export trade become the main engine of economic growth Exports and gross domestic product rate of up to 30% Aims to promote the development of foreign capital enterprise policies and preferential measures The foreign capital enterprise in expanding export in the cause of the dramatic effect Hong Kong and Taiwan entrepreneurs in China export performance of the major role in the cause The foreign capital enterprise of the southeast of China export industry enjoys the leading position The region in China in the total export share steady growth That year the region's export growth in the past 10 years to slow down for the first time The 1990 s China export commodities constitute a constant change The 10 years of Japan's exports to China share gradually increase Since the mid 1980 s American is the main destination for Chinese exports China in the 21 st century export trade's foreground the very optimistic  1、20世紀80年代，中國對日本出口的商品主要包括石油、煤炭、紡織品、服裝和五金礦產(chǎn)，而中國對美國出口的商品主要包括紡織品、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及其加工品和原油
      During the 1980 s, China's export goods to Japan mainly include oil, coal, textiles, clothing and metal minerals to China, which the United States export goods mainly includes textiles, and processed agricultural products and oil  2、1979年建立的經(jīng)濟特區(qū)和1985年確定的沿海開放城市不僅在吸引外資和外國先進技術(shù)方面，而且在擴大出口方面起著重大作用
      Set up in 1979, special economic zones and set in 1985 of the coastal open cities in not only to attract foreign capital and foreign advanced technology, and expand exports in plays a major role
      3、從20世紀80年代初開始，中國大陸利用香港的地理位置及其廣泛的對外經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系將相當大份額的出口商品通過香港銷往各國及臺灣省
      From the early 1980 s, China's use of the geographical location of Hong Kong and its extensive external economic exchanges will be quite large share of exports through the Hong Kong and Taiwan are sold to all countries
      4、由于在華外資企業(yè)技術(shù)和管理先進，產(chǎn)品的國際競爭力強，因而從1992年起，源自外資企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品的出口額 逐年擴大，在中國出口總額中的比重不斷上升
      Due to the foreign-funded enterprises in China technology and advanced management, the international competition ability of the product is strong, and since 1992, derived from the foreign capital enterprise product exports increased, the proportion of the total exports in China is on the rise  5、1978年起實行改革開放以后，中國對外貿(mào)易獲得很大發(fā)展，中國已同世界上140多個國家和地區(qū)建立了對外貿(mào)易關(guān)系，其結(jié)果，1987年中國進出口總額為838億美元，與之相比，1978年僅206億美元，中國進出口總額居世界貿(mào)易額的位次由1982年的第19位上升到第12位
      Since 1978, after the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade gained a great development, China has in the world with more than 140 countries and regions to establish foreign trade relationship, the result, in 1987, China's total import and export volume of $83.8 billion, compared with only $20.6 billion in 1978, China's total import and export volume of world trade in the lead by 1982 the 19 th up to 12
      Unit15 以在國外賺取較高收益為目的的國際投資 利用國外證劵較高的收益賺取更多的錢 期望收益最大限度增加的外國證劵購買者 考慮到外國證劵市場價值的巨大可變性 由外國證劵市價暴跌引起的收益的驟減 估量對外國股票和債券進行投資的風險 由國外較高增長率造成的直接投資較高的收益 保留對獨特的生產(chǎn)知識的直接控制 不愿給外國生產(chǎn)企業(yè)發(fā)許可證的大公司 逃避對進口貨征收的關(guān)稅及其他限制措施 對外國制造業(yè)所進行的大規(guī)模直接投資 獲得進入新的國外市場的必要融資 對全世界子公司的經(jīng)營活動進行直接控制 促進和鼓勵跨國公司在國外的直接投資
      To earn higher returns in foreign countries for the purpose of international investment Utilize overseas card coupons more benefits to earn more money Expected yields maximize foreign card coupons buyers Considering the coupon market value of foreign card great variability By the foreign market caused by the coupon card drop sharply reduced earnings Measure of foreign stocks and bonds for the risk of the investment The higher growth rate of foreign direct investment by higher returns To keep the unique production of knowledge directly control Not to give foreign production enterprise permittee to big companies To escape the collection of tariffs and other import restrictions Foreign manufacturing to the large-scale direct investment Access to the new foreign markets of the financing necessary To the world of the subsidiary operation directly control Promote and encourage multinational company in foreign direct investment
      1、國際投資主要由國際有價證劵投資和對外直接投資這兩種形式組成，前者指采取購買股票、債券形式的證劵投資，后者指在國外進行生產(chǎn)或其他經(jīng)營活動
      International investment mainly by the international marketable card coupons investment and foreign direct investment of the two kinds of forms, the former refers to take buy stocks and bonds form the coupon insight investment, the latter refers to the in foreign production or other business activities
      2、戰(zhàn)后，為了最大限度地增加利潤，工業(yè)化國家除了極力擴大商品和服務(wù)的出口以外，還在世界各地進行各種形式的直接投資
      After the war, in order to maximize profits, industrialized countries in addition to trying to expand the export of goods and services, but also in all over the world to various forms of direct investment
      3、毫無疑問的，發(fā)展中國家豐富的自然資源、低廉的勞動力和各種鼓勵措施，必然吸引發(fā)達國家的大公司對它們進行大量直接投資，使它們獲得巨額利潤
      There is no doubt that developing countries rich in natural resources, cheap labor and all kinds of measures to encourage, will attract the developed countries of the big company of direct investment on them, so that they get huge profits  4、70年代以來，發(fā)達國家對發(fā)展中國家的直接投資日益采取與當?shù)刭Y本開設(shè)合資企業(yè)的形式，這樣既可取得優(yōu)惠待遇，又可以防止其企業(yè)被東道國實行國有化
      Since 70 s, the developed countries to the developing countries of direct investment and local open capital increasingly take the form of joint venture, such already can get preferential treatment, and can prevent the enterprise by the host country practise nationalization
      5、主要發(fā)達國家的許多跨國公司在全球范圍進行生產(chǎn)、加工和銷售業(yè)務(wù)，它們的分公司和子公司遍及世界各地
      Many of the major developed countries multinational company in the global range production, processing and sales business, their branches and subsidiaries around the world
      第四篇：國際商務(wù)英語翻譯答案
      課后題目答案：
      Unit 1interpretation
      Have you got any experience in advertising?
      Yes, I have been working in the Public Relation Section of a company in the past two years.I plan the advertising campaign and cooperate the work of artists and typographer.Sometimes I have to do the work of a specialist when there's something urgent.Have you had any experience with computers?
      Yes, I studied in a computer training program, and can process data through the computer.That's fine.What about operating the fax and duplicators?
      I can handle them without any trouble.How often do you work overtime?
      I worked overtime several times a month.What position have you held before? I have been a salesman.But now, I can do public relations.How many places have you worked altogether? What made you decide to change your job? I am working in a small company where further promotion is impossible, so I decided to change my job.I'd like to find a job which is more challenging.What made you choose this company?
      Your company has earned a very good reputation, not only because your products are of high quality, but also your well-constructed management system.I want to contribute my effort to such an outstanding company which cares not only the customer' needs, but also welfare of the employees.What do you consider important when looking for a job?
      I think the most important thing is the nature of the job.One should never do anything one is not interested in.To me, pleasant working conditions with co-operative staff are also important.What is your greatest strength?
      I think I am very good at planning.I manage my time perfectly so that I can
      always get things done on time.What are your weak points?
      When I think something is right, I will stick to that.Sometimes it sounds a little stubborn but I am now trying to find a balance between insistence and compromise.Unit 2 interpretation：
      1.I declare the Annual Sales Conference in session.2.The first item on the agenda is the new marketing strategy.3.Let's take up the main issue right away.4.Let’s go on to the next subject.5.Can I move on to the subject of publicity?
      6.I’d like to know what you think of the design of the new product.John, what’s your opinion?
      7.Could we discuss in greater detail our countermeasures to beat our rival companies?
      8.So, that’s one against and one for.How about you?
      9.Mr.Brown, can we have your opinion on the pros and cons of the plan?
      10.May I ask you for further explanation on that part?
      11.Mr.Chairman, may I have the floor?
      12.Could I raise a point about this?
      13.Another thing we should do is to improve our market share.14.I’m sure that if our employees have more incentives, they’ll be more motivated.15.I don’t see things that way.16.I’d like to point out a possible weakness in your idea.17.Any objection to the agenda?
      18.Is there a seconder?
      19.Anyone against that?
      20.Let’s put it to the vote, then.21.Basically, I agree with what you said.22.I think the idea is worth trying.23.I agree with his opinion on one condition.24.I declare the meeting adjourned.Unit 6
      A: The next thing I'd like to bring up for discussion is packing.B: Please state your opinions about packing.A: All right.We wish our opinions on packing will be passed on to your manufacturers.A: You know, packing has a close bearing on sales.B: Yes, it also affects the reputation of our products.Buyers always pay great attention to packing.A: We wish the new packing will give our clients satisfaction.Unit 7
      A: We'll be doing a lot of business with you in the future, so we'd like to have an open account with you.B: But because this is our first deal, we would like payment against delivery.After this time we can do business on open account.A: I think it is not a good idea to pay cash on delivery.The order is so small that it will cost too much just to send you the money.B: If you promise there will be more orders in the future, I think it will be alright to open an account now, with monthly payments.A: It's better if we could make payment every six months.If our sales grow, then we can make bigger orders and pay more often.B: I think payments only twice a year is too slow.If you can agree to make payments every quarter, we can finish this deal.Unit 8
      1)Could you tell me what you specialize in ?
      2)I am glad to have a chance to visit your company
      3）We have been in textiles for 10 years.4）We’d like to give your products a try, but your delivery must maintain the quality standard of your samples.5）we are sure our products will find a ready market in your area.Unit 9
      （1）Packing has a close bearing on sales.（2）That packing would greatly reduce the cost of goods.（3）Suggestions on packing are greatly appreciated.（4）Although the cartons are light and easy to handle, we think it is not
      strong enough to be shipped.（5）The packing must be in line with local market preference.Unit 10
      (1)What is your specific transport requirement？
      (2)It will cause a lot of problems in our transportation.(3)Because of the high cost of railway transportations，we prefer sea tansportations.(4)The order No.105 is so urgently required that we have to ask you to speed up shipment.(5)Could you do something to advance your shipment？
      (1)The goods are being prepared for immediate delivery and will be ready for shipment tomorrow.(2)You may rest assured that we will ship the goods next week without fail.(3)The goods you ordered will be forwarded to you in three lots.(4)We are under the necessity of asking you to allow transshipment.(5)Containerization is a mode of more efficient shipment.(6)It will be appreciated that you give us timely advice of the shipment.
      第五篇：淺談商務(wù)英語翻譯
      淺談商務(wù)英語翻譯
      本文圍繞商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點、提高商務(wù)英語翻譯能力的方法和商務(wù)英語翻譯應(yīng)注意的事項三個主題展開論述，以求在今后的翻譯工作中做到運用自如
      1.引言
      商務(wù)英語是一種包含各種商務(wù)活動內(nèi)容、滿足商業(yè)需要的專門用途英語。其內(nèi)容涉及貿(mào)易、金融、法律、廣告等諸多專業(yè)，除外貿(mào)英語書信、合同等商業(yè)公文外，廣告、仿單、經(jīng)貿(mào)文章，相關(guān)法律公文等都可列入其中。因此，商務(wù)英語的語言現(xiàn)象比較復雜，文字風格也各不相同，翻譯時是很難全憑某些程式，套語或經(jīng)驗來解決。但是就其重要性而言，商務(wù)英語的翻譯在雙方貿(mào)易中起著橋梁紐帶的作用，甚至與整個公司的命運緊密聯(lián)系在一起，所以我們在翻譯過程中應(yīng)根據(jù)某專業(yè)的特點和需要好好斟酌所選用的詞匯。商務(wù)英語翻譯的困難在于如何準確而又流暢地翻譯出原語所要真正傳達的信息，而解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵是如何在理論上和實踐上加深對翻譯的認識和了解。
      馬會娟在《商務(wù)英語翻譯教程》（2004）一書中指出：商務(wù)英語翻譯教程翻譯是一種思想交流過程，它能使通曉不同語言的人通過了解原文所包含和傳達的信息來交流思想。美國翻譯理論家奈達認為翻譯是“用最貼近而又自然的對等語言再現(xiàn)原語的信息，首先是意義，其次是文體?！币簿褪钦f，翻譯要用自然、地道的譯入語把另一種語言所表達的內(nèi)容以切合原文的文體，準確而完整地重新表達出來。
      商務(wù)英語翻譯是一種跨文化的語際交流，它要求譯者熟悉多種文化，掌握語言運用技巧，具備熟練的語言知識，從而完成具有一定語用目的的商業(yè)文化交流。提高商務(wù)英語翻譯技能就應(yīng)關(guān)注商務(wù)英語的語言文化關(guān)聯(lián)，巧妙靈活的達到原語的語言運用目的。在商務(wù)英語翻譯工作中應(yīng)靈活處理因不同文化背景、語言表達習慣等因素造成的交際障礙，根據(jù)語境做必要的調(diào)整，避免語用失誤，造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達的功能對等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負面作用，但是對于商務(wù)英語翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義，尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達的功能對等原則以交際為目的，以讀者為中心，以目的語文化為歸宿，避免了文化沖突，克服了文化障礙，促進了雙方的文化交流。
      2.研究現(xiàn)狀
      在國際貿(mào)易日益頻繁的今天，很多企業(yè)為拓寬自己的市場，放眼國外以提高自己品牌的知名度和經(jīng)濟效益，因此商務(wù)英語翻譯越來越為人們所重視。商務(wù)英語翻譯的重要性，可以說，在一定程度上，決定了這個公司在國際上的潛力，就像一所學校的師資力量對于這所學校的發(fā)展起著決定性作用一樣。在國內(nèi)，類似商務(wù)英語翻譯的書籍也應(yīng)運而生，進一步促動了中國對外貿(mào)易的進程。尤其在改革開放后，隨著國際貿(mào)易的不斷增加，越來越多的專家和學者對商務(wù)英語翻譯展開了研究，并撰寫了諸多的論文，如：段夢敏的“現(xiàn)代商務(wù)英語翻譯策略”，來東慧的“商務(wù)英語翻譯中的跨文化因素”等；此類的教材也應(yīng)運而生，如馬會娟的《商務(wù)英語翻譯教程》；周振邦的《商務(wù)英語翻譯》,葉玉龍、王文翰、段云禮合著的《商務(wù)英語漢譯教程》等。商務(wù)英語翻譯將繼續(xù)成為商務(wù)英語研討會的主題、各大院校開設(shè)的主要課程及各有關(guān)學者關(guān)注和研究的方向。
      3.商務(wù)英語翻譯的特點
      3.1 準確性
      翻譯是把一種語言所表達的內(nèi)容用另一種語言準確地表達出來。為了使不通曉原語的讀者能夠看得明白，譯文表達應(yīng)該簡潔明了。最重要的是，翻譯的原則和標準應(yīng)當忠實和通順?！爸?/p>
      實”主要是指譯者要準確地表達原作者的意思，并且要表達全面；“通順”是指譯文語言要通順易懂，便于讀者的理解和接受。
      例1：
      原文：This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原譯文：公司提供的支持包括撰寫合同，分析股東結(jié)構(gòu)或投資理念等。這意味著更新一個公司的發(fā)展理念，使其經(jīng)營或招聘機制更趨現(xiàn)代化，改善其市場營銷和銷售策略。此外，這一支持系統(tǒng)還意味著我們能協(xié)助客戶在國際市場上找到新的合作伙伴，幫助他們上市和出售。分析：將本譯文與原文相比，可以看出譯文多處翻譯不夠準確，令人費解。比如，原文說的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”（像撰寫合同一樣具體。）而原譯文則是“包括撰寫合同”；原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”（改善公司經(jīng)營管理，使其招聘機制、市場營銷和銷售更趨現(xiàn)代化），而原譯文則成了“使其經(jīng)營或招聘機制更趨現(xiàn)代化，改善其市場營銷和銷售策略”；原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”（尋找新的合作伙伴，開拓國際市場），在原譯文中卻成了“協(xié)助客戶在國際市場上找到新的合作伙伴”！這種似是而非的翻譯，使原文信息大為失真，不僅極有可能誤導讀者，而且可能給公司造成很大的損失。
      修改后譯文：我們提供的支持就像撰寫合同一樣具體，如：幫助分析股東結(jié)構(gòu)或投資理念，也就是說幫助更新一個公司的發(fā)展理念，改善其經(jīng)營管理，使其招聘機制、市場營銷和銷售更趨現(xiàn)代化。此外，這一支持還包含為公司尋找新的合作伙伴、開拓國際市場以及他們的上市和出售。
      3.2 專業(yè)性
      各行各業(yè)都有其不同的文化背景、特點及要求，并有其特定的專業(yè)術(shù)語。在翻譯過程中，如果譯者不能吃透其專業(yè)特點和掌握其專業(yè)術(shù)語，翻譯結(jié)果則可能大相徑庭。如，due diligence 在商務(wù)英語中不應(yīng)譯為“適當盡職”，而是“盡職調(diào)查”；option plan 應(yīng)為“期權(quán)計劃”，而不是“職工購買股票計劃”等。
      例2：
      原文： Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原譯文：然后，雙方就公司參與企業(yè)管理的問題進行磋商，如果達成共識，就會在協(xié)議上簽字，并由一名律師公證。
      分析：律師是不能公證的，只能見證合同的簽署；公證是公證員的事。
      修改后譯文：然后，雙方對提出的協(xié)議進行磋商，如果達成共識，雙方在協(xié)議上簽字。這一過程由一名律師進行見證。
      例3：
      原文：After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原譯文：經(jīng)過仔細核對信用證，茲要求貴方做如下修改：“允許部分轉(zhuǎn)運和轉(zhuǎn)船”。分析：將“Partial shipments”譯成“部分轉(zhuǎn)運”似乎欠妥；行話應(yīng)是“分批”。
      修改后譯文：經(jīng)仔細核對信用證后，茲要求貴方做如下修改：“允許分批運貨和轉(zhuǎn)船”。
      3.3 文化性
      由于東、西方種族、地理環(huán)境、宗教信仰等存在的差異，造成了東西方國家大相徑庭的文化體系，商務(wù)英語翻譯中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影響。而我們所要做的就是在翻譯時，選詞要多斟酌，做到慎之又慎，以免造成“文化沖突”，引起不必要的麻煩。
      例如：在美國的大商場有“rest room”，譯成中文的“休息室”就會出笑話，因為“rest room”在此指“廁所”，而并非國際機場里所指的“休息室”。
      又如：在西方，“十三”被認為是不吉利的數(shù)字，這與圣經(jīng)故事中耶穌被他的第十三個門徒猶大出賣有關(guān)。所以，在西方國家，人們通常避免使用“十三”這個數(shù)字，正如中國人避免說或用數(shù)字“四”一樣，（在中國，“四”與“死”同音）。在中國的傳統(tǒng)文化中，數(shù)字“十三”沒有這種文化含義，也就不忌諱使用了。但隨著西方文化的深入影響，近來“十三”這種隱性的含義也被國人所接受。因此，我們在做翻譯中應(yīng)特別注意類似的問題。否則我們會在無意識間傷害對方或造成誤會。
      4.提高商務(wù)英語翻譯能力的方法
      中國加入WTO后，越來越多的中國企業(yè)已不滿足國內(nèi)市場，他們紛紛跨出國門，走向世界去尋求業(yè)務(wù)合作。英語作為溝通語言的作用非同小可。外貿(mào)談判是一種交際活動，是拓展對外貿(mào)易的重要途徑。交際活動則必須通過語言媒介來完成。因此，如何使用語言表達意愿和要求，如何恰當使用語言來表達談判目的，這是商務(wù)英語使用者經(jīng)常探索的問題之一。
      4.1 熟悉英語相關(guān)專業(yè)知識
      商務(wù)英語的翻譯較普通英語翻譯而言，其范圍更廣，涉及的內(nèi)容也更多。如果說普通的英語翻譯注重的是文化底蘊，那么商務(wù)英語的翻譯則注重的是知識面。因此，我們在學習翻譯理論的同時，應(yīng)加強商務(wù)方面的知識，比如：國際貿(mào)易，國際兌匯，會計學，運輸學等方面的知識。同時，還需要我們有比較豐富的法律知識和文化素養(yǎng)。商務(wù)英語翻譯的人員對本國和他國經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的法律法規(guī)也應(yīng)該有所了解，因為在商業(yè)活動中，一方在必要的時候，需要用合作對象國家的法律來維護自己的權(quán)利。在翻譯一些協(xié)議或合同時，還需注意到各自的法律責任，以此保證各方的經(jīng)濟行為是正當?shù)模粫蟹缮系娘L險。近些年來屢次發(fā)生的反傾銷斗爭就是實例，因此在商務(wù)英語翻譯過程中謹慎為上。
      4.2 了解文化差異
      上面提到了商務(wù)英語翻譯中的文化性原則，為了更好地遵循這個原則，我們就必須了解文化差異，以免引起不必要的文化沖突。每個民族都有著其不同的文化背景，風土人情，而語言作為某種文化的載體，所反映出來的是一個民族的意志與底蘊。翻譯作為一種加強文化交流的手段，更加會涉及到這方面的問題。尤其是在商務(wù)英語翻譯中，稍有不慎便會引起重大損失以及尷尬。
      比如：“dragon”（龍）這個詞是我們中華民族的象征，是中國的吉祥物，“龍騰虎躍、龍馬精神、龍飛鳳舞、龍吟虎嘯”等成語均體現(xiàn)了龍的精神和氣勢。而在西方國家“dragon”這個詞卻是罪惡的象征。因此在翻譯“韓國，中國臺灣，香港和新加坡亞洲四小龍”的時候，我們不用“Four Asian Dragons”，而用“Four Asian Tigers”。這就是文化差異的典型表現(xiàn)?？偠灾?，在翻譯中我們必須盡量了解他國的文化與差異，并做出正確的翻譯，以免造成不必要的誤解。
      4.3 掌握商務(wù)英語語言技巧
      目前，語言技巧在商務(wù)活動中逐漸被忽略，我們需要進一步去研究。各種語言技巧在商務(wù)英語談判中有不同的運用特點，以及語言技巧在外貿(mào)談判中的作用，進一步分析外貿(mào)談判英語語言特征，從而幫助外貿(mào)談判工作者認識到英語語言在商務(wù)英語談判中的運用技巧，使他們能靈活運用語言技巧，取得談判成功。了解語言的特征的有助于談判員有效地使用一些技巧,這樣能更確保在談判中取得勝利。有大量的語言技巧值得我們仔細研究，掌握了這些技巧不
      僅能促進談判的進程，而且在談判過程中也不會使對方感到尷尬。因此，談判順利地完成，在商務(wù)英語談判中談判員就必須注意語言交流及技巧的使用。
      4.4 遵循翻譯原則
      商務(wù)英語的翻譯要求做到準確和專業(yè)化，這就要求翻譯者具有相當熟練的英語水平。平時，我們必須廣泛閱讀商務(wù)英語的知識，并且注意語言與案例的結(jié)合，然后通過分析來掌握商務(wù)英語知識點。同時，商務(wù)英語翻譯并不像文學英語的翻譯那樣，需要用豐富的詞藻來描繪，它所要做到的就是“精、準”。因此商務(wù)英語不需要過多、過詳細地描述某件事情，我們要做到是“精煉而又不失準確”。
      綜上所述，我們必須謹遵翻譯的原則，努力把翻譯做到精益求精。
      5．商務(wù)英語翻譯應(yīng)注意的事項
      5.1 注意細節(jié)問題
      我們都知道，英漢對譯中的一大特點便是英語重靜態(tài)，漢語重動態(tài)。在漢語的表達過程中，我們經(jīng)常運用動詞來描繪，使得句子更加生動。因此，在商務(wù)英語翻譯過程中，我們也應(yīng)該時刻注意這些細節(jié)問題。
      例4：
      原文：An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.譯文：交易增加，要求流通的貨幣量也增加。
      分析：英文原文中用了2個“increase”的名詞形式來表達，而在中文翻譯中，則選用了動詞，尊重了漢語的特點。
      古人云“一字值千金”。在商務(wù)英語中我們必須做到一個“準”字，以免造成“失之毫厘，謬以千里”的結(jié)果。標點符號亦是如此，在書寫金額時，要注意小數(shù)點（.）與分節(jié)號（，）的位置，絕對不能馬虎。在商務(wù)英語翻譯的過程中，因為涉及到商業(yè)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)則與交易利潤，這些細節(jié)上的問題需引起我們特別的注意?！凹毠?jié)”決定成敗，這句話很有道理。
      5.2 不斷加強實踐能力
      正所謂“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準”，書本上的知識只能代表我們擁有了理論能力，但工作的能力是靠實際的鍛煉得到培養(yǎng)的。如果我們?nèi)狈崙?zhàn)經(jīng)驗，在翻譯工作中很可能會上當受騙。例如，在外商草擬的合同草案中，我們不僅要理解其字面意思，更要弄清其潛在含義。當買方要求賣方提供某些與設(shè)計或技術(shù)有關(guān)的資料、數(shù)據(jù)、公式時，賣方很可能會用合同上的諸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能，賣方將向買方提供有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù))之類的句子推脫。因為“如果可能（possible）”在很大程度上意味著“不可能（impossible）”?？傊?，我們必須通過不斷的實踐來豐富自我，鍛煉自我，提高我們的判別能力和工作能力。
      結(jié)論
      商務(wù)英語翻譯是一種跨文化的語際交流，它要求譯者熟悉多種文化，掌握語言運用技巧，具備熟練的語言知識，從而完成具有一定語用目的的商業(yè)文化交流。提高商務(wù)英語翻譯技能就應(yīng)關(guān)注商務(wù)英語的語言文化關(guān)聯(lián)，巧妙靈活的達到原語的語言運用目的。在商務(wù)英語翻譯工作中應(yīng)靈活處理因不同文化背景、語言表達習慣等因素造成的交際障礙，根據(jù)語境做必要的調(diào)整，避免語用失誤，造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達的功能對等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負面作用，但是對于商務(wù)英語翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義，尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達的功能對等原則以交際為目的，以讀者為中心，以目的語文化為歸宿，避免了文化沖突，克服了文化障礙，促進了雙方的文化交流。
      可以這么說，商務(wù)英語翻譯不僅關(guān)系著個人的命運，而且也關(guān)系著公司的前途和國家的形象。
      商務(wù)英語的重要性決定了我們必須認真對待商務(wù)英語翻譯，而認真對待的前提就是遵守翻譯理論中的準確性、專業(yè)性、文化性這三個原則，這樣才能力求在翻譯實踐中做到少犯低級錯誤。在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們應(yīng)多學理論知識，充實自己的頭腦。機會是留給有準備的人的，所以我們必須做到有所準備，這樣才能在翻譯過程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。當然光靠理論知識是完全不夠的，正如上面提到的“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準”，我們也必須抓住機遇，多參加企業(yè)的商務(wù)活動，以加強自己的實踐能力，這樣既可以提高自己的翻譯能力，也可以鍛煉自己的實踐能力。
       
      
    
      

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