第一篇：國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地概況

基地概況

12月26日，北京國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地授牌暨入園重大項目簽約儀式在京舉行。此舉標志著我國國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地建設取得階段性重要成果，涵蓋北京、上海、廣東三大國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地格局基本形成。

一、政策支持促基地發(fā)展

“音樂是文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)的生力軍，國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地是音像業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的平臺、國際關注的創(chuàng)新模式、新聞出版業(yè)的新增長點。”新聞出版總署出版管理司副司長朱啟會的講話道出了建設國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的意義。早在2009年7月，新聞出版總署就出臺了《關于促進我國音像業(yè)健康有序發(fā)展的若干意見》，提出建設國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，推動民族音樂的創(chuàng)作和出版，促進音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展。

隨著三個國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的掛牌，其建設也得到了當?shù)卣嘘P政策的扶持以及各有關部門的大力支持，如廣東省委省政府將建立國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地作為廣東省文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的一件大事、要事來抓；北京市發(fā)改委委員洪繼元說，北京提出了“兩輪驅(qū)動”、“多點支撐”的音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展格局。未來，音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)作為文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)的重要組成部分，可以享受到北京市文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)系列政策的支持以及北京市文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集區(qū)的相關政策。

“北京、上海和廣東三個國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地要走差異化發(fā)展道路。”新聞出版總署出版管理司副司長朱啟會如是說。目前經(jīng)過各地的探索，在音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的運作上，各基地根據(jù)自身特點明確發(fā)展定位、開拓發(fā)展思路，積極嘗試創(chuàng)新業(yè)態(tài)拓展音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)外沿，搭建發(fā)展平臺。

二、基地為產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來曙光

自北京、上海、廣東的國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地掛牌以來，三大基地以股權投資的形式為音樂創(chuàng)作人提供必要產(chǎn)地和資金，聚集產(chǎn)品，通過出版、發(fā)行、表演等相關產(chǎn)業(yè)幫助音樂產(chǎn)品孵化，最后實現(xiàn)利益共享，這種模式讓各基地都吸引了國際國內(nèi)眾多的音樂公司和著名音樂人。

中國唱片總公司總經(jīng)理周建潮認為，音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)有它自己內(nèi)在的規(guī)律，音樂基地的建設也要符合規(guī)律，達到產(chǎn)業(yè)的集聚、創(chuàng)作的氛圍、產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的建設等多種目的。音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地建設的目標就是要實現(xiàn)“三個一批”，即培育一批優(yōu)秀音樂作品、一批優(yōu)秀音樂人和一批優(yōu)秀音樂企業(yè)。“音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)在還處于冬天，但無論從創(chuàng)作的角度，還是從消費的角度，怎么把鏈條打通，我們已經(jīng)能看到一線曙光。”北京無限星空音樂集團CEO唐月明計劃，數(shù)字音樂園區(qū)將在未來1年-3年建設完善的數(shù)字發(fā)行平臺。

三、北京國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的建設

作為全國的文化中心，北京是國內(nèi)外音樂資源最多的城市，已成為全國“音樂消費”供給和需求雙旺盛區(qū)域。目前，北京的音像制品出版發(fā)行額占到全國一半以上，音樂演出票房收入居全國之首，數(shù)字音樂市場規(guī)模約占全國的３０％，北京集中了全國８０％的音樂經(jīng)紀公司，具有全國最具影響力的票務營銷平臺。

根據(jù)規(guī)劃，北京國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地將利用１０年時間成長為產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條完整、產(chǎn)業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)豐富、高端環(huán)節(jié)突出、供給消費旺盛的音樂文化服務綜合體，成長為國內(nèi)外音樂機構聚集、音樂人才匯集、音樂活動集中、產(chǎn)業(yè)服務集成的音樂文化發(fā)展承載區(qū)，成長為支撐和引領全國音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的核心承載區(qū)和全國文化產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展示范區(qū)。

以數(shù)字音樂示范園區(qū)、1919音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)基地、北京音樂創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)園、中國唱片總公司創(chuàng)作園、天橋演藝園區(qū)、中國樂谷、西山文化創(chuàng)意大道區(qū)等七個園區(qū)為載體的北京國家音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，將重點發(fā)展對接國際市場的高雅音樂和彰顯中國特色的民族音樂，構建完整的產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條，力圖打造全國音樂創(chuàng)作制作和出版發(fā)行中心、國際音樂演出及消費中心、全國數(shù)字音樂制作及傳播中心、全國音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合服務中心與全國音樂版權保護及交易中心。

北京市發(fā)改委擬規(guī)劃資金兩億元帶動社會資本8億元，用于基地的先期建設，并計劃于五年內(nèi)將整個基地的投融資規(guī)模擴大到100億元。

國家音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)基地將通過政府引導，市場主導，探索多層級、多渠道、多角度的建設發(fā)展新模式。吸引與整合中央、地方、外資、民營、音樂人等各類音樂文化資源，協(xié)同合作。不斷推動我國音樂文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的大發(fā)展大繁榮。

第二篇：國家概況演講稿

The 1st PPT:

Then i will talk something about the well-known colleges in Los Angeles.The 2nd PPT:

First, let us see the contents of eight main colleges in Los Angeles.A is the UCLA(加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校);B is the CSUN(加州州立大學北嶺分校);C is the CSULA(加州州立大學洛杉磯分校);D is the USC(南加州大學)The 3rd PPT:

E is the Cal Tech(加州理工學院);F is the Occidental College(西方學院);G is the East Los Angeles College(東洛杉磯學院);H is the Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大學)The 4th PPT:

Before i begin the introduction, i want you to enjoy some beautiful pictures of the college.The 5th PPT:

This is the University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亞大學洛杉磯分校).As a public university which was built in 1919, now it is one of the top universities in American and has the largest number of application for admission in the USA.The 6th PPT:

This is the California State University, Northridge(加州州立大學北嶺分校).It was built in 1958.It has gotten the acknowledgement from WASC.Its primary specialty are Movie&TV.Many famous stars will come into the campus to have some performances.Chinese stars Chen Chong and Pan Weibo also learned in this college before.The 7th PPT:

This is the California State University, Los Angeles(加州州立大學洛杉磯分校).Built in 1947, it has many distinguished professors and alumnus and alumna.The 8th PPT:

Let us enjoy some photos of the next college’s campus.The 9th PPT:

This college i’ll tell you is the University of Southern California(南加州大學).It was built in 1880 and it was the oldest private research university in California.There are 5 staff getting the Nobel Prize.And during more than 100 years, the alumnus of this college has won 280 Olympic Medals, which is the top one over all colleges around the world.And Armstrong is one of the alumnus.The 10th PPT:

The next college is the California Institute of Technology(加州理工學院).Built in 1891, it is the top university of Technology in the world.And it also got the No.1 in the Times Higher Education.However, it only has about 900 undergraduates and 1000 postgraduates.This college has developed many prestigious scientists such as Qian Xuesen, GordonMoore(who created Intel), and Richard Feynman(who created Feynman Diagram).The 11th PPT:

With the background of some pictures of this college, these are several Chinese and Western scientists came from this college.The 12th PPT: Then i want to introduce Occidental College(西方學院).It was built in 1887 and its feature is the multi specialty.The president Obama once was the student of this university.The 13th PPT:

The next college i want to talk about is the East Los Angeles College(東洛杉磯學院).It was built in 1945 and it is a famous community college.The 14th PPT:

The last university on my list is the Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大學).Built in 1937, it was the No.1 in the LL.M Dispute Resolution in 2013.It is famous for its rigorous style of study.And because it gets a good landscape, it also becomes a good place to visit.So in the final time , let us appreciate the beautiful scenery of it.

第三篇：四大著名五金鎖具產(chǎn)業(yè)基地發(fā)展概況

目前我國已經(jīng)成為了世界上最大的鎖具生產(chǎn)國與消費國，2008年全國鎖具產(chǎn)量達14.8億把，年出口額達21.17億美元，在五金行業(yè)中占有舉足輕重的地位。我國傳統(tǒng)鎖具市場的整體容量約700億左右，生產(chǎn)廠家主要集中在浙江、廣東、上海和山東四地，在品類布局中，其中浙江溫州形成交通鎖制造基地、中山小欖以門鎖為主與浙江浦江以掛鎖為主。據(jù)權威部門統(tǒng)計，2008-2009年鎖具市場的增長在20%以上，并且還有進一步上漲空間。

中山小欖鎖具：中山鎖具主要集中在小欖鎮(zhèn)，主要以門鎖為主。小欖鎮(zhèn)積極推動五金制品產(chǎn)業(yè)的集聚發(fā)展和優(yōu)化升級，產(chǎn)品不斷升級換代，附加值持續(xù)上升，國內(nèi)市場占有率不斷提高。目前，“固力”、“華鋒”兩個鎖具品牌的市場占有率連續(xù)多年居行業(yè)榜首;“圣雅倫”被評為“中國指甲鉗行業(yè)第一品牌”;

早在1986年，小欖鎮(zhèn)就被譽為中國“南方鎖城”。2002年，中國五金制品協(xié)會命名小欖鎮(zhèn)為“中國五金制品產(chǎn)業(yè)基地”。獲此稱號后，2004年，又被國家授予“中國鎖具出口基地”稱號。2004年，4月19日下午，小欖鎮(zhèn)鎖業(yè)協(xié)會正式成立。小欖五金檢測中心于2007年6月由小欖鎖業(yè)協(xié)會成立。

目前，小欖鎖具占中國鎖具市場40%份額，占全國鎖具出口總額的37%，有中國“南方鎖城”之譽的小欖，現(xiàn)有鎖具企業(yè)315家，從事鎖業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人達1.4萬人。幾年前的小欖鎖具企業(yè)產(chǎn)值超億元的企業(yè)有4家，年產(chǎn)鎖3.4億把。最具代表性的企業(yè)有“固力”門鎖等。

浦江制鎖：浦江制鎖產(chǎn)業(yè)已從單一的掛鎖產(chǎn)品發(fā)展到抽屜鎖、防盜鎖、摩托車鎖、門鎖等300多個品種規(guī)格。經(jīng)過30多年的發(fā)展，浦江掛鎖行業(yè)規(guī)模不斷發(fā)展壯大，成為全國最大的掛鎖生產(chǎn)加工基地、產(chǎn)品集散地和出口基地?！爸袊鴴戽i中心”、“中國掛鎖生產(chǎn)基地”成為浦江向外展示形象的金名片之一。

目前浦江已經(jīng)擁有掛鎖成品及配件生產(chǎn)企業(yè)739家，從業(yè)人員兩萬人左右，掛鎖產(chǎn)量超過13.5億把，年產(chǎn)值37.95億元，1998年，為力促浦江制鎖業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，浦江成立了掛鎖行業(yè)協(xié)會。代表性的企業(yè)有浦江鎖具等。

溫州鎖具：目前溫州從事鎖具產(chǎn)品制造并具有一定規(guī)模的企業(yè)共有400多家，其中年產(chǎn)值5000萬元以上的規(guī)模企業(yè)有60多家，從業(yè)人員5.6萬人。產(chǎn)品主要有插芯門鎖、球型門鎖、自行車鎖、摩托車鎖以及近幾年開發(fā)生產(chǎn)的高檔機電一體化IC卡鎖、按鍵鎖、感應鎖、指紋鎖等。企業(yè)主要分布在甌海、鹿城、龍灣、永嘉、瑞安等地。

2002年9月，中國輕工業(yè)聯(lián)合會、中國五金制品協(xié)會聯(lián)合授予溫州市為“中國鎖都”榮譽稱號。浙江省鎖具專業(yè)商標基地。為了提升溫州鎖具品質(zhì)，2003年下半年，溫州五金商會集資100多萬元，與有關部門聯(lián)合創(chuàng)辦了鎖具產(chǎn)品檢驗中心，更好地為“中國鎖都”提供服務。代表性的企業(yè)有天宇、霸力等。09年溫州鎖具行業(yè)的年總銷售額要比上年增長10%以上。

山東鎖業(yè)：山東鎖業(yè)企業(yè)主要集中在煙臺，其中又以三環(huán)鎖業(yè)集團為最具代表性。

三環(huán)鎖業(yè)集團創(chuàng)建于1930年，是我國五金制鎖業(yè)的“鼻祖”，煙臺三環(huán)鎖業(yè)技術中心在2009年被認定為國家級企業(yè)技術中心，這是我國鎖具行業(yè)首家也是唯一一家國家認定的企業(yè)技術中心，標志著煙臺三環(huán)鎖業(yè)公司的整體實力尤其是研究開發(fā)與創(chuàng)新能力在國內(nèi)處于領先地位。也代表了山東鎖具業(yè)的發(fā)展水平。

結語：縱觀四大著名的鎖具產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，無論是從總各自的基本情況，還是各自的規(guī)模來講，都各有千秋。其中，又以中山的鎖具企業(yè)發(fā)展最為迅猛，歷史積淀更為深厚。溫州鎖具業(yè)發(fā)展勢頭也較強勁。較之中山、溫州、浦江鎖具產(chǎn)業(yè)的光環(huán)加身，山東鎖業(yè)顯得較為“虛弱”，不過，未來10年，山東鎖業(yè)迅速崛起也未嘗沒有可能。（中國五金商城采編）

第四篇：重慶高技術產(chǎn)業(yè)基地龍頭企業(yè)-國家林業(yè)局

附件

國家林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)基地認定辦法

（試行)

第一章 總則

第一條 為規(guī)范國家林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)基地（以下簡稱產(chǎn)業(yè)基地）的認定和管理工作，更好地推動林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，根據(jù)《國家生物產(chǎn)業(yè)“十一五”規(guī)劃》的要求和其他有關規(guī)定，特制定本辦法。

第二條

林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)主要包括以生物技術為基礎的林木（竹藤、中藥材、花卉）新品種及森林資源培育產(chǎn)業(yè)、基于森林生物資源的生物質(zhì)能源、生物質(zhì)材料、生物制藥、森林食品和綠色化學品產(chǎn)業(yè)、以國土生態(tài)安全為目標的生態(tài)生物治理產(chǎn)業(yè)、以提高資源利用水平和降低環(huán)境污染為目的的林業(yè)生物制造產(chǎn)業(yè)等。

第三條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地是指符合國家林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展目標，具有較強產(chǎn)業(yè)化、商品化開發(fā)能力，對所屬產(chǎn)業(yè)和行業(yè)發(fā)展具有較大影響的企業(yè)（群）或者具有鮮明產(chǎn)業(yè)特色的區(qū)域。

第四條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地認定是推動林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)工作的一項重要措施，目的是以基地為載體，以森林資源培育為基礎，以森林生物 1 產(chǎn)品精深加工為突破口，發(fā)揮林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)先導作用，全面實施生物產(chǎn)業(yè)強林戰(zhàn)略，加快形成我國林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展新格局。

第五條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地以種質(zhì)創(chuàng)新與資源培育、林業(yè)生物質(zhì)能源、生物生態(tài)治理、林業(yè)生物質(zhì)新材料、生物制藥、林源生物制劑等6個領域為重點，帶動林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)健康、有序、高效地發(fā)展。

第二章 產(chǎn)業(yè)基地認定條件與評價指標

第六條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的認定條件：

（一）產(chǎn)業(yè)基地應當以當?shù)貎?yōu)勢林業(yè)資源為基礎，初步形成生物質(zhì)能源、生物生態(tài)治理、生物質(zhì)新材料、生物制藥、林源生物制劑、林業(yè)綠色化學品和竹、藤資源生物利用等1個或多個產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚，具有鮮明的區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)特色。

（二）產(chǎn)業(yè)基地應當具有明確的區(qū)域性，包括核心區(qū)和一定的擴展區(qū)。核心區(qū)是指產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚度非常明顯或者龍頭企業(yè)較為集中的區(qū)域，擴展區(qū)是指核心區(qū)之外的具有相當生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的區(qū)域。

（三）產(chǎn)業(yè)基地應當已經(jīng)具備產(chǎn)業(yè)化、商品化的開發(fā)能力，具有資源供給優(yōu)勢，有一定規(guī)模和行業(yè)帶動性，有較高的市場占有率和較強的盈利能力，具有高成長性和良好的聲譽。

（四）產(chǎn)業(yè)基地所在地的地方人民政府和有關部門應當制定產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的發(fā)展規(guī)劃和發(fā)展目標，有統(tǒng)籌安排和支持措施，有強有力的組織管理機構；地方人民政府要以一定的資金作為引導資金，吸 2 引金融資本促進產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的發(fā)展壯大；在管理體制和運行機制上有利于產(chǎn)業(yè)基地發(fā)展。

第七條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的認定評價指標：

（一）產(chǎn)業(yè)聚集度：產(chǎn)業(yè)基地內(nèi)現(xiàn)有生物產(chǎn)業(yè)企業(yè)數(shù)量（已有企業(yè)數(shù)、近期擬建企業(yè)數(shù)），企業(yè)銷售總收入，核心企業(yè)數(shù)及銷售收入等。

（二）創(chuàng)新能力：自主研發(fā)機構及人員數(shù)，合作研發(fā)機構數(shù)，研發(fā)經(jīng)費情況，研發(fā)成果數(shù)量（包括成果鑒定或者認定數(shù)、專利申請數(shù)、專利授權數(shù)等）。

（三）產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展環(huán)境：政府重視程度（包括是否成立生物產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展專門機構、出臺相關政策、給予資金支持等）；金融機構和中介服務機構；生物資源狀況。

第三章 認定程序

第八條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的申報。根據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)基地認定條件和要求，所在地人民政府向省級林業(yè)行政主管部門提出申請，并報送相關材料，由省級林業(yè)行政主管部門向國家林業(yè)局申報。

第九條

產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的認定。國家林業(yè)局組織專家對申報的產(chǎn)業(yè)基地進行審查、評議，專家評審通過后審批認定。對批準認定的產(chǎn)業(yè)基地，由國家林業(yè)局頒發(fā)“國家林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)基地”認定證書。

第四章 產(chǎn)業(yè)基地管理

第十條

國家林業(yè)局歸口管理國家林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)基地認定工作，地方林業(yè)行政主管部門對產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的工作進行指導，產(chǎn)業(yè)基地所在地人民政府負責產(chǎn)業(yè)基地的管理工作。

第十一條 國家林業(yè)局在確定重大林業(yè)生物產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化和產(chǎn)業(yè)化等項目時，優(yōu)先支持已認定的產(chǎn)業(yè)基地及其企業(yè)。鼓勵地方人民政府對產(chǎn)業(yè)基地建設給予資金支持，并吸引社會各種資本投入產(chǎn)業(yè)基地建設。

第五章 附則

第十二條

本辦法由國家林業(yè)局負責解釋。第十三條

本辦法自發(fā)布之日起施行。

第五篇：英美國家概況主觀題

1.Great Charter:

It refers to the document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, which contains 63 clauses.The most important are as followed: the King could not exact payment from the vassals without their consent;no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of their property unless they are convinced by a jury;merchants would be allowed to move about freely.If the King attempted to free himself from the law, the vassals had the right to force him to obey the law by every means possible, even by means of a civil war.It is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism.2.“A-level”:

A-level—is an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education.3.Pilgrim Fathers:

The first English immigrants who came to America by the ship Mayflower in 1620.They came to the America to run away from the religious persecution in England.They landed the America from Plymouth and settled down in this land.4.WASPs:

“WASP” stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.It is considered the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States.The people who settled in the 13 North American colonies were mostly white European Protestant believers.The United States was founded and formed largely by Protestants.5.Wall Street:

Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long, 0.7 miles(1.1 km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan.Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.6.Independence Day:

Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.7.Hollywood:

Hollywood is the US film industry centre.It is located in Los Angeles, California.There are big movie companies, including the Warner Bros.Pictures, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, and Paramount Pictures.The annual Oscar Award held there attracts the attention of the world;it has become the synonym of American film.1.Democracy with a constitutional monarch:

Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or unwritten.While the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and while government officially takes place in the monarch’s name, they do not set public policy or choose political leaders.It can be defined as “a sovereign who reigns but does not rule.” This form of government differs from absolute monarchy, in which the monarch controls political decision-making and is not effectively bound by a constitutional order.2.British Newspaper Culture:The United Kingdom has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries.In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as the British economy began to industrialise, as the development of the society, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and more newspapers began to appear.They began to influence British society and people’s life.There are two kinds of newspaper in the UK: the “quality press” and “tabloid”.The types of newspaper can reflect the reader’s social class.The quality press, such as The Observer, The Guardian, and The Times normally carries in-depth articles of particular political and social importance and are generally read by well-educated, middle-class readers.The tabloid refers to smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines.They are usually about scandals and gossips about famous people, whether in politics, sports or entertainment.The articles are short and easy to read.The readers are normally working-class and lower class people.3.Industrial Revolution:

The First Industrial Revolution first originated in the UK.The Industrial Revolution took root in Britain for a variety of reasons.First, Britain had a huge market.Second, from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries.Third, the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their property.The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.They were the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the power loom and the steam engine.By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.It changed Britain in many ways.Its industrial productivity increased dramatically.Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization.The Industrial Revolution also created changed in the class structure.（謝福之P.20）

The Second Industrial Revolution（謝福之P.149）: The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I.It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line.The Third Industrial Revolution: The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more urban.Now a third revolution is under way.Manufacturing is going digital.4.Presidential Election:

America is a presidential government country.The presidential election is held every four years.The system of presidential government is complicated.It includes primary election, the popular vote, the Electoral College.The primary election is the first period.It is time for the party candidates won the presidential candidate of their own party.After the primary election, the candidate will spend huge amounts of money on electoral journey, competition on advertisement, electoral speeches and public debates.In most states, they work on “winner win all”.It means if one wins the most votes of states.He will gain all the votes of these states.American elections for the president are not decided directly by the popular vote, instead under the Electoral College.Each of the fifty states influence on the results equals its population.If both candidates gain 269 votes, or neither of them gains 270 votes, the president will be determined by the parliament.5.American Civil War:

In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing.Black slavery soon disappeared in the North.But things were different in the South.The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery.The problem of slavery became a serious political issue.The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it.When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation.Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued Emancipation Proclamation.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond.He surrendered on April 9, 1865.The Civil War ended.6.Separation of Powers:

The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the Separation of Powers.In this system, 3 branches of government are created and power is shared between them.At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch.This is what the system of checks and balances is all about.There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution.First, the Legislative branch makes the law.Second, the Executive branch executes the law.Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law.Each branch has an effect on the other.