第一篇：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)混凝土橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)形式(中英文翻譯)

混凝土梁橋的結(jié)構(gòu)形式

事實(shí)證明，預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)是在技術(shù)上先進(jìn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)上有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、符合審美學(xué)的一種先進(jìn)技術(shù)。從使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成的小跨徑橋梁到吊梁和跨徑將近100英尺的連續(xù)箱梁橋，幾乎所有的混凝土橋梁，甚至于相對(duì)短時(shí)間的橋梁都是預(yù)應(yīng)力結(jié)構(gòu)的。采用預(yù)制、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)澆筑或兩種方法并用。在同一工程中經(jīng)常同時(shí)使用先張法和后張法。

在美國，公路橋一般情況下必須滿足荷載、設(shè)計(jì)和AASHTO規(guī)定的建設(shè)的要求。對(duì)于服務(wù)于其它目的步行街和橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)要求由當(dāng)?shù)氐幕虻胤降拇a建立。ACI代碼的備注也被納入?yún)⒖肌?/p>

伴隨最小交通中斷的大約100英尺的跨徑的橋梁由提供低的初級(jí)預(yù)算，最小量維修和養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)用和快速的簡(jiǎn)易的預(yù)制板組成。這種梁一般是用先張法。預(yù)制板一塊挨一塊的放置并且在相鄰的預(yù)制板間受剪的縫隙填滿不收縮的灰泥之后，經(jīng)常在中間橫膈膜的位置后張拉。對(duì)于公路，用瀝青鋪設(shè)的表面可以直接用在預(yù)制混凝土的上面。在某些情況下，一塊放置在正確位置的現(xiàn)澆板提供復(fù)合作用。

空心板一般用于深度15英尺到21英尺，寬度3英尺或4英尺。對(duì)于一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)HS20的公路，空心板適合于大約50 英尺的跨徑。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)渠化區(qū)段在多種寬度，深度從21英尺到35英尺時(shí)是有利的，可用于大約20英尺到60英尺的跨徑。中空的箱形梁和T形梁用于大約100英尺的長(zhǎng)跨徑。

對(duì)于中等跨徑的大約120英尺的公路橋，一般使用AASHTO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁。它們和一種復(fù)合現(xiàn)場(chǎng)預(yù)制行車道板一起使用。在板被安置之后，這樣的梁經(jīng)常在預(yù)澆梁的先張拉 與合成梁的后張拉后結(jié)合。試圖獲得改進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)，一些國家已經(jīng)采用更精煉的設(shè)計(jì)，例如華盛頓州標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁。

經(jīng)過特別設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)制建筑梁可以用來攜帶一個(gè)單軌鐵路系統(tǒng)。完成的沃爾特迪斯尼樂園單軌鐵路的一系列的特征, 每個(gè)包括六個(gè)單獨(dú)支持的預(yù)拉梁，一起形成連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)。典型的跨距是100到110英尺。被使用的337根梁，大約一半有垂直與水平曲率和易變超級(jí)升高的一些結(jié)合。所有的梁是中空的，它的特征是通過在曲梁中插入泡沫和在直梁制作中移動(dòng)形心軸獲得。

由于運(yùn)輸問題和構(gòu)件垂直的大而重的問題，預(yù)制梁不能用于跨徑超過120英尺的橋梁。另一方面，橋梁有一種向大跨徑發(fā)展的明顯趨勢(shì)。對(duì)于提高的都市高速道路來說，大跨徑促進(jìn)通路而且將對(duì)下面的活動(dòng)妨礙減到最少。對(duì)環(huán)境的損害問題的關(guān)心，導(dǎo)致連續(xù)高架橋大跨徑的選擇。對(duì)于跨河橋，因?yàn)楹叫虚g隙的需求，中間可能不可以搭設(shè)橋墩。

在這一個(gè)類型的典型建筑中，橋墩（臺(tái)）采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)預(yù)制, 經(jīng)常使用滑動(dòng)的技術(shù)。一個(gè)箱梁的“ 錘頭”澆筑在橋墩的頂端, 并且通過平衡的懸臂方法控制每個(gè)方向的建筑進(jìn)

行。最后,在完成跨中結(jié)合處的澆筑之后, 這種結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)于完全連續(xù)性的橋梁來說是進(jìn)一步的受拉的。修剪鑰匙可能被用在片段之間垂直面之上, 而且預(yù)制建筑與環(huán)氧基樹脂黏在一起。

想象的工程學(xué)藉著許多特別的技術(shù)示范已經(jīng)延長(zhǎng)混凝土建筑的范圍，就橋梁而言，已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過幾年以前可以想象的到的任何事。在美國，雙向彎曲的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)澆鑄的部分箱梁已經(jīng)成功地完成 310 英尺 的跨距，跨越了北加州的鰻魚河。該橋的中間跨度550英尺，側(cè)跨跨度390英尺，初步設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)完成。

預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土橋梁很適合于大跨徑的另一種形式是懸索箱梁。一個(gè)值得注意的例子是阿根廷境內(nèi)的Chaco-Corrientes橋。橋的主跨徑804英尺，由兩個(gè)A型構(gòu)架塔支撐，懸索從塔頂?shù)窖刂装迳煺?。受拉的懸索不僅提供一種垂直反應(yīng)組成支撐底板，而且對(duì)于箱梁產(chǎn)生水平的壓縮，增加構(gòu)件中的張拉力。

許多年以前德國工程師 Ulrich Finsterwalder 提出適合于負(fù)擔(dān)荷載和大跨徑的一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)類型是壓帶式橋。壓帶是橋運(yùn)輸跨越萊茵河的一個(gè)管道和人行道，跨徑446英尺。上部結(jié)構(gòu)的施工順序是（a）垂直的一對(duì)懸索，(b)在每個(gè)懸索的下面，安置預(yù)制板形成一人行道甲板和 一U型 的平臺(tái), 并且(c)在附近現(xiàn)場(chǎng)澆注混凝土。放置在頂部的管道支撐在扶手的頂部，向一邊傾斜，大幅地增加結(jié)構(gòu)的主要風(fēng)速。

討論橋梁形式應(yīng)適當(dāng)?shù)目紤]結(jié)構(gòu)的美學(xué)。當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)可能根據(jù)最小的費(fèi)用和技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候，時(shí)間消逝了。特別是橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)到處可見。生產(chǎn)視覺上不愉快的結(jié)構(gòu) , 過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生, 是一種不負(fù)專業(yè)責(zé)任的行為。特別地對(duì)于主要的跨距，還有一些比較普通的結(jié)構(gòu)來說，應(yīng)該在設(shè)計(jì)過程的概念階段尋找建筑的建議。出處：

安瑞克．混凝土橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)形式[J]．建筑實(shí)錄(美)，2010，33(36)：34—36

The Structure of Concrete Bridge Pre-stressed concrete has proved to be technically advantageous, economically competitive, and esthetically superior bridges, from very short span structures using standard components to cable-stayed girders and continuous box girders with clear spans of nearly 100aft.Nearly all concrete bridges, even those of relatively short span, are now pre-stressed.Pre-casting, cast-in-place construction, or a combination of the two methods may be used.Both pre-tensioning and post tensioning are employed, often on the same project.In the United States, highway bridges generally must-meet loading ,design ,and construction requirements of the AASHTO Specification.Design requirements for pedestrian crossings and bridges serving other purposes may be established by local or regional codes and specifications.ACI Code provisions are often incorporated by reference.Bridges spans to about 100ft often consist of pre-cast integral-deck units ,which offer low initial cost ,minimum ,maintenance ,and fast easy construction ,with minimum traffic interruption.Such girders are generally pre-tensioned.The units are placed side by side ,and are often post-tensioned laterally at intermediate diaphragm locations ,after which shear keys between adjacent units are filled with non-shrinking mortar.For highway spans ,an asphalt wearing surface may be applied directly to the top of the pre-cast concrete.In some cases ,a cast-in-place slab is placed to provide composite action.The voided slabs are commonly available in depths from 15 to 21 in.and widths of 3 to 4 ft.For a standard highway HS20 loading, they are suitable for spans to about 50 ft, Standard channel sections are available in depths from 21 to 35 in a variety of widths, and are used for spans between about 20 and 60 ft.The hollow box beams-and single-tee girders are intended for longer spans up to about 100 ft.For medium-span highway bridges ,to about 120 ft ,AASHTO standard I beams are

generally used.They are intended for use with a composite cast-in-place roadway slab.Such girders often combine pre-tensioning of the pre-cast member with post-tensioning of the composite beam after the deck is placed.In an effort to obtain improved economy ,some states have adopted more refined designs ,such as the State of Washington standard girders.The specially designed pre-cast girders may be used to carry a monorail transit system.The finished guide way of Walt Disney World Monorail features a series of segments, each consisting of six simply supported pre-tensioned beams ,together to from a continuous structure.Typical spans are 100 to 110 ft.Approximately half of the 337 beams used have some combination of vertical and horizontal curvatures and variable super elevation.All beams are hollow, a feature achieved by inserting a styro-foam void in the curved beams and by a moving mandrel in straight beam production.Pre-cast girders may not be used for spans much in excess of 120 ft because of the problems of transporting and erecting large, heavy units.On the other hand ,there is a clear trend toward the use of longer spans for bridges.For elevated urban expressways ,long spans facilitate access and minimize obstruction to activities below.Concern for environmental damage has led to the choice of long spans for continuous viaducts.For river crossings, intermediate piers may be impossible because of requirements of navigational clearance.In typical construction of this type, piers are cast-in-place, often using the slip-forming technique.A ―hammerhead‖ section of box girder is often cast at the top of the pier, and construction proceeds in each direction by the balanced cantilever method.Finally, after the closing cast-in-place joint is made at mid-span, the structure is further post-tensioned for full continuity.Shear keys may be used on the vertical faces between segments, and pre-cast are glued with epoxy resin.The imaginative engineering demonstrated by many special techniques has extended the range of concrete construction for bridges far beyond anything that could be conceived just a few years ago.In the United States, twin curved cast-in –place segmental box girders have recently been completed for of span of 310 ft over the Eel River in northern California.Preliminary design has been completed for twin continuous box girders consisting of central 550 ft spans flanked by 390 ft side spans.Another form of pre-stressed concrete bridge well suited to long spans is the cable-stayed box girder.A notable example is the Chaco-Corrientes Bridge in Argentina.The bridges main span of 804 ft is supported by two A-frame towers, with cable stays stretching from tower tops to points along the deck.The deck itself consists of two parallel box girders made of pre-cast sections erected using the cantilever method.The tensioned cables not only

provide a vertical reaction component to support the deck ,but also introduce horizontal compression to the box girders ,adding to the post-tensioning force in those members.Stress-ribbon Bridge pioneered many years ago by the German engineer Ulrich Finsterwalder.The stress-ribbon bridge carries a pipeline and pedestrians over the Rhine River with a span of 446 ft.The superstructure erection sequence was to(a)erect two pairs of cables,(b)place pre-cast slabs forming a sidewalk deck and a U under each of the sets of cables, and(c)cast-in-place concrete within the two Us.The pipeline is placed atop supports at railing height, off to one side, which greatly increases the wind speed of the structure.It is appropriate in discussing bridge forms to mention structural esthetics.The time is past when structures could be designed on the basis of minimum cost and technical advantages alone.Bridge structures in particular are exposed for all to see.To produce a structure that is visually offensive ,as has occurred all too often in the past, is an act professional irresponsibility.Particularly for major spans ,but also for more ordinary structures ,architectural advice should be sought early in conceptual stage of the design process.

第二篇：橋梁混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)耐久性施工方案

《橋梁混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)耐久性施工方案》

一、編制說明

根據(jù)施工設(shè)計(jì)圖提供技術(shù)參數(shù)及資料，本工程地處多為鹽堿和鹽堿水環(huán)境，其地質(zhì)多為海相沉積形成，富含Cl-SO2等多種離子。工程處于寒冷地區(qū)，雨雪天后為保證通行主要市區(qū)道路和部分公路都噴灑化冰鹽水；本工程橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)所處的環(huán)境類型為Ⅱ類，根據(jù)工程地質(zhì)勘察本場(chǎng)地河水、地下水及基土對(duì)混凝土存在微腐蝕性，對(duì)鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)中的鋼筋具弱等腐蝕性，本工程設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)使用100年。因此確定橋梁各部位防腐等級(jí)如下：鉆孔灌注樁、墩柱、橋墩、橋臺(tái)按不低于環(huán)境作用等級(jí)C級(jí)采取防護(hù)。

二、根據(jù)混凝土防腐設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)圖依據(jù)工程施工規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：

1、《普通混凝土配合比設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)程》JGJ55-2011）

2、《公路工程混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)防腐技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JIC/TB07-01-2006）

3、《混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》(GB50204-2015)

4、《混凝土耐久性檢驗(yàn)評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(JGJ/T193-2009)

5、《混凝土外加劑》（BG8706-2008）

6、《天津市鋼筋混凝土耐久性設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)程》（DB/29-165-2006）

7、《天津市市政工程施工技術(shù)規(guī)范》（DB29-75JI0406）

8、《混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程施工質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收規(guī)范》（GB50204-2015）

9、《普通混凝土拌合物性能試驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB/50080-2016）

10、《普通混凝土長(zhǎng)期性能和耐久性能試驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB/T5008-2016）

11、《普通混凝土拌合物力學(xué)試驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（GB/T5008-2016）

12、《用于水泥和混凝土中的?；郀t礦渣》（BG/T18046-2008）

13、《用于水泥和混凝土中的粉煤灰》（BG/T1596-2005）

14、《混凝土拌合水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（JGJ63-2006）

15、《公路工程質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》（JTGF80/1-2018）

16、《公路橋涵施工技術(shù)規(guī)范》（JTG/F50-2011）

三、防腐混凝土耐久性配合比選擇：

充分考慮混凝土配合比試配時(shí)的指標(biāo)：電通量、抗凍性、抗裂性、密實(shí)性、耐磨性、耐蝕性、抗堿-骨料反應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)滿足工程要求。所以在鉆孔樁配合比中摻加粉煤灰，增加混凝土流動(dòng)度和易性，便于工程施工。對(duì)于墩柱摻加粉煤灰、磨細(xì)礦渣粉使混凝土更加密實(shí)內(nèi)實(shí)外光、色澤一致。預(yù)制梁或現(xiàn)澆箱梁摻加磨細(xì)礦渣粉降低水化熱又能增加其強(qiáng)度。根據(jù)拌合站到施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)混凝土運(yùn)輸距離選擇坍落度。

綜合上述對(duì)橋梁混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)耐久性影響因素，為保證混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)耐久性滿足工程質(zhì)量需要：

1.1

從原材料調(diào)查與選擇：①水泥：采用品質(zhì)穩(wěn)定強(qiáng)度不低于42.5級(jí)的低堿硅酸鹽或普通硅酸鹽水泥，禁止使用其它品種水泥，（考慮混凝土整體色澤一致因素），選年產(chǎn)量規(guī)模大產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定150萬噸以上廠家，技術(shù)指標(biāo)滿：水泥的比表面積不宜超過350㎡/kg堿含量不超過0.6%，游離氧化鈣含量不超過1.5%水泥中C3A的含量不超過8%②河砂：優(yōu)先選用無堿活性的河砂廠家，砂級(jí)配合理、質(zhì)地均勻；細(xì)度模數(shù)在2.6-3.0中砂，且含泥量不大于1.5%泥塊含量不大于0.1%且無雜質(zhì)，并進(jìn)行細(xì)集料堿-硅酸反應(yīng)砂漿棒膨脹率為0.1-0.20%的活性時(shí)，由各種原材料帶入每個(gè)m3混凝土中的總堿量不超過1.8Kg/m3③碎石：調(diào)查工程周邊生產(chǎn)廠家并取樣試驗(yàn)（使用前做堿-骨料反應(yīng)）：優(yōu)先采用質(zhì)地堅(jiān)硬的石灰?guī)r、花崗巖、輝綠巖等球形狀、吸水率低空閑率小，母巖立方體抗壓強(qiáng)度與混凝土設(shè)計(jì)強(qiáng)度之比大于2.0倍的碎石。選生產(chǎn)廠家反擊破生產(chǎn)碎石方式，并且要三級(jí)配選生產(chǎn)（4.75-9.5mm9.5-19mm16-31.5mm），各個(gè)粒徑標(biāo)示并分倉清楚、壓碎值不大于10%、級(jí)配良好、含泥量、泥塊含量、針片狀等技術(shù)指標(biāo)滿足規(guī)范要求。④拌合水：技術(shù)指標(biāo)滿足規(guī)范要求。⑤高效減水劑：高效減水率進(jìn)場(chǎng)前經(jīng)試驗(yàn)合格后入庫。⑥阻銹劑技術(shù)指標(biāo)滿足規(guī)范要求。⑦粉煤灰符合《GB/T1596-2017》用于水泥混凝土中的粉煤灰技術(shù)指標(biāo)滿足規(guī)范要求。⑧磨細(xì)礦渣粉技術(shù)指標(biāo)滿足規(guī)范要求。通過試驗(yàn)選擇合格的生產(chǎn)廠家為工程提供原材料,當(dāng)以上原材料不能滿足工程要求時(shí)，在配合比中摻加低鈣粉煤灰硅灰等活性摻合料；原材料檢驗(yàn)頻率按公路橋涵施工技術(shù)規(guī)范《JTG/TF50-2011》執(zhí)行。

四、拌合站拌合質(zhì)量控制

1.1拌合站嚴(yán)格控制原材料對(duì)于水泥、河砂、碎石、高效減水劑、粉煤灰、礦渣粉經(jīng)試驗(yàn)合格后方準(zhǔn)入庫。

1.2每天早晨試驗(yàn)員上班做河砂、碎石含水量試驗(yàn)根據(jù)試驗(yàn)室理論配合比換算成施工配合比，質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)人負(fù)責(zé)核對(duì)，并交給攪拌機(jī)操作員輸入程序中。

1.3投料順序?yàn)椋荷笆唷韬纤獡胶狭稀咝p水劑

1.4拌和機(jī)稱量系統(tǒng)經(jīng)市縣以上計(jì)量技術(shù)檢定合格后：投料水泥誤差為±1%砂石誤差為±2%減水劑粉煤灰磨細(xì)礦渣粉誤差為±0.5%拌合時(shí)間添加外加劑為120S，值班試驗(yàn)員觀察和易性滿足施工所需要求時(shí)，放料做坍落度試驗(yàn)滿足工地后，按規(guī)范做所要求試件組數(shù)，拆模后送標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)護(hù)室進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)。

1.5現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)員跟裝混凝土的罐車一起到施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，先做坍落度試驗(yàn)，當(dāng)混凝土坍落度不能滿足澆筑要求時(shí)，使用隨車帶10L減水劑進(jìn)行調(diào)整直至符合要求。

五、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)混凝土澆筑 1.1當(dāng)澆筑樁基時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)混凝土方量計(jì)算出封底最小數(shù)量預(yù)留儲(chǔ)備3個(gè)罐車混凝土，防止混凝土不足。澆筑程序按樁基技術(shù)交底執(zhí)行，試件制作。①每個(gè)工班至少2組，樁基直徑深度大于20米3組深度每超過10米增加1組。②墩柱按3組制作，2組做28b，1組做同條件養(yǎng)護(hù)，③T梁或箱梁按4組試件制作其中2組做抗壓試驗(yàn)，2組做同條件。④連續(xù)澆筑超過1000m3混凝土，每個(gè)工班至少取2組試件；制作試件按橋規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行。

1.2當(dāng)澆筑墩柱或其它構(gòu)筑物混凝土數(shù)量時(shí)，提前做好各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備工作：檢查模板是否捆綁牢固、是否有沒有粘貼好的縫隙，1.3混凝土的振搗設(shè)備至少預(yù)留1套振搗工應(yīng)該熟悉混凝土振搗規(guī)范防止過振或漏振運(yùn)輸，使混凝土拆模后出現(xiàn)砂線、水波紋、離析、空洞現(xiàn)象。

六、混凝土的養(yǎng)護(hù)

1.1混凝土養(yǎng)護(hù)：當(dāng)澆筑混凝土達(dá)到強(qiáng)度拆模后，對(duì)構(gòu)筑物及時(shí)覆蓋養(yǎng)護(hù)，當(dāng)較小構(gòu)筑物在頂部放一桶養(yǎng)護(hù)水使用細(xì)管引向構(gòu)筑物并使用塑料薄膜包裹膠帶緊，防止漏風(fēng)使其保持濕潤(rùn)。T梁采用自動(dòng)噴淋設(shè)備，專人負(fù)責(zé)此項(xiàng)噴淋工作。當(dāng)張拉強(qiáng)度滿足強(qiáng)度要求時(shí)止。

七、混凝土耐久性質(zhì)量試驗(yàn)及檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證

1.1混凝土抗凍性試驗(yàn)主要是檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證其耐久性按規(guī)范進(jìn)行，試件尺寸為100*100*400mm一個(gè)凍融循環(huán)為2.5-4.0h,凍融循環(huán)試驗(yàn)以相對(duì)彈性模量下降至75%或重量損失率達(dá)5%時(shí)，即可認(rèn)為試件已達(dá)破壞，該試驗(yàn)凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)為抗凍融等級(jí)。本工程抗凍耐久性指數(shù)60% 1.2混凝土電通量試驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證橋梁混凝土氯離子含量： 本試驗(yàn)方法通過測(cè)定混凝土在直流恒電壓作用下通過電量值來評(píng)價(jià)不同原材料和配合比中的氯離子滲透性能。本工程氯離子擴(kuò)散系數(shù)小于7。

從源頭做起，對(duì)進(jìn)場(chǎng)原材料：水泥、河砂、碎石、外加劑、粉煤灰、磨細(xì)礦渣粉等進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)控制，使混凝土中的總堿含量小于3.0/m3對(duì)于試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)不合格的產(chǎn)品，拒絕卸車，并記錄生產(chǎn)廠家車號(hào)；施工過程每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行控制，混凝土出站運(yùn)輸?shù)綕仓M可能縮短時(shí)間，振搗工熟悉工藝流程使混凝土振搗密實(shí)，拆模后及時(shí)覆蓋養(yǎng)護(hù)。以保證澆筑后混凝土各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)滿足設(shè)計(jì)圖的技術(shù)要求；來保證橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土耐久性質(zhì)量要求。

2018.5.3

第三篇：出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個(gè)大問題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個(gè)問題的一個(gè)部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個(gè)問題，送人們從一個(gè)地方到另外一個(gè)地方。例如，出租車的四個(gè)席位可攜帶四個(gè)不同的沒有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計(jì)價(jià)以確定所需的票價(jià)，把每個(gè)乘客的計(jì)費(fèi)分開，這已成為一個(gè)非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財(cái)政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計(jì)程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個(gè)席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車?，F(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計(jì)價(jià)，已經(jīng)變得非常，國家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計(jì)出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一問題，國家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計(jì)稅，每個(gè)座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計(jì)程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說的長(zhǎng)期旅客指一個(gè)人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時(shí)也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計(jì)價(jià)，不是簡(jiǎn)單地說，一個(gè)多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個(gè)先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動(dòng)計(jì)算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個(gè)例子，我們將介紹一個(gè)完整的三通道計(jì)價(jià)?？驁D以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計(jì)價(jià)功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈(zèng)款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。2.實(shí)驗(yàn)

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計(jì)價(jià)而不僅僅是只顯示三個(gè)讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來自動(dòng)改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會(huì)分成兩個(gè)主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個(gè)傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個(gè)脈沖的頻率會(huì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個(gè)速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來檢測(cè)出租車的運(yùn)動(dòng)，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過一個(gè)通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個(gè)輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時(shí)限于價(jià)值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個(gè)齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計(jì)費(fèi)到時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式的開關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個(gè)建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元?？刂坪惋@示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營(yíng)的士以及四個(gè)可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個(gè)會(huì)給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開關(guān)1，第2和第3個(gè)，按順時(shí)針/逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)。在充分逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時(shí)針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對(duì)于第一第二第三的乘客分別計(jì)費(fèi)。第四號(hào)推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個(gè)單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。

描述的主要電子電路

電路一般框圖主要電子電路。它由五個(gè)部分指定的電腦符號(hào)與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個(gè)支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時(shí)間電路CT3，時(shí)鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測(cè)電路CT1，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個(gè)輸出：1，2和3相對(duì)應(yīng)于三個(gè)輸出J，K和L。

這個(gè)循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個(gè)或者2，3個(gè)乘客分別租用出租車。這個(gè)組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個(gè)乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以一個(gè)完全順時(shí)針方向。這將自動(dòng)斷開相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個(gè)從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個(gè)輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個(gè)組合電路，我們開始設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，上述源性表達(dá)。它包括兩個(gè)變頻器，4個(gè)2輸入和3輸入以及2個(gè)3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2 如圖所示的方框圖圖4，電路CT2有4個(gè)輸入J，K，L及E和1個(gè)輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價(jià)按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個(gè)表格2里面。

這個(gè)環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級(jí)別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路顯示，三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器，作為一個(gè)三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個(gè)自動(dòng)選定的電壓一級(jí)終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，上述功能如圖6。它包括三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器7490，一個(gè)聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個(gè)4輸入和1個(gè)3輸入以及1個(gè)2輸入和2個(gè)3輸入或門。

時(shí)間縮放電路CT3.時(shí)間縮放電路含有4個(gè)輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個(gè)輸出端N，這個(gè)電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時(shí)間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時(shí)，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時(shí)間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個(gè)十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)器7490，2個(gè)3輸入與門和一個(gè)5輸入與門，1個(gè)2輸入與門和一個(gè)3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時(shí)鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個(gè)脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個(gè)反向計(jì)數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號(hào)為7476，包括三個(gè)變頻器，三個(gè)2輸入與門，一個(gè)3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個(gè)3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級(jí)電壓。這個(gè)門信號(hào)將被連接到計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝唬诙虻谌齻€(gè)脈沖由漣波計(jì)數(shù)器開始計(jì)數(shù)，J,K,L端會(huì)分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷?。因此? KHz信號(hào)沒有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時(shí)，觸發(fā)器要清零。對(duì)于功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會(huì)以一個(gè)成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個(gè)4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個(gè)乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個(gè)六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。一種可能的接線圖的顯示電路。以順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)所選擇的開關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過5伏電壓來分別控制1，第2和3終端。對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示通過供應(yīng)低級(jí)電壓通過終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級(jí)狀態(tài)下重置為零對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示分別通過終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對(duì)應(yīng)的乘客那里計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的計(jì)數(shù)款額，計(jì)數(shù)脈沖這三個(gè)顯示器通過終端提供總額。計(jì)數(shù)器還將通過終端P為3個(gè)顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個(gè)顯示器中任意一個(gè)是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來。

時(shí)間和距離變化時(shí)車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時(shí)間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計(jì)價(jià)的費(fèi)用低于以時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時(shí)，采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)。從此，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的票價(jià)表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動(dòng)速度小于50米/分時(shí)應(yīng)該采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開關(guān)行動(dòng)，它包含一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速限位開關(guān)和一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個(gè)2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過50RMP的時(shí)候才會(huì)打開。第二個(gè)改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計(jì)費(fèi)開關(guān)就會(huì)處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān)

功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個(gè)桿就有4個(gè)板連接著3個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，每個(gè)符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個(gè)切換到完全順時(shí)針方向?qū)⑼ㄟ^5個(gè)職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)可以說是從第一的位置通過直到達(dá)到最后的立場(chǎng)如下：

初始位置：在這個(gè)位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來自三個(gè)中一個(gè)顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個(gè)顯示器，乘客檢測(cè)電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個(gè)高等級(jí)的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。

第四篇：張理想畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)英文翻譯

學(xué)生姓名： 張 理 想 學(xué) 號(hào)： P1704070315 所在學(xué)院： 浦 江 學(xué) 院 專 業(yè)： 藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)（展示設(shè)計(jì)）設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目：連 云 港 市 商 業(yè) 空 間 設(shè) 計(jì) 指導(dǎo)教師： 趙 慧 寧

2011年 2月6日

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

譯文：

展覽空間形態(tài)的多樣化設(shè)計(jì)

一、展示空間的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

在信息社會(huì)化的今天，展示空間超越了僅僅作為展覽建筑的一部分而存在，更多地與辦公空間、文化娛樂空間、商業(yè)空間等其它空間類型和城市公共空間融合在一起，彼此間的功能界限變得模糊，成為承載社會(huì)文化活動(dòng)的多元場(chǎng)所。最近10年是展覽建筑及展示空間迅速發(fā)展的時(shí)期。不同類型的展覽建筑其內(nèi)部空間的特點(diǎn)也各不相同，展示空間正向多元化、個(gè)性化發(fā)展。

在藝術(shù)展示空間，由于當(dāng)代藝術(shù)品在形式和體量上的突破使得空間由傳統(tǒng)的、經(jīng)典的垂直的墻面轉(zhuǎn)向水平的地面、垂直的空中，甚至加上聲像和互動(dòng)技巧，突破了三度空間的限制。展示空間的設(shè)計(jì)常常會(huì)和展示內(nèi)容、主題結(jié)合起來，使空間更加積極地參與到展示中，成為信息傳播的媒介，體現(xiàn)信息化與藝術(shù)化。

同時(shí)，數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生了虛擬的展示空間，雖然虛擬空間還不會(huì)取代實(shí)體空間的存在，但是強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)力量己經(jīng)重構(gòu)了人們的空間觀念，改變了傳統(tǒng)的信息交流模式，成為新時(shí)代展示空間發(fā)展的新趨勢(shì)。

二、展示空間形態(tài)的特征

展示空間必須滿足人的流動(dòng)或運(yùn)動(dòng)的基本需要，即在一定的時(shí)間過程中，通過對(duì)展示空間的認(rèn)知和感受來獲取信息。拋開時(shí)間的三維空間，展示空間僅僅是一種自存狀態(tài)。由于現(xiàn)代展示的空間造型運(yùn)用新技術(shù)與新材料，以及對(duì)環(huán)境和歷史等方面的重視，使得純凈幾何形的造型體系越來越走向“弱化”的境地。

1、形態(tài)的可變性

在信息時(shí)代，藝術(shù)的發(fā)展以及藝術(shù)家的創(chuàng)作模式和表述形式上處于不斷更新狀態(tài)。為適應(yīng)這樣的變化，這類展示空間必須具有一定的彈性和可變性，去代替以往的穩(wěn)定性。無論是交互的裝置藝術(shù)，還是利用數(shù)字技術(shù)的多媒體作品，都要求新的展覽建筑與內(nèi)部空間成為一個(gè)混合體，不但包含常規(guī)的展覽方式，更是一個(gè)能適應(yīng)多變的活動(dòng)與事件的裝置?！翱臻g，也是一種市場(chǎng)手段?！边@是荷蘭建筑師雷姆?庫哈斯對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的商業(yè)文化進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)期研究而得出的結(jié)論。將展覽活動(dòng)在內(nèi)的多種文化活動(dòng)植入購物領(lǐng)域，把人們從單調(diào)的購物的環(huán)境中解脫出來，同時(shí)展覽活動(dòng)也成為商家品牌戰(zhàn)略的重要組成。庫哈斯設(shè)計(jì)的普拉達(dá)紐約專賣店實(shí)現(xiàn)了將購物空間向公共空間的轉(zhuǎn)化。在大廈的一層和地下室，為了使店面與地下一層自然連接，首先將整個(gè)寬度的地面同時(shí)下降，然后再升高到地面層的高度，形成了一個(gè)凹陷狀的“波”。在坡道上的特大斑馬紋的木階梯被用作非正式的展示空間，人們可以在這里進(jìn)行選購。按一個(gè)按鈕一個(gè)舞臺(tái)就會(huì)從對(duì)面的坡道上旋轉(zhuǎn)出來，把階梯變成一個(gè)可供觀看表演、電影放映和演講的觀眾席。

2、形態(tài)的不定式

在數(shù)字化信息化時(shí)代大潮的影響下，建筑審美傾向也發(fā)生了改變。在形體塑造方面出現(xiàn)了反叛單一形體和強(qiáng)幾何形體的不定式形態(tài)。展示空間的不定形態(tài)增強(qiáng)了空間的動(dòng)感，為展示提供了更多的可能，也帶來了更加豐富的空間體驗(yàn)。

漸進(jìn)線小組設(shè)計(jì)的梅塞德斯——奔馳博物館是一個(gè)不定形態(tài)展示空間的典型例子。將建筑中所有的界面和構(gòu)件全部彎曲、軟化，利用博物館的開放式大空間形成一個(gè)“地景式”的

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

空間界面。展覽在一個(gè)波狀拓?fù)渥兓谋砻嬲归_，為參觀者提供了無數(shù)的視點(diǎn)，更彰顯了汽車帶給人類的行動(dòng)力和那種獨(dú)有的運(yùn)動(dòng)感。參觀者既可以依照既定路線循序而觀，也可以徜徉于室內(nèi)的景觀之中自由瀏覽。樓板上的自由的孔洞，加強(qiáng)了不同樓層之間的空間視覺聯(lián)系和交通聯(lián)系。

三、展示空間形態(tài)的多樣化設(shè)計(jì)

展示空間已成為新觀念、新思潮、新技術(shù)的試驗(yàn)對(duì)象。新技術(shù)與新媒介的組合運(yùn)用，產(chǎn)生了以聲、像、色、光組合的新展示模式形式，豐富的視聽信息使今天的展示藝術(shù)更有魅力。然而，藝術(shù)對(duì)展示空間的影響一方面通過藝術(shù)作品表現(xiàn)出來；另一方面，藝術(shù)以多種形式、以媒體、材料等豐富的多元姿態(tài)登上展示的舞臺(tái)，并影響到空間形態(tài)的基本特質(zhì)。展示形態(tài)中藝術(shù)和技術(shù)特點(diǎn)的結(jié)合體現(xiàn)，使空間能更加充分地體現(xiàn)出時(shí)代的“新”特征和未來建筑發(fā)展的新趨向。

1、新理念的運(yùn)用

隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，人性化的展示空間已成為我們追求的目標(biāo)。展示空間無可替代的公眾性使其具有更多的人性色彩，使技術(shù)的人情化處理手法有了更多的表現(xiàn)空間。人性化的技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)，可尊重展覽建筑的地域環(huán)境和歷史文化；設(shè)計(jì)中的隱喻與象征體現(xiàn)使空間與人之間能夠很好的交流；自然體系的引入也是人們對(duì)最初場(chǎng)所的留戀。倫佐.皮亞諾設(shè)計(jì)的吉巴歐文化中心是展示卡納克族文化的一組建筑。建筑的空間和結(jié)構(gòu)形式繼承了當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)民居—棚屋的特色，外部材料使用不銹鋼和當(dāng)?shù)爻霎a(chǎn)的木材。棚屋朝向貫穿中心通道而開放；建筑外殼上的開口用于吸納海風(fēng)或引導(dǎo)對(duì)流，針對(duì)不同的風(fēng)速和風(fēng)向，百葉不同方向的開合可以控制室內(nèi)氣流，最大限度的利用了自然條件降溫降濕。該建筑充分表現(xiàn)出他的高技術(shù)對(duì)人的重視與關(guān)懷。

2、新技術(shù)的運(yùn)用

同柯布西埃當(dāng)年探索混凝土形態(tài)的表現(xiàn)力一樣，當(dāng)代建筑師開始探索影像，使空間界面圖像化與信息化。在建筑的表現(xiàn)力上，他們認(rèn)為影像和形態(tài)實(shí)際是一個(gè)物體的兩個(gè)方面，都是為了獲得人們所期望的建筑視覺效果。而在視覺吸引力上，具有三維動(dòng)畫效果的影像是僵硬的混凝土無法比擬的，表達(dá)空間信息的載體不再僅限于“硬”的墻體，而是被抽象、“軟化”了的影像符號(hào)。2008北京奧運(yùn)鳥巢開幕式中，聲、光、電、水、火的完美結(jié)合以無以倫比的藝術(shù)體現(xiàn)及非凡的光影效果展示了中華古老文明，為開幕式的成功奠定了基礎(chǔ)。LED（發(fā)光二極管）在這里得到最大限度的利用，創(chuàng)歷屆之最，無數(shù)顆LED將體育場(chǎng)打造成數(shù)字時(shí)代的多媒體空間，其制造的光影效果與表演密切結(jié)合，幻化出各種圖案，將

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

觀眾引入夢(mèng)幻般的世界中。

“智能化”設(shè)計(jì)則從根本上利用前沿的科學(xué)技術(shù)，提升了建筑的智能。目前，很多建筑師設(shè)計(jì)的展示空間都體現(xiàn)了“智能化”的傾向，他們綜合利用信息媒體技術(shù)，并在設(shè)計(jì)中融合多種專業(yè)、多門學(xué)科，使傳統(tǒng)的靜態(tài)空間充滿生機(jī)。美國建筑師格雷.林(GregLynn)為奧地利OMV公司設(shè)計(jì)的H2展覽館就體現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn)。該展覽館是用于展示公司最新太陽能技術(shù)和節(jié)能技術(shù)的場(chǎng)所，建筑利用了許多高新技術(shù)，它的表皮可以根據(jù)太陽的移動(dòng)表現(xiàn)出不同的形態(tài)。內(nèi)部空間中也融入了數(shù)字技術(shù)，觀眾可以通過觸摸屏幕和移動(dòng)開關(guān)進(jìn)入數(shù)字世界。

3、當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的體現(xiàn)

展示空間的發(fā)展也總是和藝術(shù)的進(jìn)步相伴而行，無論是文藝復(fù)興、啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)、現(xiàn)代主義、信息化的時(shí)代，展覽建筑及空間的設(shè)計(jì)往往都在一定程度上展現(xiàn)了同一時(shí)代的藝術(shù)觀念。然而當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的啟迪與融合，更是空間造型的重要源泉，因此，在技術(shù)中彌漫的藝術(shù)性成為當(dāng)代展示空間所特有的氣質(zhì)

附英文原文：

The diversity of the exhibition space form design

First, showing the space development trend

In the information society today, showing the space beyond just as part of the exhibition building there and more with office space, cultural entertainment space, commercial space and other space type and urban public space fuses in together, each other's functional bounds, become blurred bearing social and cultural activities of the DuoYuan places.In recent 10 years is the exhibition building and showing the space of the rapid development of the period.Different types of the exhibition building the interior space and the characteristics of each are not identical, showing the space is diversified, and the individuation development.南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

In art exhibition space, because contemporary art in form and dimension of breakthroughs in space by the traditional, that classic vertical metope to the ground of the level, vertical air, even with audio-visual and interaction skills, broke through the three dimensional limit.The design of the exhibition space will often and display content, combined theme, make space more actively involved in the display, become the medium of information transmission, reflect the information and art is changed.Second, the morphological characteristics of exhibition space

Display space must meet the flow of people or the basic needs of movement, that is, in a certain time process, through the display space of the cognitive and feeling to get information.Despite the time of three dimensional space, showing the space is only a save from state.Because the modern show space modelling use new technology and new materials, as well as to the environment and other historical value, making pure geometry modelling system more to the “weakening” position.1, the variability of form

In the information age, the development of the arts and the artist's creation pattern and expression form in a continuous update status.In order to adapt to such a change, this kind of exhibition space must have a certain flexibility and variability, to replace the stability of the past.Whether the installation art, or interaction using a digital technology, multimedia works, require new exhibition architecture and interior space to become a hybrid, not only contain the conventional exhibition, but also a way to adapt to the changing of the events of the activities and the device.“Space, also be a kind of market means.” This is the Dutch architect rem? Library of the modern society had commercial culture and the conclusion of the long-term study.The activities of cultural activities, DuoZhong implanted shopping areas, people from the monotony of shopping environment freed, and exhibition activities also become an important component of the brand strategy of business.Rem koolhaas's prada New York stores will shopping space to realize the transformation of the public space.In the building of a layer and the basement, in order to make the stores and underground a layer of natural connection, the first of the width of the ground at the same time, and then down to the ground floor of high rise, formed a depression，南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

“wave”.The ramp of extreme zebra grain on the wooden ladder is used as informal display space, people can be here the choose and buy.Press a button a stage will be from the opposite hill, rotating out into a ladder for the show, cinema and the speech.2, the form of infinitive

In the digital information era under the influence of the aesthetic tendency, building have also changed.In the body shaping the rebel have a single form and strong geometrical form of infinitive form.Display space form of the space between enhance move feeling, for display offers more possible, also brought more rich experience of space.Gradual line design team of the Mercedes Benz-museum is a form of uncertain display space typical example.Will building all the interface and the component all bending, softening, use of the museum's open large space form a “l(fā)andscape type” space interface.The exhibition in a wave of topology changes for the visitors on the surface, providing countless point of view, more reveal the car brings human action and that the unique athletic feeling.Visitors can view in accordance with established by route and, also can enjoy the indoor landscape in free browse.On the floor of the free hole, strengthening the different floor space between the visual contact and transport links.Three, show the diversity of the space form design

Display space has become a new concept, new thoughts, new technical subjects.New technology and new media, produced using the sound, like, color, light combination of new display mode, rich audio-visual information form that today's show art more attractive.However, to show the influence of art space on one hand through the art work shows out;On the other hand, art DuoZhong form, with the media, and materials of the rich DuoYuan stance on the stage of the show, and the impact on the basic characteristics of the space form.Display form art and technical characteristics of combining reflected, make the space can more fully reflect The Times “new” features and the new developing trend of future architecture.1, the new idea of use

南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

With the development of The Times, the human nature in the display space has become the goal of our pursuit.Display space irreplaceable public make it has more human nature color, make contribution to the technology processing technique have more performance space.The human nature in the technology design, can respect the exhibition building regional environment and history culture;In the design of metaphor and symbol to reflect space and person can be good communication between;The introduction of the natural system is of first place people want to stay.Aaron carrizo.Skin jarno design, the auspicious OuWenHua center is showing a group of creek state culture construction.Building space and structure forms inherit the traditional houses-shed the local characteristics, external material use stainless steel and local produce of wood.Hut throughout the center channel toward open;Building the enclosure for the open sea breeze or guide convection, absorbing according to different wind speed and direction of the different direction, shutter open indoor airflow control, maximum use of the natural conditions cooling down wet.The building is sufficient to show his high technology on the people's attention and care.2, the use of the new technology

Le corbusier's west with that explore the expressive force of concrete form as contemporary architects began to explore, image, make the space interface visualization and information.In building expression and they think images and form is actually an object in two aspects, is to have people of the expectations of architectural visual effect.And in visual appeal, has the three dimensional animation effects of image is stiff concrete can not match the carrier of information, expressive space no longer tied to the “hard” wall body, but by the abstract, “softening” image symbols.2008 Beijing the Olympic bird's nest opening ceremony, sound, light, electricity, water, fire is the perfect combination of the art of incomparable to reflect and special lighting effect of the Chinese ancient civilization, show for the opening ceremony of success laid the foundation.The LED(light emitting diode)in here to get maximum use, and all the most, millions of LED will fight a stadium of the digital age, the manufacturing of multimedia space shadows and performance closely combining all kinds of patterns, such a fantastic world into the audience.南京工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位（英文資料翻譯）

“Intelligent design” is basically use the frontier science and technology, and to promote the building of intelligence.At present, many architect design display space reflect the “intelligent” tendencies, comprehensive utilization of their information media technology, and in the design of fusion DuoZhong professional, the multi-discipline, make traditional static space full of vitality.American architect gray.Lin(GregLynn)for Austria OMV company design of H2 exhibition hall reflected that.The exhibition hall is used to display the latest solar technology and energy saving technology, site of the building use many high technology and new technology, its skin may, according to the sun moves had different forms.Internal space also blended in digital technology, the audience can touch the screen and switch by moving into the digital world.and the embodiment of contemporary art。

The development of exhibition space and the progress of the art is always accompanied whatsoever, the Renaissance, the enlightenment, modernism, the information time and space, the exhibition building design is usually in a certain extent, show the same age ideas about art.However the inspiration of the contemporary art and the fusion, but also an important source of space modelling, therefore, in the technology of contemporary art was in a display space unique temperament。

——資料來源：http://004km.cn/viewthread.php?tid=113310&extra= 2011/06/16 晚上21:50

第五篇：!出租車計(jì)價(jià)器畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文翻譯

畢業(yè)論文準(zhǔn)備

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯

摘要

本文提出了一種出租車多通道計(jì)價(jià)的方案，能同時(shí)處理一個(gè)以上乘客的情形。為了從理論上說明本方案，提出了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)上的三通道型的士的完整設(shè)計(jì)（其原型是根據(jù)埃及科學(xué)和技術(shù)研究學(xué)院的研究而建成得）。.導(dǎo)言

在不發(fā)達(dá)的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個(gè)大問題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個(gè)問題的一個(gè)部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個(gè)問題，送人們從一個(gè)地方到另外一個(gè)地方。例如，出租車的四個(gè)席位可攜帶四個(gè)不同的沒有任何關(guān)系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統(tǒng)的單車道計(jì)價(jià)以確定所需的票價(jià)，把每個(gè)乘客的計(jì)費(fèi)分開，這已成為一個(gè)非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機(jī)，車主，乘客和國家稅務(wù)部門之間存在著不公平的財(cái)政關(guān)系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機(jī)強(qiáng)迫乘客支付多于他們所應(yīng)付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的雙倍。

本常規(guī)單頻道計(jì)程車，出租車司機(jī)不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個(gè)席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機(jī)）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機(jī)以及作為燃料費(fèi)用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費(fèi)用。事實(shí)上，出租車業(yè)主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項(xiàng)在出租車司機(jī)和車主之間的協(xié)議已經(jīng)達(dá)成，司機(jī)應(yīng)保證每天固定收入，以及向業(yè)主支付燃料以及維修的費(fèi)用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機(jī)的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車。現(xiàn)在還存在的單聲道計(jì)價(jià)，已經(jīng)變得非常，國家稅務(wù)部門也知道這種困難 每年估計(jì)出租車業(yè)主的收入支出，以及應(yīng)支付的稅務(wù)也很困難。

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一問題，國家稅務(wù)部已實(shí)行固定估計(jì)稅，每個(gè)座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計(jì)程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時(shí)進(jìn)行的情況。我應(yīng)該指出，我所說的長(zhǎng)期旅客指一個(gè)人或一組相關(guān)的人。我同時(shí)也應(yīng)指出，我們提出的多渠道的計(jì)價(jià)，不是簡(jiǎn)單地說，一個(gè)多顯示讀數(shù)。作為一個(gè)先進(jìn)的事項(xiàng)，事實(shí)上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動(dòng)計(jì)算變化的車費(fèi)以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個(gè)例子，我們將介紹一個(gè)完整的三通道計(jì)價(jià)?？驁D以及詳細(xì)的電路圖，實(shí)驗(yàn)三通道計(jì)價(jià)功能也包括在內(nèi)。原型下已建成 埃及贈(zèng)款科學(xué)學(xué)院 和技術(shù)研究。.實(shí)驗(yàn)THREECHANNEL

出租車計(jì)價(jià)器理論的運(yùn)作我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置從事電子數(shù)字計(jì)價(jià)依據(jù)。事實(shí)上速度電纜旋轉(zhuǎn)1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是計(jì)價(jià)而不僅僅是只顯示三個(gè)讀數(shù)。事實(shí)上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據(jù)每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時(shí)間按照乘客人數(shù)雇用出租車來自動(dòng)改變車費(fèi)。該裝置可能會(huì)分成兩個(gè)主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個(gè)傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內(nèi)進(jìn)行這樣一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的耦合車速電纜是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應(yīng)位于前排的司機(jī)和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓(xùn)，這個(gè)脈沖的頻率會(huì)于旋轉(zhuǎn)角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個(gè)速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發(fā)逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來檢測(cè)出租車的運(yùn)動(dòng)，正弦波發(fā)生器的輸出是糾正通過一個(gè)通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個(gè)輸出電壓在終端Q是當(dāng)時(shí)限于價(jià)值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個(gè)齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計(jì)費(fèi)到時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式的開關(guān)電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個(gè)建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元?？刂坪惋@示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經(jīng)營(yíng)的士以及四個(gè)可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應(yīng)付的費(fèi)用，第四個(gè)會(huì)給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)包括停車的費(fèi)用等等費(fèi)用。頻道選擇器開關(guān)1，第2和第3個(gè)，按順時(shí)針/逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)。在充分逆時(shí)針的立場(chǎng)，反相應(yīng)的讀出是未標(biāo)明和殘疾人。以順時(shí)針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對(duì)于第一第二第三的乘客分別計(jì)費(fèi)。第四號(hào)推進(jìn)總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應(yīng)的總收入。經(jīng)過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個(gè)單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節(jié)充分描述。描述的主要電子電路

它由五個(gè)部分指定的電腦符號(hào)與電話系統(tǒng)整合成為4個(gè)支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數(shù)量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時(shí)間電路CT3，時(shí)鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數(shù)檢測(cè)電路CT1如圖所示的一般框圖，該電路電腦與電話系統(tǒng)整合有三個(gè)輸出：1，2和3相對(duì)應(yīng)于三個(gè)輸出J，K和L。

這個(gè)循環(huán)電路函數(shù)包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個(gè)或者2，3個(gè)乘客分別租用出租車。這個(gè)組里的任意乘客都是一組相關(guān)的人。當(dāng)一個(gè)乘客進(jìn)入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應(yīng)的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以一個(gè)完全順時(shí)針方向。這將自動(dòng)斷開相應(yīng)的終端1，2或3個(gè)從地面。邏輯關(guān)系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個(gè)輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個(gè)組合電路，我們開始設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生了一系列布爾函數(shù)。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎(chǔ)上，它包括兩個(gè)變頻器，4個(gè)2輸入和3輸入以及2個(gè)3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路CT2，電路CT2有4個(gè)輸入J，K，L及E和1個(gè)輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應(yīng)單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產(chǎn)生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據(jù)乘客的人數(shù)租用的汽車。我們建議票價(jià)按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個(gè)表格2里面。

表2 這個(gè)環(huán)路，在這種情況下，應(yīng)提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產(chǎn)生的輸入端根據(jù)級(jí)別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路按圖5顯示，三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器，作為一個(gè)三位數(shù)分頻器的分比率100，125和143個(gè)自動(dòng)選定的電壓一級(jí)終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗(yàn)證，它包括三個(gè)十年的計(jì)數(shù)器7490，一個(gè)聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個(gè)4輸入和1個(gè)3輸入以及1個(gè)2輸入和2個(gè)3輸入或門。

時(shí)間縮放電路CT3.時(shí)間縮放電路含有4個(gè)輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個(gè)輸出端N，這個(gè)電路的函數(shù)根據(jù)表格2的意思（車費(fèi)每2分鐘的等待時(shí)間）是在J，K和L分別供應(yīng)單脈沖到輸出端N時(shí)，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時(shí)間縮放電路將類似于距離標(biāo)量環(huán)路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個(gè)十進(jìn)制計(jì)數(shù)器7490，2個(gè)3輸入與門和一個(gè)5輸入與門，1個(gè)2輸入與門和一個(gè)3輸入或門。

電路產(chǎn)生時(shí)鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據(jù)電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應(yīng)1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無論輸入端N或者M(jìn)中的誰發(fā)送脈沖，都只有一個(gè)脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個(gè)反向計(jì)數(shù)器7493構(gòu)成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發(fā)器電路，型號(hào)為7476，包括三個(gè)變頻器，三個(gè)2輸入與門，一個(gè)3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個(gè)3輸入或門。當(dāng)脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發(fā)器的輸入Q上將產(chǎn)生高級(jí)電壓。這個(gè)門信號(hào)將被連接到計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當(dāng)?shù)谝?，第二或第三個(gè)脈沖由漣波計(jì)數(shù)器開始計(jì)數(shù)，J,K,L端會(huì)分別根據(jù)電壓的大小來使產(chǎn)生重置或者翻轉(zhuǎn)來改變狀態(tài)，然后Q端變?yōu)檩敵龅碗妷骸Ｒ虼耍? KHz信號(hào)沒有能力到達(dá)輸出端R或是計(jì)數(shù)器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數(shù)準(zhǔn)確無誤，當(dāng)切換到新頻道時(shí)，觸發(fā)器要清零。對(duì)于功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)渠道的描述，稍后會(huì)以一個(gè)成功的5輸入門函數(shù)來解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個(gè)4位數(shù)顯示器，這樣可以給出每個(gè)乘客應(yīng)付車費(fèi)的總和，一個(gè)六位數(shù)顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。以順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)所選擇的開關(guān)將提供相應(yīng)的顯示，這可以通過5伏電壓來分別控制1，第2和3終端。對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示通過供應(yīng)低級(jí)電壓通過終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級(jí)狀態(tài)下重置為零對(duì)應(yīng)的顯示分別通過終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態(tài)，并準(zhǔn)備好從對(duì)應(yīng)的乘客那里計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的計(jì)數(shù)款額，計(jì)數(shù)脈沖這三個(gè)顯示器通過終端提供總額。計(jì)數(shù)器還將通過終端P為3個(gè)顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個(gè)顯示器中任意一個(gè)是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來。

時(shí)間和距離變化時(shí)車費(fèi)的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時(shí)間和距離改變從而導(dǎo)致車費(fèi)發(fā)生變化，有如下建議：首先是當(dāng)以路程計(jì)價(jià)的費(fèi)用低于以時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)的費(fèi)用時(shí)，采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)。從此，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的票價(jià)表顯示當(dāng)出租車移動(dòng)速度小于50米/分時(shí)應(yīng)該采用時(shí)間計(jì)費(fèi)方式。一種可能的電路可以執(zhí)行此開關(guān)行動(dòng)如圖10c，它包含一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)速限位開關(guān)和一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)器以及兩個(gè)2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關(guān)通常是封閉，只有當(dāng)角速度超過50RMP的時(shí)候才會(huì)打開。第二個(gè)改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態(tài)保持靜止，那么計(jì)費(fèi)開關(guān)就會(huì)處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

功能選擇旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān)

功能選擇開關(guān)旋轉(zhuǎn)的電壓應(yīng)提供的該終端的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，以確保正常運(yùn)行的電子電路列于表3。每5個(gè)桿就有4個(gè)板連接著3個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)，每個(gè)符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉(zhuǎn)任何三個(gè)切換到完全順時(shí)針方向?qū)⑼ㄟ^5個(gè)職位。功能的旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)可以說是從第一的位置通過直到達(dá)到最后的立場(chǎng)如下：

初始位置：在這個(gè)位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來自三個(gè)中一個(gè)顯示器的5伏特電壓供應(yīng)，設(shè)置三個(gè)顯示器，乘客檢測(cè)電路并與電路系統(tǒng)整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項(xiàng)已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)任何旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應(yīng)的顯示，提供一個(gè)高等級(jí)的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了出租車。終端C，G應(yīng)為高電平，以確保相應(yīng)的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)選擇開關(guān)1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態(tài)，并會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態(tài)保持不變。終端B，D和H應(yīng)保持在較低水平，以確保當(dāng)顯示為無數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)相應(yīng)的讀出清除為零。