第一篇:2018年高考化學(xué)熱門考點(diǎn)沖刺試卷: 金屬及其化合物沖刺卷
金屬及其化合物沖刺卷
1.能用鋁制容器長期盛放的是()
A.濃鹽酸
B.NaOH溶液
C.食醋
D.濃硫酸 【答案】D 2.給定條件下,下列選項(xiàng)中所示的物質(zhì)間轉(zhuǎn)化均能一步實(shí)現(xiàn)的是()
A.
B.C.D.【答案】A
3.由鈉、銅、鋁、鐵四種金屬單質(zhì)中的兩種組成的合金共15 g,跟足量的鹽酸反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生5.6 L 氫氣(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下),那么此合金中一定含有的金屬是()A.鈉
B.銅
C.鋁
D.鐵 【答案】B 4.某同學(xué)用Na2CO3和NaHCO3溶液進(jìn)行如圖所示實(shí)驗(yàn)。下列說法中,正確的是()
A.實(shí)驗(yàn)前兩溶液的pH相等
B.實(shí)驗(yàn)前兩溶液中離子種類完全相同
C.加入CaCl2溶液后生成的沉淀一樣多
D.反應(yīng)的離子方程式都是CO32-+Ca2+═CaCO3↓ 【答案】B 5.某同學(xué)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室利用氫氧化鈉、鹽酸分離鐵粉和鋁粉混合物,轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系如下如所示:下列說法不正確的是()
A.x為NaOH溶液,y為鹽酸
B.a(chǎn)→b發(fā)生的反應(yīng)為:AlO2-+H++H2O=Al(OH)3↓ C.按照本流程,x和y調(diào)換后也能達(dá)到實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?D.b、c既能與強(qiáng)酸又能與強(qiáng)堿反應(yīng) 【答案】C 6.將過氧化鈉加入到氯化亞鐵溶液中,最終可以觀察到的現(xiàn)象是()A.過氧化鈉將溶液漂白
B.生成紅褐色沉淀 C.除溶解外無特殊現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生
D.生成白色沉淀 【答案】B 7.向物質(zhì)的量濃度均為1mol/L的HCl、AlCl3、MgC12、NH4Cl混合溶液中逐滴加入1mol/L的NaOH溶液,得到如圖圖像。下列有關(guān)說法正確的是()
A.沉淀的最大物質(zhì)的量為2mol B.c-d段會產(chǎn)生標(biāo)況下22.4LNH3
C.d-e段發(fā)生的反應(yīng)為Al3++40H-=AlO2-+2H2O D.滴加NaOH溶液過程中,微粒反應(yīng)的先后順序是H+、Mg2+、NH4+、Al(OH)3 【答案】D 8.將1.12g鐵粉加入25mL2mol/L的氯化鐵溶液中,充分反應(yīng)后,其結(jié)果是()A.鐵粉有剩余,溶液呈淺綠色,Cl-基本保持不變 B.往溶液中滴入無色KSCN溶液,顯紅色 C.Fe2+和Fe3+物質(zhì)的量之比為5: 1 D.氧化產(chǎn)物和還原產(chǎn)物的物質(zhì)的量之比為2 :5 【答案】B 9.由鈹和鋁在元素周期表中的位置可知,二者的化合物具有相似的化學(xué)性質(zhì),已知反應(yīng):BeCl2+Na2BeO2+2H2O=2NaCl+2Be(OH)2↓ 能完全進(jìn)行,則下列推斷錯誤的是()A.BeO和Be(OH)2均既能溶于鹽酸,又能溶于NaOH溶液 B.BeCl2是共價化合物,Na2BeO2是離子化合物
C.BeCl2水溶液呈酸性,將其蒸于并灼燒,殘留物是BeCl2 D.Na2BeO2水溶液呈堿性,將其蒸干并灼燒,殘留物為Na2BeO2 【答案】C 10.在檢驗(yàn)用FeCl3溶液生產(chǎn)銅制印刷線路板后所得的廢液成分的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,下列根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象得出的結(jié)論不正確的是()A.若用惰性電極電解該廢液,陰極沒有立即產(chǎn)生紅色物質(zhì),說明廢液中不含Cu2+ B.若向廢液中滴加硝酸酸化的AgNO3溶液,產(chǎn)生白色沉淀,說明廢液中含有C1-C.若向廢液中加少量鐵粉,充分反應(yīng)后無固體剩余,說明廢液中含有Fe3+
D.若向廢液中滴加KSCN 溶液,無現(xiàn)象,再加入氯水后溶液呈血紅色,說明廢液中含有Fe2+ 【答案】A 11.不能通過化合反應(yīng)得到的是()
A.H2SO
4B.Fe(OH)
3C.Al(OH)3
D.FeCl2 【答案】C 12.下列圖像與對應(yīng)的敘述相符的是()
A.圖①表示向KAl(SO4)2溶液中逐滴加入Ba(OH)2 溶液 B.圖②表示向NaAlO2 溶波中逐滴加入鹽酸 C.圖③表示向FeCl3溶液中加入鋅粉 D.圖④表示向NaOH溶液通入CO2 【答案】C 13.下列流程中的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系能實(shí)現(xiàn)的是()
A.NaCl(aq)NaHCO3(s)
Na2CO3(s)B.S C.Al D.Mg(OH)2【答案】C SO3 H2SO4 NaAlO2(aq)MgCl2(aq)
NaAlO2(s)無水MgCl2
14.鐵鋁合金8.3g溶于300mL2mol/L鹽酸時,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下產(chǎn)生氣體5.6L。若向反應(yīng)后的溶液中加入適量燒堿溶液,充分?jǐn)嚢瑁沙恋淼淖畲筚|(zhì)量為()A.9g
B.16.8g
C.18.5g
D.22.5g 【答案】C 15.CuSO4是一種重要的化工原料,有關(guān)制備途徑及性質(zhì)如圖所示。下列說法錯誤的是()
A.途徑①所用混酸中H2SO4與HNO3物質(zhì)的量之比最好為3:2 B.生成等量的硫酸銅,三個途徑中參加反應(yīng)的硫酸的物質(zhì)的量: ①=②<③ C.硫酸銅在1100℃分解的方程式為:2CuSO4D.當(dāng)Y為葡萄糖時,葡萄糖發(fā)生還原反應(yīng) 【答案】D 16.高鐵酸鉀(K2FeO4)是一種高效多功能水處理劑,具有極強(qiáng)的氧化性,已知:4FeO42+10H2O?4Fe(OH)3+8OH
﹣﹣
Cu2O+SO2↑+SO3↑+O2↑
+3O2↑高鐵酸鉀常見制備方法之一是濕法制備:在一定條件下,F(xiàn)e(NO3)3與NaClO反應(yīng)生成紫紅色高鐵酸鹽溶液.下列說法正確的是()
A.K2FeO4在處理水的過程中所起的作用只有消毒殺菌 B.同濃度的高鐵酸鉀在pH=ll.50的水溶液中比中性溶液中穩(wěn)定 C.濕法制備高鐵酸鉀,可以在酸性環(huán)境中順利進(jìn)行
D.濕法制備高鐵酸鉀,F(xiàn)e(NO3)3與NaClO物質(zhì)的量之比為3:2 【答案】B 17.FeCl3易潮解、易升華,實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備FeCl3的裝置如圖所示(加熱和夾持裝置略去)。下列說法正確的是()
A.導(dǎo)管g的作用是增強(qiáng)裝置的氣密性
B.試劑X和試劑Y分別為濃硫酸、飽和食鹽水 C.直接用E接收產(chǎn)物比用導(dǎo)管連接的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可防止堵塞 D.出于簡化裝置的目的,F(xiàn)裝置可拆除 【答案】C 18.某實(shí)驗(yàn)小組通過下圖所示實(shí)驗(yàn)探究Na2O2與水的反應(yīng):
下列說法不正確的是()
A.②中的大量氣泡的主要成分是氧氣 B.③中溶液變紅,說明有堿性物質(zhì)生成 C.④中現(xiàn)象可能是溶液中的強(qiáng)酸性物質(zhì)造成的 D.⑤中MnO2的主要作用是起催化效果 【答案】C 19.某化學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)小組為了探究鎂和二氧化硫的反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物,進(jìn)行如下實(shí)驗(yàn)。Ⅰ.設(shè)計(jì)如圖所示裝置完成鎂和二氧化硫的反應(yīng)。
(1)宓驗(yàn)室用亞疏酸鈉與濃硫酸反應(yīng)制備SO2,利用的是濃硫酸的___________ A.強(qiáng)氧化性
B.強(qiáng)酸性
C.脫水性
D.腐蝕性
(2)B裝置中試劑的名稱是_____________;E裝置的作用是_________________。Ⅱ.探究燃燒的反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物
(3)反應(yīng)后取C裝置中的固體粉末于燒瓶F中,加入稀硫酸,有氣體生成 ①產(chǎn)生的氣體中含有氫氣,則可說明固體中含有______________ ②將產(chǎn)生的氣體通入硫酸銅溶液,出現(xiàn)黑色沉淀,這一現(xiàn)象的原因是______________(用離子方程式表示)(4)取出F裝置燒瓶中的混合物,經(jīng)過濾、干燥得到少量固體粉末,為了探究固體粉末的成分,選擇下列裝置進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn):
①按氣體從左至右,選擇所需裝置,正確的連接順序?yàn)開_____________(字母)②能證明固體粉末是硫磺的實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象是_____________________。
(5)經(jīng)測定,鎂在二氧化硫中燃燒生成產(chǎn)物中有硫化鎂、硫和氧化鎂。如果m(MgO):m(MgS):m(S)=20:7:4,寫出鎂與SO2在加熱條件下反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式:________________。
【答案】
b 濃硫酸吸收尾氣中二氧化硫,防止空氣中的水和二氧化碳與鎂反應(yīng)
Mg H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+
dcab
品紅溶液褪色
5Mg+2SO24MgO+S+MgS 20.甲、乙、丙是三種常見的單質(zhì),A、B、C是三種常見的二元無機(jī)化合物,它們之間的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系如右圖所示。請回答下列有關(guān)問題:
(1)若甲為常見氣態(tài)非金屬單質(zhì),丙為金屬單質(zhì),三種單質(zhì)中只有甲由短周期元素組成;甲與乙同主族、乙與丙同周期;它們的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系均在溶液中進(jìn)行。則: ①甲物質(zhì)的名稱為___________。
②丙元素在元素周期表中的位置是___________。
③反應(yīng)A+甲→乙+B的離子方程式為______________________。
④請簡述B中陽離子的檢驗(yàn)方法__________________________________。
(2)若甲為常見金屬單質(zhì),乙為常見固態(tài)非金屬單質(zhì),且所有物質(zhì)組成元素均為短周期元素。則: ①乙的化學(xué)式為___________。②A的電子式為___________。
③將A緩慢通入氫氧化鈉溶液中,所得溶液中的某種陰離子的物質(zhì)的量隨n(A)的通入轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系如右圖所示。圖中a、b兩點(diǎn)的溶液中水的電離程度的大小關(guān)系為a_______b(填“>”、“=”或“<")。若溶液X為圖中曲線上任意一點(diǎn),則向溶液X中逐滴加入鹽酸至反應(yīng)完全,消耗鹽酸的物質(zhì)的量最大為_________。
【答案】氯氣第四周期第Ⅷ族
2Fe2++4Br-+3Cl2=2Br2+2Fe3++6Cl-用試管取少量B溶液,然后向其中滴入幾滴KSCN溶液,若溶液呈現(xiàn)血紅色,證明有Fe3+存在C
< 4mol 21.某汽車安全氣囊的產(chǎn)氣藥劑主要含有NaN3、Fe2O3、KClO4、NaHCO3等物質(zhì)。當(dāng)汽車發(fā)生碰撞時,產(chǎn)氣藥劑產(chǎn)生大量氣體使氣囊迅速膨脹,從而起到保護(hù)作用。
(1)NaN3是氣體發(fā)生劑,受熱分解產(chǎn)生N2和Na,N2的電子式為____。
(2)Fe2O3是主氧化劑,與Na反應(yīng)生成的還原產(chǎn)物為____(已知該反應(yīng)為置換反應(yīng))。
(3)KClO4是助氧化劑,反應(yīng)過程中與Na作用生成KCl和Na2O。KClO4含有化學(xué)鍵的類型為__________,K的原子結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖為________。
(4)NaHCO3是冷卻劑,吸收產(chǎn)氣過程中釋放的熱量而發(fā)生分解,其化學(xué)方程式為__________________。(5)100 g上述產(chǎn)氣藥劑產(chǎn)生的氣體通過堿石灰后得到N2 33.6 L(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況)。
①用堿石灰除去的物質(zhì)為____;
②該產(chǎn)氣藥劑中NaN3的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為____。
【答案】∶N??N∶
Fe 離子鍵和共價鍵2NaHCO
3Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O CO2、H2O 65% 22.鋅和鋁都是活潑金屬,其氫氧化物既能溶于強(qiáng)酸,又能溶于強(qiáng)堿。但是氫氧化鋁不溶于氨水,氫氧化鋅可以與氨水反應(yīng)生成[Zn(NH3)4]2+?;卮鹣铝袉栴}:
(1)單質(zhì)鋁溶于氫氧化鈉溶液后,溶液中鋁元素的存在形式為______(用化學(xué)式表達(dá))。(2)寫出鋅和氫氧化鈉溶液反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式____________________________________。(3)下列各組中的兩種溶液,用相互滴加的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法即可鑒別的是____________________。①硫酸鋁和氫氧化鈉②硫酸鋁和氨水③硫酸鋅和氫氧化鈉④硫酸鋅和氨水
(4)寫出可溶性鋁鹽與氨水反應(yīng)的離子方程式______________________。試解釋在實(shí)驗(yàn)室不適宜用可溶性鋅鹽與氨水反應(yīng)制備氫氧化鋅的原因________________________。
【答案】
AlO2-[或Al(OH)4-] Zn+2NaOH===Na2ZnO2+H2↑[或Zn+2NaOH+2H2O===Na2Zn(OH)4 + H2↑] ①③④
Al3++3NH3·H2O===Al(OH)3↓+3NH4+ 可溶性鋅鹽與氨水反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的Zn(OH)2可溶于過量氨水中生成[Zn(NH3)4]2+,氨水的用量不易控制
第二篇:高考沖刺語文考點(diǎn)梳理
三篇高考沖刺語文考點(diǎn)梳理范文
高考沖刺語文考點(diǎn)梳理
1.孩提:指2—3歲的兒童。
2.垂髫:三四歲至八九歲的兒童。(髫指古代兒童頭上下垂的短發(fā))
3.總角:八九歲至十三四歲的少年。(古代兒童將頭發(fā)分作左右兩半,在頭頂各扎成一個結(jié),形如兩個羊角,故稱。)
4.黃口:十歲以下。
5.豆蔻:指女子十三四歲至十五六歲。
6.束發(fā):男子十五歲。(十五歲,男子要把原先的總角解散,扎成一束)
7.及笄:指女子15歲。(笄,謂結(jié)發(fā)而用笄貫之,表示已到出嫁的年歲)
8.弱冠:男子二十歲。(古人二十歲行冠禮,以示成年,但體猶未壯,故稱)
9.而立:男子三十歲。(立,即“立身、立志”)
10.不惑:男子四十歲。(不惑,即“不迷惑、不糊涂”)
11.知天命:男子五十歲。
12.花甲:六十歲。
13.古?。浩呤畾q。
14.耄耋:八十歲。
15.鮐背之年:九十歲。
16.期頤:一百歲。
高考沖刺語文考點(diǎn)梳理篇四
一、掌握下列重點(diǎn)詞語
1、尚:宮中尚促織之戲(崇尚,愛好。)
2、居:居為奇貨(積,儲存。)
3、比:宰嚴(yán)限追比(追征)
4、啻:雖連城拱璧不啻也(比)
5、造:徑造廬訪成(到)
6、固、強(qiáng):少年固強(qiáng)之(堅(jiān)持,一定;迫。)
7、庠:又囑學(xué)使俾入邑庠(學(xué)校。)
8、過:裘馬過世家焉(超過。)
9、貼:民日貼婦賣兒(抵押。)
二、通假字
1、昂其直(通“值“,價值)
2、手裁舉(通“才“,剛剛)
3、而翁歸(通“爾“,你的)
4、翼日進(jìn)宰(通“翌“,明天)
5、蟲躍去尺有咫(通“又“)
三、一詞多義
1、責(zé):①因責(zé)常供(動詞,責(zé)令)
②每責(zé)一頭(動詞,索取)
③當(dāng)其為里正、受撲責(zé)時(動詞,責(zé)罰)
④以塞官責(zé)(名詞,差使)
2、進(jìn):①以一頭進(jìn)(動詞,進(jìn)獻(xiàn))
②徑進(jìn)以啄(動詞,前進(jìn))
3、益:①死何裨益(名詞,好處)
②益奇之(副詞,更加)
4、逼:①雞健進(jìn),逐逼之(動詞,逼近)
②與村東大佛閣逼近(副詞,極)
5、故:①此物故非西產(chǎn)(副詞,本來)
②故天子一跬步(連詞,所以)
6、然:①然睹促織(連詞,表轉(zhuǎn)折,然而)
②儼然類畫(副詞詞尾,……的樣子)
③成然之(動詞,認(rèn)為……是對的)
7、售:①久不售(動詞,考取)
②亦無售者(動詞,買)
8、歲:①后歲余(名詞,年)
②歲征民間(名作狀,每年)
高考沖刺語文考點(diǎn)梳理
《孔雀東南飛》知識點(diǎn)
一、古今異義
.為仲卿母所遣,守節(jié)情不移
便可白公姥
可憐體無比
汝豈得自由
槌床便大怒
.本自無教訓(xùn)
舉手常勞勞
.逆以煎我懷
阿母大悲摧.便言多令才
.府吏見丁寧:
恐此事非奇
.尋遣丞請還
否泰如天地
.渠會永無緣
便利此月內(nèi)
.躡履相逢迎
逼迫兼弟兄
葉葉相交通
多謝后世人
二、通假字
終老不復(fù)取
箱簾六七十
雖與府吏要
.蒲葦紉如絲
.府吏見丁寧
摧藏馬悲哀
合葬華山傍
三、詞類活用
(1)名詞作狀語(從句法關(guān)系看,謂語動詞在句中總是出現(xiàn)在主語、狀語后,所以,如果名詞出現(xiàn)在動詞前,而句子已經(jīng)有明確的主語時,即可判斷名詞活用了狀語。)
.孔雀東南飛().勤心養(yǎng)公姥()
手巾掩口啼,()卿當(dāng)日勝貴,()
(2)名詞、形容詞用作動詞(因?yàn)槟茉竸釉~只能修飾動詞,所以,如果名詞前緊接能愿動詞時,即可判斷它是活用成了動詞;因?yàn)橹挥袆釉~能帶賓語和介賓補(bǔ)語,所以,如果名詞后緊接代詞或處所名詞、介賓短語,即可判斷它是活用成了動詞;同理,如果兩個名詞連用,二者之間既非并列關(guān)系,也非修飾關(guān)系,其中必有一個活用成了動詞。)(按一般語法,形容詞不能帶賓語,所以,如果形容詞出現(xiàn)在代詞前面,就可以判斷它活用成了動詞;同理,如果形容詞出現(xiàn)在名詞或名詞性短語前,而它和后面的名詞或名詞性短語之間又構(gòu)不成偏正關(guān)系,那么這個形容詞就活用成了動詞。)
槌床便大怒()
.自名秦羅敷()
.謝家事夫婿,()
.交廣市鮭珍,.()
千萬不復(fù)全,()
(3)使動用法、意動用法(所謂使動用法,是指謂語動詞具有“使賓語怎么樣”的意思。它是用動賓結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)使令式的內(nèi)容。)(意動用法一般涉及的是形容詞和名詞。形容詞、名詞帶賓語用作意動,就是“覺得賓語怎么樣”,是在主觀上認(rèn)為賓語所代表的事物具有用作意動的形容詞表示的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài),或者成為用作意動的名詞所表示的人或事物,經(jīng)??梢苑g成“以……為……”或“認(rèn)為……是……”或“把……當(dāng)做……”)
.逆以煎我懷,()
足以榮汝身,()
便利此月內(nèi),()
四、偏義復(fù)詞:指由兩個今義詞或反義詞作詞素構(gòu)成一個詞,其中的一個詞素表示意義,另一個詞素只作陪襯,不表示意義,這樣的詞稱為偏義復(fù)詞。
.便可白公姥
晝夜勤作息
.我有親父兄
.我有親父母
.逼迫兼弟兄
五、“相”字的用法
“相”是一個會意字,《說文》:“相審視也。從目以木。”本意是閉“目”看“木”,即察看。后來引申出其他義。
(1)副詞:用在動詞前,表一方對另一方有所動作,有稱代功能。據(jù)句義代“我”、“你”、“她”、“他”、“它”。
.會不相從許,及時相遣歸,還必相迎取,好自相扶將
.嬉戲莫相忘.誓天不相負(fù)
.不得便相許
登即相許和
.躡履相逢迎
.悵然遙相望
誓不相隔卿
久久莫相忘
(2)副詞:用在動詞前,表雙向動作?;ハ啵舜?。
.相見常日稀
六合正相應(yīng)
葉葉相交通
枝枝相覆蓋
仰頭相向鳴
黃泉下相見
(3)名詞:具有一般名詞功能。相貌,宰相。
兒已薄祿相
王侯將相寧有種乎?
(4)動詞:具有一般動詞功能。審察,仔細(xì)看,幫助。
伯樂相馬
無物相之六、文言實(shí)詞
不堪:妾不堪驅(qū)使
不堪吏人婦
徒:徒留無所施
徒有虛名
謝:阿母謝媒人
多謝后世人
謝家事夫婿
見:相見常日稀
君既若見錄
府吏見叮嚀
迎:還必相迎取
明日來迎汝
不足迎后人
區(qū)區(qū):何乃太區(qū)區(qū)
感君區(qū)區(qū)懷
區(qū)區(qū)小事,何足掛齒
適:始適還家門
處分適兄意
適得府君書
念:念母勞家里
念與世間辭
卻:卻與小姑別
令:便言多令才
豈合令郎君
莫令事不舉
令母在后單
何:何意致不厚
隱隱何甸甸
汝今何罪過
作計(jì)何不量
應(yīng):汝可去應(yīng)之
六合正相應(yīng)
零淚應(yīng)聲落
以我應(yīng)他人
意:何意致不厚
吾意久懷忿
處分適兄意
故:大人故嫌遲
知是故人來
故遣來貴門
故作不良計(jì)
為:為仲卿母所遣
十七為君婦
為詩云爾
非為織作遲
阿母為汝求
始爾未為久
慎勿為婦死
高考沖刺語文考點(diǎn)梳理
則
⑴卻,可是。例:①至則無可用,放之山下。②子燦寐而醒,客則鼾睡炕上矣。③于其身也,則恥師焉。④手裁舉,則雙超忽而躍。
⑵那么,就。例:①為之,則難者亦易矣。②及日中則如盤盂。③視其缶,而吾蛇尚存,則弛然而臥。④若備與彼協(xié)心,上下齊同,則宜撫安,與結(jié)盟好。⑤如或知爾,則何以哉?
⑶指分項(xiàng)或自成段落的文字的條數(shù)。例:《論語》六則。
⑷用在對比句中,相當(dāng)于“就”。例:①學(xué)而不思則罔,思而不學(xué)則殆。②居廟堂之高,則憂其民;處江湖之遠(yuǎn),則憂其君。③橘生淮南則為橘,生于淮北則為枳。④位卑則足羞,官盛則近諛。⑤夫夷以近,則游者眾;險以遠(yuǎn),則至者少。⑥木受繩則直,金就礪則利。⑦小則獲邑,大則得城。⑧晝?nèi)談t鬼見,暮臥則夢聞。⑨入則與王圖議國事,以出號令;出則接遇賓客,應(yīng)對諸侯。
⑸就是。例:①則者岳陽樓之大觀也。②秦則無禮何施之為?③不然,則其所疏遠(yuǎn)。
⑹原來是。例:①徐而察之,則上皆石穴罅。②臨視,則蟲集冠上。
⑺只。例:①則被這枷紐的我左側(cè)右偏。②不依公道則愛鈔。
⑻同“輒”,總是,常常。例:居則曰:“不吾知也!”
⑼原來已經(jīng)。例:①鄭穆公使視客館,則束載、厲兵,秣馬矣。②追之,及諸河,則在舟中矣。
(則是)只當(dāng)是。例:與竇娥燒一陌兒,則是看你死的孩兒面上。
第三篇:2014沖刺中考化學(xué)試卷4
2014沖刺中考化學(xué)試卷
一.選擇題(每題2分共20分)
1.在中央電視臺春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會中,臺灣魔術(shù)師劉謙以其匪夷所思的表演震撼了國人,他表演過程使用的道具中,屬于合成材料的是()
A.玻璃杯B.金戒指C.硬幣D.橡皮筋
2.下列生產(chǎn)過程主要發(fā)生物理變化的是()
A.沼氣生產(chǎn)B.石油蒸餾C.轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼D.高爐煉鐵
3.下列裝置所示的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,()
A.量取0.3ml水B.用雙氧水和二氧化錳制 C.檢查裝置氣密性D.除去氫氣中的水蒸氣得平穩(wěn)氧氣流
4.每年的6月26日是國際禁毒日,一種新型毒品K粉的主要成分是鹽酸氯胺酮,鹽酸氯胺酮的化學(xué)式為C13H16ONCl,它會對大腦造成永久損害。下列敘述中()
A.K粉是純凈物B.一個氯胺酮分子中含32個原子
C.鹽酸氯胺酮由五種元素組成D.鹽酸氯胺酮中氫元素與氧元素的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)相同
5.為鑒別日常生活里下列各組物質(zhì),所用的兩種方法()
態(tài)甲烷。下列敘述中錯誤的是()
A.這種“雨”可以作為一種清潔燃料B.“土衛(wèi)六”表面的溫度比地球表面低
C.“土衛(wèi)六”上形成了甲烷的氣-液循環(huán)D.“土衛(wèi)六”表面是否存在有機(jī)物還無法確定
7.在a、b兩支試管中加入體積相同的同種鐵塊。在a中加入食鹽水,塞上橡皮塞,如下
圖。U型玻璃管內(nèi)為紅墨水(開始時兩端液面等高)。放置一段時間后,下列有關(guān)敘述
錯誤的是()
A.兩試管中鐵最終均被銹蝕
B.紅墨水柱兩邊的液面變?yōu)樽蟮陀腋?/p>
C.若在a試管水面上加少量植物油,可使其銹蝕變慢。D.鐵銹是混合物,主要成分是Fe2O
38.用數(shù)軸表示某些化學(xué)知識直觀、簡明、易記。下列數(shù)軸表示的是()
A.銀、銅、鐵的金屬活動性強(qiáng)弱:
B.硫及其化合物與化合價的關(guān)系:
生鐵鋼C.根據(jù)鐵的含碳量,將其分成生鐵和鋼: 含碳量/% pHD.物質(zhì)形成溶液的pH: 食鹽酸奶
9.已知某兩種物質(zhì)在光照條件下能發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng),其微觀示意圖如下:(說明:一種小球
代表一種原子)則下列說法不正確的是()
A.該反應(yīng)屬于置換反應(yīng)B.圖示中共有4種分子
C.該圖示說明在化學(xué)變化中分子可分,原子不可分D.以上反應(yīng)符合質(zhì)量守恒定律
10.()
A、向pH=12的Ca(OH)
2溶液中不斷加水稀釋
B.向碳酸鈣固體中逐滴加入稀鹽酸至過量
C.在40℃,將飽和的硝酸鉀溶液恒溫蒸發(fā)水分至有白色晶體析出
D.將等質(zhì)量的金屬鎂片和鋅片分別和過量的稀硫酸混合二.填空題(共34分)
11.(5分)右圖是鋰原子的構(gòu)成示意圖,根據(jù)圖示信息回答下列問題:
(1)鋰元素的原子序數(shù)為,元素符號為。
(2)鋰原子的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖為(填字母)。
A
B
C
D.(3)鋰元素與氧元素形成的化合物的化學(xué)式為。
(4)下列對原子構(gòu)成的理解錯誤..的是(填字母)。
A.原子整體不顯電性B.原子核比原子小得多
C.原子核是不可分割的實(shí)心球體D.原子質(zhì)量主要集中在原子核上
12.(5分)2014年2月20日,深圳一歌舞廳發(fā)生火災(zāi)事故,致43人死亡。當(dāng)時很多人都
在飲酒作樂。事故的直接原因?yàn)樵摼銟凡垦萋毴藛T使用自制禮花彈手槍發(fā)射禮花彈,引燃
天花板的聚胺指泡沫所致。回答下列問題:
⑴手槍發(fā)射的禮花彈,能使天花板的聚胺脂泡沫燃燒的原因是⑵在室內(nèi)遇見聚胺脂著火,可以用毛巾或者衣服捂住呼吸道,原因是;
⑶有專家稱,如果這些遇難者生前能夠了解一些火災(zāi)自救的常識,冷靜自處,采取必要的措施,堅(jiān)持20分鐘就極有可能生還。除了上述第⑵項(xiàng)措施外,你認(rèn)為還可采用哪些必要的措施?(答一點(diǎn))
⑷如果讓你設(shè)計(jì)歌舞廳,為了防止再次發(fā)生特大火災(zāi),應(yīng)該注意的一個問題是什么?
13.(9分)如圖是實(shí)驗(yàn)室常用的兩個氣體制備、收集、凈化的多種
功能裝置。
(1)若制備的氣體是氫氣,則試劑X常用,用圖示放置的乙
裝置收集氫氣,A應(yīng)與(填“B”或“C”)相連。
(2)若制備的氣體是氧氣,Y是黑色粉末,則甲中反應(yīng)的化學(xué)
方程式為。若A、C
相連制取氧氣,檢驗(yàn)氣密性后,還須將裝置乙。
(3)若X是稀鹽酸、Y是石灰石,用甲、乙兩裝置組成發(fā)生、甲乙
凈化、收集CO2氣體的系列裝置。若乙中放入濃硫酸,濃硫酸的作用是,A應(yīng)與(填“B”或“C”)相連。若想除去鹽酸揮發(fā)出的HCl氣體能否在乙中放
入氫氧化鈉溶液來凈化,(填“能”或“不能”)原因是。
14.某學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中發(fā)現(xiàn)把酚酞滴入堿溶液中出現(xiàn)了這樣三種情況:(8分)
⑴ 紅色很快(半分鐘內(nèi))消失;⑵ 紅色過一段時間后消失;⑶ 紅色永不消失。為了進(jìn)
一步研究此實(shí)驗(yàn)“反常”的原因,該學(xué)生為主的研究性學(xué)習(xí)小組進(jìn)行了下列實(shí)驗(yàn):將六種
質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)不同NaOH溶液各5ml于6個試管中,分別滴入1~2滴酚酞試液,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果于
下表:
分析實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)回答下列問題:
(1)通過實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)愕贸隽耸裁唇Y(jié)論
(2)取少量已褪成無色的NaOH-酚酞溶液,逐滴滴加稀鹽酸觀察,溶液會重新出現(xiàn)紅色;當(dāng)繼續(xù)加鹽酸后,紅色又會消失。試說明兩次變化的原因,寫出發(fā)生反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式。
(3)若想讓第一次變化后已褪成無色的NaOH-酚酞溶液重新恢復(fù)紅色還可以
用、的方法(不得再用酸)。
(4)變紅的NaOH-酚酞溶液加鹽酸褪成無色的溶液中一定含哪種溶質(zhì),可能還含哪種溶質(zhì)。
15.(7分)木炭、活性炭都具有疏松多孔的結(jié)構(gòu),有吸附性,可以吸附一些食品和工業(yè)產(chǎn)
品的色素,也可吸附有異味的物質(zhì),吸附是變化。同學(xué)進(jìn)行如圖分組實(shí)驗(yàn),在紅棕色二氧化氮?dú)怏w中加入干燥的活性炭或木炭,發(fā)現(xiàn)瓶
內(nèi)氣體顏色變淡或消失,打開彈簧夾,你將看到的現(xiàn)象是;產(chǎn)生該現(xiàn)象的原因是。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中張寧同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)不同小組集氣瓶中氣
體褪色程度不同,于是她想設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)探究“影響吸附劑吸
附效果的因素”,請你參與探究活動。完成探究報告。
【提出問題】吸附效果可能與有關(guān)。
【設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)】分別在相同體積的兩瓶NO2氣體中,各加入相同顆粒大小、相同質(zhì)量的木炭
和活性炭,比較相同時間內(nèi)氣體褪色的程度。
【可能出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象】
你認(rèn)為影響吸附劑吸附效果的因素還有哪些,請?zhí)岢鰜恚?/p>
【你的猜想】
【設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)】
如果你能再提出一種假設(shè)并設(shè)計(jì)出實(shí)驗(yàn)方案,你將得到4分獎勵(滿分不超過60分)
【你的猜想】(1分)
【設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)】(3分)。
三.計(jì)算題(6分)
16.新聞報道《河北秦皇島:小雨引“燃”一車電石》很好地說明水可“引火”。該報道稱:5月9日傍晚,一輛儲運(yùn)電石的汽車因未做好防水工作,行駛過程中天降小雨,引發(fā)車廂
著火??已知:電石(CaC2)不可燃,與水接觸劇烈反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生乙炔(C2H2)。
(1)電石和水反應(yīng)的化學(xué)方程式為:CaC2+2H2O=X+C2H2↑,其中,X的化學(xué)式為。
(2)若用32kg的電石與水完全反應(yīng),能生成乙炔氣體多少kg?(5分)
參考答案
二.填空題
11.(每空一分)
(1)3Li
(2)D
(3)Li2O
(4)C
12.(1)聚胺脂泡沫是可燃物,與氧氣接觸,溫度達(dá)到著火點(diǎn)燃燒。(2分,答對一點(diǎn)給1分)(以下每空1分)
(2)防止吸入有毒煙氣
(3)匍匐前進(jìn),用水弄濕衣服(答案合理都可給分)
(4)開設(shè)安全通道,裝潢不用易燃物品(答案合理都可給分)
13.(方程式2分,其他每空1分)
(1)稀硫酸或稀鹽酸C
MnO
2(2)2H2O2=====2H2O+O倒置或裝滿水
(3)干燥劑B不能氫氧化鈉能與二氧化碳反應(yīng)
14.(1)NaOH溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)越大,酚酞褪色越快。
(2)鹽酸與氫氧化鈉反應(yīng),氫氧化鈉溶質(zhì)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)減小顏色變紅
鹽酸與氫氧化鈉反應(yīng)中和,紅色褪去(2分,答對一點(diǎn)給1分)
HCl+NaOH====NaCl+H2O(2分,其余每空一分)
(3)加水,通入二氧化碳(答案合理都可給分)
(4)NaClHCl
15.(7因是氣體被吸附,瓶內(nèi)氣壓降低,內(nèi)外氣壓差使得燒杯中的水進(jìn)入集氣瓶。
【提出問題】吸附效果可能與吸附劑種類 有關(guān)。
【可能出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象】 加入活性炭的氣體比加入木炭的褪色更快
影響吸附劑吸附效果的因素:吸附劑質(zhì)量,吸附劑的表面積、吸附時間長短,被吸附物質(zhì)的濃度、溫度等,設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)時注意控制變量:溫度、被吸附物質(zhì)種類、體積、濃度,吸附劑種類、質(zhì)量、表面積(控制變量少2個扣1分)(除加分外每空1分)
三.計(jì)算題
16.(1)Ca(OH)21分
(2)解:設(shè)生成乙炔氣體質(zhì)量為x????????1分
CaC2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+C2H2↑
6426???2分
32kgx
?????????????..1分
X=13kg??????????????????.1分 答: 能生成乙炔氣體13kg.
第四篇:2018小高考沖刺卷(四)
小高考沖刺卷(四)
地理
本試卷滿分100分,考試時間75分鐘。
一、單項(xiàng)選擇題:在下列各小題的四個選項(xiàng)中,只有一個選項(xiàng)最符合題目要求(本部分共30小題,每小題2分,共60分)。
北京時間2016年10月17日7時30分“神舟十一號”飛船在中國酒泉衛(wèi)星發(fā)射中心發(fā)射成功。據(jù)此完成第1~3題。
1.“神舟十一號”飛船發(fā)射成功,倫敦時間為()A.17日22時30分B.17日15時30分 C.16日23時30分D.16日19時30分
2.太陽系八大行星中,地球的“左鄰右舍”分別是()A.金星、火星B.土星、木星C.水星、金星D.水星、木星
3.“神舟十一號”飛船發(fā)射成功時,下列四城市中,白晝最長的是()A.北京B.南京C.廣州D.悉尼
4.下列四個城市中,自轉(zhuǎn)線速度最大的是()A.哈爾濱B.北京C.南京D.廣州 “乞力馬扎羅的雪”美麗、迷人。圖1是美國航天局地球觀測站在同一地點(diǎn)拍攝到的該山雪景圖片,據(jù)此完成5~6題。
圖1 5.圖示景觀變化反映的突出環(huán)境問題是()A.火山活動強(qiáng)烈B.臭氧層空洞加劇 C.全球氣候變暖D.全球氣候變干
6.應(yīng)對該環(huán)境問題的根本措施是()A.推廣使用無氟制冷產(chǎn)品B.倡導(dǎo)低碳生活、節(jié)能減排 C.加強(qiáng)跨區(qū)域水資源調(diào)配D.加強(qiáng)自然保護(hù)區(qū)的建設(shè) 讀某地景觀圖(圖2),完成7~8題。
圖2
7.圖示景觀對應(yīng)的自然帶是()
A.溫帶落葉闊葉林帶B.亞熱帶常綠闊葉林帶 C.熱帶雨林帶D.熱帶草原帶
8.該景觀自然帶形成的主要原因是()
A.常年受赤道低氣壓帶控制B.常年受副熱帶高氣壓帶控制 C.受西風(fēng)帶及副高交替控制D.受赤道低氣壓帶及信風(fēng)帶交替控制
圖3為北半球三圏環(huán)流和氣壓帶、風(fēng)帶位置示意圖,甲、乙分別地處亞歐大陸西岸和東岸。讀圖完成9~11題。
圖3 9.④風(fēng)帶的風(fēng)向?yàn)?)
A.東北風(fēng)B.東南風(fēng)C.西北風(fēng)D.西南風(fēng)
10.有關(guān)甲處氣候特征的說法,正確的是()A.終年高溫多雨B.夏季高溫多雨 C.全年溫和濕潤D.冬季溫和多雨
11.乙處與甲處緯度位置相似,但氣候特征差異顯著,其主要原因是乙處()A.受④、⑤帶交替控制B.受季風(fēng)環(huán)流影響 C.受③、④帶交替控制D.位于④帶背風(fēng)坡
2016年9月28日4時40分前后,臺風(fēng)“鲇魚”登陸福建省泉州市惠安縣沿海,中心附近最大風(fēng)力有12級(33米/秒)。據(jù)此完成12~13題。
12.造成此次泉州市強(qiáng)降水的天氣系統(tǒng)是()
ABCD
13.與郊區(qū)相比,城市洪災(zāi)更加頻發(fā)的主要原因是()A.降水時間更長B.地下水位更高C.徑流匯流時間更短
D.下滲作用更大
“雅丹”源于維吾爾語,意指具有陡壁的小山。在地質(zhì)學(xué)上,雅丹地貌專指經(jīng)長期外力作用形成的一系列平行的壟脊和溝槽構(gòu)成的景觀。讀雅丹景觀圖(圖4),完成14~15題。
圖4 14.構(gòu)成圖中雅丹地貌的巖石屬于()A.變質(zhì)巖B.噴出巖C.侵入巖D.沉積巖 15.塑造雅丹地貌的主要外力作用是()
A.風(fēng)力堆積B.風(fēng)力侵蝕C.流水侵蝕D.流水堆積
圖5為黃河三角洲城市體系示意圖。讀圖完成16~17題。
圖5
16.關(guān)于圖中信息的敘述,正確的是()
A.濱州市的等級比濟(jì)南高,服務(wù)范圍比壽光小 B.濟(jì)南是黃河三角洲范圍內(nèi)最低等級的城市 C.濱州市與東營市之間沒有明確的區(qū)域界線 D.東營市的形成與發(fā)展主要受礦產(chǎn)的影響
17.由于黃土高原生態(tài)環(huán)境的改善,近年來,黃河三角洲灘涂淤積速度減慢,這體現(xiàn)了地理環(huán)境的()
A.差異性B.整體性C.開放性D.綜合性
讀1995-2009年我國某省級行政區(qū)戶籍人口遷移變動情況圖(圖6),結(jié)合所學(xué)知識,完成18~19題。
圖6 18.1995-2009年,該省級行政區(qū)戶籍人口()A.遷入率持續(xù)上升B.遷出率持續(xù)降低
C.機(jī)械增長率緩慢下降 D.累計(jì)凈遷入量逐年增加 19.從人口遷移模式看,該省級行政區(qū)可能是()A.上海B.安徽 C.湖南 D.河南
圖7為我國某城市中心區(qū)遷移示意圖。讀圖回答20~21題。
圖7 20.該地區(qū)城市化的主要表現(xiàn)是()A.經(jīng)濟(jì)水平提高 B.城市等級上升 C.交通通達(dá)度提高D.城市地域范圍擴(kuò)大
21.影響該城市中心區(qū)發(fā)生遷移的主要原因是()A.城市人口增長 B.交通方式變化 C.經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大D.生活方式改變
讀漫畫(圖8)——“圣誕老人劃船送禮”,回答22~23題。
圖8 22.圖中所示環(huán)境問題產(chǎn)生的主要原因可能是()A.過度開采地下水
B.大量燃燒化石燃料 C.擴(kuò)大濕地面積D.大量排放污水
23.發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)是應(yīng)對上述環(huán)境問題、實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑。不符合循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的行為是()
A.生產(chǎn)企業(yè)和銷售企業(yè)全程實(shí)行清潔生產(chǎn) B.消費(fèi)者選用環(huán)保產(chǎn)品,減少廢棄物排放 C.政府加強(qiáng)對產(chǎn)品生命周期的環(huán)境監(jiān)管 D.圍湖造地,增加土地面積發(fā)展房地產(chǎn) 圖9表示某河流流域范圍,讀圖完成24~25題。
圖9 24.造成流域內(nèi)Ⅰ、Ⅱ兩區(qū)域差異的主要因素是()A.降水B.地形C.植被D.氣溫
25.要合理開發(fā)利用該河流及其流域的優(yōu)勢資源,下列說法不正確的是()A.Ⅰ區(qū)域內(nèi)應(yīng)大力發(fā)展乳畜業(yè)B.Ⅱ區(qū)域內(nèi)宜發(fā)展耕作業(yè) C.Ⅰ區(qū)河段宜開發(fā)水電D.Ⅱ區(qū)河段宜引水灌溉
讀德國魯爾區(qū)(圖10)和我國鞍山鋼鐵工業(yè)基地圖(圖11),比較兩地的區(qū)位特點(diǎn),回答26~27題。
圖10圖11
26.兩地發(fā)展鋼鐵工業(yè),相同的區(qū)位因素是()
①接近煤炭產(chǎn)地 ②水陸交通便利 ③市場廣闊 ④有大量廉價勞動力 A.①②③B.②③④C.①③④D.①②④
27.從20世紀(jì)80年代初開始,鞍鋼工業(yè)基地效益越來越差,在整治過程中可以向魯爾區(qū)借鑒的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有()
①調(diào)整工業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu) ②發(fā)展第三產(chǎn)業(yè) ③優(yōu)化環(huán)境 ④從外區(qū)調(diào)入大量淡水 A.①②③B.②③④C.①③④D.①②④
圖12 圖12為我國部分地區(qū)主要土地利用類型分布示意圖,讀圖完成28~30題。28.目前,甲、乙、丙所在區(qū)域的主要生態(tài)問題分別是()A.森林減少、濕地破壞、土地荒漠化 B.土地荒漠化、濕地破壞、森林減少 C.森林減少、土地荒漠化、濕地破壞 D.濕地破壞、土地荒漠化、森林減少
29.導(dǎo)致甲所在區(qū)域生態(tài)問題的主要原因是()A.過度放牧B.過度開墾
C.水資源不合理利用D.過度砍伐
30.丙所在區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展應(yīng)采取的主要措施是()A.開辟水源,合理灌溉B.植樹造林,保持水土 C.合理采伐,及時撫育D.退耕還濕,建保護(hù)區(qū)
二、判斷題:判斷下列各題的正確與錯誤,正確的填A(yù),錯誤的填B(本部分共10小題,每小題1分,共10分)。
31.太陽活動最主要的標(biāo)志是光球?qū)又械奶栵L(fēng)。()32.巖石圈物質(zhì)循環(huán)中,三大類巖石之間都可以直接相互轉(zhuǎn)化。()33.海陸熱力性質(zhì)差異是形成東亞季風(fēng)的主要原因。()34.地球內(nèi)部由外到內(nèi)可劃分為巖石圈、地幔和地核三個圈層。()35.陸地上的水主要靠陸地內(nèi)循環(huán)補(bǔ)給。()36.城市的等級越高,其數(shù)目越多,服務(wù)范圍越大。()37.當(dāng)今,水土流失和土地荒漠化都屬于生態(tài)破壞中的環(huán)境問題。()38.隨著運(yùn)輸條件和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的改進(jìn),工業(yè)區(qū)位受原料產(chǎn)地的制約越來越小。()39.城市建筑景觀和格局等往往反映出地域文化對城市的影響。()40.為了實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)大力提倡低碳生活。()
三、綜合題:(本部分4大題,共30分)。
41.地理環(huán)境各要素相互聯(lián)系、相互影響,構(gòu)成了一個有機(jī)整體。讀圖13,完成下列問題。(9分)
圖13(1)在“氣壓帶與風(fēng)帶模式圖”中甲地相應(yīng)的位置用箭頭畫出該風(fēng)帶的風(fēng)向。(1分)(2)在“洋流分布模式圖”中,b處洋流屬于________(暖流或寒流)。g處洋流對“氣候類型分布模式圖”中的F處沿海地區(qū)氣候的影響是_________________________。(2分)(3)D氣候類型的特點(diǎn)是___________,成因是________________________,與之對應(yīng)的同緯度地區(qū)大陸東岸G區(qū)的自然帶是__________________________。(3分)(4)在“自然帶分布模式圖”中,沿自然帶①②③④方向的變化體現(xiàn)了地理環(huán)境地域分異規(guī)律中的________________地域分異,其成因是___________________________。(2分)
(5)以上各地理要素的相互關(guān)系體現(xiàn)了地理環(huán)境的____________________特征。(1分)42.讀圖14,回答下列問題。(7分)
圖14 某地地質(zhì)剖面示意圖
(1)甲處地質(zhì)構(gòu)造是________;丙處地質(zhì)構(gòu)造是__________。(2分)
(2)乙處成山的原因是__________________________________________________。(1分)(3)圖中所示的水循環(huán)類型為__________,丁環(huán)節(jié)為__________。(2分)
(4)丙地河流蘊(yùn)藏有豐富的水力資源,原因是_____________、_____________。(2分)43.閱讀相關(guān)材料,回答下列問題。(7分)
材料一 “十二五”期間,內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)將加強(qiáng)與北京市的合作,主要包括積極承接北京市產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移;通過煤炭就地轉(zhuǎn)化、發(fā)展風(fēng)電等新能源,實(shí)施“西電東送”;建設(shè)綠色農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品基地等。
材料二 圖15為我國部分地區(qū)簡圖。
圖15
(1)在我國三大自然區(qū)中,北京位于________區(qū),內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)主要位于____________區(qū)。(2分)
(2)內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)向北京市調(diào)運(yùn)能源的主要原因有________________________________________________________________________。(2分)
(3)內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)承接北京市產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移,對當(dāng)?shù)氐挠绊懼饕衉___________________、____________________等。(2分)
(4)制約該地區(qū)礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)利用的主要自然因素是__。(1分)44.讀下列材料,回答問題。(7分)
材料一 新中國成立以來,我國的很多地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化,圖16中A、B、C、D所在區(qū)域的農(nóng)業(yè)均得到了快速的發(fā)展。
圖16圖17 基塘模式
材料二 基塘模式(如圖17)是通過挖塘抬田形成基塘傳統(tǒng)的?;~塘。如今,“蔗基魚塘”、“果基魚塘”、“花基魚塘”等更多形式的基塘農(nóng)業(yè)不斷出現(xiàn)。
(1)從農(nóng)業(yè)地域類型來看,A是__________,其生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)是________________________________________________________________________。(2分)
(2)從影響農(nóng)業(yè)的區(qū)位因素來看,限制A地農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要區(qū)位因素是________________________________________________________________________。(1分)
(3)C地區(qū)特色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式如圖17所示,分析材料二,C地區(qū)該農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式所屬農(nóng)業(yè)地域類型是____________;該農(nóng)業(yè)地域類型,澳大利亞墨累達(dá)令盆地分布最為典型,該農(nóng)業(yè)地域類型的顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)有____________________、__________________。(3分)
(4)近年來,C、D兩地區(qū)城市周邊的農(nóng)民紛紛放棄糧食生產(chǎn),改種蔬菜、花卉、瓜果等農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品,決定其調(diào)整生產(chǎn)對象的首要區(qū)位因素是____________。(1分)
第五篇:高考英語沖刺卷
上海英語高考沖刺題
After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town
So I decided to leave home for New York,(25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job.(26)______(earn)some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter.I believe that(27)______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already(28)______(exhaust)shoulder.On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success.As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies.Mother had just said that(29)______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city.Perhaps(30)______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind.I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it.Apparently, I had difficulty(31)______(adapt)myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight.After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town.Not until I returned(32)______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine(自動售貨機(jī))is a new village
Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies.However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop.Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is(33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on theproject.The machine(34)______(equip)with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr.Fox said he hoped his invention,(35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by(36)______.The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine.Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far(37)______(appropriate)In recent years,the commercial pressure from supermarket chains(38)______ force village shops across the country to close.In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed,(39)______(urge)the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr.Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution(40)______these villages without a local shop.A.alertB.classifyC.commit D.delicatelyE.gentleF.impose G.labels H.moderation I.relieve J.signals K.simply
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully.However, you don't have time to
carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket.Since you really__42__
yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't
it? This is where a
“choice architect” can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself.Choice architects are
people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions.For example, the person
who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on,and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through lawsfor example, smoking bans.Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things.In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice.This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy.This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package.A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy;yellow indicates that thecustomer should be__49__;and red means that the food is
high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__.The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decided what to choose.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip.About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why;how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers,and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural.Instead he suggests that language evolved among women.We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates(靈長類動物)like monkeys.By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same.Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided;on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness.Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有聲的)grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51.A.claim B.description C.gossipD.language
52.A.occasionally B.habituallyC.independently D.originally
53.A.social B.political C.historical D.cultural
54.A.admirers B.mastersC.users D.wasters
55.A.vital B.sensitiveC.ideal D.difficult
56.A.confirms B.rejects C.outlines D.broadens
57.A.for instance B.in addition C.on the contraryD.as a result
58.A.motivation B.appearanceC.emotion D.behaviour
59.A.attackB.contact C.inspectionD.assistance
60.A.recalls B.denies C.concludes D.confesses
61.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadership D.protection
62.A.measure B.show C.maintain D.ease
63.A.saved B.extendedC.consumed D.gained
64.A.commonB.efficient C.scientific D.thoughtful
65.A.indirectB.dailyC.physical D.secret
A
Most people agree that honesty is a good thing.But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals.Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals.For example, a bird called
the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.When a predator(獵食動物)gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest.How? It pretends to have a broken wing.The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat.Scrub jays are also thieves.They watch where others bury their food and steal it.But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them.So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work.How? They don't make nests.Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly.Then they lay their eggs and fly away.When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky.After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other.When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again.But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too.When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out.Then other chimps come running.But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food.That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can't fool Mother Nature.”But maybe can't trust her, either.66.A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A.getting closer to its young
B.driving away the adult predator
C.leaving its young in another nest
D.pretending to be injured
67.By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky”(paragraph 5), the author means______.A.chimps are ready to attack others
B.chimps are sometimes dishonest
C.chimps are jealous of the winners
D.chimps can be selfish too
68.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B.The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C.Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D.Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A.Do animals lie?
B.Does Mother Nature fool animals?
C.How do animals learn to lie?
D.How does honesty help animals survive
B
Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year.How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Here's how it works:really recommend it to everyone.“
A habit is a 3-step process.First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically.Then there's a routine.And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior.It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.Here's how to apply it: Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick.a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym.That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected.Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day.The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all.Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward.Which is the whole point, right?
70.Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE8HABIT LOOP?
A.Pick a new cue.B.Form a new habit.C.Choose a new reward.D.Design a new resolution.71.According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A.changing the routine
B.trying it for a week
C.adjusting your goal
D.writing it down
72.What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?
A.To test out different kinds of cues.B.To do something as a habit even without rewards.C.To work out the best New Year's resolution.D.To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73.“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an
English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A.The Harry Potterposter.B.Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C.An English newspaper.D.Watching TV for half an hour
C
If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A
few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks
to an unusual virtual reality虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí))device.Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona.She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man.“As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants,” she said.“That's the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple.Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top.The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner.If she moves her arm, you see it.If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along.Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better.Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias(偏見)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them.Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward.Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again.This time, the participants' bias scores were lower.The idea is that once you've “put yourself in another's shoes” you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result.“At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other
in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project.“It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience.I would really, really recommend it to everyone
74.The word ”swapping“(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to______.A.building
B.exchanging
C.controlling
D.transplanting
75.We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A.our feelings are related to our bodily experience
B.we can learn to take control of other people's bodies
C.participants will live more passionately after the experiment
D.The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes
76.In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a
dark skinned digital character, ______.A.they fought strongly against racism
B.they scored lower on the test for racism
C.they changed their behaviour dramatically
D.they were more biased against those unlike them
77.It can be concluded from the passage that______.A.technology helps people realize their dreams
B.our biases could be eliminated through experiments
C.virtual reality helps promote understanding among people
D.our points of view about others need changing constantly
The fewest possible words
More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility(CSR).CSR is made up of three broad layers.The most basic is traditional corporate charity work.Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects.But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough.In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior.Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management.Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks.They talk to non-governmental organisations(NGOs)and to governments, create codes of conduct(行為準(zhǔn)則)and devote themselves to more transparency(透明)in their operations.Increasingly, too.they, along with heir competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game.The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value.If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage.That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear.The idea of ”doing well by doing good“ has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executivesCan you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream.Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities.Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful.Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue(美德):it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statementsin NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)
78.Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79.Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80.With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81.According to the passage, ”good business"(paragraph 6)means that corporations ________while making profits
我習(xí)慣睡前聽點(diǎn)輕音樂。
(accustomed)
將來過怎樣的生活取決于你自己。
(be up to)
沒有什么比獲準(zhǔn)參加太空旅行項(xiàng)目更令人興奮的了。
(than)
家長囑咐孩子別在河邊嬉戲,以免遭遇不測。
(for fear)
雖然現(xiàn)代社會物資豐富,給予消費(fèi)者更多的選擇,但也使不少人變成購物狂。
(turn)
學(xué)校英語報正在醞釀改版,擬從現(xiàn)有的三個欄目(健康、娛樂、文化)中去除一個,并 從三個備選欄目(時尚、職業(yè)規(guī)劃、讀者反饋)中挑選一個納入該報。假設(shè)你是該校學(xué)生程 飛,給校報編輯寫一封電子郵件,表達(dá)你的觀點(diǎn)。郵件須包括以下內(nèi)容:
1.你建議去除的欄目及去除的理由; 2.你建議增加的欄目及增加的理由。