第一篇：英語

我愛我城：Irena的布拉格

? ? ? 內(nèi)容來源：本站原創(chuàng) 網(wǎng)站編輯：Viola 發(fā)布時(shí)間：2014.09.10

曾有人說，布拉格最大的博物館就是城市本身，那里的建筑展現(xiàn)出了豐厚的歷史底蘊(yùn)，例如泰恩教堂（Tyn Church）和天文鐘塔（Astronomical Clock）。（攝影：TowPix，eStock Photo）

Irena Schlosserová是一個(gè)徹頭徹尾的布拉格本地人。事實(shí)上，她離開心愛的捷克首都的時(shí)間只有九個(gè)月而已。盡管Irena現(xiàn)在從事美食領(lǐng)域的工作，但她仍會(huì)通過Spotted by Locals找時(shí)間抒發(fā)對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)的自豪之情。Irena承認(rèn)，布拉格也有不少的旅游陷阱，但她呼吁游客離開那些常規(guī)路線，轉(zhuǎn)而進(jìn)入這座百塔之城真正的心臟地帶。閱讀這篇文章將是一個(gè)很好的開始。

布拉格是我家

每當(dāng)有人來拜訪我的時(shí)候，我會(huì)首先把他們帶到一處隱藏的咖啡館或者當(dāng)?shù)氐钠【瓢?，在那里稍事休息，?zhǔn)備參觀美麗的布拉格。在這幾個(gè)小時(shí)里，其他游客似乎都神奇地消失了，綠樹成蔭的布拉格街道空蕩蕩的，等待著我們。

春季和初秋是參觀這座城市最適宜的季節(jié)，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)，人潮不再擁擠，而城市卻魅力依舊，且氣候宜人。

在維謝赫拉德城堡上看到的景色，這是一處頗具歷史的城堡，位于布拉格的市中心。（攝影：Miaow Miaow，Wikimedia Commons）

你最好從不同的地方來欣賞這座城市，因?yàn)椴祭袷且粋€(gè)山特別多的地方！參觀維謝赫拉德城堡（Vy?ehrad）或者Dív?í Hrady可以得到靈感，到Chotkovy Sady則可以進(jìn)一步開展城堡之旅，或者只是簡(jiǎn)單的迷失在佩特任山上也別有一番情趣，在那里你沒準(zhǔn)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)最愛的風(fēng)景。

當(dāng)?shù)厝酥涝诎滋毂荛_人滿為患的舊城區(qū)，選擇布拉格那些鮮為人知的隱蔽的地方，比如Prokopské údolí。

Manufaktura商店是購(gòu)買正宗的當(dāng)?shù)靥禺a(chǎn)的好去處。當(dāng)然，你必須做出明智的選擇——躲開那些賣假貨的嘈雜的水晶商店，除非你想要俄羅斯的仿制品。

過去，一些名人，如小說家弗朗茨·卡夫卡（Franz Kafka）、科幻小說作家卡雷爾·恰佩克（Karel ?apek，他創(chuàng)造了“機(jī)器人”這個(gè)詞），還有英年早逝的古典音樂大師沃爾夫?qū)ぐⅠR德烏斯·莫扎特（Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart），都把這座城市稱為故鄉(xiāng)。

我的城市里最好的博物館就是布拉格自身；我們的市政廳正試著為子孫后代保護(hù)這座城市。

想在這座城市四處觀光，那一定不能錯(cuò)過22路電車，它會(huì)帶著你去到這座小鎮(zhèn)里最熱門的觀光景點(diǎn)。

打發(fā)戶外時(shí)光的最佳地點(diǎn)是布拉格的眾多公園之一，總會(huì)有一座公園在你附近。例如Riegrovy Sady就是去?i?kov酒吧探索之前不錯(cuò)的集合點(diǎn)，維謝赫拉德城堡可以知道不少關(guān)于捷克的歷史，拉德龍卡公園（Park Ladronka）則會(huì)讓你健康永駐。

這座城市知道如何慶祝捷克曲棍球獲勝，因?yàn)槲覀兿矚g到機(jī)場(chǎng)迎接隊(duì)伍凱旋，徹夜在大街小巷舉辦聚會(huì)。

先知為快：城市電車是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的代步工具。（攝影：ctankcycles, Flickr）

在城區(qū)以外，你可以參觀一些老城堡，欣賞美麗的田園風(fēng)光——乘坐火車即可到達(dá)。我最喜歡的火車站之一是Praha-Dejvice。

最好的露天市集是河岸上的Náplavka。你可以通過步行到那里，在它的盡頭是我摯愛的紅酒商店Na b?ehu Rhony。

當(dāng)?shù)氐拿姘晔俏易钕矚g的享用早餐的地方，Národní T?ída電車車站是深夜尋吃的好去處。

我的城市里最大的體育盛事大概要算大眾布拉格馬拉松賽跑。對(duì)那些喜歡跑步的人來說，這是“一定要參加的”活動(dòng)。對(duì)布拉格的其他當(dāng)?shù)厝藖碚f，這則是“無論如何一定要避開市中心的”活動(dòng)。

當(dāng)我沒什么錢的時(shí)候，就會(huì)買一罐啤酒，因?yàn)槠【票人阋恕?/p>

如果說我的城市是一位名人，那一定是愛出風(fēng)頭、天賦異稟、技巧卓然的名人，不過偶爾也會(huì)舉止失當(dāng)。

最能代表這座城市的菜肴當(dāng)屬Sví?ková omá?ka，這是用蔬菜做成的豐盛的餃子（但不是素食的），啤酒在這里是標(biāo)志性的飲品，因?yàn)樗谴蟛偷耐昝姥a(bǔ)充。你可以在Hospoda U veverky品嘗到，或者偶爾也可以在酒吧天堂，如Zly ?asy遇到。

冬季必做：考察布拉格的圣誕市場(chǎng)。（攝影：querin, Flickr）

布拉格塔公園是我最喜歡的建筑，因?yàn)槟阍诔鞘械拿恳粋€(gè)地方幾乎都可以看到它——你絕對(duì)不會(huì)錯(cuò)過它。

“素食”餐里有培根這只可能發(fā)生在這座城市。

春天，應(yīng)該盡可能多地待在公園里，享受百花盛開的大自然。

夏天，應(yīng)該成為一個(gè)啤酒愛好者，給自己降降溫，在最熱的天氣里飽覽布拉格的風(fēng)光。

秋天，可以去參觀因?yàn)閾頂D一直敬而遠(yuǎn)之的景點(diǎn)。

冬天，不妨看一看風(fēng)景如畫的圣誕市場(chǎng)，喝點(diǎn)兒加了香料的紅酒。

夏天的時(shí)候，還可以在布拉格國(guó)家劇院旁的伏爾塔瓦河上租一條明輪船。（攝影：zoonabar，F(xiàn)lickr）

如果你帶著孩子（或者你童心未泯），那決不能錯(cuò)過蕩舟伏爾塔瓦河（Vltava River）的好機(jī)會(huì)，這條河位于布拉格國(guó)家劇院（Prague National Theathre）旁。

關(guān)于這座城市最好的書是Angelo Maria Ripellino所寫的《神奇的布拉格》（Magical Prague），因?yàn)樗l(fā)自真心地愛著布拉格。

想起布拉格時(shí)，我的腦海中就會(huì)浮現(xiàn)出一首歌，這是名為“伏爾塔瓦河”的交響詩(shī)，多伊齊·斯美塔那（Bed?ich Smetana）創(chuàng)作這首交響詩(shī)是為了贊頌這條環(huán)繞布拉格的河。

用140個(gè)以內(nèi)的字來概括，全世界都應(yīng)該熱愛我的城市，因?yàn)樗?dú)一無二，將會(huì)解放你的思想，打開你的內(nèi)心，絕對(duì)值得你投入感情。

第二篇：英語

2012年-成人高考專升本-英語作文范文15篇 及成人高考英語作文模版（八大作文類型）

第一篇

你是Alice，你的朋友Bonnie很快就要到你的鄉(xiāng)間小屋拜訪，但你卻要出去一會(huì)兒。留一張便條給她，告訴她食品在哪兒，告訴她一個(gè)人在屋里時(shí)應(yīng)注意些什么。May 18,2002 Dear Bonnie：

I will be away for a while.The key to the cottage is under the doormat,and the food is in the refrigerator.After entering the house,lock the door from inside at once.The cottage is far away from the nearest town,and the area is not quite safe from burglars.So I think the saying is right ?Where there is precaution,there is no danger?.Have a nice stay here.Yours, Alice 第二篇

你是張浩，一位辦公室職員。有時(shí)感到乏味，很容易疲倦。你想加入一個(gè)俱樂部，改變一下這種狀況，以便閑暇時(shí)間過的更快活。寫了一封信給俱樂部經(jīng)理介紹你的嗜好和興趣。Dear Club Manager: I am writing to ask to join your club to enjoy my free time.I am a clerk.I often feel tense and become tired easily.Perhaps, I need to relax myself a bit.I hope to become a member of your club.I have many hobbies and interests.For example, I like photography, calligraphy and painting, dancing and singing.And I like going fishing, collecting stamps and raising flowers.Besides, I am good at playing Chinese chess and cards.Please write back and tell me if there are some formalities that I will have to go through.Thank you very much in advance.Looking forward to your reply.Yours,ZhangHao 第三篇

你是Helen，要寫一封信給Julie，對(duì)她和她的丈夫昨日請(qǐng)你和你丈夫吃飯表示感謝，表示要回請(qǐng)他們，以答謝他們的盛情款待。Dear Julie：

Thank you very much for the dinner that you invited my husband and I to yesterday.The food not only looked and smelled fabulous but tasted great,and my husband and I enjoyed it very much.Therefore,we would like to invite you to dinner at 7p.m.this Friday at the Northwest Chinese restaurant to return your kindness and hospitality.Please do come.第四篇

你是王萍，寫一封信給Jefferson先生。信件的內(nèi)容包括：

1、一個(gè)月前，他邀請(qǐng)了你到他家過圣誕節(jié)。

2、你在他那里受到了熱情款待。

3、信件末尾寫上一句你認(rèn)為必要的話。January 22,2005 Dear Mr.Jefferson: I am writing to thank you for your kindness and hospitality I enjoyed during my stay in your place.It is very kind of you to invite me to spend my Christmas holiday in your palace last month.The room you arranged for me in your house was quiet, clean and comfortable.The food was very delicious.And visits to local scenic spots were really wonderful.They have not only broadened my horizon, but also enriched my experience.By the way, if it is convenient for you, please come over and spend your Spring Festival this year in my place.Thank you very much again.Yours, Wang Ping

第五篇

你的朋友Glad要從另一個(gè)城市來看你。你將到機(jī)場(chǎng)去接他。但出于某種原因，你不能去了，寫封信給他，解釋原因，并告訴他如何到你家。May 18,2004 Dear Glad，I am writing to say that I will not be able to meet you at the airport next Monday morning.This morning my boss asked me to go to Shanghai on business tomorrow.It is something very important for our company and I will have to go.By the way, I will be back within 10 days.When you arrive, please take Bus No.345 and get off at the East Bus Station.The station is not far from my house and you will find my house easily.My mother is always at home.I told my mother that you would come already.Looking forward to seeing you.Yours, Li Ming

第六篇

你是高明，不能在下周一下午四點(diǎn)與李青女士想見。寫一封信給她，內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括： 1.向她表示歉意； 2.解釋你的原因； 3.提出把約會(huì)時(shí)間推后三天； 4.寫上一句你認(rèn)為有必要寫的話 January 2, 2005 Dear Li Qing: I am writing to say I am sorry that I will not be able to go for the appointment at 4:00 p.m.on Monday next week.This morning I got an urgent phone call from my boss in Guangzhou, and he asked me to flight there at once to join him in an important business negotiation.The Negotiation has something to do with the future of our company.I will have to stay there for about a week.I hope to postpone the appointment for three days till Thursday next week.Phone me and let me know if it is O.K.to you.My apologies again.Looking forward to seeing you.Your friend Gao Ming

第七篇

你是王蒙，你的鄰居太吵了，你實(shí)在是受不了了。寫信給公寓樓管理員。內(nèi)容包括： 1.什么使你受不了 2.你受到了什么影響 3.希望他做些什么 December 28, 2004 Dear Apartment Management Officer: I am writing to complain about my neighbor Mr.Black.Mr.Black lives next door to me, and he disturbs my life.He has a party almost every day.During these parties, people are making a lot of noise.They are dancing, laughing and shouting.They often do such silly things till early morning.What’s more, when they have drunk too much, they often quarrel and fight against each other.I can’t put up with all these.I can’t sleep well at night and my kid can’t concentrate on his studies.Please tell Mr.Black to stop all these things and respect others privacy.Looking forward to your reply.Faithfully, Wang Meng

第八篇

你叫李平，是英語系學(xué)生會(huì)主席。寫一封信給王教授，請(qǐng)他做一個(gè)有關(guān)中國(guó)歷史的報(bào)告。注意信中要包括目的、時(shí)間、日期和地點(diǎn)。May 19，2002 Dear Professor Wang： On behalf of the Student Union of the English Department，I am writing to invite you to give a lecture on Chinese history.We have planned to have such a lecture at 2：30 p.M.in Lecture Hall 419，on May 25.Looking forward to your lecture.Inform us in advance if you can not come.Sincerely yours，Li Ping 第九篇

1、在中國(guó)，自行車是最為流行的交通工具。

2、騎自行車有許多好處。

3、自行車的未來…… The Bicycle in China The bicycle is the most popular means of transportation in China.China is a country ‘on bicycle wheels’。

People ride them for various purposes such as going to and from school and work.Bicycles are very cheap and easy to buy in China.There are many advantages to riding a bicycle.First，using a bicycle can greatly help reduce the air pollution in many big cities.Second，people can improve their health by riding a bicycle.The future of bicycle will be bright.In some European countries，city governments have arranged pedestrians to use ?public bicycles? to travel round the city center free of charge.第十篇

1、假冒偽劣商品是個(gè)嚴(yán)重問題。

2、一些原因?qū)е铝诉@種現(xiàn)象。

3、為了掃除假冒偽劣商品，……

Fake Commodities Fake and poor quality commodities are a serious problem.Many things can be faked such as soybean sauce，vinegar，bicycles，and many other things.The interests of consumers are affected，and many enterprises keep losing money because of cheap fake commodities.There are some reasons for such a phenomenon.The major one is the desire of some people to ?make easy money?。These people think nothing of the law of the protection of intellectual property rights.To get rid of fake and poor quality commodities，the government should educate people to obey the law of the protection of individual intellectual property rights and not to sell any fake goods.The government should punish severely and close down all the factories producing fake goods.第十一篇 男女應(yīng)該平等嗎？（Should Men and Women Be Equal？）Should Men and Women Be Equal？

People have different ideas this issue，Some people say that men are superior to women in ability because men are physically stronger，do most of the hard labor in the world and hold most important positions.Other people believe that women have the ability to compete with men.There have been many famous women state leaders and great scientists in the world.We should fully carry out the principle ?to each according to his work? so that the enthusiasm of both men and women for work can be fully aroused.第十二篇

1.一些人喜歡住在城市，因?yàn)槌鞘猩钣性S多便利。2.但有些人喜歡住在農(nóng)村。3.我認(rèn)為，……

Where to live in the City or in the Country Some people like living in the city because city life has many advantages.They think there are more job opportunities in cities，life there is more colorful and meaningful than that in the country，and there are more modern conveniences in cities for people to enjoy.But some other people prefer to live in the countryside.They say life in the countryside is closer to nature and better for their health，life there is quieter and that country people are more honest than city people.I would like to live in a city when I am young to earn enough money and I live in the countryside when I am old for having a quite life.第十三篇

金錢是一切嗎？In Money Everything？ I don‘t think money is everything，but we can’t do without it.Fox example，money can‘t buy us happiness and a good education.And for another example，money can’t buy us good health and a long life.But we can not live without money.We need it for our daily necessities such as food，clothes and transportation.What‘s more，we need it to live a better life.In short，we should learn the value of money and make the most of its advantages.第十四篇 1你喜歡什么運(yùn)動(dòng)

2你如何喜歡上這種運(yùn)動(dòng)

3運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)你有什么益處（工作、學(xué)習(xí)和生活）

Just as lots of teenagers take to pop music, I love basketball.It’s part of my life.I began to play basketball in my childhood.I still remember the good old days when I played with my classmates after school.Later on, as I grew up, almost everything changed, but this sport---playing basketball remained and my love of it grew even stronger.I love this sport because it brings joys and health to my life.When I got tired from office work, I went to the sports ground and felt refreshed.If there were worries and cares from daily life, I went to the sports ground.There everything went away except basketball.It is basketball that keeps me in good shape and mood.第十五篇

My Favorite Sport（我最喜愛的運(yùn)動(dòng)）

My favorite sport is swimming.There are three reasons why I like the sport best.First, it is good for keeping fit.It benefits the heart, the lungs（肺）and the limbs（四肢）.Thanks to the sport, I lost my weight and I am graceful in form.Second, it is easy to find a place to swim.In the country, I can swim in lakes and rivers.In the city, there are many swimming pools spotted among the residential areas.Third, it can be done in any weather.It is very cool swimming in hot summer.In cold weather, swimming is especially refreshing.Swimming is a very popular sport.I hope you can enjoy it too.

第三篇：英語（共）

1.Before Anglo-American westward expansion, there were already a number of settlements in the mid-west.2.We are confident that the introduction an automated assembly line will eliminate most of today’s human errors.3.Warmer air is able to hold more water vapor than cold air and so has a higher humidity.4.In most communities in the United States, The local American red cross chapter has been authorized to take control of certain local public building in times of emergency.5.Traffic control establishes a set of rules and instructions that drivers, pilots, train engineers, and ship captains rely on to avoid collisions and other hazards.6.In the past few decades since the launching of the first satellite artificial satellite in 1957, thousands of “man-made moons” have been rocketed into the Earth's orbit, each designed to serve a specific purpose or mission.7.The thunder crashed so near the house that the glass vibrated in the windows, and some books, which had sat on the windowsill, fell to the floor.8.Radio telescopes have provided valuable information about other stars and about the magnetic fields of other planets in our solar system, especially Jupiter's.9.At the beginning of the race, the runners were bunched together on the track, but later some of them got ahead and left the others behind.10.From the control tower, air traffic controllers coordinate in the air aircraft movement both in the air and on the ground.11.Further troubles developed in October in 1995 when the tape recorder in the orbiter Galileo got stuck in the “rewind" position for 15 hours, wearing out a section of the tape.12.In 1978, at the beginning of the reform period, approximately 11,000 Chinese students went abroad to pursue further studies.1.The waitress was so rude that Jane didn't tip her.2.Racing takes everything you‘ve got----intellectually, emotionally, and physically.3.Although the structure of the building hadn’t suffered, the surface is badly damaged.4.She received an increase in pay and it has made a difference in her attitude towards work.5.She appeared very nervous one evening.I asked her what was wrong, and she blurted that she had fallen in love with Phil.6.I looked at Tom’s pictures and found some of them so amusing and funny that I couldn’t help chuckling.7.Your goals have to be measurable so you’ll know when you are making progress.8.Salespeople often try to learn about the needs of the prospective buyer to make themselves more persuasive.9.We have only five months to make preparations for the trip.10、Prof.Lee's eyes sparkled with enthusiasm as she talked about how her new teaching method worked in her College English class 11.In my senior year I took a crack at writing a novel.12.To reduce weight, I am now learning to play golf with my business partner, who plays like a professional.computerized driving system.From the moment you 2)start up the car ,I will 3)be poised to help you.It is my job to 4)alert you to any 5)hazards that may occur on the road.When you find the driving 6)monotonous and want to relax ,I can 7)take control of the car and 8)steer it in your place.I will guide you from one 9)lane to annother and make sure you arrive at your destination safe and sound.If a car in front of you slows down suddenly ,I will 10)decrease your speed.And I will 11)calculate the data provided by the GPS system and choose the less busy routes so as to 12)eliminate your worries of 13)getting stuck in a traffic jam.When you want to convert back from automatic control to manual control,that is easy.just press the right button 14)mounted on the steering column.But do remember not to take any alcoholic drinks.If I 15)detect the presence of alcohol in the 16)vapor of your breath,I will stop the car whether you like it or not.The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting notonly economy but also cultures of the word.It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues,and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries.Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the waypeople live, travel, and do business.The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, andhas opened

new market areas for business and commerce.The auto industry has also decreased the overall cost of transportation by using methods suchas mass production , massmarketing(, and globalization ofproduction(assembling products with parts made worldwide).A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, auto making becamethe world’S largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles builteach year worldwide.As a result of easier and faster transportation, the United States and world economies have become dependent on the mobility that automobiles,trucks,and buses provide.This mobility allowed remote populations to interact with one another,which increasedcom merce.The transportation of goods to consumers and consumers to goods has become an industryin itself.The automobile has also brought related problems,such as air pollution,congested traffic,and increased highway fatalities.Nevertheless,the automobile industry is to be an important source of employment andtransportation for millions of people worldwide.What is the best way to impress a 1)prospective employer when you go for a job interview? 2)As I see it ,the best things is to demonstate that you have 3)done your homework and know all about the firm 4)beforehand.You should make every 5)endeavor ,for example,to show that you know something about the 6)structure of the company ,including the different lines of products it turns out and the chief business 7)partners it is working with.8)Respond in a spontaneous manner and let the interviewer know that you are not frightened by new challenges,but are willing to 9)take a crack at anything.Try to look at the situation 10)from the standpoint of the person offering the opportunity of employment.What sort of qualities is he likely to be looking for ?Enthusiasm, certainly.So don not leave your application waiting until just before the deadline.Apply early.Another thing that can 11)make a difference 12)follow up your interview with a letter expressing your enthusiasm to join the company.When you get an invitation to a job interview, you are halfway toward your goal---a joboffer.No matter how many encouraging responses you have gotten to your job inquiry letters,with rare exceptions you will not get a job offer without an interview.Go to the library to find all relevant information about the company and, if you can, on theperson who will interview you.Have material with you that the employer might ask for---samples of your work, namesand addresses of references, extra copies of your resume.An employment manager for a major construction company offers this advice.“Ifit’s obvious you haven' t spent any time preparing for the interview---that is, youdon’t know what the company does, where it does it, what kinds of jobs it has----thendon’t expect the company to take you very seriously.Prior to an interview the employer has probably seen your resume and perhaps talked withyou on the phone.What employers look for in interviews is what you might call personal chemistry---how youlook and act, whether you exhibit self-confidence, how you would fit in with other membersof the organization.

第四篇：英語

1.用自己教學(xué)中的例子來說明我國(guó)現(xiàn)行學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)改革中仍然存在的問題。

答：二十世紀(jì)，我國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)教育在學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)方面由于受傳統(tǒng)教育思想的局限以及各種條件的制約，存在著諸多問題。

（1）評(píng)價(jià)主體比較單一。小學(xué)英語的學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)幾乎只限于教師對(duì)于學(xué)生的評(píng)價(jià)，很少有學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)生、學(xué)生對(duì)教師、學(xué)生自我、教師自我的評(píng)價(jià)，不論是評(píng)價(jià)的主體還是評(píng)價(jià)的客體都顯得單一與不足。教學(xué)本來是教師與學(xué)生雙主體的多邊活動(dòng)，教學(xué)活動(dòng)的展開要以教師和學(xué)生共同活動(dòng)為表現(xiàn)形式。但受傳統(tǒng)教育思想的影響，教師對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)往往只局限于學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)的理解與把握情況，而缺少學(xué)生自己的反思環(huán)節(jié)，更缺少學(xué)生之間真正的討論與交流?？陀^地講，教師既沒有給自己留評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生、評(píng)價(jià)自我的時(shí)間，也沒有留給學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)教師、學(xué)生相互評(píng)價(jià)和自我評(píng)價(jià)的時(shí)間。

（2）評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容較為片面。傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)中教師對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)通常只局限在知識(shí)的層面上，即使是在掌握知識(shí)、培養(yǎng)能力的背景下，對(duì)學(xué)生能力的培養(yǎng)也被一些教師理解為解題能力的培養(yǎng)，實(shí)質(zhì)仍為知識(shí)范疇，而對(duì)于語言本身豐富的人文內(nèi)涵、英語本身的語言實(shí)踐功能卻忽略了，對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中的過程與方法、情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀等方面的目標(biāo)卻很少顧及。這說明了對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)的片面性。基礎(chǔ)教育階段英語課程的總體目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力，綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的形成離不開文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)，它是運(yùn)用語言的保證。

（3）評(píng)價(jià)方式比較單調(diào)。對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)一般只局限于測(cè)驗(yàn)和考試的分?jǐn)?shù)，或在課堂上正確與不正確等簡(jiǎn)單判斷式的口頭表達(dá)，而不能根據(jù)學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)、教學(xué)內(nèi)容特點(diǎn)和教學(xué)組織形式的多樣性，進(jìn)行與之相適應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)，如將考試分?jǐn)?shù)與言語描述相結(jié)合、定量測(cè)試與定性測(cè)試相結(jié)合、建立學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)記錄檔案等多種形式。

（4）評(píng)價(jià)功能比較低下。傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)，其主要目的和功能是為選拔和甄別服務(wù)，通過學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)把學(xué)生分成三六九等。由于長(zhǎng)期以來都是通過分?jǐn)?shù)給學(xué)生排隊(duì)，給學(xué)生的身心發(fā)展造成了很多不利的影響，違背了教育以及青少年的身心發(fā)展規(guī)律。也就是說，評(píng)價(jià)沒有對(duì)學(xué)生掌握知識(shí)、形成能力等智力因素起到積極的推動(dòng)作用，同時(shí)也不利于學(xué)生非智力因素的開發(fā)與協(xié)調(diào)。

（5）評(píng)價(jià)層次比較淺顯。從筆試或考試的試題來看，多是對(duì)學(xué)生陳述性知識(shí)掌握情況的評(píng)價(jià)；從課堂教學(xué)過程中對(duì)學(xué)生的評(píng)價(jià)來看，多是對(duì)問題問答結(jié)果的肯定或否定。一方面表現(xiàn)出評(píng)價(jià)的只是英語知識(shí)本身的再現(xiàn)情況，而對(duì)于知識(shí)的形成過程以及其所隱含的思維方法和獲得知識(shí)過程中的體驗(yàn)缺少發(fā)展的評(píng)價(jià)；另一方面對(duì)于以英語知識(shí)為載體的培養(yǎng)情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀方面缺少深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。

2.請(qǐng)闡述多元智能理論對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)的影響作用。

答：多元智能理論是由美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)教育研究院的心理發(fā)展學(xué)家霍華德 加德納(Howard Gardner)在1983年提出。加德納從研究腦部受創(chuàng)傷的病人發(fā)覺到他們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)能力上的差異，從而提出本理論。它對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)的影響作業(yè)主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：

（1）.評(píng)價(jià)主體多元化

評(píng)價(jià)不再是教師的事，同學(xué)、家長(zhǎng)、學(xué)生自己都可以參與評(píng)價(jià)，這樣的評(píng)價(jià)能發(fā)揮多方面的積極性。在多元化的教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)主體中，教師起著重要的作用，他

是所有評(píng)價(jià)的發(fā)起者、主持者、協(xié)調(diào)者。因此，教師要結(jié)合小學(xué)生的年齡和心理特點(diǎn)把握好評(píng)價(jià)的定位：突出激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性。

（2）.評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容多元化

在課堂教學(xué)中不再以學(xué)生的回答正確與否作為課堂評(píng)價(jià)的唯一依據(jù)，而是全面評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生在多項(xiàng)不同智能中的表現(xiàn)，學(xué)生在不同智能中可以選擇自己的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)進(jìn)行表達(dá)，那么評(píng)價(jià)也應(yīng)圍繞學(xué)生所表現(xiàn)出來的智能進(jìn)行肯定性評(píng)價(jià)，教師做到因材施教，因能而評(píng)。

（3）.評(píng)價(jià)方式多元化

這是評(píng)價(jià)主體多元化與內(nèi)容全面化所決定的，也是“多元化”的課堂所決定的。除了傳統(tǒng)的書面測(cè)試外，實(shí)驗(yàn)者還可以進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀察、提問、描述、答辯、面談、隨訪、專題作業(yè)、對(duì)話表演、活動(dòng)報(bào)告等等

3.舉例說明你曾經(jīng)使用過的小學(xué)英語作業(yè)的類型（使用此類作業(yè)的原因、學(xué)生的完成情況、喜歡程度以及對(duì)所學(xué)課本知識(shí)的消化和鞏固作用等幾個(gè)方面）。

答：（1）每日?qǐng)?jiān)持聽英語磁帶，并要求家長(zhǎng)檢查并簽字。通過聽磁帶可以提高學(xué)生聽力的水平，完成情況較好，通過聽磁帶可以加深學(xué)生對(duì)課文的理解和記憶。

（2）每節(jié)課后，要求學(xué)生抄寫新單詞三遍。詞匯量對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)英語是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵，所以必須要求學(xué)生把單詞記下來。完成情況一般，由于小學(xué)寫的東西太多，有一部分學(xué)生很不認(rèn)真。

（3）背誦英語課文并要求家長(zhǎng)檢查且簽字。這個(gè)作業(yè)主要是為了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生讀英語的能力，由于很多家長(zhǎng)不會(huì)英語，加重了家長(zhǎng)的負(fù)擔(dān)，而且完成效果很不好。還需要教師進(jìn)一步的輔導(dǎo)。

（4）上課前預(yù)習(xí)新課。這一個(gè)作業(yè)主要是為了解決小學(xué)英語教學(xué)課時(shí)較少的問題，把部分任務(wù)要求學(xué)生課下完成。完成效果不錯(cuò)，這樣提高教師授課的效率。

4.舉實(shí)例說明閱讀理解題的命題原則和功能。答：命題時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)原則:

一是選題內(nèi)容積極健康，選題要新穎、獨(dú)特，具有時(shí)代氣息。二是題材要求廣泛，忌用學(xué)生難以理解的材料，忌用術(shù)語。三是閱讀材料中對(duì)本學(xué)段所教授的句型、語法現(xiàn)象復(fù)現(xiàn)率高，有利于考生復(fù)習(xí)鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)。

四是閱讀詞匯量不可太大，超標(biāo)、超進(jìn)度的詞匯須加注。

五是題目的設(shè)置可以是主旨大意題、推理判斷題、閱讀猜詞題等。功能：(1)、對(duì)文章主旨或段落大意的把握；（2）、對(duì)疑難、陌生詞語的猜測(cè)；

（3）、對(duì)重要細(xì)節(jié)和數(shù)據(jù)的識(shí)別、記憶、比較和分析；（4）、邏輯推理和綜合評(píng)判。

可見，英語閱讀理解是對(duì)學(xué)生綜合能力的考察。

5.小學(xué)英語聽力試題中經(jīng)常會(huì)存在哪些問題？針對(duì)這些問題你采取了哪些措施？

答：聽力考試中我們?nèi)菀壮霈F(xiàn)這樣或那樣的問題，學(xué)生在聽力考試中主要存在三個(gè)問題：

一、聽不見，也聽不懂——語言障礙

有的同學(xué)在做聽力時(shí)遇到生單詞、不認(rèn)識(shí)的句型或語法現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致信息接收的困難。

措施：1.準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)聽寫本，聽課本上的單詞錄音，然后聽寫下來。這樣做的好處是熟悉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的單詞發(fā)音，而不是像以前傳統(tǒng)記單詞那樣，拿著一本書就開始自己心里默念然后抄寫10遍，這樣一旦自己發(fā)音錯(cuò)了，在考試的時(shí)候聽到正確發(fā)音反而反應(yīng)不過來了。

2.把以前做過的聽力錄音稿拿出來，按照?qǐng)鼍皝碚沓Ｒ姷脑~匯和短語表達(dá)。這樣只要在考試中遇到相關(guān)場(chǎng)景，一定會(huì)碰到這幾個(gè)詞。當(dāng)然場(chǎng)景還包括問候、介紹、告別、約會(huì)、問路、購(gòu)物、打電話、就餐、問時(shí)間或日期、看醫(yī)生、談?wù)撎鞖?，談?wù)撊宋?、談?wù)搶W(xué)校生活等等。

3.關(guān)注時(shí)事，多閱讀英文報(bào)刊或者借助網(wǎng)絡(luò)來加大自己的語言知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備。像是奧運(yùn)會(huì)、即將召開的世博會(huì)等等，大家都該多積累一些專門的名詞以及短語表達(dá)。只要平時(shí)比別人多積累，考試的時(shí)候就一定能見收獲！

二、聽見了，但聽不懂——認(rèn)知障礙

這種情況讓很多同學(xué)很抓狂，很多人聽出來了錄音中的每一個(gè)詞，可是拼到一起就不知道是什么意思了。

措施：1.把做過題目當(dāng)中（包括聽力、單選、完型、閱讀）遇到過的日常用語、慣用語、俚語記在一個(gè)本子上，然后利用零散時(shí)間，比如在等公車、上學(xué)回家的路途中經(jīng)常翻出來看看。久而久之，這些生僻的表達(dá)就不再成為同學(xué)考場(chǎng)上的攔路虎了。

2.跳出做題的范疇，閑暇時(shí)間多看看英美國(guó)家的影視資料，比如走遍美國(guó)、老友記以及許多經(jīng)典的英文電影。這樣，在我們娛樂的同時(shí)，既能更多地接觸西方文化，又能積累習(xí)語、俚語，熟悉洋鬼子們的日常表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

三、根本聽不進(jìn)去——心理障礙

還有一類同學(xué)平時(shí)聽力不錯(cuò)，可是一上考場(chǎng)就覺得耳朵不是自己的了，聽什么都聽不進(jìn)去。他們心理上一緊張，就聽不到錄音，聽不到錄音又越發(fā)緊張，就越發(fā)地聽不進(jìn)去錄音內(nèi)容，這樣就成了惡性循環(huán)。

措施：想想自己為什么會(huì)在聽聽力的時(shí)候緊張，大部分人是不是怕錄音的人說得太快或是太緊湊，結(jié)果還沒反應(yīng)過來就已經(jīng)過去了。針對(duì)這種情況，大家可以去網(wǎng)上下載一種可以改變音頻播放速度的軟件，這樣在平時(shí)做聽力的時(shí)候，把播放錄音的速度調(diào)到正常語速的1.2-1.3倍（程度好的同學(xué)可以挑戰(zhàn)1.4倍以上）來練習(xí)，這樣等到正式考試聽錄音的時(shí)候，你會(huì)很神奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)錄音中的人說話變得好慢，想不聽懂都沒辦法。

6.你是如何設(shè)計(jì)填空試題的？

答：填空題是在一段文字里面故意空缺關(guān)鍵的詞語或句子，讓學(xué)生來填寫的一類試題。在課后作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和考試命題中，填空題可以說是最常見的。填空題的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是容易編寫，學(xué)生答題可以根據(jù)試題提供的語言情境進(jìn)行回憶，一次測(cè)驗(yàn)可以包括許多題目。因此，取樣也是比較廣泛的，它可以測(cè)量學(xué)生的術(shù)語、特定事實(shí)、方法和程序的知識(shí)目標(biāo)，常常用來測(cè)量記憶性的學(xué)習(xí)材料。其缺點(diǎn)是難于測(cè)量綜合、評(píng)價(jià)等高級(jí)認(rèn)知目標(biāo)，評(píng)分困難，容易助長(zhǎng)學(xué)生死記硬背的習(xí)慣。

1.掌握填空題的基本要求

在出填空題時(shí)，要求填寫的必須是重要的內(nèi)容。不要將教科書的句子直接抄下來作為試題，而應(yīng)有所變化，以免學(xué)生死記而不求理解。此外，還得注意以下幾點(diǎn)基本要求。

（1）不能有許多要求填寫的空白，否則，沒有上下文，填寫的內(nèi)容就可能有分歧。

（2）每個(gè)空缺只能有一個(gè)正確答案。

（3）要求填充的空白必須排在學(xué)生容易看見的部位，免得學(xué)生漏答。（4）空白的長(zhǎng)度相等并適當(dāng)。如在幾個(gè)要求填充的空白里，雖然要求填充的字?jǐn)?shù)不等，但都按字?jǐn)?shù)較多的那個(gè)空白劃線。這樣，可以防止學(xué)生因猜測(cè)而得到虛假的成績(jī)。

2.突出基礎(chǔ)性，重視基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)檢測(cè)

英語考試命題要引導(dǎo)廣大教師在教學(xué)中通過聽、說、讀、寫的扎實(shí)訓(xùn)練，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生正確地理解英語的運(yùn)用情境，豐富語言表達(dá)，提高英語基本能力。填空題應(yīng)該突出對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的檢查，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生重視對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的掌握。

3.創(chuàng)設(shè)情境，去除死記硬背

英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在生活中學(xué)英語、用英語的意識(shí)。英語學(xué)習(xí)的外延與生活的外延相等，英語的學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期積累的過程，試題很重要的一個(gè)導(dǎo)向就是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生養(yǎng)成良好的英語學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，積極倡導(dǎo)“得法于課內(nèi)，運(yùn)用于課外”的教學(xué)理念，為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語提供更大的空間和更多的自由。

4.注意檢測(cè)知識(shí)與生活情境相結(jié)合

學(xué)生學(xué)英語的最終目的是要提高自己的口頭和書面表達(dá)能力。考試試題在這方面要加強(qiáng)引導(dǎo)：要在鏈接生活情境中考查學(xué)生應(yīng)用英語基本知識(shí)的能力。

7.請(qǐng)用你學(xué)生的一次考試結(jié)果分析他們解題能力的現(xiàn)狀，并提出相應(yīng)的整改措施。

答：解題能力的現(xiàn)狀：

1、用英語交流的環(huán)境很少，甚至可說是沒有。一周安排兩至三節(jié)英語課，最多時(shí)也就四節(jié)，每節(jié)課40分鐘，學(xué)生們接觸英語的機(jī)會(huì)就僅此而已，因此，學(xué)生聽英語、說英語、練英語的機(jī)會(huì)很少，他們?nèi)鄙僖粋€(gè)學(xué)習(xí)英語的語言環(huán)境；

2、小學(xué)生膽小，羞于說英語。從小受周圍特定環(huán)境與家庭教育的影響，往往會(huì)顯得膽小拘謹(jǐn)、不善言談，缺少自信心理，又害怕會(huì)說錯(cuò)被老師批評(píng)，并且易落于機(jī)械的條文背誦的俗套，因而羞于說英語也不太敢說英語。而今借讀生的比例逐年增加，要他們開口說英語的困難就更大了；

3、受母語干擾，尤其是低年級(jí)的孩子，在學(xué)拼音和學(xué)字母的雙項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)中所受的干擾尤為顯著，在教學(xué)過程中，最常見的現(xiàn)象是學(xué)生學(xué)了漢語拼音后產(chǎn)生負(fù)遷移，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生英語字母學(xué)不好，單詞記不住，句子不會(huì)念。

4、受家庭教育與環(huán)境的影響。如今的家長(zhǎng)們或許都意識(shí)到了學(xué)習(xí)英語的重要性，但是很多家長(zhǎng)由于自身文化程度低，力不從心，無法給予孩子正確地輔導(dǎo)。也有部分家長(zhǎng)缺乏責(zé)任心，自己貪圖享樂（跳舞，搓麻將，唱卡拉OK），將子女托付與老人代管。甚至還有的家長(zhǎng)認(rèn)為只要把寫的作業(yè)做好就可以了，像預(yù)習(xí)和聽讀錄音的作業(yè)老師無法檢查，做不做無所謂，也有的敷衍一下簽上名字就算完事了，造成學(xué)生從小就沒能養(yǎng)成很好的聽音模仿的習(xí)慣；

改進(jìn)措施與方法

1、課上課下強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)音、注重語感，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多聽磁帶，多用英語交流。

2、對(duì)單詞、短語和重點(diǎn)句型的背誦，并加大書寫力度，多聽寫，可適當(dāng)開展競(jìng)賽活動(dòng)。

3、多練習(xí)，多講評(píng)。

4、以課本為主，適度展開，適當(dāng)提高，拓視野，長(zhǎng)知識(shí)。

5、督促學(xué)生人手一套聽力資料和教輔資料，從而保證學(xué)生能從聽、說、讀、寫四方面進(jìn)行練習(xí)。

6、對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)及時(shí)整理、歸納，以利于學(xué)生的掌握和復(fù)習(xí)。

7、對(duì)學(xué)生多鼓勵(lì)、多肯定，激發(fā)其學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣，提高其學(xué)習(xí)英語的自信心。

8、利用校訊通多與家長(zhǎng)溝通，督促學(xué)生多讀、多寫，多鞏固，多復(fù)習(xí)，并及時(shí)交流學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)情況。

8.如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在解題時(shí)的思考能力？

答：“思考”指針對(duì)某一個(gè)或多個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行分析、綜合、推理﹑判斷等思維的活動(dòng)。在平時(shí)教學(xué)中要鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考，勤于動(dòng)腦，自覺地分析解決遇到的難題，千萬不能把現(xiàn)成的答案告訴學(xué)生，或要學(xué)生死背答案、范文。魏書生老師的一句話很好地總結(jié)了這種行為：“教師不替學(xué)生說學(xué)生自己能說的話，不替學(xué)生做學(xué)生自己能做的事，學(xué)生能講明白的知識(shí)盡可能讓學(xué)生講。”

首先，教師要注意激發(fā)學(xué)生的思考欲望，善于提出啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考的問題，形成學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)問題、提出問題的良好品質(zhì)；

其次，教師要注意提供適量的思考依據(jù)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生有根據(jù)、有條理、有秩序地進(jìn)行思考的習(xí)慣；

第三，要留給學(xué)生充分思考的時(shí)間，讓學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下，充分發(fā)揮個(gè)人的見解，主動(dòng)探索新知，多渠道、多角度地尋求解決問題的方法，促使思維水平的逐步提高。

教師應(yīng)該通過作業(yè)的講評(píng)，分析解題中錯(cuò)事出現(xiàn)的原因，溝通師生之間的信息交流，以達(dá)到提高學(xué)生審題能力的目的。通過作業(yè)的講評(píng)，學(xué)生能認(rèn)識(shí)到存在錯(cuò)誤的原因。教師利用講評(píng)，進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充一些練習(xí)題供學(xué)生思考，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生主動(dòng)去探索、發(fā)現(xiàn)，把學(xué)生的思維積極地調(diào)動(dòng)起來。

第五篇：英語好句

說明：題庫(kù)來源于ETS官方網(wǎng)站，六月初我開始備考時(shí)按照新修訂后的指導(dǎo)語的不同對(duì)其進(jìn)行了分類，分類時(shí)順便對(duì)其進(jìn)行了翻譯，因時(shí)間倉(cāng)促，可能會(huì)存在一些錯(cuò)誤之處，歡迎留言指正。

對(duì)于這份題庫(kù)，時(shí)間緊或不喜讀英文的朋友可以快速過一篇中文以期了解GRE的issue部分所主要考察的領(lǐng)域和話題，做到心中有數(shù)，并在日常的學(xué)習(xí)和思考中留心相關(guān)的信息，作為有效的備考資料。

This page contains the Issue topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE? revised General Test.When you take the test, you will be presented with one Issue topic from this pool.Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue.The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here.Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.148題 指導(dǎo)語1 Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.指導(dǎo)語：文章中討論你是在多大程度上同意或者不同意題目的論點(diǎn)，并解釋你選取這一立場(chǎng)的原因。在發(fā)展及支持你的論點(diǎn)時(shí)，你應(yīng)該考慮那些使得論點(diǎn)成立或者不成立的方面，并解釋你的這些考慮是如何使其形成你所持有的觀點(diǎn)的。54題。

1.As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.隨著人們?cè)絹碓揭揽坑诩夹g(shù)來解決問題，人類自己獨(dú)立思考的能力會(huì)確定無疑地退化。

2.To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.要想理解一個(gè)社會(huì)最為重要的特點(diǎn)，就必須研究這個(gè)社會(huì)的各主要城市。3.In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.在任何努力領(lǐng)域，如果沒有受到那個(gè)領(lǐng)域過去的成就的強(qiáng)烈影響就不可能做出重大的貢獻(xiàn)。繼承與創(chuàng)新

4.People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人們的行為在很大程度上是取決于外力而非其自己所做出的選擇。

5.Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.正規(guī)教育傾向于限制我們的想法和精神而不是使他們得到解放。

6.The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.當(dāng)一個(gè)社會(huì)的大多數(shù)人們都質(zhì)疑權(quán)威時(shí)，這個(gè)社會(huì)的福利安康就得到了提升。

7.Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places.法律應(yīng)該是足夠靈活的，可以考慮各種不同的情形和時(shí)空。靈活的法律？ 8.The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.教育/訓(xùn)練的最佳方式就是鼓勵(lì)積極的行為，忽視消極的行為。

9.The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.當(dāng)代生活的奢侈與便利阻礙了個(gè)體真正的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)與獨(dú)立。10.In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.在任何探索未知的領(lǐng)域，初學(xué)者比專家更有可能做出重要的貢獻(xiàn)。11.The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家的最為適切的指標(biāo)并非是它的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或者科學(xué)家所取得的成就，而是它的國(guó)民整體上的福利。12.As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.隨著我們掌握的知識(shí)日益增多，事情并非變得更易理解，而是變得更加復(fù)雜和神秘。

13.In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view.在任何情形下，想要取得進(jìn)步，要求持有互相沖突觀點(diǎn)的人們進(jìn)行充分討論。14.It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.我們主要是通過對(duì)于社會(huì)群體的認(rèn)同，才得以定義我們自己。

15.The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.一個(gè)人是否偉大只能由生活于其后的人們而非其同時(shí)代者來做出評(píng)價(jià)。

16.Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.學(xué)生應(yīng)該始終質(zhì)疑自己所學(xué)到的知識(shí)而不是被動(dòng)的接受它們。

17.The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.當(dāng)今日益增快的生活節(jié)奏引發(fā)的問題超過了它所解決的問題。

18.Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education.為獲得高分而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)嚴(yán)重的限制了所有水平教育的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。

19.If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.如果一個(gè)目標(biāo)是值得的，那么任何用以實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的途徑/手段都是合理的。

20.In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.對(duì)任何一門藝術(shù)（如電影、小說、詩(shī)歌、歌曲）而言，要想具有優(yōu)點(diǎn)，它就必須為大多數(shù)人所理解。

21.Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.許多重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)或創(chuàng)造是隨機(jī)的：通常是在尋求某一問題的答案的同時(shí)我們找到了另外一個(gè)問題的答案。

22.The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.學(xué)習(xí)歷史的主要好處是可以打消那種認(rèn)為當(dāng)下的人們與生活在以往時(shí)代的人們迥然不同的這種錯(cuò)覺。

23.Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline;students cannot be motivated by school or college alone.學(xué)習(xí)主要是個(gè)體的自覺自律的事兒，學(xué)生們無法僅僅被學(xué)?；蛘叽髮W(xué)學(xué)院本身所激勵(lì)。

24.Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是由其所處位置的要求所創(chuàng)造的。

25.There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts—especially at a great cost in money and jobs—to save endangered animal or plant species.對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)而言，沒有什么道義上的理由來付出巨大的努力——尤其是以眾多金錢和勞力為代價(jià)——來拯救那些瀕危的動(dòng)物或植物。26.The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds.人的大腦總是優(yōu)于機(jī)器，因?yàn)闄C(jī)器只是人腦的工具。

27.People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most critical of it.那些深深投入到一個(gè)想法或一項(xiàng)政策中的人往往也對(duì)其最具評(píng)判性。

28.Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.年輕人應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì)追求長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的，可實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)而不是尋求即時(shí)的聲名和認(rèn)可。

29.Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.通曉過去無法幫助人們?cè)诋?dāng)代做出重要的決策。

30.In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.在這個(gè)媒體覆蓋面日益深廣的時(shí)代，一個(gè)社會(huì)不再有可能將其尚在人世的男人或女人視作英雄人物。31.We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.與那些與我們觀點(diǎn)相悖的人們相比，我們通常從那些和我們持有共同觀點(diǎn)的人身上學(xué)到的東西更多。32.The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth.理解當(dāng)代文化最為有效的方式是分析這一文化下年輕人的趨勢(shì)。33.People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by society as a whole.人們的態(tài)度取決于他們當(dāng)下的情形或環(huán)境而不是社會(huì)這個(gè)整體。

34.The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time.技術(shù)進(jìn)步最為主要的目標(biāo)是增加人們的效率從而使其得享更多的閑暇時(shí)光。

35.Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image.不幸的是，在當(dāng)代社會(huì)，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)有吸引力的形象已經(jīng)變得比這一形象背后的現(xiàn)實(shí)或真相更為重要的事了。

36.Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.盡管視頻錄像、電腦以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)等創(chuàng)新似乎為學(xué)校提供了用以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的方法，這些技術(shù)全部都過于使學(xué)生從真正的學(xué)習(xí)中分心了。

37.The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.最好的想法源于對(duì)于常見事物產(chǎn)生富有激情的興趣。

38.In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在大多數(shù)專業(yè)或者學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域，想象力比知識(shí)更為重要。

39.To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.想要成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，一個(gè)公共的官員必須要持有最高的倫理和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

40.Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.在任何既定領(lǐng)域，對(duì)于工作的關(guān)鍵決斷都沒有什么價(jià)值，除非這一決斷是來自于這一領(lǐng)域的專家。

41.Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.要求大學(xué)生在本身的專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域之外學(xué)習(xí)廣泛的課程是確保學(xué)生獲得真正教育的最為有效的途徑。42.Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.那些迅速、輕易就受到群眾/大眾觀點(diǎn)的變動(dòng)所影響的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者注定會(huì)一事無成。

43.Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people whom they serve.政府官員應(yīng)該依賴自身的決斷而不是毫不質(zhì)疑的執(zhí)行其所服務(wù)的人民的意志。

44.A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.一個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該要求它的全體學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)相同的全國(guó)性課程直到這些學(xué)生升入大學(xué)。

45.It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.主要是在城市中，一個(gè)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)得以產(chǎn)生和保存。

46.We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.與那些和我們觀點(diǎn)沖突的人相比，我們可以從那些和我們持有相同觀點(diǎn)的人身上學(xué)到更多。

47.When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings.當(dāng)舊的建筑物所在的場(chǎng)地被當(dāng)代的計(jì)劃者認(rèn)為可以更好的用于當(dāng)代的目的時(shí)，當(dāng)代的發(fā)展應(yīng)該優(yōu)先于對(duì)歷史建筑的保存。

48.All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one semester studying in a foreign country.所有的大學(xué)生都會(huì)從在一個(gè)海外國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí)至少一個(gè)學(xué)期的經(jīng)歷中獲益。

49.Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生在那些其不可能獲得成功的領(lǐng)域中苦苦追求。

50.It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.與堅(jiān)持自己的信念相比，對(duì)信念予以妥協(xié)更加的有害。

51.No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and experience from outside that field.沒有一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域能夠取得顯著的進(jìn)步除非能夠從這個(gè)領(lǐng)域之外整合知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。52.True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.真正的成功只能從個(gè)體自己所設(shè)立的目標(biāo)的角度來予以衡量。

53.The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.檢驗(yàn)一個(gè)argument的最好辦法是看其對(duì)于持有相反觀點(diǎn)的人們的信服力。

54.The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.檢測(cè)一個(gè)國(guó)家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的有效性的最好指標(biāo)就是檢視這個(gè)國(guó)家民眾的幸福安康程度（well-being）。

指導(dǎo)語2

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim.In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.討論你在多大程度上同意或者不同意題目中的觀點(diǎn)，在發(fā)展和支持你的立場(chǎng)時(shí)，確保使用那些最具說服力的原因和/或例證來挑戰(zhàn)你所持有的立場(chǎng)。24題 1.Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)有責(zé)任勸阻學(xué)生追求那些他們不可能在其中取得成功的領(lǐng)域。

2.Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.丑聞是有用的，因?yàn)樗梢砸砸环N任何發(fā)言者或改革家可以做到的方式使我們將注意力集中在問題上。

3.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每名學(xué)生都在自己所學(xué)的領(lǐng)域之外學(xué)習(xí)多種不同的課程。

4.Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該主動(dòng)的鼓勵(lì)他的學(xué)生選擇那些可以為其帶來豐厚收入的職業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域。

5.The best way to teach—whether as an educator, employer, or parent—is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.最好的訓(xùn)導(dǎo)方式——無論是作為教育者，雇主或者父母——就是贊賞積極的行動(dòng)而忽視消極的行為。6.Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.教師的工資應(yīng)該基于他所負(fù)責(zé)的學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)表現(xiàn)。

7.College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大學(xué)生應(yīng)該將學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域的選擇基于在那個(gè)領(lǐng)域獲得工作的可得性。

8.Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws.社會(huì)中的每個(gè)個(gè)體的責(zé)任是遵守公正的法律以及違抗和抵制不公正的法律。

9.It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.一個(gè)社會(huì)已經(jīng)不可能將其尚在人世的男人或女人視作英雄。

10.The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-being of that country's citizens.衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的有效性的最佳方式就是檢視這個(gè)國(guó)家國(guó)民的幸福程度。

11.All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的父母都應(yīng)該被要求自愿提供時(shí)間給他們孩子所在的學(xué)校。12.A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.一個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該要求它所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)相同的全國(guó)課程直到學(xué)生進(jìn)入大學(xué)。

13.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院或大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在一個(gè)海外國(guó)家渡過至少一個(gè)學(xué)期。

14.People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.人們的行為在很大程度上取決于外在的強(qiáng)力而非自己所做的決定。

15.To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，公共官員應(yīng)該維持最高的倫理和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。16.Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.在任何既定的領(lǐng)域，對(duì)作品的評(píng)斷都沒有什么價(jià)值，除非這一評(píng)斷來自于該領(lǐng)域的專家。

17.In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.在任何領(lǐng)域——商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府管理——那些當(dāng)權(quán)者應(yīng)在五年之后走到臺(tái)下。

18.The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.理解一個(gè)社會(huì)的特點(diǎn)的最好方式就是檢視這個(gè)社會(huì)選作英雄或者角色模范的男人或女人的特點(diǎn)。

19.The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition.一個(gè)社會(huì)裝備其年輕人在政府、工業(yè)或者其他領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的最佳方式就是向他們灌輸合作感，而非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神。20.In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge.在大多數(shù)職業(yè)和學(xué)業(yè)領(lǐng)域，想象力比知識(shí)更為重要。

21.The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家最為適切的指標(biāo)不是他的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或者科學(xué)家所取得的成就，而是它的全體國(guó)民的整體幸福安康的程度。22.Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該主動(dòng)的鼓勵(lì)他們的學(xué)生選擇那些工作機(jī)會(huì)豐富的領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。

23.The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家最為適切的指標(biāo)不是他的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或者科學(xué)家所取得的成就，而是它的全體國(guó)民的整體幸福安康程度。24.Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state.國(guó)家應(yīng)該通過法律來保存任何尚存的荒野地區(qū)使其保持自然狀態(tài)。

指導(dǎo)語3

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.討論你在多大程度上同意或者不同意題中的建議并解釋你持有這一立場(chǎng)的理由。在發(fā)展和支持你的立場(chǎng)時(shí)，請(qǐng)描述一些具體的情形，此時(shí)采納該建議會(huì)具有優(yōu)勢(shì)/劣勢(shì)，并解釋這些例子（你所列舉的情形）是如何塑造了你當(dāng)前持有的立場(chǎng)的。24題 1.A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.一個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該要求其所有學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)相同的全國(guó)課程直至學(xué)生們升入大學(xué)。

2.Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.政府應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)解決今日的緊急問題而非未來的預(yù)期問題。

3.Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development.政府應(yīng)該對(duì)于科學(xué)研究和發(fā)展施以最低限度的限制。

4.Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.政府應(yīng)該提供給所有學(xué)生免費(fèi)的學(xué)院和大學(xué)教育。

5.Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府不該資助任何其后果不明朗的研究。

6.Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training for them at an early age to develop their talents.政府應(yīng)該挑選/識(shí)別出那些具有特殊天分的兒童，并為其提供早期的訓(xùn)練以發(fā)展孩子們的才能。

7.College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.大學(xué)生應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì)追求他們感興趣的學(xué)科，而不是那些更容易找到工作的課程。8.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生們?cè)谒鶎W(xué)領(lǐng)域之外修讀廣泛的課程。9.Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then offer it to them.教育者應(yīng)該探尋學(xué)生們?cè)谡n程中想要什么然后提供給他們。10.Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.只有在學(xué)生們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了有助其掌握特定事實(shí)的相關(guān)想法、趨勢(shì)以及概念之后，教育者才應(yīng)該教授這些事實(shí)。

11.Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.政府官員應(yīng)該依賴自身的決斷而不是毫不質(zhì)疑的執(zhí)行其所服務(wù)的選民的意志。12.Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than seek immediate fame and recognition.年輕人應(yīng)該被鼓勵(lì)追求長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的、現(xiàn)實(shí)的目標(biāo)而不是尋求即時(shí)的聲名和認(rèn)可。

13.The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.傳授的最佳方式是贊賞積極的行為而忽略那些消極的行為。

14.In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of imaginative literature.為了成為全面發(fā)展的個(gè)體，所有的大學(xué)生都應(yīng)該被要求參加一些課程，在其中，他們可以閱讀詩(shī)歌、小說、神話以及其他類型的富有想象力的文學(xué)。15.Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely to benefit the greatest number of people.科學(xué)家和其他研究者應(yīng)該將其研究選定在最有可能使大多數(shù)人受益的領(lǐng)域。

16.Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than elusive ideals.政治家應(yīng)該尋求共同的立場(chǎng)和合理的一致意見，而不是那些晦澀難描的理想。17.People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its consequences.人們只有在充分的考慮危險(xiǎn)行動(dòng)的后果之后才應(yīng)該從事這些行為。18.Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家的眾多國(guó)民還處于饑餓和失業(yè)中時(shí)，這個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該停止政府對(duì)于藝術(shù)的資助。

19.All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.所有的父母都應(yīng)該被要求為子女所在的學(xué)校貢獻(xiàn)一些時(shí)間。

20.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求其學(xué)生在一個(gè)海外國(guó)家至少學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)學(xué)期。

21.Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.教師的薪水應(yīng)該基于他們教授的學(xué)生的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)。

22.Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach.在設(shè)計(jì)所教授課程的內(nèi)容時(shí)，教育者應(yīng)該將學(xué)生的興趣也考慮在內(nèi)。23.Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts illustrate.教育者對(duì)于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的評(píng)估不該基于學(xué)生掌握了多少事實(shí)，而應(yīng)該是學(xué)生解釋這些事實(shí)所闡釋的想法、趨勢(shì)以及概念的能力。

24.College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.大學(xué)生對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域的選擇應(yīng)該基于那個(gè)領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中工作的可得性。

指導(dǎo)語4

Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.討論你在多大程度上同意或者不同意題中的論斷以及論斷所依據(jù)的理由。19題

1.Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive.論點(diǎn)：政府必須確保其主要城市獲取發(fā)展繁榮所需的財(cái)政支持。

Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated.理由：主要是在城市，一個(gè)國(guó)家的文化傳統(tǒng)得以保存和產(chǎn)生。2.Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years.在任何領(lǐng)域——商業(yè)，政治，教育，政府——掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在上任五年后讓位于人。

Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership.對(duì)任何事業(yè)而言，最可靠地獲取成功的路徑就是通過新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)來獲取新生。3.Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.理解一個(gè)社會(huì)特點(diǎn)的最好的方式就是檢視這個(gè)社會(huì)所選定的英雄或者角色典范。

Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.英雄和角色典范解釋了一個(gè)社會(huì)的最高的理想。4.Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and suggestions of their students.在設(shè)計(jì)課程時(shí)，教育者應(yīng)該考慮他們學(xué)生的興趣和建議。

Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they are studying.當(dāng)學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)內(nèi)容深感興趣時(shí)，他們更容易受到激勵(lì)去學(xué)習(xí)5.Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.一個(gè)社會(huì)不再可能將尚存人士的男人或女人視作英雄。

Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.任何受到媒體檢視的人的聲譽(yù)終將受損而減少。

6.Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from those whose views contradict our own.與那些與我們意見相左的人相比，我們通?？梢詮哪切┖臀覀兂钟邢嗤^點(diǎn)的人身上學(xué)到更多。Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.意見不同可以引起壓力并抑制學(xué)習(xí)。

7.Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's major field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個(gè)學(xué)生在所學(xué)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域之外學(xué)習(xí)一系列廣泛的課程。

Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated.獲取多種不同學(xué)科的知識(shí)是真正受到教育的最佳途徑。8.Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.檢測(cè)一個(gè)argument的最好方式是看其說服持有相反觀點(diǎn)的人們的能力。Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.9.Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it may well be proven false in the future.任何被指稱為事實(shí)的信息都應(yīng)予以懷疑，因?yàn)樗苡锌赡茉趯砭捅蛔C明是錯(cuò)誤的。

Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate.大多數(shù)被人們認(rèn)為是事實(shí)的信息實(shí)際上都被證明是錯(cuò)誤的。

再?zèng)]有找到更好更明確的道理之前，姑且信之，但是要保持開放的心態(tài)接受新的思想和證據(jù)。

10.Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.當(dāng)國(guó)家的眾多國(guó)民處于饑餓和失業(yè)時(shí)，這個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)該停止政府對(duì)于藝術(shù)的資助。

Reason: It is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—to use public resources to fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.這是不適宜的——甚至是殘忍的——當(dāng)人們的基本需求尚未滿足時(shí)還使用公共資源來資助藝術(shù)。11.Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system.許多當(dāng)代社會(huì)的問題無法通過法律和司法系統(tǒng)加以解決。

Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.法律無法改變?nèi)藗兊膬?nèi)心想法和觀念。

12.Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.想象力是一種比實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)更為有價(jià)值的資源/資產(chǎn)。

Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人可以自由的想象各種可能，而不必受到已經(jīng)形成的習(xí)慣和態(tài)度的限制。

13.Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家最為適切的指標(biāo)不是它的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或者科學(xué)家所取得的成就。

Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家最為適切的指標(biāo)實(shí)際上是這個(gè)國(guó)家全體人民的整體福利。

14.Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家最為適切的指標(biāo)必然是它的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或者科學(xué)家所取得的成就。

Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a good life for the majority of that nation's people.一個(gè)國(guó)家的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或者科學(xué)家所取得的成就可以確保這個(gè)國(guó)家的大多數(shù)國(guó)民過上良好的生活。

15.Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.科研學(xué)者不應(yīng)將自己的研究?jī)H僅限制在那些可以做出即時(shí)的使用的應(yīng)用的發(fā)現(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域。

Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any certainty.人們無法確定無疑的預(yù)測(cè)研究路線的結(jié)果。

16.Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.了解過去無法幫助當(dāng)下的人們做出重要決策。

Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the relatively recent past.今日的世界相比哪怕稍微之前的那個(gè)世界已經(jīng)變得日益復(fù)雜。

17.Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.了解過去無法幫助當(dāng)下的人們做出重要決策。

Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both.我們無法在當(dāng)下的事件和過去的事件中找到連結(jié)，除非我們可以對(duì)兩者都保有一定的距離。

18.Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts.重要的政策決定應(yīng)該總是留給政治家和政府管理專家來決定。

Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.政治家和其他政府專家比普羅大眾擁有更多的學(xué)識(shí)因而擁有更佳的決斷和視角。19.Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.學(xué)院或者大學(xué)應(yīng)該具體化全部的必修課程并減少選修課程以確保為學(xué)生提供清晰的指導(dǎo)。

Reason: College students—like people in general—prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions.大學(xué)生——大眾也是這樣——更喜歡遵照指導(dǎo)而非是自己做出決定。指導(dǎo)語5

Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.討論那一種視角/觀點(diǎn)與你的論點(diǎn)更為一致，解釋你所選擇觀點(diǎn)的原因。在發(fā)展和支持你的論點(diǎn)的過程中，你應(yīng)該對(duì)題中所呈現(xiàn)的多種視角都與以考察和解決。15題

1.Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people.Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.有些人相信政府資助藝術(shù)是必要的——確保藝術(shù)可以繁榮并為全體人民所得。另一些人認(rèn)為政府對(duì)藝術(shù)的資助會(huì)威脅到藝術(shù)的完整性。

2.Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.有人認(rèn)為政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人要想有效，就應(yīng)該屈從與公眾的意見，同時(shí)為了妥協(xié)的緣故摒棄自己的原則。另一些人認(rèn)為，一個(gè)有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的最為核心的品質(zhì)就是始終堅(jiān)守特定的原則和目標(biāo)的能力。

3.Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study.Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.有人認(rèn)為大學(xué)生在選擇學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域時(shí)應(yīng)該只考慮其自己的才能和興趣。另一些認(rèn)為大學(xué)生應(yīng)該以工作的可獲得性為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來選擇自己所從事的領(lǐng)域 4.Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being.Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.有人認(rèn)為社會(huì)應(yīng)該拯救每一種植物和動(dòng)物，無論人們?cè)谂Γ瑫r(shí)間、物質(zhì)利益上所付出的代價(jià)幾何。另一些人則認(rèn)為社會(huì)不需要為此付出超絕的努力，尤其是以大量金錢和勞力為代價(jià)來拯救這些瀕危物種。

5.Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit.Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.有人認(rèn)為教育的目的是為了解放觀念和精神。其他人則認(rèn)為正式的教育傾向于限制我們的觀念和精神而不是使其得到解放。

6.Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.Others believe that the public has a right to be fully informed.有人認(rèn)為對(duì)于政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者而言，不想公眾透露信息時(shí)常是必要的，甚至是值得做的。另一些人認(rèn)為公眾有權(quán)利充分的知情。

7.Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens.Others believe that the well-being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.有人認(rèn)為社會(huì)要想繁榮，就該把這個(gè)社會(huì)的整體的成功置于社會(huì)的個(gè)體公民的well-being之前。其他人認(rèn)為一個(gè)社會(huì)的well-being唯一的評(píng)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是這個(gè)社會(huì)全體人民的welfare。

8.Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve.Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.有人相信政府官員必須執(zhí)行其所服務(wù)的選民的意志。另一些人則認(rèn)為，官員們應(yīng)該給予自己的決斷來做出定奪。9.Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better understanding of the world around us.Others believe that science has revealed to us that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.有人認(rèn)為科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)使得我們對(duì)于周遭的世界有了更好的了解。另一些人則認(rèn)為科學(xué)向我們揭示了世界比我們之前對(duì)其的認(rèn)識(shí)更為無限復(fù)雜。

10.Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.有人聲稱人們可以通過觀察一個(gè)國(guó)家的統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家和科學(xué)家所取得的成就來辨別這個(gè)國(guó)家是否偉大。另一些人則聲稱一個(gè)偉大國(guó)家最為適切的指標(biāo)事實(shí)上是這個(gè)國(guó)家全體人民的整體welfare。

11.Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas in their natural state.Others argue that these areas should be developed for potential economic gain.有人聲稱，一個(gè)國(guó)家的政府應(yīng)該保護(hù)它的野生荒地使其保持自然狀態(tài)。另一些人則聲稱這些區(qū)域應(yīng)該予以開發(fā)以取得潛在的經(jīng)濟(jì)獲益。12.Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields must be highly competitive.Other people claim that in order to be successful, a leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.有人聲稱在政府、商業(yè)或其他領(lǐng)域的成功的的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必定是具有高度的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的。另一些人則聲稱，為了取得成功，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須愿意并且能夠與他人合作。

13.Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-being of the societies and environments in which they operate.Others believe that the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to make as much money as possible.有人認(rèn)為公司有責(zé)任來增進(jìn)其于其中運(yùn)營(yíng)的社會(huì)和環(huán)境的well-being。另一些人則認(rèn)為，假定公司的運(yùn)營(yíng)遵守了相關(guān)法律，那么公司的唯一責(zé)任就是盡可能多的賺錢。14.Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in the classroom.Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of real learning.有人認(rèn)為出于對(duì)高分的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)可以激勵(lì)學(xué)生在課堂上勝出。其他人則認(rèn)為這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)嚴(yán)重限制學(xué)生真實(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)質(zhì)量。15.Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.Others believe that universities should not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields.有人認(rèn)為大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在所學(xué)領(lǐng)域之外修讀一系列廣泛的課程。另一些人則認(rèn)為在學(xué)生選定的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)除了那些可以為其將來的工作有所準(zhǔn)備的課程之外，大學(xué)不應(yīng)強(qiáng)制學(xué)生修讀任何課程。

指導(dǎo)語6

Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.討論你對(duì)題中政策的觀點(diǎn)，并解釋你持有這一觀點(diǎn)/立場(chǎng)的理由。在發(fā)展和支持你的立場(chǎng)時(shí)，請(qǐng)考慮實(shí)施這一政策的可能后果，并解釋這些潛在后果是如何影響/塑造了你的立場(chǎng)。12題

1.Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.國(guó)家應(yīng)該通過法律來保護(hù)其野生的區(qū)域出于自然狀態(tài)下，即使這些區(qū)域可以通過發(fā)展而帶來商業(yè)利益。2.Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.政府應(yīng)該提供給每一名被大學(xué)錄取但是卻無力承擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)的學(xué)生免費(fèi)的大學(xué)教育。

3.A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.國(guó)家應(yīng)該要求她的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)相同的全國(guó)課程直至他們進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)

4.Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential extinction of those species is the result of human activities.社會(huì)應(yīng)該做出努力來拯救那些瀕危的物種，前提是這些物種所面臨的滅絕情形是由人類的活動(dòng)所造成的。

5.Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該勸阻學(xué)生在那些他們不可能取得成功的領(lǐng)域繼續(xù)專研。

6.Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.政府部分不該資助那些研究結(jié)構(gòu)尚未明朗的科學(xué)研究。7.Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該主動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生選擇那些工作機(jī)會(huì)豐富的領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。

8.Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求所有的教員都在學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域之外從事與自己教學(xué)工作相關(guān)的職業(yè)。

9.Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in a foreign country.學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求他們的學(xué)生在一個(gè)海外國(guó)家至少學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)學(xué)期。

10.Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study.大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求學(xué)生在所學(xué)領(lǐng)域之外修讀一系列廣泛的課程。11.Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該主動(dòng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生選擇那些可以提供豐富就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域。12.In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should be required to step down after five years.在任何領(lǐng)域——商業(yè)、政治、教育以及政府管理——那些當(dāng)權(quán)者應(yīng)該在上任五年后卸任。