第一篇：2018挪威國(guó)家情況概況

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立思辰留學(xué)360介紹，挪威位于歐洲大陸北部的斯堪的納維亞半島西海岸，南與丹麥隔海相望，西瀕挪威海，東部和北部與瑞典和芬蘭接壤。挪威海岸線長(zhǎng)近二萬(wàn)公里，領(lǐng)土南北狹長(zhǎng)，海岸線異常曲折，沿海島嶼很多，多達(dá)15萬(wàn)個(gè)，故挪威又稱“萬(wàn)島之國(guó)”。挪威國(guó)土面積約38萬(wàn)平方公里，人口約490萬(wàn)，主要分布在西南、南部和東南部沿海一帶，其中四分之三的人口生活在離海不到15公里的地帶，城市人口約占總?cè)丝?1%，北部寒冷的廣大地區(qū)無(wú)人居住。北部的特羅姆瑟地區(qū)，位于北極圈內(nèi)。挪威風(fēng)景異常優(yōu)美，風(fēng)靡全球的《冰雪奇緣》就取景于挪威。夏令時(shí)比北京時(shí)間晚7個(gè)小時(shí)。

首都和主要城市：

挪威首都奧斯陸（Oslo），位于挪威南部，是挪威最大的城市和政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和教育中心和主要港口。挪威主要城市還包括卑爾根、特隆赫姆、特羅姆瑟等。

語(yǔ)言和經(jīng)濟(jì)：

挪威官方語(yǔ)言是挪威語(yǔ)，但大多數(shù)挪威人都能與瑞典人、丹麥人很好地溝通交流，且有超過90%的挪威能講非常好的英語(yǔ)。挪威自七十年代在北海發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的石油和天然氣儲(chǔ)備以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)得到了快速發(fā)展。目前挪威人均GDP很高，達(dá)到七萬(wàn)多美元，是世界上最富裕的國(guó)家之一，也是世界上最適宜居和居民幸福指數(shù)最高的國(guó)家。挪威在造船、石油勘探和開采、石油和天然氣相關(guān)技術(shù)、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖等方面走在世界的最前列。

福利制度：

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挪威在北歐四國(guó)中，同樣是世界上福利最高的國(guó)家，社會(huì)福利制度包含了國(guó)民的免費(fèi)醫(yī)療、教育，社會(huì)福利制度體系很完善。挪威人均產(chǎn)出遠(yuǎn)高于歐盟國(guó)家和地區(qū)的平均水平，國(guó)民和居民享有極高的生活品質(zhì)。在挪威留學(xué)的國(guó)際學(xué)生也能享受政府的各項(xiàng)社會(huì)福利。

教育制度：

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)留學(xué)360介紹，挪威的教育處于歐洲乃至世界的前列。挪威目前有七所綜合性公立大學(xué)和七所大學(xué)學(xué)院。挪威世界名校如奧斯陸大學(xué)、挪威科技大學(xué)、卑爾根大學(xué)、斯塔萬(wàn)格大學(xué)、特羅姆瑟大學(xué)、挪威商學(xué)院等。

挪威本科學(xué)制一般是三年，基本都是挪威語(yǔ)授課，碩士一般是兩年，部分專業(yè)是英語(yǔ)授課，招收國(guó)際學(xué)生。挪威高校每年開學(xué)季為秋季開學(xué)。到挪威留學(xué)的國(guó)際學(xué)生，享受和挪威當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)生同樣的待遇，不收取申請(qǐng)費(fèi)和學(xué)費(fèi)。

第二篇：2018挪威國(guó)家高等教育

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據(jù)立思辰留學(xué)360介紹，與英國(guó)、美國(guó)這些留學(xué)大國(guó)比起來(lái)，挪威的簽證拒簽率很低。只要拿到挪威學(xué)校的錄取通知書，以及經(jīng)濟(jì)情況證明，挪威政府一般不會(huì)對(duì)求學(xué)若渴的莘莘學(xué)子說(shuō)不，探親訪友簽證的拒簽率也很低。

挪威的高等教育以公立教育為主

挪威的高等教育直接由中央政府負(fù)責(zé)，以公立教育為主。挪威高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)包括綜合性大學(xué)、專業(yè)大學(xué)、高等學(xué)院和私立大學(xué)。挪威高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)開設(shè)的本科專業(yè)以挪威語(yǔ)授課為主，部分碩士專業(yè)用英語(yǔ)授課，主要接收獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金生和交換項(xiàng)目學(xué)生。

像很多留學(xué)國(guó)家一樣，挪威的大學(xué)也有一些強(qiáng)勢(shì)專業(yè)。如造船、冶金、機(jī)械、捕魚等。凡是在英國(guó)大學(xué)里列出的專業(yè)，在挪威也都能學(xué)到。選擇挪威的大學(xué)時(shí)，理工科專業(yè)不一定要去綜合性大學(xué)，如農(nóng)大畢業(yè)的學(xué)生去挪威讀研究生，可以申請(qǐng)挪威的農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)，如果想通過留學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換專業(yè)，建議最好不要轉(zhuǎn)到毫不相干的專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，因?yàn)閷?duì)于挪威留學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，申請(qǐng)簽證不難，難的是申請(qǐng)?jiān)盒！?jù)了解，一般讀研究生需要提供雅思6.5分的成績(jī)。

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)留學(xué)360介紹，挪威的大學(xué)大多是公立學(xué)校，除了自己要準(zhǔn)備每年大約8萬(wàn)元人民幣左右的生活開銷外，其余的全部由政府埋單。并不是只有“貴族”才能去挪威留學(xué)。挪威教育界允許學(xué)生每周有15個(gè)小時(shí)的打工時(shí)間，而且假期打工時(shí)間不限，留學(xué)生可以靠自己的雙手完成學(xué)業(yè)。如果掌握了挪威語(yǔ)，在當(dāng)?shù)氐拇蚬C(jī)會(huì)相對(duì)較多。

留學(xué)挪威先要過語(yǔ)言關(guān)

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由于挪威的官方語(yǔ)言是挪威語(yǔ)，而挪威幾乎所有的本科院校都是用挪威語(yǔ)教學(xué)，所以挪威正規(guī)學(xué)校對(duì)外國(guó)學(xué)生有嚴(yán)格的語(yǔ)言要求。據(jù)了解，申請(qǐng)挪威公立大學(xué)至少具備雅思5.5分或者是托福550分以上的語(yǔ)言成績(jī)。而在進(jìn)入挪威大學(xué)的第一年將進(jìn)行挪威語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生需要在一年的時(shí)間里通過挪威語(yǔ)二級(jí)。所以，語(yǔ)言要求是留學(xué)挪威大學(xué)的基本要求，如果沒有良好的英文基礎(chǔ)，將很難留學(xué)成功。記者了解到，目前國(guó)內(nèi)很少有出國(guó)前的挪威語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)，所以如果選擇去挪威讀本科，至少應(yīng)該先有較高的英語(yǔ)水平。

如果你希望去挪威讀本科，因?yàn)闆]有預(yù)科階段，那你應(yīng)該在高中畢業(yè)被中國(guó)某所大學(xué)或大專錄取后，讀一年的時(shí)間，然后就可以申請(qǐng)挪威的大學(xué)。如果讀研究生，要注意選擇英文授課的課程和大學(xué)。在申請(qǐng)挪威學(xué)校的時(shí)候，還需要托福成績(jī)或者雅思成績(jī)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，申請(qǐng)讀研究生，托福成績(jī)需要580分以上，雅思成績(jī)需要6.0分以上。

第三篇：國(guó)家概況演講稿

The 1st PPT:

Then i will talk something about the well-known colleges in Los Angeles.The 2nd PPT:

First, let us see the contents of eight main colleges in Los Angeles.A is the UCLA(加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校);B is the CSUN(加州州立大學(xué)北嶺分校);C is the CSULA(加州州立大學(xué)洛杉磯分校);D is the USC(南加州大學(xué))The 3rd PPT:

E is the Cal Tech(加州理工學(xué)院);F is the Occidental College(西方學(xué)院);G is the East Los Angeles College(東洛杉磯學(xué)院);H is the Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大學(xué))The 4th PPT:

Before i begin the introduction, i want you to enjoy some beautiful pictures of the college.The 5th PPT:

This is the University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亞大學(xué)洛杉磯分校).As a public university which was built in 1919, now it is one of the top universities in American and has the largest number of application for admission in the USA.The 6th PPT:

This is the California State University, Northridge(加州州立大學(xué)北嶺分校).It was built in 1958.It has gotten the acknowledgement from WASC.Its primary specialty are Movie&TV.Many famous stars will come into the campus to have some performances.Chinese stars Chen Chong and Pan Weibo also learned in this college before.The 7th PPT:

This is the California State University, Los Angeles(加州州立大學(xué)洛杉磯分校).Built in 1947, it has many distinguished professors and alumnus and alumna.The 8th PPT:

Let us enjoy some photos of the next college’s campus.The 9th PPT:

This college i’ll tell you is the University of Southern California(南加州大學(xué)).It was built in 1880 and it was the oldest private research university in California.There are 5 staff getting the Nobel Prize.And during more than 100 years, the alumnus of this college has won 280 Olympic Medals, which is the top one over all colleges around the world.And Armstrong is one of the alumnus.The 10th PPT:

The next college is the California Institute of Technology(加州理工學(xué)院).Built in 1891, it is the top university of Technology in the world.And it also got the No.1 in the Times Higher Education.However, it only has about 900 undergraduates and 1000 postgraduates.This college has developed many prestigious scientists such as Qian Xuesen, GordonMoore(who created Intel), and Richard Feynman(who created Feynman Diagram).The 11th PPT:

With the background of some pictures of this college, these are several Chinese and Western scientists came from this college.The 12th PPT: Then i want to introduce Occidental College(西方學(xué)院).It was built in 1887 and its feature is the multi specialty.The president Obama once was the student of this university.The 13th PPT:

The next college i want to talk about is the East Los Angeles College(東洛杉磯學(xué)院).It was built in 1945 and it is a famous community college.The 14th PPT:

The last university on my list is the Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大學(xué)).Built in 1937, it was the No.1 in the LL.M Dispute Resolution in 2013.It is famous for its rigorous style of study.And because it gets a good landscape, it also becomes a good place to visit.So in the final time , let us appreciate the beautiful scenery of it.

第四篇：國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地概況

基地概況

12月26日，北京國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地授牌暨入園重大項(xiàng)目簽約儀式在京舉行。此舉標(biāo)志著我國(guó)國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地建設(shè)取得階段性重要成果，涵蓋北京、上海、廣東三大國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地格局基本形成。

一、政策支持促基地發(fā)展

“音樂是文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)的生力軍，國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地是音像業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的平臺(tái)、國(guó)際關(guān)注的創(chuàng)新模式、新聞出版業(yè)的新增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)?！毙侣劤霭婵偸鸪霭婀芾硭靖彼鹃L(zhǎng)朱啟會(huì)的講話道出了建設(shè)國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的意義。早在2009年7月，新聞出版總署就出臺(tái)了《關(guān)于促進(jìn)我國(guó)音像業(yè)健康有序發(fā)展的若干意見》，提出建設(shè)國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，推動(dòng)民族音樂的創(chuàng)作和出版，促進(jìn)音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展。

隨著三個(gè)國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的掛牌，其建設(shè)也得到了當(dāng)?shù)卣嘘P(guān)政策的扶持以及各有關(guān)部門的大力支持，如廣東省委省政府將建立國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地作為廣東省文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的一件大事、要事來(lái)抓；北京市發(fā)改委委員洪繼元說(shuō)，北京提出了“兩輪驅(qū)動(dòng)”、“多點(diǎn)支撐”的音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展格局。未來(lái)，音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)作為文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要組成部分，可以享受到北京市文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)系列政策的支持以及北京市文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集區(qū)的相關(guān)政策。

“北京、上海和廣東三個(gè)國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地要走差異化發(fā)展道路?！毙侣劤霭婵偸鸪霭婀芾硭靖彼鹃L(zhǎng)朱啟會(huì)如是說(shuō)。目前經(jīng)過各地的探索，在音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的運(yùn)作上，各基地根據(jù)自身特點(diǎn)明確發(fā)展定位、開拓發(fā)展思路，積極嘗試創(chuàng)新業(yè)態(tài)拓展音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)外沿，搭建發(fā)展平臺(tái)。

二、基地為產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來(lái)曙光

自北京、上海、廣東的國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地掛牌以來(lái)，三大基地以股權(quán)投資的形式為音樂創(chuàng)作人提供必要產(chǎn)地和資金，聚集產(chǎn)品，通過出版、發(fā)行、表演等相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)幫助音樂產(chǎn)品孵化，最后實(shí)現(xiàn)利益共享，這種模式讓各基地都吸引了國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)眾多的音樂公司和著名音樂人。

中國(guó)唱片總公司總經(jīng)理周建潮認(rèn)為，音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)有它自己內(nèi)在的規(guī)律，音樂基地的建設(shè)也要符合規(guī)律，達(dá)到產(chǎn)業(yè)的集聚、創(chuàng)作的氛圍、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的建設(shè)等多種目的。音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地建設(shè)的目標(biāo)就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)“三個(gè)一批”，即培育一批優(yōu)秀音樂作品、一批優(yōu)秀音樂人和一批優(yōu)秀音樂企業(yè)?！耙魳樊a(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)在還處于冬天，但無(wú)論從創(chuàng)作的角度，還是從消費(fèi)的角度，怎么把鏈條打通，我們已經(jīng)能看到一線曙光?！北本o(wú)限星空音樂集團(tuán)CEO唐月明計(jì)劃，數(shù)字音樂園區(qū)將在未來(lái)1年-3年建設(shè)完善的數(shù)字發(fā)行平臺(tái)。

三、北京國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的建設(shè)

作為全國(guó)的文化中心，北京是國(guó)內(nèi)外音樂資源最多的城市，已成為全國(guó)“音樂消費(fèi)”供給和需求雙旺盛區(qū)域。目前，北京的音像制品出版發(fā)行額占到全國(guó)一半以上，音樂演出票房收入居全國(guó)之首，數(shù)字音樂市場(chǎng)規(guī)模約占全國(guó)的３０％，北京集中了全國(guó)８０％的音樂經(jīng)紀(jì)公司，具有全國(guó)最具影響力的票務(wù)營(yíng)銷平臺(tái)。

根據(jù)規(guī)劃，北京國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地將利用１０年時(shí)間成長(zhǎng)為產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條完整、產(chǎn)業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)豐富、高端環(huán)節(jié)突出、供給消費(fèi)旺盛的音樂文化服務(wù)綜合體，成長(zhǎng)為國(guó)內(nèi)外音樂機(jī)構(gòu)聚集、音樂人才匯集、音樂活動(dòng)集中、產(chǎn)業(yè)服務(wù)集成的音樂文化發(fā)展承載區(qū)，成長(zhǎng)為支撐和引領(lǐng)全國(guó)音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的核心承載區(qū)和全國(guó)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展示范區(qū)。

以數(shù)字音樂示范園區(qū)、1919音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)基地、北京音樂創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)園、中國(guó)唱片總公司創(chuàng)作園、天橋演藝園區(qū)、中國(guó)樂谷、西山文化創(chuàng)意大道區(qū)等七個(gè)園區(qū)為載體的北京國(guó)家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，將重點(diǎn)發(fā)展對(duì)接國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的高雅音樂和彰顯中國(guó)特色的民族音樂，構(gòu)建完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條，力圖打造全國(guó)音樂創(chuàng)作制作和出版發(fā)行中心、國(guó)際音樂演出及消費(fèi)中心、全國(guó)數(shù)字音樂制作及傳播中心、全國(guó)音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合服務(wù)中心與全國(guó)音樂版權(quán)保護(hù)及交易中心。

北京市發(fā)改委擬規(guī)劃資金兩億元帶動(dòng)社會(huì)資本8億元，用于基地的先期建設(shè)，并計(jì)劃于五年內(nèi)將整個(gè)基地的投融資規(guī)模擴(kuò)大到100億元。

國(guó)家音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)基地將通過政府引導(dǎo)，市場(chǎng)主導(dǎo)，探索多層級(jí)、多渠道、多角度的建設(shè)發(fā)展新模式。吸引與整合中央、地方、外資、民營(yíng)、音樂人等各類音樂文化資源，協(xié)同合作。不斷推動(dòng)我國(guó)音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的大發(fā)展大繁榮。

第五篇：英美國(guó)家概況主觀題

1.Great Charter:

It refers to the document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, which contains 63 clauses.The most important are as followed: the King could not exact payment from the vassals without their consent;no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of their property unless they are convinced by a jury;merchants would be allowed to move about freely.If the King attempted to free himself from the law, the vassals had the right to force him to obey the law by every means possible, even by means of a civil war.It is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism.2.“A-level”:

A-level—is an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education.3.Pilgrim Fathers:

The first English immigrants who came to America by the ship Mayflower in 1620.They came to the America to run away from the religious persecution in England.They landed the America from Plymouth and settled down in this land.4.WASPs:

“WASP” stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.It is considered the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States.The people who settled in the 13 North American colonies were mostly white European Protestant believers.The United States was founded and formed largely by Protestants.5.Wall Street:

Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long, 0.7 miles(1.1 km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan.Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.6.Independence Day:

Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.7.Hollywood:

Hollywood is the US film industry centre.It is located in Los Angeles, California.There are big movie companies, including the Warner Bros.Pictures, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, and Paramount Pictures.The annual Oscar Award held there attracts the attention of the world;it has become the synonym of American film.1.Democracy with a constitutional monarch:

Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or unwritten.While the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and while government officially takes place in the monarch’s name, they do not set public policy or choose political leaders.It can be defined as “a sovereign who reigns but does not rule.” This form of government differs from absolute monarchy, in which the monarch controls political decision-making and is not effectively bound by a constitutional order.2.British Newspaper Culture:The United Kingdom has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries.In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as the British economy began to industrialise, as the development of the society, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and more newspapers began to appear.They began to influence British society and people’s life.There are two kinds of newspaper in the UK: the “quality press” and “tabloid”.The types of newspaper can reflect the reader’s social class.The quality press, such as The Observer, The Guardian, and The Times normally carries in-depth articles of particular political and social importance and are generally read by well-educated, middle-class readers.The tabloid refers to smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines.They are usually about scandals and gossips about famous people, whether in politics, sports or entertainment.The articles are short and easy to read.The readers are normally working-class and lower class people.3.Industrial Revolution:

The First Industrial Revolution first originated in the UK.The Industrial Revolution took root in Britain for a variety of reasons.First, Britain had a huge market.Second, from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries.Third, the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their property.The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.They were the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the power loom and the steam engine.By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.It changed Britain in many ways.Its industrial productivity increased dramatically.Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization.The Industrial Revolution also created changed in the class structure.（謝福之P.20）

The Second Industrial Revolution（謝福之P.149）: The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I.It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line.The Third Industrial Revolution: The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more urban.Now a third revolution is under way.Manufacturing is going digital.4.Presidential Election:

America is a presidential government country.The presidential election is held every four years.The system of presidential government is complicated.It includes primary election, the popular vote, the Electoral College.The primary election is the first period.It is time for the party candidates won the presidential candidate of their own party.After the primary election, the candidate will spend huge amounts of money on electoral journey, competition on advertisement, electoral speeches and public debates.In most states, they work on “winner win all”.It means if one wins the most votes of states.He will gain all the votes of these states.American elections for the president are not decided directly by the popular vote, instead under the Electoral College.Each of the fifty states influence on the results equals its population.If both candidates gain 269 votes, or neither of them gains 270 votes, the president will be determined by the parliament.5.American Civil War:

In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing.Black slavery soon disappeared in the North.But things were different in the South.The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery.The problem of slavery became a serious political issue.The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it.When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation.Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued Emancipation Proclamation.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond.He surrendered on April 9, 1865.The Civil War ended.6.Separation of Powers:

The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the Separation of Powers.In this system, 3 branches of government are created and power is shared between them.At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch.This is what the system of checks and balances is all about.There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution.First, the Legislative branch makes the law.Second, the Executive branch executes the law.Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law.Each branch has an effect on the other.