第一篇：中國和西方的酒文化The Wine Culture Between China and Wester

中國和西方的酒文化

The Wine Culture Between China and Western Countries Abstract The wine，which plays an important role in the daily life, is familiar to human beings.People’s life becomes colorful with it.As regards the wine culture, there exists difference between China and the western countries.The raw material and drinking custom is different in terms of geography.There also exist similarities.Both China and western countries have some beautiful legends about the origin of wine and the symbol wine of spirit, leading to the birth of romanticism and the development of mainstream belief.The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.Thus, communicating with other nations is helpful and indispensable to the development of wine culture.Three methods can be done to promote intercommunication.Nowadays, as we know, globalization is inevitable, so is the intercommunication of wine culture between countries.Key Words Wine culture;cultural difference;habit of drinking

摘 要

我們對于酒是非常熟悉的，酒在人們的日常生活中起著不可替代的作用，有了它人們的生活變的多姿多彩。關(guān)于酒文化，中國和西方存在著差異。釀酒的原料和喝酒的習(xí)俗根據(jù)地理位置的不同而不同的。盡管存在著差異，相似處也是有的。中國和西方都有一些關(guān)于酒的起源的美麗傳說；世界文化現(xiàn)象有著驚人的相似之處，酒已不僅僅是一種客觀物質(zhì)存在，而是一種文化象征，即酒神精神的象征；都導(dǎo)致了浪漫主義的誕生和主流信仰的發(fā)展。酒文化的發(fā)展離不開各國的交流。和其它國家的交流對酒文化的發(fā)展是有利的，也是比不可少的。有三種方法可以增加國際間的交流。眾所周知，現(xiàn)在全球化是不可避免的趨勢，國際間文化交流也會成為全球化。關(guān)鍵詞 酒文化；文化差異；飲酒習(xí)慣

Introduction The wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire.It will brighten the bright and fool the fool.People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people, the beggars and the like, all like it since it appeared.Undoubtedly, the wine can be said as a riddle.People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking wine.They regard drinking wine as an indispensable part of life.The formation way of wine culture is different in different countries.In China, the word for alcohol “jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages.Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing wine.A legend in western countries about the origin of wine is also spread.The wine culture was gradually formed after the appearing of wine.The phrase ”the wine culture“ is put forward by the renowned economist professor Li in China.In 1994, Xiao jiacheng said that the wine culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center.While we pride ourselves on the long history of wine culture we only to find that we depend excessively on the traditional wine culture.As a result we can not make any innovation.There is no development and progress without innovation.In this case, we can learn from the western countries.There are varied types of wine with different raw materials, such as Gin, Whisky, Vodka, Rum, and Brandy.Even the cocktail which appeared later is confected based on some types of the wine.It is generally acknowledged that China is far away from the western countries.As a result, the way to drink is different.Even in China, there is also some difference between nationalities on the way to drink.There is also some similarities of wine culture between China and western countries although the difference exists.For example, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of wine.The development of wine spirit accompanied with wine culture.While wine culture developed to a certain degree, schools of ideology came into being.In order to push the development of wine culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the wine culture.I．The Difference and Similarities of Wine Culture in China and in Western Countries A.The Difference of Wine Culture 1.The Materials

China is one of the three ancient countries in the world and has thousands of years of history to brew wine.Today, China is also famous for its masterly technology and distinctive style of wine and is more renowned for the long history and profound culture.The world people gradually realized the great value of wine culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese wine since the foundation of China.In China, the word for alcohol ”jiu“ is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, from ”pijiu“(beer)to liquors(just called ”jiu“)to grape wine(”putaojiu“).The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China can not be traced definitely.The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century.Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own.The wine can be generally classified into two types, namely, yellow liquors(huangjiu)or clear(white)liquor(baijiu).The yellow liquor is fermented wine that is brewed directly from grains such as rice or wheat.Such liquor contains less than 20% alcohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration.This wine is traditionally pasteurized，aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale to consumers.Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu.White liquor(baijiu)are also commonly called shaojiu, which means ”hot liquor“ or ”burned liquor“, either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation.There are a great many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored.There are a large number of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us, such as:

1.1.Feng Jiu--this wine was dated back to Northern and Southern Dynasties(5500 A.D.).It is the original Chinese white wine made from sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 63--65%.1.2.Zhu Ye Qing Jiu--this wine is Fen Jiu brewed with a dozen or more of selected Chinese herbal medicine.One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves which give the wine a greenish color and its name.Alcohol content by volume: 46%.1.3.Mao Tai Jiu--this wine has a production history of over 200 years.It is named after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province.It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling process that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle.This wine is famous to the western world when the Chinese government served this in state banquets entertaining the US presidents.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.1.4.Gao Liang Jiu--Gao LIang is the Chinese name for sorghum.Besides sorghum, the brewing process also use barley, wheat etc.The wine was originated from Da Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty.Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%.Mei Gui Lu Jiu(rose essence wine)--a variety of sorghum with distilling from a special species of rose and crystal sugar.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.1.5.Wu Jia Pi Jiu--a variety of guo liang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine added to the brewing.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%.1.6.Da Gu Jiu--originated from Sichuan province with 300 years of history.This wine is made of sorghum and wheat by fermenting in a unique process for a long period in the cellar.Alcohol content by volume: 52%.1.7.Yuk Bing Shiu Jiu--a rice wine with over 100 years history.It is made of steamed rice and stored a long period after distillation.Alcohol content by volume: 30%.1.8.Shuang Jing(double distillation)and San Jing(triple distillation)Jiu--two varieties of rice wine by distilling twice and three times respectively.Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38--39% respectively.San Hua(three flowers)Jiu--a rice wine made in Gui Lin with allegedly over a thousand years history.It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition and the use of spring water from Mount Elephant in the region.Alcohol content by volume: 55--57%.1.9.Fujian Glutinous Rice Wine--made by adding a long list of expensive Chinese herbal medicine to glutinous rice and a low alcohol rice wine distillation.The unique brewing technique uses another wine as raw material.The wine has an orange red color.Alcohol content by volume: 18%.1.10.Hua Diao Jiu--a type of yellow wine originates from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.It is made of glutinous rice and wheat.Alcohol content by volume: 16%.This is the raw material of wine in China.In western countries, the types of wine are varied so is the raw material Qinjiu(Gin), the first action of a special purpose for the spirits.Sylvius Docter, maker of this wine, was a professor of medicine well known in the Netherlands to Dayton University in the 17th century.He knew that the oil of Cadinene strawberry contained an element of diuretic which together with pure ethanol distillation to obtain cheaper diuretic drugs, and he succeeded finally.Not only medicine but it is a new species of wine.Qinjiu Types: The unique and different formula of Qinjiu used by the distillery.Qinijiu can be divided into 4 types according to brands, types, production.Netherlands Qinjiu(Holland)or(Dutch Gin), the taste is sweet accompanied with hot no matter it is pure to drink or to drink plus some ice.The two cases are both very tasty.It is basically made from malt.The flavor came from strawberry.It adds ice and a piece of lemon which is the best alternative of dry Martini.London Qinjiu(Tom Gin)or(London Gin): The sweet London Qinjiu is made with malt and grain as raw materials and primary products.Joseph Bournemouth Qinjiu: It is similar to London Qinjiu although with different flavor.British Qinijiu: This wine is not sweet and has not the original savor.The difference British and the United States is an important factor.The British Qinjiu has lower alcohol after distillation but it retains more grain characteristics of loe alcohol distillation.Secondly, the water, of course, Britain and the United States are different.Which mutually affect the characteristics of the technique and distilled spirits.Whisky The Characteristics of Whiskey: Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation and distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel.Although any cereal can be used to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, hushed wheat, and barley.The Origin of Whiskey: At present, four major producing areas, namely, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States.Most of these areas have produced whiskey named its origin in addition to Bourbon whisky and the United States blending whisky(Blended Scotch)and Light customers(Scotch whiskey)

The Types Whiskey: Scotch whisky, Single malt whiskey, Irish whiskey, Tennessee whiskey, Canadian whiskey Brandy Brandy's Character: Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue.Distilled alcohol content is less than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character.”Cognac“ Brandy: Cognac is a kind of Brandy wine distilled from wine in Cognac, French.It named by the French government law.Lyme wine(Rum): Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum wine where is abound in sugarcane.Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means excitement.Rum is distilled wine made from sugarcane as the raw material.It is different for the difference of producing area and the way to make it.It can be divided into three types according to the tint.It is one of the basic wines in confecting cocktail.The Origin of Rum: The producing area is mainly in the place where people speak Spanish and English, such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Java along the East Indies.Puerto Rico Rum(Puerto Rico)which is famous for its light wine.Demerara Rum rather than Jamaica sales a large amount to the United States.Batavian Run(Batavian)is spicy Java Lime liquor.It is special because of the special flavor of honey, water, and the rice added to it to ferment.Hawaiian Rum(Hawaii)is the lightest available wine in the market which is made lately.It is the best beverages with orange juice.With ice and quinine water, Rum is the best beverages in the hot days.At present, ordinary Chinese people have always just used alcohol to help them celebrate the happiness in their lives.In China, a banquet known as ”jiuxi“ means an alcohol banquet and the life of every person, from birth to death, should have pauses for drinking banquets starting a month or 100 days after a baby's birth when the parents invite people in for a drink.When someone builds a new house, marries, starts a business, makes a fortune or lives a long life, he should invite people in for a drinking session.In modern times it is a pity that the games that go with drink are not the elegant ones of the past that involved poetry or music.Today, drinkers just play simple finger guessing games along with a lot of heavy drinking.It also seems today that friendship depends only on the volume of drink being consumed.”If we are good friends, then bottom up;if not, then just take a sip“ is a common phrased exchanged during gatherings.As we know, China has 56 nationalities and a wide range of territory.There is varied drinking custom for different nationalities.Korean ”aged wine“ The wine is brewing before ”Rosh Hashanah“ which is equal to the New Year of Han people.Rice is the main material of aged wine with the mixture of Ballad, Salamanders and cinnamon and other kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.It is a wine similar to ”Su Tu Wine“ with different prescription medicines.It is used to drink during the spring and to treat people.Drinking this kind of wine is believed to live longevity.2.Major Holiday Drinking Customs Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink ”calamus wine“.Suspended drink ”chrysanthemum wine“.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests.” liquor of daughter in the south“ According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Grasses“ that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was several years old.Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married.This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“ Another difference exists in the custom of drinking wine.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would associate toasting people with the face.It there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Wine culture that caused great effect ion the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man.The girls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.B.The Similarities of Wine Culture 1.Having a Beautiful Legend about the Origin of the Wine.Although there is much difference of wine culture between China and western countries, we can not neglect the similarities.In the first place, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of the wine.In China, some people think that Du Kang invented the method to make wine with a history of 4000years, while other people think that Yi Di was the first person to brew wine.However, there is a basically clear record about the origin of wine.In the west, though there is a not clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of wine was handed down.It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word ”poison“ to prevent others from eating them.There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to die at that time.She opened it and drunk for a few mouths.She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to die.Then she told the king the matter.A test is unavoidable.This, of course, is a beautiful legend.But the wine, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind.2.The Wine is a Kind of Cultural Symbolism of Wine Spirit.In the second place, the world culture has the surprising similarities.In the realm of literature and art, the wine spirit is everywhere and affects the literature craftsmen deeply in that freeness, art and beauty is united.Freeness reaches art and art produces beauty.To get the free state of art with intoxication is an important channel to get rid of bind and get the ability of creation by the ancient Chinese arts.Without a doubt, wine occupies an important place in the culture and life of the Chinese people.Wine was intimately connected with most Chinese men of letters.It was also an inseparable part of the life of ordinary Chinese people.The banquets of ancient emperors and kings could not take place without it.Every sort of wine vessel thus became an important kind if sacrifice object.Inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells as well as bronze inscriptions preserve many records of Shang-era people worshiping their ancestors with wine.There were many famous Chinese poets or artist who crafted their masterpieces after getting ”drunk“.The famous poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty(AD618-907)is known as the ”Immortal of Wine“ because of his love for alcohol.Guo Moruo, a modern scholar, compiled statistics about Li's poems and found 17 percent of them were about drinking.Early writers liked drinking and thought it as an elegant way to pass the time.Apart from the taste of the drink, they also concentrated on the process of drinking.They created many games to go with drinking sessions involving knowledge of history, literature, music and poetry.In ancient times, before a battle, a general would feast his soldiers with alcohol and meat.If they won the battle, they would be rewarded with good wine.If a warrior fell in battle, his fellows would scatter wine on the ground as part of a memorial ceremony.Lastly, the similarities of ideology flows leads to the birth of Romanticism and the development of the mainstream beliefs.In the west, the worship of Bacus who is the divinity of wine is strengthened in the fight against civilization.The worshiper of Bacus disgusted in the produce of civilization.They longed for intoxication of the body and spirit.As a westerner put it, the great things of man in success mostly include the element of intoxication.The conflict between prudence and enthusiasm run through the history of the west, so does the worship of drinking wine.Nicai theorize this kind of worship.The romanticism philosophy of the west came into being.In the east, wine culture brought the effect of romanticism.Romanticism stood up to realism all the time although it had not the theoretic philosophy.Poetry is his primogenitor of romanticism in China.When it came to Liangjin, the romantic tinge of wine culture reached its first climax.During the Tang Dynasty, it reached its top.No matter representatives such as from Li Bai, Li Shangyin or Bai Juyi to Su Shi, Xin Qiji og song Dynasty to Zheng Banqiao of Qing Dynasty added abundant color to the brilliant civilization of China.3.The Development of the Mainstream, Beliefs In the west, romanticism brought in mysticism of Christianity.In the ancient Greece, a great many of faith was associated with Bacus.The worship of the muzzy Bacus was the origin of mysticism in the west, which affected many philosophers and brought enlightenment and to the shapement of theology of Christianity.In the east, the development of Taoism and Zen can not leave wine culture.Zhuang Zhou advocated the unity of heaven and man.He sings the absolutely free song with a cup in one hand and another hand writing poems after drinking wine.He would prefer to be the tortoise rather than the horse which was astrict by man.The essence and soul of the spirit of wine is in pursuit of absolute freeness and oblivion of interest and honor and shame.II.The Way to Promote the Intercommunication of Wine Culture A.Launching International Communication Conference The development of world wine culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I give several suggestions as following:

Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of wine culture.At present, the research communication between professors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Professors and experts exchange their ideas and views about wine and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development of wine culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.B.Setting the Suitable Rules As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is necessary and important to set the suitable rules.Nations can communicate and behave well with the restrictions.C.Innovation Wine culture can not develop without innovation which is the gist of wine culture.China has a long history of brewing wine, which is proud by us.Meanwhile, we indulge ourselves in the success we have had and depend on the traditional wine culture excessively.Therefore, crisis is there.In order to keep the booming vitality of wine, obviously, the innovation is crucial.But what we should do innovate the wine culture.In my point of view, we should do as the following: To begin with, the combination of innovation of wine and idea.The consumption psychology of people is always changing.There is an increasing demand about the safety and sanitation of wine.The idea of green consumption occurs to people.As a result, we not only cater to the demand of trend, but also put our feet in the consumer's shoes.Secondly, the combination of innovation and technology.The innovation of culture can not;eave the development of technology.The big innovation and development of many professions is caused by the innovation of technology.The innovation of technology and technique push the development of the profession of brewing wine vigorously and base the solid foundation of the innovation of wine culture.Thirdly, the combination of innovation of wine culture and the management of firm.The history of abroad or domestic management of firm can be subdivided into three stages: ”experimental management“ ”scientific management“ and ”cultural management".It realized the big leap on management from experimental one to Tylor's scientific one.However, scientific management neglects the creativity and ability of man, which can not fit the demand of development.Thus, cultural management came into being.That whether the wine culture is a success or a failure is associated with the leader of the enterprise.The runner of the wine firm is different from the leader of the firm of making screwdriver.He should be an artist with high quality of culture and artistic taste.The fierce competition demands that they give direction and decision on the design of products, the direction of market, the selling and plan of market.It is also necessary for them to carry out the cultural management and innovation of management and make full use of resources including resource of mankind to infuse the color of culture in the product.Make sure the realization of innovation of wine culture successfully through innovation of management.This is one aspect and another aspect is that: In the first place, transfer the advantage of culture into the advantage of market.Transmitting culture is to exploit the market.The core of the wine market is health;safety and fashion which the enterprises need long time of penetration of culture and patient and dedicate cultivation of market.It advocates drinking wine in a scientific way and green consumption to guide man return to rationalism from the traditional wine culture, which advocates drinking wine in great amount.In the second place, transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic, society and zoology.The advantage of economic is the final embodiment of the advantage of market.Promoting the additional value of wine culture is a significant way to transfer the advantage of market into the advantage of economic.At the same time, it requires shat the effectiveness of society and zoology should be taken into account.We should strengthen the idea of sustaining development of firm and carry out green management and controlling of whole process and protect the mature during the process of carrying out the innovation of wine culture.Therefore, the vitality of wine lies in wine culture and fitting the progressive consumption culture, which is to keep pace with time.Conclusion The wine is the best present that God has given.Wine culture comes along with the birth of wine since wine appeared.Due to the difference of wine, regions and environment, the faith brought by wine culture also has more or less difference.At first, the wine in China was the sweet wine made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet wine either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew wine with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the wine of China.However, the wine in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew wine with grape.The wine made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to champagne and Brandy wit grape as the raw material.Drinking wine in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic wine and custom of drinking wine.The culture of drinking wine has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progress of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is necessary to promote the development of wine culture.The wine can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed wine is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing wine is vital, which is to make sure the wine is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of wine culture.Thus, increasing international communication is essential.Professors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese wine culture will develop along with the development of the world wine culture.Acknowledgements I am gladly to take this opportunity to express my thanks to my tutor----Chen Jianghong, who offers me academic advices on composing this paper.Her patient help and timely encouragement are worthy of high acknowledgement.On the process of composing the paper, she also played an important role in indicating a bright road in my future writing.And I also would like to take this opportunity to thank Ms.Li Liqin, who is my thesis course teacher and gives me some advice on how to write a paper.At the same time, I would like to thank all the leaders and teachers of the School of Foreign Languages and Cultures.I do need to thank the persons who spend their time in reading my paper, and I will be grateful if you could give me your advice.Bibliography [1] Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University, 2000.[2] Haeger.North American Pinot Noir.Langman, 2004.[3] Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley, 2000.[4] Jeni Port.Crushed by women:women and win., Arcadia, 2000.[5] Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook.Conran Octopus, 2000.[6] 王守國．酒文化與藝術(shù)精神[M]．鄭州：河南大學(xué)出版社, 2006． [7] 鐵流．中華酒文化大觀[M]．北京：當(dāng)代中國出版社, 2000． [8] 張愛敬．酒文化[M]．青島：中國海洋大學(xué)出版社, 1999． [9] 張長興．酒文化[M]．呼和浩特：內(nèi)蒙古人民出版社, 2003．

[10] 趙榮光．中國傳統(tǒng)酒人形象的歷史異變[M]．香港：飲食文化研究出版社, 2002． [11] 蔣雁峰．中國酒文化研究[M]．長沙：湖南師范大學(xué)出版社, 2000． [12] 朱迪．帶一只酒杯去巴黎[M]．北京：團結(jié)出版社, 2005． [13] Thomas Karlauf．突然想喝酒,微醺[M]．上海外文出版社, 2003． [14] 蕭曦清酒國春秋[M]．臺北：臺灣新生報出版社, 2001． [15] 韓勝寶．姑蘇酒文化[M]．蘇州：古吳軒出版社, 2000．

第二篇：西方葡萄酒文化

對西方葡萄酒文化的理解

姓名：鄧小蘭 學(xué)號：041140302 葡萄酒是用新鮮的葡萄或葡萄汁經(jīng)發(fā)酵釀成的酒精飲料。通常分紅葡萄酒和白葡萄酒兩種。前者是紅葡萄帶皮浸漬發(fā)酵而成；后者是葡萄汁發(fā)酵而成的。

傳說古代有一位波斯國王，愛吃葡萄，曾將葡萄壓緊保藏在一個大陶罐里，標(biāo)著“有毒”，防人偷吃。等到數(shù)天以后，國王妻妾群中有一個妃子對生活發(fā)生了厭倦，擅自飲用了標(biāo)明“有毒”的陶罐內(nèi)的葡萄釀成的飲料，滋味非常美好，非但沒結(jié)束自己的生命，反而異常興奮，這個妃子又對生活充滿了信心。她盛了一杯專門呈送給國王，國王飲后也十分欣賞。自此以后，國王頒布了命令，專門收藏成熟的葡萄，壓緊盛在容器內(nèi)進(jìn)行發(fā)酵，以便得到葡萄酒。

隨著古代的戰(zhàn)爭和商業(yè)活動，葡萄酒釀造的方法傳遍了以色列、敘利亞、小亞細(xì)亞阿拉伯國家。由于阿拉伯國家信奉伊斯蘭教，而伊斯蘭教提倡禁酒律，因而阿拉伯國家的釀酒行業(yè)日漸衰萎，幾乎被禁絕了。后來葡萄酒釀造的方法從波斯、埃及傳到希臘、羅馬、高盧（即法國）。然后，葡萄酒的釀造技術(shù)和消費習(xí)慣由希臘、意大利和法國傳到歐洲各國。由于 歐洲人信奉基督教，基督教徒把面包和葡萄酒稱為上帝的肉和血，把葡萄酒視為生命中不可缺少的飲料酒，所以葡萄酒在歐洲國家就發(fā)展起來，因此法國、意大利、西班牙成為當(dāng)今世界葡萄酒的“湖泊”，歐洲國家也是當(dāng)今世界人均消費葡萄酒最多的國家。歐洲國家葡萄酒的產(chǎn)量，占世界葡萄酒總產(chǎn)量的80%以上。此外還有一說為葡萄酒起 源于希臘，在此就不敘述了。

下面介紹幾個西方國家的酒文化：

法國的葡萄酒歷史十分悠久，可追溯至公元前600年左右，希臘人來到了法國馬賽地區(qū)，并帶來了葡萄樹和葡萄栽培技術(shù)。公元前51年，凱撒征服了高盧地區(qū)，正式地葡萄樹栽培便在此展開。隨著葡萄種植區(qū)域不斷向北擴展，公元3世紀(jì)，Bordeaux和Burgundy開始為供不應(yīng)求的葡萄酒市場釀制葡萄酒。公元6世紀(jì)，隨著教會的興起，葡萄酒的需求量急增，加之富豪對高品質(zhì)葡萄酒的需求，加快了法國葡萄酒業(yè)發(fā)展的腳步。中世紀(jì)時，葡萄酒已發(fā)展成為法國主要的出口貨物。19世紀(jì)時，法國的葡萄種植面積創(chuàng)歷史新高。1855年，巴黎萬國博覽會對法國葡萄酒進(jìn)行了著名的酒莊分級，將法國的美酒推向了世界。

當(dāng)然，法國的葡萄酒發(fā)展并非一直暢通無阻，也曾遭受過重創(chuàng)。19世紀(jì)時，歐洲人十分狂熱于收集北美洲的植物樣本，使法國葡萄染上了白粉病，導(dǎo)致其數(shù)量和質(zhì)量都大幅下滑。后來，根瘤蚜菌又襲擊了法國，幾乎摧毀了整個法國的葡萄樹。而霜霉菌和黑腐病直到20世紀(jì)初才結(jié)束其對法國葡萄酒產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來的困擾。

大家都知道，法國是世界著名的美食大國，美食與他們而言，不僅僅是生活片段，還是一種生活態(tài)度，甚至是一種基本的生活藝術(shù)，值得花費大量的時間精力來操辦它，并樂此不疲。然而對于法國美食，無論是個人小酌還是賓主聯(lián)歡，葡萄酒都是永恒不變的主題。法國平均每人每年消費一百多公升葡萄酒，基本上，在法國吃一餐要喝三次酒，即餐前喝開胃酒，餐中喝佐餐酒，餐后喝消化酒，當(dāng)然這些酒都是以葡萄酒為主。其實早在1650年，法國巴黎就出現(xiàn)了最早的可飲酒咖啡館，葡萄酒占了大部份。那兒通常擁有一個平臺。在風(fēng)和日麗的日子里，巴黎市民常會聚在其上暢飲歡歌并品嘗美食。1789年，僅夏河內(nèi)(Charonne)一地就擁有102家這樣的咖啡館。各式各樣的人物在那里或**，或**，或吵架，或跳舞。那里是平民百姓尋找歡樂，忘卻煩惱的地方。當(dāng)然在18到19世紀(jì)的小說中，那里也是罪犯藏匿，娼妓出沒的場所。ABistrot 小酒館 這個名字往往能激起法國人無限的懷舊情思。同時，它也被留在了印象派的繪畫作品中，留在了戰(zhàn)前戰(zhàn)后的黑白電影中。當(dāng)讓?加賓 JeanGabin 唱起當(dāng)我們在河邊散步這首歌時，時光仿佛又倒流回了那些已逝的歲月中。小酒館溫暖的場面其實一直深藏在法國人的記憶里。即使在今天，我們?nèi)匀荒茉诜▏姷皆S多被稱為Abistrot或Atapas的小餐館。人們不僅可以在那兒吃到簡單的便餐，也往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)那里松軟歡快的氣氛更適合于朋友聚會和聊天。在時髦的大飯店里，客人們通常只能看見大牌的波爾多酒。但在小酒館里，老板們卻會教給客人們明智的選酒方法，從而招攬客人。

飽滿，豐腴，厚實，芬芳，散發(fā)著溶化丹寧的芬芳和可可樹細(xì)膩的清香，有如松樹在林間跳躍的流暢，熱烈透明得像漁夫的眼淚，這些飽含感**彩的語言表達(dá)了愛酒的人對葡萄酒的感受。法文中有大量的與葡萄酒有關(guān)的專用詞匯，其分類之細(xì)致和精確程度令人吃驚。在法國甚至有專門的學(xué)校和專業(yè)研究品酒藝術(shù)，法國有世界上最好的3所培養(yǎng)種植、品嘗、鑒定、管理和研究葡萄酒專業(yè)人才的學(xué)院。法國的葡萄酒文化十分發(fā)達(dá)，法國人的悠閑、懶散是世界聞名的，但法國人從葡萄的種植、酒的生產(chǎn)及貯藏、連品酒、飲酒到酒器和配餐等等都有深入細(xì)臻的涉及和研究，學(xué)問之廣博，不得不令人為之感嘆。法國政府和其它職能部門對葡萄酒的管理也近乎苛刻，甚至葡萄的種植密度、每年受陽光照射的時間、土壤的厚度、溫度、貯藏在橡木桶中的時間等等，都有嚴(yán)格的明文規(guī)定。眾所周知，決定葡萄酒好壞的6大關(guān)鍵因素是葡萄品種、氣候、土壤、濕度、葡萄園管理和釀酒技術(shù)，而法國在這六大因素方面都具有無與倫比的優(yōu)勢。

正確的品酒方法則是法國葡萄酒文化中另一個不可忽視的細(xì)節(jié)。法國人普遍認(rèn)為，如果在沒有欣賞到葡萄酒的色澤和芳香之前就把酒喝下去就是放棄對喝酒最基本的享受，在拿起酒杯前，必須停止說話。品嘗前，向上舉起酒杯，用眼觀賞美酒飽滿、清澈、亮麗的色澤，輕輕晃動酒杯，讓酒香散溢開；再用鼻子嗅一嗅，然后開始品嘗這些優(yōu)雅而近乎繁瑣的葡萄酒品酒禮儀至今仍被尊為高級社交禮儀中的圭臬。

法國葡萄酒是法國優(yōu)雅文化的表現(xiàn)，凝聚著法蘭西的歷史。作為世界政治、經(jīng)濟與文化大國，法國葡萄酒文化也影響著全世界人的生活方式與文化情趣?？梢赃@么說，了解法國葡萄酒文化將有助于我們對法國文化的整體認(rèn)識。

意大利的葡萄酒歷史久遠(yuǎn)。共和制時代的雄辯家西塞羅，皇帝凱撒都曾沉迷于葡萄酒之中。由于維蘇威火山爆發(fā)而一夜之間化為死城的廢貝城的遺跡里，仍保留有很多完整的葡萄酒壺。據(jù)說古代的羅馬士兵們?nèi)?zhàn)場時，和武器一塊兒帶著葡萄苗，領(lǐng)土擴大了就在那兒種下葡萄。這也就是從意大利向歐洲各國傳播了葡萄苗和葡萄酒釀造技術(shù)的開端。意大利的葡萄酒文化,代表著健康的 “地中海生活方式”，并且被世界各國的人們所學(xué)習(xí)和追捧。意大利之所以深受人們的愛戴，不光是他的尖端時尚，藝術(shù)設(shè)計，更重要的是由于它的淵源流長的歷史和他的文化底蘊。當(dāng)您走在意大利的街頭，就好像置身于藝術(shù)的殿堂。這個有著史前時期的人類記錄的文化古國，至今許多城市記載著世界重要的考古遺址。

在佛羅倫薩的烏菲齊美術(shù)館，存放了一幅400年之久，世界著名《酒神巴克斯》的畫像，他是由著名意大利畫家”米開朗基羅·梅里西·達(dá)·卡拉瓦喬”所畫。他半露右肩，頭發(fā)纏繞著葡萄藤，左手輕微拿起盛滿葡萄酒的酒杯，桌前擺放著各種水果和半瓶葡萄酒，臉色白中透紅，神態(tài)優(yōu)雅，眼睛微傾......讓您感受到葡萄酒與藝術(shù)的充分融合。世界著名意大利畫家達(dá)·芬奇筆下的《最后的晚餐》是一幅有500多年的，體現(xiàn)信仰的畫作，在基督的故事里寫道，由于上帝造人后沒有辦法控制他們的行為，看到人們整天爭奪、玩樂，所以他派遣了他的兒子基督去拯救執(zhí)迷不悟的人們，基督為了使人們看清他們的行為，在最后的晚餐中說道面包是他的身體，葡萄酒是他的血液，以犧牲他自己作為醒悟眾人......流傳至今,，已成為教堂做禮拜的儀式用語.可見葡萄酒與意大利人在心靈深處有著多么深厚的情感和意義。在意大利，關(guān)于葡萄酒的藝術(shù)巨作比比皆是，充分表明了葡萄酒在意大利生活的融入!意大利的葡萄酒文化不僅是 “地中海生活方式”的象征，從古至今更是融入生活的藝術(shù)，不管是從街頭巷尾到典雅的殿堂，還是從美妙的民間音樂到名家巨著，意大利這個維美而古老的藝術(shù)國度，讓您時刻感受著他獨特的文化底蘊。葡萄牙有“軟木之國”、“葡萄王國”的美稱。葡萄牙軟木及橡樹制品居世界第一，自古以來盛產(chǎn)葡萄和葡萄酒。全國有葡萄園36萬公頃，平均每5個農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力就有一人種植。全國有18萬人從事葡萄酒生產(chǎn)，年產(chǎn)葡萄10—15億升，遠(yuǎn)銷世界120多個國家和地區(qū)，成為世界上第4大產(chǎn)酒國，以波爾圖出口的葡萄酒最負(fù)盛名。葡萄牙葡萄酒的歷史早在公元前六百年葡萄牙已有葡萄酒，一些對釀酒有興趣的人士，開始栽種葡萄園，自行釀制高級葡萄酒。因此，小規(guī)模酒農(nóng)釀酒歷史已有二千五百多年，真正普及卻在公元前二百一十九年，羅馬帝國的軍隊進(jìn)入北部杜羅河谷，就是今天的波兒圖酒區(qū)。今天，葡國博物館還保存不少羅馬時代的工藝品，石制的葡萄壓榨工具，陶制的雙耳瓶做的葡萄酒發(fā)酵和儲存器皿。

羅馬大軍在占領(lǐng)葡萄牙時，在杜羅河谷大面積種植葡萄，釀成葡萄酒作為軍需品，鼓舞軍隊士氣，向其他國家進(jìn)侵。葡萄酒的釀造技術(shù)得到極快的發(fā)展，所釀造的葡萄酒大部分供給軍隊，當(dāng)?shù)厝耸客瑯咏邮芰似咸丫频奈幕?，葡萄酒成為杜羅河谷人時常生活的必需品。只因葡萄酒的釀造技術(shù)已經(jīng)成熟，杜羅河谷到處都是葡萄園，到了公元一九五零年葡國中部也同樣遍地葡萄園。

到一一四三年，葡國獨立之后，葡萄酒釀造事業(yè)更加發(fā)達(dá)，葡萄酒開始出口，根據(jù)歷史文獻(xiàn)記載，有大量的葡萄酒出口關(guān)稅和稅務(wù)憑證及出口資料。葡萄牙，人們往往會顧名思義認(rèn)為這國名是由于其盛產(chǎn)葡萄而來的。其實不然，葡萄牙是音譯。不過它的確是名聞遐邇的“葡萄王國”。按葡萄牙人的飲食習(xí)慣，用餐時應(yīng)盡量喝葡萄酒。葡萄酒與葡萄牙人結(jié)下了不解之緣，它是每個家庭必不可少的飲料。男女老幼飯前飯后都愛飲酒，也喜歡用酒招待客人。據(jù)說，在這個只有半個河南省大的小國家里，酒店就有36萬家之多。葡萄牙人飲酒的方法很講究，按葡萄牙的傳統(tǒng)，飯前要飲用開胃葡萄酒;飯后要喝助消化葡萄酒;用餐過程中還根據(jù)菜肴配酒。吃肉時喝紅葡萄酒;吃魚時飲白葡萄酒;冷拼盤則配飲玫瑰香葡萄酒;吃點心時則配葡萄汽酒??這種傳統(tǒng)、嚴(yán)格的配酒方法，沿襲至今，成為人們商務(wù)宴請、社交場合和家庭飲宴時的一種禮節(jié)和習(xí)慣。葡萄牙人為什么如此重視和喜愛葡萄酒呢?他們說：“葡萄酒是大地和太陽的兒子，它振奮我們的精神，啟發(fā)我們的智慧?！痹谄咸蜒溃朔Q酒比水還便宜，酒精的成份也不高，因此，進(jìn)食時同時喝些酒，絕不至醉酒。當(dāng)然，到了聞名于世的產(chǎn)葡萄酒的葡萄牙，又醇又香、有口皆碑的佳酒確實值得一嘗。

波爾圖，重要海港。位于西北部的杜羅河北岸，市內(nèi)宮殿教堂、博物館、紀(jì)念碑、雕塑群像等比比皆是。城市建筑古色古香，有羅馬式建筑波爾圖大教堂、僧侶塔，著名的公共建筑水晶宮，有波爾圖的象征、高75米的克萊里科鐘樓。波爾圖大學(xué)、地區(qū)檔案館、市立圖書館等是波爾圖文化的重要象征。波爾圖的葡萄久負(fù)盛名，全市有十幾家酒廠，釀造的葡萄酒味美醇厚，遠(yuǎn)銷歐洲和世界各地，使波爾圖有“酒市”之稱。

廣義上來說。葡萄酒文化包括幾千年來不斷改進(jìn)和提高的葡萄栽培管理技術(shù)、葡萄酒釀造技術(shù)，法律制度，酒俗酒里，飲酒器，飲酒器皿以及文人墨客所創(chuàng)作的與葡萄酒有關(guān)的書畫、詩文、詞句等，狹義上等葡萄酒文化則僅指葡萄酒品飲等禮節(jié)，風(fēng)俗，逸聞等。

不同國家的葡萄酒發(fā)展都有其獨特的歷史背景與文化背景，好的葡萄酒并非單純的復(fù)制，更需要文化的熏陶與浸淫。

第三篇：中國酒文化

中國酒文化

摘要：酒無論是在古代還是當(dāng)今社會生活中都起重要作用，酒不僅可以讓人們陶冶情操，得到味覺上的享受，而且代表的是一種獨特的文化，使人們互相溝通了解。例如葡萄酒是國際社會公認(rèn)的繼英語之后的第二種社交語言,了解葡萄酒文化、禮儀和品酒常識不僅能表現(xiàn)自身的社會地位,還有助于與客戶和外國友人溝通交往?！?】

關(guān)鍵詞：酒的起源 酒文化 酒俗

一 酒的起源

誰也沒見到酒最初是如何誕生的。古埃及有酒神奧西里斯,古希臘有酒神狄奧尼索斯,古羅馬有酒神巴克斯,我國有黃帝、儀狄、杜康,都被認(rèn)為是酒的發(fā)明者【2】。有“猿猴造酒”的說法，古籍《紫桃軒又綴》中說：“黃山多猿猴，春夏采雜花果于石洼中，醞釀成酒，香氣溢發(fā)，聞數(shù)百步”。當(dāng)然這是指自然發(fā)酵而成的酒，因為果皮上就附有天然酵母，果皮破裂后，酵母與果皮或果汁中的糖接觸，發(fā)酵成酒。也許猿猴在撿到自然發(fā)酵的野果后，偶爾下意識地嘗了一下，感到別有風(fēng)味，于是撿果入洼供自享用，這是完全可能的事。

葡萄酒是世界上最早的飲料酒之一。猶太人，埃及人和希臘人都認(rèn)為它是酒神恩賜予人類的。在《圣經(jīng)》中，多處提到了有關(guān)葡萄酒的故事，這說明在人類有史以來，人們就發(fā)現(xiàn)了自然發(fā)酵而成的葡萄酒，嘗后感到味道可人。并認(rèn)為其是神力所致，將其作為祀神祭品。

關(guān)于葡萄酒的起源，眾說紛紜，難以定論。有人認(rèn)為，葡萄酒起源6000-7000年前的小亞西亞等地區(qū)。但多數(shù)的學(xué)者則認(rèn)為葡萄酒的發(fā)源地是波斯（今伊朗）或埃及。從埃及金字塔的壁畫中，可看到有描繪采摘葡萄及釀制葡萄的圖案；在埃及4000年前的一個名叫“麥”的王子的墳?zāi)怪?，也有一幅壁畫，其描繪擠取葡萄汁的方法。

據(jù)考證我國在漢代（公元前206年）以前就已種開始植葡萄并有葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)了。司馬遷著名的《史記》中首次記載了葡萄酒。公元前138年，外交家張騫奉漢武帝之命出使西域，看到“宛左右以蒲陶為酒，富人藏酒至萬余石，久者數(shù)十歲不敗“”。俗嗜酒，馬嗜苜蓿。漢使取其實來，于是天子始種苜蓿，蒲陶肥饒地。及天馬多，外國使來眾，則離宮別館旁盡種蒲陶，苜蓿極望”(《史記·大宛列傳》第六十三)。

二 唐詩中的酒文化

“葡萄美酒夜光杯，欲飲琵琶馬上催。醉臥沙場君莫笑，古來征戰(zhàn)幾人回”，中國古代談及葡萄酒的詩，最著名的莫過于唐朝王翰這首《涼州詞》了，盛在夜光杯里的葡萄美酒，更襯出“醉臥沙場”、征人不歸的悲壯。唐代豐富的葡萄文化,不僅體現(xiàn)在詩歌創(chuàng)作中,也體現(xiàn)在詩歌所反映的葡萄、葡萄酒與唐代社會、文化中。唐詩不僅揭示出唐代葡萄、葡萄酒產(chǎn)地、葡萄文化傳播地及唐代葡萄種植和釀造技術(shù),也揭示出唐代豐富的葡萄文化內(nèi)容。如葡萄稱謂的寫法,葡萄地名、人名的使用,絲織品葡萄紋圖案,詩人擬景狀物的素材,時人的葡萄、葡萄酒觀念,拓邊及邊塞生活中的葡萄、葡萄酒特色,葡萄、葡萄酒中的風(fēng)花雪月、胡風(fēng),葡萄酒酒具等?！?】

那么，詩里所說的“葡萄美酒”究竟是種什么樣的酒，跟現(xiàn)代的葡萄酒是否一樣呢？一般詩詞選本注釋這首詩，只籠統(tǒng)說“葡萄美酒”產(chǎn)自西域。由《涼州詞》這個題目，以及“琵琶馬上催”、“沙場”、“征戰(zhàn)”等語，可知這種美酒確實應(yīng)該與西域有關(guān)。而一般工具書解釋古代的“葡萄酒”時，也比較籠統(tǒng)，比如《辭源》說是“用葡萄釀制的酒”，“漢時來自西域，唐時已能自釀”，《漢語大詞典》解說稍詳，云“用新鮮葡萄或葡萄干經(jīng)過發(fā)酵而制成的酒”，并引《史記·大宛列傳》、晉張華《博物志》等為例。殊不知，古代的葡萄酒并非只有一種，而來自西域的葡萄酒制法與中原地區(qū)舊有的葡萄酒制法尤其不一樣。

明代李時珍著《本草綱目》卷二十五明確記載“葡萄酒有兩樣”，一種是簡單地釀制而成的，“取汁同曲如常釀糯米法，無汗用干葡萄末亦可”，這也就是中原地區(qū)舊有的方法，據(jù)傳漢代或三國時期就已開始制造，“魏文帝所謂葡萄釀酒，甘于曲蘗，善醉而易醒者也”。宋人朱翼中所著《北山酒經(jīng)》也記載了釀制葡萄酒之法，比《本草綱目》所說要詳細(xì)，說明了原料的份量、比例及具體制作工藝等，但可以肯定的是，用這樣的方法釀成的“葡萄酒”并非現(xiàn)代意義的葡萄酒。

另一種葡萄酒的制法則類似燒酒，“取葡萄數(shù)十斤同大曲釀酢，取入甑蒸之，以器承其滴露，紅色可愛”，據(jù)李時珍說，這種制法“古者西域造之，唐時破高昌始得其法”?！短接[》卷九七二引《唐書》：“葡萄酒，西域有之，前世或有貢獻(xiàn)，人皆不識。及破髙昌，收馬乳葡萄實于苑中種之，并得其酒法。太宗損益造酒。酒成，凡有八色，芳辛酷烈，味兼醍醐。既頒賜群臣，京中始識其味?！薄短茣?、《冊府元龜》等也引述了這段記載，文字略異?，F(xiàn)代葡萄酒釀造技術(shù)告訴我們：葡萄只有被破碎，使果汁與果皮上的酵母接觸后，才能發(fā)酵，除了自然酵母，還可以在葡萄漿汁里加入酒母?！侗静菥V目》所稱的“大曲”，應(yīng)該就是酵母或酒母。王翰詩中產(chǎn)于西域的這種美酒，其制法與現(xiàn)代葡萄酒釀造技術(shù)頗為相似，據(jù)周桓剛《白酒工藝學(xué)》、李約瑟《中國古代金丹術(shù)的醫(yī)藥化學(xué)特征及其方術(shù)的西傳》等著述說，它就像是古代的白蘭地或葡萄燒。也有專家認(rèn)為，《唐會要》等書中描繪的那種西域葡萄酒，更像是現(xiàn)代葡萄酒中的桃紅葡萄酒，其顏色介于紅、白葡萄酒之間。

三 酒的分類

某種酒究竟應(yīng)歸為哪一類？可謂眾說紛紜。例如，“味美思”酒，就有三說，有人將其列為葡萄酒類，（加香葡萄酒），有人把它列為“露酒”類，因為它的確是以葡萄酒為酒基添加藥材浸泡而成的；有人認(rèn)為它是一種補酒，甚至是一種藥酒，這也不無道理。

以酒的生產(chǎn)方法和功用來分，一般可將酒分為飲料酒，補酒，藥酒三種。補酒和藥酒應(yīng)列為非飲料酒，也可以說補酒是介于一般飲料酒和藥酒之間的一類酒；依酒精含量來分，可以分為低度酒、中度酒、高度酒；以含糖量來分，可以分為甜型酒、半甜型酒、半干型酒、干型酒。

中國白酒按香型來分，可以分為醬香型白酒（亦稱茅香型）、濃香型白酒（亦稱瀘香型）、清香型白酒（亦稱汾香型）、米香型白酒、鳳香型白酒。按用曲來分，可以分為大曲酒、小曲酒、麩曲酒、混曲酒。

葡萄酒按酒的顏色分，可以分為白葡萄酒、紅葡萄酒、桃紅葡萄酒、白葡萄酒、桃紅葡萄酒（又名玫瑰紅葡萄酒）、粉紅葡萄酒、新紅葡萄酒。按酒的含糖量來分，可以分為干、半干、半甜和甜葡萄酒。按釀制方法來分，可以分為天然葡萄酒、加強葡萄酒、加香葡萄酒。按用途及品質(zhì)分，可以分為餐前葡萄酒（如干型白葡萄酒）、佐餐葡萄酒（一般葡萄釀制，吃飯飲用）、餐后葡萄酒（與點心一塊飲用，酒度和糖度均較高，以提神醒腦。如紅甜葡萄酒，白蘭地等）、調(diào)和葡萄酒（用于勾兌和調(diào)配）、高級葡萄酒（風(fēng)格典雅，質(zhì)量高）。

四 中國的飲酒文化

我國悠久的歷史，燦爛的文化，分布各地的眾多民族，醞釀了豐富多姿的民間酒俗。有的酒俗留傳至今。而“酒徒”稱謂可能最初出現(xiàn)于戰(zhàn)國階段,而秦漢時期以“酒徒”自稱者曾經(jīng)有突出的歷史表現(xiàn)。如《史記》卷九七《酈生陸賈列傳》記述“高陽酒徒”酈食其故事最為著名?！稘h書》記述酈食其自稱“狂生”。所謂“狂生”,在某種意義上也可以視作《史記》“酒徒”的一種解說。司馬遷筆下記錄的酒宴場面,可見反映“酒徒”生活的具體情狀?！?】

（1）傳統(tǒng)的飲酒文化根基——酒德和酒禮

中國酒禮酒俗文化風(fēng)情在中國古人中流傳著一句俗話,叫做:“無酒不成禮,無酒不成敬,無酒不成席,無酒不成歡?！庇纱丝梢娋贫Y、酒俗在中國人民中的影響是何等之大。【5】

歷史上，儒家的學(xué)說被奉為治國安邦的正統(tǒng)觀點，酒的習(xí)俗同樣也受儒家酒文化觀點的影響。儒家并不反對飲酒，用酒祭祀敬神，養(yǎng)老奉賓，都是德行。

飲酒作為一種食的文化，在遠(yuǎn)古時代就形成了一很大家必須遵守的禮節(jié)。有時這種禮節(jié)還非常繁瑣。但如果在一些重要的場合下不遵守，就有犯上作亂的嫌疑。又因為飲酒過量，便不能自制，容易生亂，制定飲酒禮節(jié)就很重要。

古代飲酒的禮儀約有四步：拜、祭、啐、卒爵。就是先作出拜的動作，表示敬意，接著把酒倒出一點在地上，祭謝大地生養(yǎng)之德；然后嘗嘗酒味，并加以贊揚令主人高興；最后仰杯而盡。在酒宴上，主人要向客人敬酒（叫酬），客人要回敬主人（叫?。?，敬酒時還有說上幾句敬酒辭?？腿酥g相互也可敬酒（叫旅酬）。有時還要依次向人敬酒（叫行酒）。敬酒時，敬酒的人和被敬酒的人都要“避席”，起立。

（2）原始宗教、祭祀、喪葬與酒

從遠(yuǎn)古以來，酒是祭祀時的必備用品之一。原始宗教起源于巫術(shù)，在中國古代，巫師利用所謂的“超自然力量”，進(jìn)行各種活動，都要用酒。在古代，統(tǒng)治者認(rèn)為：“國之大事，在祀在戎”。祭祀活動中，酒作為美好的東西，首先要奉獻(xiàn)給上天、神明和祖先享用。戰(zhàn)爭決定一個部落或國家的生死存亡，出征的勇士，在出發(fā)之前，更要用酒來激勵斗志。我國各民族普遍都有用酒祭祀祖先，在喪葬時用酒舉行一些儀式的習(xí)俗。漢族人在清明節(jié)為死者上墳，必帶酒肉。在一些重要的節(jié)日，舉行家宴時，都要為死去的祖先留著上席，一家之主這時也只能坐在次要位置，在上席，為祖先置放酒菜，并示意讓祖先先飲過酒或進(jìn)過食后，一家人才能開始飲酒進(jìn)食。在祖先的靈象前，還要插上蠟燭，放一杯酒，若干碟菜，以表達(dá)對死者的衰思和敬意。（3）重大節(jié)日的飲酒習(xí)俗

中國人一年中的幾個重大節(jié)日，都有相應(yīng)的飲酒活動，如端午節(jié)飲“菖蒲酒”，重陽節(jié)飲“菊花酒”，除夕夜的“年酒”。過年，也叫除夕，是中國人最為注重的節(jié)日，是家人團聚的日子，年夜飯是一年中最為豐盛的酒席，即使窮，平時不怎么喝酒，年夜飯中的酒是必不可少的。吃完年夜飯，有的人還有飲酒守夜的習(xí)俗。

（4）婚姻飲酒習(xí)俗

南方的“女兒酒”，最早記載為晉人嵇含所著的《南方草木狀》，說南方人生下女兒才數(shù)歲，便開始釀酒，釀成酒后，埋藏于池塘底部，待女兒出嫁之時才取出供賓客飲用。這種酒在紹興得到繼承，發(fā)展成為著名的“花雕酒”，其酒質(zhì)與一般的紹興酒并無顯著差別，主要是裝酒的壇子獨特，這種酒壇還在土壞時，就雕上各種花卉圖案，人物鳥獸，山水亭榭，等到女兒出嫁時，取出酒壇，請畫匠用油彩畫出“百戲”，如“八仙過?！?，“龍鳳呈祥”，“嫦娥奔月”等，并配以吉祥如意，花好月圓的“彩頭” “喜酒”，往往是婚禮的代名詞，置辦喜酒即辦婚事，去喝喜酒，也就是去參加婚禮。（5）其它飲酒習(xí)俗

“滿月酒”或“百日酒”，中華各民族普遍的風(fēng)俗之一，生了孩子，滿月時，擺上幾桌酒席，邀請親朋好友共賀，親朋好友一般都要帶有禮物，也有的送上紅包。“壽酒”：中國人有給老人祝壽的習(xí)俗，一般在50、60、70歲等生日，稱為大壽，一般由兒女或者孫子，孫女出面舉辦，邀請親朋好友參加酒宴?！吧狭壕啤焙汀斑M(jìn)屋酒”：在中國農(nóng)村，蓋房是件大事，蓋房過程中，上梁又是最重要的的一道工序，故在上梁這天，要辦上梁酒，有的地方還流行用酒澆梁的習(xí)俗。房子造好，舉家遷入新居時，又要辦進(jìn)屋酒，一是慶賀新屋落成，并志喬遷之喜，一是祭祀神仙祖宗，以求保佑?！伴_業(yè)酒”和“分紅酒”：這是店鋪作坊置辦的喜慶酒。店鋪開張，作坊開工之時，老板要置辦酒席，以志喜慶賀；店鋪或作坊年終按股份分配紅利時，要辦 “分紅酒”。“壯行酒”，也叫“送行酒”，有朋友遠(yuǎn)行，為其舉辦酒宴，表達(dá)惜別之情。（6）獨特的飲酒方式 飲咂酒：這是古代遺留下來的獨特的飲酒方式，在西南，西北許多地方流傳，在喜慶日子或招待賓客時，抬出一酒壇，人們圍坐在酒壇周圍，每人手握一根竹管或蘆管，斜插入酒壇，從其中吸吮酒汁，人數(shù)可達(dá)五、六人甚至七八個人。飲酒時的氣氛熱烈。這種獨特的飲酒方式，可以加強人與人之間的感情交流。（7）勸酒

中國人的好客，在酒席上發(fā)揮得淋瀝盡致。人與人的感情交流往往在敬酒時得到升華。中國人敬酒時，往往都想對方多喝點酒，以表示自己盡到了主人之誼，客人喝得越多，主人就越高興，說明客人看得起自己，如果客人不喝酒，主人就會覺和有失面子。有人總結(jié)到，勸人飲酒有如下幾種方式：“文敬”、“武敬”、“罰敬”。“代飲”：即不失風(fēng)度，又不使賓主掃興的躲避敬酒的方式。本人不會飲酒，或飲酒太多，但是主人或客人又非得敬上以表達(dá)敬意，這時，就可請人代酒?！傲P酒”：這是中國人“敬酒”的一種獨特方式。“罰酒”的理由也是五花八門。最為常見的可能是對酒席遲到者的“罰酒三杯”。有時也不免帶點開玩笑的性質(zhì)。

（8）酒令（觴令）飲酒行令，是中國人在飲酒時助興的一種特有方式。酒令由來己久，開始時可能是為了維持酒席上的秩序而設(shè)立“監(jiān)”。漢代有了“觴政”，就是在酒宴上執(zhí)行觴令，對不飲盡杯中酒的人實行某種處罰。但實行酒令最主要的目的是活躍飲酒時的氣氛。何況酒席上有時坐的都是客人，互不認(rèn)識是很常見的，行令就象催化劑，頓使酒席上的氣氛就活躍起來。盡管酒令是依附在酒文化之中的產(chǎn)物,但它亦可被看做是一個單獨的文化體系,是文化入酒的最好詮釋。說起酒令,像“兩只小蜜蜂??”之類,現(xiàn)在恐怕連三歲的孩子張嘴都能說上幾個,只是他們或許不知說的為何物罷了。但這絲毫不影響酒令的“推廣”,即便是不善飲酒之人,有些喊起酒令來,比“三碗不過岡”之人甚至還有過之而無不及,還更勝一籌。因此可以說,盡管酒令是依附在酒文化之中的產(chǎn)物,但它亦可被看做是一個單獨的文化體系,是文化入酒的最好詮釋。【6】

五 酒之最

人類最先學(xué)會釀造的酒:果酒和乳酒。我國最早的麥芽釀成的酒精飲料：醴。我國最富有民族特色的酒：黃酒和白酒。我國最早的機械化葡萄酒廠：煙臺張裕葡萄釀酒公司。我國最早的啤酒廠建于1900年，哈爾濱。我國最早的酒精廠建于1900年，哈爾濱。我國第一個全機械化黃酒廠：無錫黃酒廠 記載酒的最早文字：商代甲骨文。

最早的藥酒生產(chǎn)工藝記載：西漢馬王堆出土的帛書《養(yǎng)生方》。葡萄酒的最早記載：司馬遷的《史記·大宛列傳》。

現(xiàn)存最古老的酒：1980年在河南商代后期（距今約三千年）古墓出土的酒，現(xiàn)存故宮博物院。

目前產(chǎn)量最大的飲料酒：啤酒。目前國產(chǎn)價格最貴的酒：茅臺酒。傳說中的釀酒鼻祖：杜康、儀狄。

現(xiàn)已出土的最早成套釀酒器具：山東大汶口文化時期。最早的禁酒令：周代的《酒誥》。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

【1】初銘宇 今日科苑, Modern Science, 編輯部郵箱 2010年 21期 【2】 曉娟.酒的起源與杏花村遺址[J].科學(xué)之友(上旬), 2011,(01)【3】陳習(xí)剛.唐詩與葡萄、葡萄酒[J].唐都學(xué)刊 , 2008,(05)【4】王子今.秦漢“酒徒”散論.西北大學(xué)學(xué)報(哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版), 編輯部郵箱 2010年 06期

【5】黎瑩.舉世無雙的中國酒文化(四)[J].食品與健康 , 2004,(03).【6】胡元駿.酒令 古今文化皆入酒[J].東方養(yǎng)生, 編輯部郵箱 2010年 12期

第四篇：中國酒文化

中國“酒文化”

中心詞：“酒文化”“上天造酒說” “猿猴造酒說” “儀狄造酒說” “杜康造酒說”“酒禮酒德”“酒與詩歌”“禁酒令”。

內(nèi)容提要：通過對中國古代社會關(guān)于酒的各種現(xiàn)象的淺淡分析，對中國酒文化作了初步探討和解讀，使得中國酒文化得以有了點點展現(xiàn)。

正文：酒，作為世界客觀物質(zhì)的存在，它是一個變化多端的精靈。它熾熱似火，冷酷象冰；它纏綿如夢縈，狠毒似惡魔；它柔軟如錦緞，鋒利似鋼刀；它無所不在，力大無窮；它可敬可泣，該殺該戮；它能叫人超脫曠達(dá)，才華橫溢，放蕩無常；它能叫人忘卻人世的痛苦憂愁和煩惱到絕對自由的時空中盡情翱翔；它也能叫人肆行無忌，勇敢地沉淪到深淵的最底處，叫人丟掉面具，原形畢露，放誕不羈，口吐真言。

然而，在人類文化的歷史長河中，它已不僅是一種客觀物質(zhì)存在，更是一種文化象征，即酒精神的象征。

在漫長的歷史長河中，酒作為人類物質(zhì)文化生活的重要組成部分，或敵或友，或損或益，從淚沒有離開人類半步。中國是卓立世界的文明古國，是酒的故鄉(xiāng)。中華民族五千年歷史長河中，酒和酒類文化一直占據(jù)著重要地位。酒是一種特殊的食品，是屬于物質(zhì)的，但又同時融于人們的精神生活之中。酒文化作為一種特殊的文化形式，在傳統(tǒng)的中國文化中有其獨特的地位。在幾千年的文明史中，酒幾乎滲透到社會生活中的各個領(lǐng)域。下面就簡單的論述一下酒與中國人的社會文化等各個領(lǐng)域的關(guān)系。

一關(guān)于酒產(chǎn)生的傳說

（一）：“上天造酒說”

我們的祖先認(rèn)為酒是“酒星”發(fā)明的，關(guān)于“酒星”的記載最早見于《周易》中，“酒星”又稱“酒星旗”，《晉書》也有關(guān)于“酒星旗”的記載：“軒轅右角南三星曰酒旗，酒官之旗也”。這種傳說來自于我們祖先豐富的想象力，同時展現(xiàn)了酒在先人們生活中的重要地位。

（二）：“猿猴造酒說”

在我國古代的典籍中，有許多關(guān)于“猿猴造酒說”的記載。唐人李肇所著國史補中記載猿猴機敏過人，常攀援于山石高崖之間，人們難以捕捉，經(jīng)過細(xì)心的觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)猿猴嗜酒，因此人們常采用酒引的辦法來把猿猴灌醉，施以抓捕。清人李調(diào)元記載：“常于石巖深處得猿酒，蓋猿以稻米雜百花所造”，清代另一種隨筆小說中記載：“粵西平樂等府，山中多猿，善采百花釀酒”。這些不同時代，不同人的記載，雖難以考證其真假，但至少說明，在猿猴經(jīng)常居住出入的地方多類似酒的東西出現(xiàn)。

（三）：“儀狄造酒說”

相傳禹夏時期的儀狄發(fā)明了酒，《呂氏春秋》云：“儀狄作酒”，漢代劉向所輯《戰(zhàn)國策》則直接記載：“昔者，帝女令儀狄作酒而美，進(jìn)之禹，禹飲而甘之”。還有一種說法是：“酒之所興，始于上皇，成于儀狄”意思是說在三皇五帝的時代就開始釀酒，只不過是儀狄將各種釀酒方法加以總結(jié)，使釀酒技術(shù)發(fā)揚過大。

（四）：“杜康造酒說”

東漢許慎《說文解字》云：“古者少康初作箕帚、秫酒。少康，杜康也?！彼稳藦埍沓荚凇渡汉縻^詩話》中說：“中古之時，未知曲蘗，杜康肇造，爰作酒醴，可為酒后，秫酒名也?！睍x人江統(tǒng)說：“酒之所興，肇自上皇，或云儀狄，一曰杜康。”儀狄，大禹時代人；杜康，據(jù)說就是夏代國王少康。而杜康之名又盛于儀狄，故儀狄之名則彰而不顯。杜康，作為中國的酒祖，歷代受人敬仰。根據(jù)記載，有一次，杜康把剩飯放在空桑之中，日子久了，飯自然發(fā)酵，散發(fā)出一種芬芳的氣味，并流出一種液體，杜康取而飲之，感覺其味甘美。杜康受此啟發(fā)，發(fā)明了酒。

二：酒與民俗

（一）：“酒與婚喪習(xí)俗”

我國各族人民在婚喪嫁娶時都有用酒的習(xí)慣。

人死后，親戚朋友都要來吊唁，漢族人習(xí)慣稱為“吃齋飯”，即在喪葬期間舉辦的酒席，在酒席之間，酒是肯定少不了的東西。死者入葬后，必須要在墓室內(nèi)或墓室外放些許酒，清明，年關(guān)等重要節(jié)日也要在死去的長輩墳?zāi)股硝蠋追N酒以示敬意。舉行家宴，親人團聚，合家共聚時，用餐時必須要為死去的長者留出上位，并在上位敬上幾杯酒以示懷念。

結(jié)婚嫁娶的喜宴酒就更是必不可少?；槎Y的代名詞就是喜酒，在結(jié)婚安排的整個漫長過程中，酒始終貫穿其中。

“會親酒”，訂婚時要擺的酒席，喝了“會親酒”就表示男女雙方的婚事已定，此后男女雙方不得賴婚，悔婚。

“回門酒”，結(jié)婚后的第二天，新婚的夫婦要回到女方的娘家去探望，女方家要擺酒席以示歡迎，俗稱“回門酒”，酒后就可以夫妻雙雙把家還了。

“交杯酒”，即在新婚的夜晚，新婚雙方在正是洞房前所喝的酒，喝此酒時，夫妻雙方舉盞交互，頭、杯、口相接。取“你中有我，我中有你”之意。新郎新娘喝完此酒后要恩恩愛愛，相敬如賓。

（二）：“酒德與酒禮”

飲酒作為一種飲食文化，在漫長的歷史過程中形成了固定的飲酒習(xí)慣和禮儀。有些禮儀講究是非常繁瑣的，而這些禮儀又是必須要遵守的。在古代，我國形成了十分豐富的飲酒禮儀：

晚輩和長輩一起飲酒前，晚輩要行跪拜禮，然后依次入定后，長輩舉杯后，晚輩才能隨之舉杯。長輩未飲盡，晚輩亦不能飲盡。

主人在和客人一起飲酒時，要相互跪拜。主人敬酒叫做酬，賓客回敬叫做酢，酬酢時相互之間要說上幾句客氣話，敬酒詞等。有時還要依次敬酒，依次敬酒時，敬酒人和被敬酒人都要“避席”，起立，一般敬酒三杯為度。

三：“酒與詩歌”

飲酒想起詩，賦詩想起酒，酒和詩歌就像一對孿生兄弟。詩經(jīng)是我國第一部詩歌總集，我們從中聞到了濃濃酒香?！扒寰萍容d，驛牳既備，一饗一祀，以介景?！薄洞笱拧ぴ缏础?，在無法主宰自然的情況下，我們的祖先用酒祭祀上天，以祈求風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，稼穡豐收?！稗ル日糍馓m藉，奠桂酒兮椒漿。”——《九歌·東皇太一》從屈原的詩句中，我們可以清楚的看到，這位偉大的愛國詩人對酒也是情有獨鐘。

到了漢末，天下**，連年爭戰(zhàn)，“鎧甲生蟣虱，萬姓以死亡。白骨露于野，千里無雞鳴?！比藗兊纳槐Ｏ?，故感慨良多。把酒臨江，橫槊賦詩的曹孟德，是個具有雄才大略的人，他希望平定各地的割據(jù)勢力，統(tǒng)一河山，使天下出現(xiàn)大治，就可無憂無慮痛飲兩杯。“對酒歌，太平時，吏不呼門。王者賢且明，宰相股肱皆忠良?！保ā秾啤罚┤藗冎v究文明，講究禮節(jié)?；ゾ椿プ?，尊老愛幼，路不拾遺，無所爭訟。國家的法度，公正無私，判刑合理，官吏愛民如子。老天爺體察善良的百姓，風(fēng)調(diào)雨順。他一邊飲酒一邊馳騁想像，為我們勾勒出一個人間樂園，可說是開了“桃花源”理想世界的先河。然而理想終歸是理想，醉意過后，回眸人間，一片混亂。以有限的生命，去追求遙遙無期的目標(biāo)，其難無異登天。

竹林七賢生于魏晉之際，政局不穩(wěn)，文士動輒得咎。為逃避禍患，他們沉湎曲蘗。如果說飲酒是樂事，那么他們這一杯酒則是飲得很痛苦的。當(dāng)時文人“結(jié)社集會”，少談?wù)危且跃平獬?。魏末“陳留阮籍，譙國嵇康，河內(nèi)山濤，河南向秀，籍兄子咸，瑯琊王戎，沛人劉伶，相與友善，常宴集于竹林之下，時人號為“竹林七賢”——《三國志》。他們一個個都是大酒徒，蔑視禮法，放浪形骸。嵇康是個憎恨虛偽，反對俗禮，不滿黑暗統(tǒng)治的名士。他頗知言論不慎會招災(zāi)惹禍，但生性耿直，而酒后尤甚，故不免遇害。他的詩作雖然不多，但我們都看到他飲酒時歡樂的贊頌。

在中國古代的詩歌史中有一個人永遠(yuǎn)難以繞過，在中國的酒文化中也永遠(yuǎn)有一個人難以繞過，他就是李白。李白不僅是“詩仙”，而且是“酒仙”。“舉杯邀明月，對影成三人。”“人生得意須盡歡，莫使金樽空對月?！薄袄畎锥肪圃姲倨?，長安市上酒家眠.?！薄疤熳雍魜聿簧洗?，自稱臣是酒中仙?！薄俺榈稊嗨?，舉杯銷愁愁更愁。”李白的一生是屬于酒的一生，醉酒后的李白原形畢露，放蕩不羈，敢不應(yīng)皇帝的召喚，酒和李白是融為一體的，沒有酒就沒有李白的真實，正是酒的麻醉作用，使得李白可以綻放他內(nèi)心的真，可以抒放自己的豪情，表現(xiàn)他對現(xiàn)世的不滿和藐視。在“一杯復(fù)一杯”之中，在半醉半醒之間，李白笑傲地度過了他的一生。

四：“禁酒令”

與中國人極度喜愛酒截然相反的卻是中國人一直都致力于禁酒，這也是非常獨特的一種現(xiàn)象，其中的原因耐人尋味。

禁酒，即由政府下令禁止酒的生產(chǎn)，流通和消費。禁酒的目的主要是：減少糧食的消耗，備戰(zhàn)備荒。這是歷代歷朝禁酒的主要目的。防止沈湎于酒，傷德敗性，引來殺身之禍，禁止百官酒后狂言，議論朝政。

在中國歷史上，夏禹可能是最早提出禁酒的帝王。相傳“帝女令儀狄作酒而美，進(jìn)之禹，禹飲而甘之，遂疏儀狄而絕旨酒。曰，后世必有以酒亡其國者?！薄稇?zhàn)國策·魏策二》實證明夏禹的預(yù)見是正確的。夏商的兩代末君都是因為酒而引來殺身之禍而導(dǎo)至亡國的。

西周統(tǒng)治者在推翻商代的統(tǒng)治之后，發(fā)布了我國最早的禁酒令《酒誥》。其中說道，不要經(jīng)常飲酒，只有祭祀時，才能飲酒。對于那些聚眾飲酒的人，抓起來殺掉。在這種情況下，西周初中期，酗酒的風(fēng)氣有所斂。

西漢前期實行“禁群飲”的制度，相國蕭何制定的律令規(guī)定：“三人以上無故群飲酒，罰金四兩”（《史記·文帝本紀(jì)》文穎注）。這大概是西漢初，新王朝剛剛建立，統(tǒng)治者為杜絕反對勢力聚眾鬧事，故有此規(guī)定。

目前，由于一再攀升的酒價和醉酒駕駛所導(dǎo)致的交通事故頻發(fā)，社會上關(guān)于禁酒的呼聲甚囂塵上。中國社會到底會不會禁酒，能不能禁酒成功，禁酒之后的中國人會怎么樣，沒有了酒的中國社會會是什么一番“景致”，我們不得而知。

第五篇：中國和西方的酒文化有較明顯的差異

中國和西方的酒文化有較明顯的差異:在酒的用料與品類上,中國最具特色、最著名的是用糧食釀造的糧食酒;西方則是用葡萄釀的葡萄酒。在釀造工藝上,中國講究料、水、曲三者統(tǒng)一,采用固態(tài)、復(fù)式發(fā)酵法;西方以料為核心,采用液態(tài)、單式發(fā)酵法。在酒文化的核心上,中國視酒為工具,意不在酒;西方視酒為藝術(shù)品,意就在酒。造成這些差異的原因在于地理環(huán)境、物產(chǎn)、原料和生產(chǎn)方式、文化傳統(tǒng)等的不同。關(guān)鍵詞:酒文化;飲食文化;中西文化比較

酒作為一種飲品,得到大多數(shù)中外人士的滿腔熱愛。唐代詩人李白在《月下獨酌》詩中理直氣壯地說“:天若不愛酒,酒星不在天。地若不愛酒,地應(yīng)無酒泉。天地即愛酒,愛酒不愧天”[1]。無論是中國還是西方國家,都創(chuàng)造出輝煌燦爛的酒文化,豐富了人類文化寶庫。但是,如果仔細(xì)思考一下,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)中國和西方所創(chuàng)造的酒文化是有許多差異的,這里僅從三個方面進(jìn)行比較研究。1 釀酒原料與酒品的差異在酒的用料與品類上,中國最具特色、最著名的是以糧食為原料釀造的黃酒、白酒,習(xí)慣上稱作糧食酒;西方最具特色、最著名的是以葡萄為原料釀造的葡萄酒、白蘭地等,不妨統(tǒng)稱作葡萄酒。中國地域廣大,氣候溫和,有許多良田沃土,極適宜農(nóng)作物的耕種,農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展極快,很早就成為農(nóng)業(yè)大國,五谷類糧食產(chǎn)量大、品種多,人們便大量用糧食釀造出很有中國特色的白酒、黃酒。宋代以前,中國的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化中心在黃河流域,釀酒原料主要取用北方所產(chǎn)的小麥、高粱和粟等;從宋代開始,南方經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展,中國的政治、經(jīng)濟中心南移,釀酒原料則主要取用江南等地大量出產(chǎn)的稻谷。如果把酒劃分為發(fā)酵酒、蒸餾酒和混配酒三大類,在中國歷史上,屬于發(fā)酵酒的黃酒和屬于蒸餾酒的白酒用的是五谷雜糧,屬于混配酒的露酒、藥酒又大多以黃酒或白酒為酒基

摘 要:中國和西方的酒文化有較明顯的差異:在酒的用料與品類上,中國最具特色、最著名的是用糧食釀造的糧食酒;西方則是用葡萄釀的葡萄酒。在釀造工藝上,中國講究料、水、曲三者統(tǒng)一,采用固態(tài)、復(fù)式發(fā)酵法;西方以料為核心,采用液態(tài)、單式發(fā)酵法。在酒文化的核心上,中國視酒為工具,意不在酒;西方視酒為藝術(shù)品,意就在酒。造成這些差異的原因在于地理環(huán)境、物產(chǎn)、原料和生產(chǎn)方式、文化傳統(tǒng)等的不同。關(guān)鍵詞:酒文化;飲食文化;中西文化比較

酒作為一種飲品,得到大多數(shù)中外人士的滿腔熱愛。唐代詩人李白在《月下獨酌》詩中理直氣壯地說“:天若不愛酒,酒星不在天。地若不愛酒,地應(yīng)無酒泉。天地即愛酒,愛酒不愧天”[1]。無論是中國還是西方國家,都創(chuàng)造出輝煌燦爛的酒文化,豐富了人類文化寶庫。但是,如果仔細(xì)思考一下,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)中國和西方所創(chuàng)造的酒文化是有許多差異的,這里僅從三個方面進(jìn)行比較研究。1 釀酒原料與酒品的差異在酒的用料與品類上,中國最具特色、最著名的是以糧食為原料釀造的黃酒、白酒,習(xí)慣上稱作糧食酒;西方最具特色、最著名的是以葡萄為原料釀造的葡萄酒、白蘭地等,不妨統(tǒng)稱作葡萄酒。中國地域廣大,氣候溫和,有許多良田沃土,極適宜農(nóng)作物的耕種,農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展極快,很早就成為農(nóng)業(yè)大國,五谷類糧食產(chǎn)量大、品種多,人們便大量用糧食釀造出很有中國特色的白酒、黃酒。宋代以前,中國的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化中心在黃河流域,釀酒原料主要取用北方所產(chǎn)的小麥、高粱和粟等;從宋代開始,南方經(jīng)濟快速發(fā)展,中國的政治、經(jīng)濟中心南移,釀酒原料則主要取用江南等地大量出產(chǎn)的稻谷。如果把酒劃分為發(fā)酵酒、蒸餾酒和混配酒三大類,在中國歷史上,屬于發(fā)酵酒的黃酒和屬于蒸餾酒的白酒用的是五谷雜糧,屬于混配酒的露酒、藥酒又大多以黃酒或白酒為酒基都離不開糧食。西方國家大多以畜牧業(yè)或商業(yè)為主、農(nóng)業(yè)為輔,許多地方的氣候和土壤等不適宜大多數(shù)農(nóng)作物的生長,卻十分有利于葡萄的生長,致使葡萄的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)首屈一指,因此人們可以大量地釀造葡萄酒。以被稱為西方文明搖籃的古希臘為例,它位于巴爾干半島南部,三面環(huán)海,境內(nèi)遍布群山和島嶼,大部分地區(qū)為貧瘠的坡地,屬于地中海型氣候,冬季溫暖多雨,夏季炎熱干燥,河流在夏季常干涸。這樣的自然條件極不利于一般農(nóng)作物的生長,許多農(nóng)作物都難以成活,但葡萄的耐旱能力很強,于是希臘人就大量種植葡萄。另外,形成葡萄酒品質(zhì)的精華物質(zhì)大多存在于深層土壤的礦物質(zhì)中,肥沃的土壤表層能夠使葡萄樹容易成活,不必把根扎入土壤深處,也就不能結(jié)出優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄,生長在相對貧瘠土壤中的葡萄樹由于把根扎入土壤深處,反而結(jié)出了優(yōu)質(zhì)果實。在西方眾多的酒中,最具特色、最著名的屬于發(fā)酵酒的葡萄酒和屬于蒸餾酒的白蘭地,它們用的幾乎是百分之百的葡萄;屬于混配酒的開胃酒、利口酒、雞尾酒等也大多以葡萄酒為酒基,甜食酒則是屬于加強型的葡萄酒。在古希臘,大量出產(chǎn)的葡萄酒就與橄欖油一起成為其主要經(jīng)濟命脈。一位學(xué)者說“:雅典的文明,建立在葡萄酒和橄欖油之上”[2]。從當(dāng)代發(fā)酵的葡萄酒生產(chǎn)強國來看,意大利在1994年前后,全國約有110萬公頃土地種植葡萄,生產(chǎn)葡萄酒九百多萬噸, ,都離不開糧食。西方國家大多以畜牧業(yè)或商業(yè)為主、農(nóng)業(yè)為輔,許多地方的氣候和土壤等不適宜大多數(shù)農(nóng)作物的生長,卻十分有利于葡萄的生長,致使葡萄的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)首屈一指,因此人們可以大量地釀造葡萄酒。以被稱為西方文明搖籃的古希臘為例,它位于巴爾干半島南部,三面環(huán)海,境內(nèi)遍布群山和島嶼,大部分地區(qū)為貧瘠的坡地,屬于地中海型氣候,冬季溫暖多雨,夏季炎熱干燥,河流在夏季常干涸。這樣的自然條件極不利于一般農(nóng)作物的生長,許多農(nóng)作物都難以成活,但葡萄的耐旱能力很強,于是希臘人就大量種植葡萄。另外,形成葡萄酒品質(zhì)的精華物質(zhì)大多存在于深層土壤的礦物質(zhì)中,肥沃的土壤表層能夠使葡萄樹容易成活,不必把根扎入土壤深處,也就不能結(jié)出優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄,生長在相對貧瘠土壤中的葡萄樹由于把根扎入土壤深處,反而結(jié)出了優(yōu)質(zhì)果實。在西方眾多的酒中,最具特色、最著名的屬于發(fā)酵酒的葡萄酒和屬于蒸餾酒的白蘭地,它們用的幾乎是百分之百的葡萄;屬于混配酒的開胃酒、利口酒、雞尾酒等也大多以葡萄酒為酒基,甜食酒則是屬于加強型的葡萄酒。在古希臘,大量出產(chǎn)的葡萄酒就與橄欖油一起成為其主要經(jīng)濟命脈。一位學(xué)者說“:雅典的文明,建立在葡萄酒和橄欖油之上”[2]。從當(dāng)代發(fā)酵的葡萄酒生產(chǎn)強國來看,意大利在1994年前后,全國約有110萬公頃土地種植葡萄,生產(chǎn)葡萄酒九百多萬噸,產(chǎn)量居世界第二;而葡萄酒產(chǎn)量居世界第一的是法國,1996年的總產(chǎn)量超過五千萬噸,在整個酒類生產(chǎn)中占據(jù)絕對主要的地位。2 釀酒工藝的差異在酒的釀造工藝上,中國主要以糧食為原料,講究料、水、曲三者統(tǒng)一,采用固態(tài)與半固態(tài)、復(fù)式發(fā)酵方法;西方主要以葡萄為原料,則重在講究料為核心、桶和窖為保障,采用液態(tài)、單式發(fā)酵方法。五谷雜糧是固體物質(zhì),不能直接發(fā)酵,必須通過對糧食的浸漬、蒸煮、加入水和酒曲等,使淀粉糊化后再進(jìn)行糖化、發(fā)酵而制成酒,在這過程中人的創(chuàng)造性勞動基本上起著主導(dǎo)作用。在中國流傳著這樣的俗語:料為酒之肉,水為酒之血,曲為酒之骨。它形象地說明了釀造糧食酒的三個關(guān)鍵:其一是原料。人們在長期的實踐中逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn),五谷雜糧與酒的品類、質(zhì)量密切相關(guān),如用糯米釀造的黃酒味醇厚、品質(zhì)最好,用高粱釀造的白酒味很香,且酒精度和出酒率都比較高;而在白酒中,用玉米釀的甜,大米釀的凈,大麥釀的沖。此外,人們還注意到,選用獨具特色的土特產(chǎn)原料,對釀造風(fēng)味獨特的名酒至關(guān)重要。如四川古藺的郎酒,最理想的原料是當(dāng)?shù)爻霎a(chǎn)的古藺高粱,因為它皮薄殼少、顆粒飽滿、淀粉含量大,能釀出高品質(zhì)的郎酒。關(guān)鍵之二是水?！懊谰票赜屑讶?水的質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到酒的品質(zhì)、風(fēng)格等,為此人們特別注意識水性、知水味、選好水。宋代竇蘋《酒譜》載,北魏時期“

產(chǎn)量居世界第二;而葡萄酒產(chǎn)量居世界第一的是法國,1996年的總產(chǎn)量超過五千萬噸,在整個酒類生產(chǎn)中占據(jù)絕對主要的地位。2 釀酒工藝的差異在酒的釀造工藝上,中國主要以糧食為原料,講究料、水、曲三者統(tǒng)一,采用固態(tài)與半固態(tài)、復(fù)式發(fā)酵方法;西方主要以葡萄為原料,則重在講究料為核心、桶和窖為保障,采用液態(tài)、單式發(fā)酵方法。五谷雜糧是固體物質(zhì),不能直接發(fā)酵,必須通過對糧食的浸漬、蒸煮、加入水和酒曲等,使淀粉糊化后再進(jìn)行糖化、發(fā)酵而制成酒,在這過程中人的創(chuàng)造性勞動基本上起著主導(dǎo)作用。在中國流傳著這樣的俗語:料為酒之肉,水為酒之血,曲為酒之骨。它形象地說明了釀造糧食酒的三個關(guān)鍵:其一是原料。人們在長期的實踐中逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn),五谷雜糧與酒的品類、質(zhì)量密切相關(guān),如用糯米釀造的黃酒味醇厚、品質(zhì)最好,用高粱釀造的白酒味很香,且酒精度和出酒率都比較高;而在白酒中,用玉米釀的甜,大米釀的凈,大麥釀的沖。此外,人們還注意到,選用獨具特色的土特產(chǎn)原料,對釀造風(fēng)味獨特的名酒至關(guān)重要。如四川古藺的郎酒,最理想的原料是當(dāng)?shù)爻霎a(chǎn)的古藺高粱,因為它皮薄殼少、顆粒飽滿、淀粉含量大,能釀出高品質(zhì)的郎酒。關(guān)鍵之二是水?！懊谰票赜屑讶?水的質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到酒的品質(zhì)、風(fēng)格等,為此人們特別注意識水性、知水味、選好水。宋代竇蘋《酒譜》載,北魏時期“,魏賈鏘有奴,善別水,嘗乘舟于黃河中流,以匏瓠接河源水,不過七八升,經(jīng)宿顏如絳,以釀酒,名昆侖觴,香味妙絕”。到近代以后,紹興黃酒,常常用運水船到鑒湖中心取湖心水來釀造,因為這種水的水質(zhì)清澈、硬度適宜、含適量鹽類,是優(yōu)質(zhì)釀造用水。茅臺、郎酒、瀘州老窖則離不開赤水河及河邊甘甜、清冽的泉水。關(guān)鍵之三是酒曲。它含有大量的活性微生物與酶類,不僅是糖化發(fā)酵劑,而且能賦予酒特殊的風(fēng)味和品質(zhì),是中國釀酒的重要而精妙之處。明代宋應(yīng)星的《天工開物》言“:凡釀酒,必資曲藥成信,無曲,即佳米珍黍,空造不成”[3]。為了得到高質(zhì)量的酒曲,人們常常要虔誠地祭拜、精益求精地制作?！洱R民要術(shù)》記載道:制曲要選擇七月甲寅日,讓兒童穿著青衣來和曲、團曲,攤放酒曲的地方要畫上阡陌街巷、擺上用面粉捏的曲人和曲王,攤完酒曲后要給曲王供酒脯等食品,并讀三遍《祝曲文》[4]。有了這三個關(guān)鍵因素作為基礎(chǔ),還需要釀酒師的妙手點化才能釀成酒。早在兩千多年前的周代,人們就已經(jīng)系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)出釀酒的6條原則“:秫稻必齊,曲檗必時,湛熾必潔,水泉必香,陶器必良

,魏賈鏘有奴,善別水,嘗乘舟于黃河中流,以匏瓠接河源水,不過七八升,經(jīng)宿顏如絳,以釀酒,名昆侖觴,香味妙絕”。到近代以后,紹興黃酒,常常用運水船到鑒湖中心取湖心水來釀造,因為這種水的水質(zhì)清澈、硬度適宜、含適量鹽類,是優(yōu)質(zhì)釀造用水。茅臺、郎酒、瀘州老窖則離不開赤水河及河邊甘甜、清冽的泉水。關(guān)鍵之三是酒曲。它含有大量的活性微生物與酶類,不僅是糖化發(fā)酵劑,而且能賦予酒特殊的風(fēng)味和品質(zhì),是中國釀酒的重要而精妙之處。明代宋應(yīng)星的《天工開物》言“:凡釀酒,必資曲藥成信,無曲,即佳米珍黍,空造不成”[3]。為了得到高質(zhì)量的酒曲,人們常常要虔誠地祭拜、精益求精地制作?！洱R民要術(shù)》記載道:制曲要選擇七月甲寅日,讓兒童穿著青衣來和曲、團曲,攤放酒曲的地方要畫上阡陌街巷、擺上用面粉捏的曲人和曲王,攤完酒曲后要給曲王供酒脯等食品,并讀三遍《祝曲文》[4]。有了這三個關(guān)鍵因素作為基礎(chǔ),還需要釀酒師的妙手點化才能釀成酒。早在兩千多年前的周代,人們就已經(jīng)系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)出釀酒的6條原則“:秫稻必齊,曲檗必時,湛熾必潔,水泉必香,陶器必良,火齊必得,兼用六物,大酋監(jiān)之,無有差忒”[5]。即原料要充足,酒曲供應(yīng)、制作要適時,浸泡、蒸煮要清潔,水質(zhì)要清冽、無雜質(zhì),釀造器具要精良,蒸煮時的火力要適當(dāng)。中國的釀酒技藝高超而精湛,巧奪天工,各種名酒各得其妙。如關(guān)于郎酒的民謠言“:郎酒好,有四寶:美境、郎泉、寶洞、工藝巧”。其巧妙的工藝在于2次投料、8次堆積糖化發(fā)酵、9次蒸煮、7次蒸餾、原酒在洞中貯存3年后進(jìn)行勾兌等。然而,無論各種酒的釀造技藝多么千差萬別,大都有浸漬、蒸煮、多次投料、固態(tài)及半固態(tài)發(fā)酵等特點,而這正是中國糧食酒釀造技藝的突出特色。西方釀酒常用的葡萄本身富含糖分和酵母,在12℃～30℃的溫度下便自然發(fā)酵、生成酒精,果皮和果肉經(jīng)過果汁浸泡則釋放出葡萄酒的色素和持久的勁力,種子釋放出單寧,賦予葡萄酒特有的澀味。這些剛經(jīng)過酒精發(fā)酵的葡萄酒富含單寧酸,不能立刻飲用,還要貯藏在橡木桶和酒窖中,使風(fēng)味逐漸變得成熟、完美。在葡萄酒的釀造過程中,葡萄起最重要的主導(dǎo)作用,人的勞動則起到重要的輔助作用。西方人常說,好酒出自好葡萄。葡萄的品種和質(zhì)量,決定著葡萄酒的品質(zhì)、特色和主要香型。在西方國家,可以釀酒的葡萄數(shù)以千計

,火齊必得,兼用六物,大酋監(jiān)之,無有差忒”[5]。即原料要充足,酒曲供應(yīng)、制作要適時,浸泡、蒸煮要清潔,水質(zhì)要清冽、無雜質(zhì),釀造器具要精良,蒸煮時的火力要適當(dāng)。中國的釀酒技藝高超而精湛,巧奪天工,各種名酒各得其妙。如關(guān)于郎酒的民謠言“:郎酒好,有四寶:美境、郎泉、寶洞、工藝巧”。其巧妙的工藝在于2次投料、8次堆積糖化發(fā)酵、9次蒸煮、7次蒸餾、原酒在洞中貯存3年后進(jìn)行勾兌等。然而,無論各種酒的釀造技藝多么千差萬別,大都有浸漬、蒸煮、多次投料、固態(tài)及半固態(tài)發(fā)酵等特點,而這正是中國糧食酒釀造技藝的突出特色。西方釀酒常用的葡萄本身富含糖分和酵母,在12℃～30℃的溫度下便自然發(fā)酵、生成酒精,果皮和果肉經(jīng)過果汁浸泡則釋放出葡萄酒的色素和持久的勁力,種子釋放出單寧,賦予葡萄酒特有的澀味。這些剛經(jīng)過酒精發(fā)酵的葡萄酒富含單寧酸,不能立刻飲用,還要貯藏在橡木桶和酒窖中,使風(fēng)味逐漸變得成熟、完美。在葡萄酒的釀造過程中,葡萄起最重要的主導(dǎo)作用,人的勞動則起到重要的輔助作用。西方人常說,好酒出自好葡萄。葡萄的品種和質(zhì)量,決定著葡萄酒的品質(zhì)、特色和主要香型。在西方國家,可以釀酒的葡萄數(shù)以千計,但真正能釀造出頂級、名貴葡萄酒的葡萄,只有十余種而已,著名的有赤霞珠、黑品諾、席拉夏多內(nèi)等。其中,赤霞珠是釀造高貴紅酒的葡萄之王,黑品諾是釀造名貴紅酒的葡萄皇后。釀酒時對葡萄的選擇,除了品種,還要看產(chǎn)地和年份,這意味著土壤、氣候、產(chǎn)量等方面同樣存在差異。相對貧瘠的土壤和適當(dāng)?shù)叵拗飘a(chǎn)量,是葡萄及葡萄酒品質(zhì)的重要條件和保證。即使同樣的葡萄品種,氣候不同,所釀酒的品質(zhì)也不同。用寒冷地區(qū)的葡萄釀的酒,品質(zhì)秀雅;用溫暖地區(qū)的葡萄釀的酒,酒力較強、酒體豐滿。在完成了對葡萄的精心選擇后,葡萄酒的釀造大多進(jìn)入葡萄去梗破皮、壓榨、發(fā)酵、培養(yǎng)、裝瓶等階段,而起重要作用的是橡木桶、酒窖和釀酒師的技術(shù)。橡木桶是發(fā)酵和培養(yǎng)葡萄酒的最經(jīng)典容器。其木材多孔,外界的氧氣緩緩滲入,包括酒精在內(nèi)的揮發(fā)物質(zhì)部分蒸發(fā),使酒變得更加細(xì)膩、芳香;橡木釋放出的辛香和單寧酸,給葡萄酒增添華美復(fù)合的潤飾,使酒質(zhì)不斷成熟、穩(wěn)定。米歇爾·愛德華在《紅葡萄酒鑒賞手冊》中指出,對于準(zhǔn)備長時間藏釀的優(yōu)質(zhì)紅酒,裝瓶前常需在新橡木桶中藏釀一定時間,新橡木的用量,視葡萄的品種、年份和葡萄酒的勁度、精致度而定,因為它“就如烹調(diào)中的鹽和胡椒粉一樣:少則增味,多則壞事”[6]。酒成熟以后就必須離桶、裝瓶,但無論裝瓶前的培養(yǎng)階段還是裝瓶后的貯藏期間,只要沒有飲用,酒窖都是葡萄酒最好的棲身之所,決定著葡萄酒的最終品質(zhì)。任何好酒都需要經(jīng)過較長時間的藏釀,葡萄酒在橡木桶中的陳化不是全部過程

,但真正能釀造出頂級、名貴葡萄酒的葡萄,只有十余種而已,著名的有赤霞珠、黑品諾、席拉夏多內(nèi)等。其中,赤霞珠是釀造高貴紅酒的葡萄之王,黑品諾是釀造名貴紅酒的葡萄皇后。釀酒時對葡萄的選擇,除了品種,還要看產(chǎn)地和年份,這意味著土壤、氣候、產(chǎn)量等方面同樣存在差異。相對貧瘠的土壤和適當(dāng)?shù)叵拗飘a(chǎn)量,是葡萄及葡萄酒品質(zhì)的重要條件和保證。即使同樣的葡萄品種,氣候不同,所釀酒的品質(zhì)也不同。用寒冷地區(qū)的葡萄釀的酒,品質(zhì)秀雅;用溫暖地區(qū)的葡萄釀的酒,酒力較強、酒體豐滿。在完成了對葡萄的精心選擇后,葡萄酒的釀造大多進(jìn)入葡萄去梗破皮、壓榨、發(fā)酵、培養(yǎng)、裝瓶等階段,而起重要作用的是橡木桶、酒窖和釀酒師的技術(shù)。橡木桶是發(fā)酵和培養(yǎng)葡萄酒的最經(jīng)典容器。其木材多孔,外界的氧氣緩緩滲入,包括酒精在內(nèi)的揮發(fā)物質(zhì)部分蒸發(fā),使酒變得更加細(xì)膩、芳香;橡木釋放出的辛香和單寧酸,給葡萄酒增添華美復(fù)合的潤飾,使酒質(zhì)不斷成熟、穩(wěn)定。米歇爾·愛德華在《紅葡萄酒鑒賞手冊》中指出,對于準(zhǔn)備長時間藏釀的優(yōu)質(zhì)紅酒,裝瓶前常需在新橡木桶中藏釀一定時間,新橡木的用量,視葡萄的品種、年份和葡萄酒的勁度、精致度而定,因為它“就如烹調(diào)中的鹽和胡椒粉一樣:少則增味,多則壞事”[6]。酒成熟以后就必須離桶、裝瓶,但無論裝瓶前的培養(yǎng)階段還是裝瓶后的貯藏期間,只要沒有飲用,酒窖都是葡萄酒最好的棲身之所,決定著葡萄酒的最終品質(zhì)。任何好酒都需要經(jīng)過較長時間的藏釀,葡萄酒在橡木桶中的陳化不是全部過程,要達(dá)到最佳飲用狀態(tài),更需要繼續(xù)貯存、陳化。酒窖的理想溫度是10℃～15℃,濕度是70%左右,要求背光、陰涼、通風(fēng)良好等,因此常常顯得陰暗、潮濕。置身于酒窖中的葡萄酒,常用軟橡木做瓶塞,瓶口稍微向下、橫放在酒架上,以防止瓶塞干燥開裂,影響葡萄酒的品質(zhì)。在整個釀酒過程中,釀酒師的技術(shù)貫穿始終,其高超技藝主要體現(xiàn)在對原料演變過程中的最佳時機把握上。當(dāng)葡萄成熟時,必須看準(zhǔn)時間盡快采摘、精心挑選,然后壓榨和取汁、使其直接發(fā)酵;而當(dāng)發(fā)酵過的酒裝入橡木桶培養(yǎng)以后,要定時、準(zhǔn)確查看桶中酒質(zhì)的變化,不能出現(xiàn)絲毫閃失;一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄酒在桶中培養(yǎng)成熟,就要立即裝瓶、小心貯藏,同時密切注意酒窖的狀況,為葡萄酒創(chuàng)造最好的貯藏環(huán)境。如果說,中國糧食酒的生命是各種原料組配、化合而成,釀造者如同一位化學(xué)大師的話,那么西方釀造葡萄酒,則是由胚胎孕育而成生命:葡萄好似孕育生命的胚胎,橡木桶如同母體,酒窖是使幼小生命成長、成熟的地方,而釀造者則是精心呵護(hù)生命成長、壯大的保育員。3 酒文化核心的差異在酒文化的核心上,中國人把酒當(dāng)作工具,意不在酒;西方人把酒看作藝術(shù)品,意就在酒。中國文化中重要的組成部分是道家文化。道家思想看重今生, ,要達(dá)到最佳飲用狀態(tài),更需要繼續(xù)貯存、陳化。酒窖的理想溫度是10℃～15℃,濕度是70%左右,要求背光、陰涼、通風(fēng)良好等,因此常常顯得陰暗、潮濕。置身于酒窖中的葡萄酒,常用軟橡木做瓶塞,瓶口稍微向下、橫放在酒架上,以防止瓶塞干燥開裂,影響葡萄酒的品質(zhì)。在整個釀酒過程中,釀酒師的技術(shù)貫穿始終,其高超技藝主要體現(xiàn)在對原料演變過程中的最佳時機把握上。當(dāng)葡萄成熟時,必須看準(zhǔn)時間盡快采摘、精心挑選,然后壓榨和取汁、使其直接發(fā)酵;而當(dāng)發(fā)酵過的酒裝入橡木桶培養(yǎng)以后,要定時、準(zhǔn)確查看桶中酒質(zhì)的變化,不能出現(xiàn)絲毫閃失;一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄酒在桶中培養(yǎng)成熟,就要立即裝瓶、小心貯藏,同時密切注意酒窖的狀況,為葡萄酒創(chuàng)造最好的貯藏環(huán)境。如果說,中國糧食酒的生命是各種原料組配、化合而成,釀造者如同一位化學(xué)大師的話,那么西方釀造葡萄酒,則是由胚胎孕育而成生命:葡萄好似孕育生命的胚胎,橡木桶如同母體,酒窖是使幼小生命成長、成熟的地方,而釀造者則是精心呵護(hù)生命成長、壯大的保育員。