第一篇：蓋特納演講全文

蓋特納演講全文：

中國處在令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位

[2009-06-02]

中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰(zhàn)，但你們處在一個(gè)令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位。而在世界大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退仍然嚴(yán)峻而危險(xiǎn)

美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納于6月1日上午在北京大學(xué)發(fā)發(fā)表演講，以下是其演講稿翻譯全文：

我很高興今天能再次來到中國，并在這個(gè)偉大的學(xué)校與你們見面。

我第一次來到中國和北京大學(xué)是在1981年的夏天，那時(shí)，我還是一名學(xué)習(xí)普通話的大學(xué)生。我與一些來自美國的研究生和本科生在這里。次年夏天，我又回到了北京師范大學(xué)。

我們學(xué)習(xí)相當(dāng)努力，并有幸與許多優(yōu)秀教授一起工作，他們中的一些人今天也在這里。我們走遍這座城市并在中國的華東地區(qū)旅行，我們不僅有機(jī)會(huì)了解你們的歷史和你們的抱負(fù)，還開始通過你們的眼睛看美國。

幾十年來，我們看到歷史上最不尋常的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的開始。中國正在蓬勃發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)改革帶來了收入的極快和持續(xù)提高。中國作為一個(gè)重要經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的崛起和更充分地融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，給美國和世界其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體帶來了實(shí)實(shí)在在的好處。

由于意識(shí)到積極、全面的合作關(guān)系符合我們的共同利益，胡錦濤主席和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在4月同意建立戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話機(jī)制?？肆诸D國務(wù)卿和我將于下個(gè)月在華盛頓主持我們與王（岐山）副總理和戴（秉國）國務(wù)委員的第一次會(huì)議。今天和明天，我將榮幸地出席在北京的一系列會(huì)見，為這次經(jīng)濟(jì)討論作準(zhǔn)備。

這些會(huì)見將使我們有機(jī)會(huì)討論經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，審視我們?cè)跒楦悠胶夂涂沙掷m(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的過程中，所共同面臨的長期挑戰(zhàn)，并探討我們共同關(guān)心的國際金融改革。

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)正在經(jīng)歷多年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

國際貨幣基金組織預(yù)測(cè)，今年世界經(jīng)濟(jì)將出現(xiàn)60多年來的首次萎縮。世界貿(mào)易的衰退很可能是自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來最嚴(yán)重的。與正常年份世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的潛在增長率相比，產(chǎn)出損失可達(dá)到3至4萬億美元。

面對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國和美國共同努力，幫助形成一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的全球戰(zhàn)略，遏制危機(jī)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)。這些努力，以及中國、美國和其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體所采取的強(qiáng)有力政策行動(dòng)的綜合效應(yīng)，已幫助減緩增長的惡化速度，修復(fù)金融系統(tǒng)和提升信心。

事實(shí)上，當(dāng)前危機(jī)與以往的區(qū)別，不僅在于其全球規(guī)模及嚴(yán)重程度，還在于全球反應(yīng)的范圍和速度。

在4月份的20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人倫敦會(huì)議上，我們商定了一個(gè)前所未有的協(xié)調(diào)的政策行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，以支持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，穩(wěn)定和修復(fù)金融體系，恢復(fù)對(duì)貿(mào)易和投資至關(guān)重要的信貸流動(dòng)，通過國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)來為新興市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體調(diào)動(dòng)財(cái)政資源，并保持貿(mào)易和投資市場的開放。

這項(xiàng)針對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇戰(zhàn)略的歷史性協(xié)定之所以達(dá)成，部分取決于中國和美國已經(jīng)出臺(tái)的政策行動(dòng)。

在危機(jī)加劇時(shí)，中國迅速出臺(tái)了強(qiáng)有力的增強(qiáng)國內(nèi)需求的投資和金融措施計(jì)劃。

在美國，新政府上任的第一周，我們就建立了一個(gè)全面的稅收優(yōu)惠和投資計(jì)劃──第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來和平時(shí)期最大的恢復(fù)努力，以幫助遏制私人需求的急劇下降。除了這些財(cái)政措施，我們還采取行動(dòng)減輕房地產(chǎn)市場的危機(jī)。我們出臺(tái)了一系列舉措，使更多的資金進(jìn)入銀行系統(tǒng)，并重新啟動(dòng)信貸市場。

這些舉措在世界各國采取類似舉措之后得到了加強(qiáng)。

與30年代的全球危機(jī)以及戰(zhàn)后各個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)相比，世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人這次采取了聯(lián)合行動(dòng)。他們行動(dòng)相對(duì)迅速。他們采取措施向最脆弱的經(jīng)濟(jì)體提供援助，盡管他們自身的國家也面臨著特殊的金融需求。他們致力于繼續(xù)開放市場，而不是退回到自我擊敗的歧視和保護(hù)措施中去。

他們承諾確保這一動(dòng)議計(jì)劃維持到復(fù)蘇基礎(chǔ)的牢固確立，而國際貨幣基金組織將密切監(jiān)測(cè)此承諾，這樣我們將能夠在20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人今年秋天在美國再次會(huì)晤時(shí)一起來評(píng)估。

我們開始看到一些改善的初步跡象。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退似乎失去力量。在美國，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)下跌步伐已經(jīng)放緩。家庭支出減少，但消費(fèi)者信心有所改善，消費(fèi)已開始恢復(fù)。房屋價(jià)格的下降正在放緩，未售出房屋的庫存已經(jīng)大幅下降。商品和服務(wù)的訂單有所提升。勞動(dòng)力市場的惡化速度已經(jīng)放緩，新申請(qǐng)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)已開始有所下降。

金融體系已開始恢復(fù)。我們對(duì)美國主要銀行的資本評(píng)估報(bào)告中所提供的澄清和披露信息，幫助提振信心，使需要資本的銀行可以向私人投資者融資，借款時(shí)無需擔(dān)保。證券市場，包括去年年底已基本停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的資產(chǎn)抵押證券市場已經(jīng)開始恢復(fù)。企業(yè)和家庭的信貸成本已大幅度。

這些都是重要的穩(wěn)定跡象，對(duì)我們將成功避免金融崩潰和全球性通貨緊縮的保證，但它們只是為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的第一步。修復(fù)和調(diào)整的過程還需時(shí)日。

中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰(zhàn)，但你們處在一個(gè)令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位。而在世界大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退仍然嚴(yán)峻而危險(xiǎn)。美國與許多國家一樣，企業(yè)和家庭正在經(jīng)歷幾十年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

金融系統(tǒng)的損害程度導(dǎo)致了重大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以至信貸供應(yīng)將會(huì)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。許多主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)銀行的限制將使他們很難完全補(bǔ)償基本的證券化市場機(jī)制所遭受的損害，包括對(duì)信貸評(píng)級(jí)喪失信心。在經(jīng)歷了漫長的時(shí)期金融機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)太多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R的可能是，即使根本經(jīng)濟(jì)條件開始改善，銀行和投資者可能只愿承擔(dān)太少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

經(jīng)過長期的相對(duì)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的儲(chǔ)蓄下降和家庭借貸大幅度增長，美國的消費(fèi)者支出，相對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇時(shí)期來說，將在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。

這些都是必要的調(diào)整。他們將需要更長的、較慢的復(fù)蘇過程，在各國以一種不同以往的未來增長模式。

在我們繼續(xù)處理當(dāng)前金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的同時(shí)，我們還要在恢復(fù)一旦確定時(shí)，重視為未來全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長和更加均衡奠定基礎(chǔ)。

成功地過渡到一個(gè)更加平衡和穩(wěn)定的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)，將需要對(duì)世界各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和金融監(jiān)管進(jìn)行非常重大的變革。但是，這些變革中的一些最重要的部分將不得不在美國和中國進(jìn)行。我們?cè)谌A盛頓和北京的成功程度，將對(duì)世界其他地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)命運(yùn)至關(guān)重要。美國政策的成效將部分取決于中國的，反之亦然。

雖然美國和中國從不同的位置開始，我們的許多國內(nèi)改革的挑戰(zhàn)是相似的。我們正在努力改革我們的衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)，提高教育質(zhì)量，重建我們的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并提高能源效率。我們認(rèn)為這些改革對(duì)提高我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)能力是必不可少的。這些挑戰(zhàn)也是你們改革的重中之重。

我們雙方都在對(duì)我們的金融體系進(jìn)行改革。在美國，我們的挑戰(zhàn)是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更穩(wěn)定、更具彈性的金融系統(tǒng)，為消費(fèi)者和投資者提供更強(qiáng)有力的保護(hù)。當(dāng)我們努力加強(qiáng)和重新設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)時(shí)，我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是維護(hù)我們金融體系的核心優(yōu)勢(shì)，也就是在適應(yīng)、創(chuàng)新以及使資本流向新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新公司方面的特殊能力。你們可以從學(xué)習(xí)我們的被當(dāng)前的危機(jī)證明具有如此破壞性的缺陷和我們的優(yōu)勢(shì)中獲益。

我們共同的挑戰(zhàn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)更加均衡的、可持續(xù)的全球復(fù)蘇將要求我們兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長構(gòu)成的變化。因此，我們的政策必須針對(duì)非常不同的結(jié)果

第二篇：美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納北京大學(xué)演講中英文

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and Growth

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and GrowthTreasury Secretary Timothy F.Geithner

Speech at Peking Universityto help arrest the sharp fall in private demand.Alongside these fiscal measures, we acted to ease the housing crisis.And we have put in place a series of initiatives to bring more capital into the banking system and to restart the credit markets.These actions have been reinforced by similar actions in countries around the world.In contrast to the global crisis of the 1930s and to the major economic crises of the postwar period, the leaders of the world acted together.They acted quickly.They took steps to provide assistance to the most vulnerable economies, even as they faced exceptional financial needs at home.They worked to keep their markets open, rather than r etreating into self-defeating measures of discrimination and protect ion.And they have committed to make sure this program of initiatives is sustained until the foundation for recovery is firmly established, a commitment the IMF will monitor closely, and that we will be able to uate together when the G-20 Leaders meet again in the United States this fall.We are starting to see some initial signs of improvement.The global recession seems to be losing force.In the United States, the pace of decline in economic activity has slowed.Households are saving more, but consumer confidence has improved, and spending is starting to recover.House prices are falling at a slower pace and the inventory of unsold homes has come down significantly.Orders for goods and services are somewhat stronger.The pace of deterioration in the labor market has slowed, and new claims for unemployment insurance have started to come down a bit.&nb sp;

The financial system is starting to heal.The clarity and disclosure provided by our capital assessment of major U.S.banks has helped improve market confidence in them, making it possible for banks that needed capital to raise it from private investors and to borrow without guarantees.The securities markets, including the asset backed securities markets that essentially stopped functioning late last year, have started to come back.The cost of credit has fallen substantially for businesses and for families as spreads and risk premia have narrowed.These are important signs of stability, and assurance that we will succeed in averting financial collapse and global deflation, but they represent only the first steps in laying the foundation for recovery.The process of repair and adjustment is going to take time.;

China, despite your own manifest challenges a s a developing country, you are in an enviably strong position.But in most economies, the recession is still powerful and dangerous.Business and households in the United States, as in many countries, are still experiencing the most challenging economic and financial pressures in decades.The plant closures, and company restructurings that the recession is causing are painful, and this process is not yet over.The fallout from these events has been brutally indiscriminant, affecting those with little or no responsibility for the events that now buffet them, as well as on some who played key roles in bringing about our troubles.The extent of the damage to financial systems entails significant risk that the supply of credit will be constrained for some time.The constraints on banks in many major economies will make it hard for them to compensate fully for the damage done to the basic machi nery of the securitization markets, including the loss of confidence in credit ratings.After a long period where financial institutions took on too much risk, we still face the possibility that banks and investors may take too little risk, even as the underlying economic conditions start to improve.And, after a long period of falling saving and substantial growth in household borrowing relative to GDP, consumer spending in the United States will be restrained for some time relative to what is typically the case in recoveries.These are necessary adjustments.They will entail a longer, slower process of recovery, with a very different pattern of future growth across countries than we have seen in the past several recoveries.Laying the Foundation for Future Growth

As we address this immediate financial and economic crisis, it is important that we also lay the foundations for more balanced, sustained growth of the global economy once this recovery is firmly established.A successful transition to a more balanced and stable global economy will require very substantial changes to economic policy and financial regulation around the world.But some of the most important of those changes will have to come in the United States and China.How successful we are in Washington and Beijing will be critically important to the economic fortunes of the rest of the world.The effectiveness of U.S.policies will depend in part on Chinas, and the effectiveness of yours on ours.Although the United States and China start from very different positions, many of our domestic challenges are similar.In the United States, we are working to reform our health care system, to improve the quality of education, to rebuild our infrastructure, and to improve energy efficiency.These reforms are essential to boosting the productive capacity of our economy.These challenges are at the center of your reform priorities, too.We are both working to reform our financial systems.In the United States, our challenge is to create a more stable and more resilient financial system, with stronger protections for consumer and investors.As we work to strengthen and redesign regulation to achieve these objectives, our challenge is to preserve the core strengths of our financial system, which are its exceptional capacity to adapt and innovate and to channel capital for investment in new technologies and innovative companies.You have the benefit of being able to learn from our shortcomings, which have proved so damaging in the present crisis, as well as f rom our strengths.Our common chall enge is to recognize that a more balanced and sustainable global recovery will require changes in the composition of growth in our two economies.Because of this, our policies have to be directed at very different outcomes.In the United States, saving rates will have to increase, and the purchases of U.S.consumers cannot be as dominant a driver of growth as they have been in the past.In China, as your leadership has recognized, growth that is sustainable growth will require a very substantial shift from external to domestic demand, from an investment and export intensive driven growth, to growth led by consumption.Strengthening domestic demand will also strengthen Chinas ability to weather fluctuations in global supply and demand.If we are successful on these respective paths, public and private saving in the United States will increase as recovery strengthens, and as this happens, our current account deficit will come down.And in China, domestic demand will rise at a faster rate than overall GDP, led by a gradual shift to higher rates of consumption.Globally, recovery will have come more from a shift by high saving economies to stronger domestic demand and less from the American consumer.The policy framework for a successful transition to this outcome is starting to take shape.In the United States, we are putting in place the foundations for restoring fiscal sustainability.The President in his initial budget to Congress made it clear that, as soon as recovery is firmly established, we are going to have to bring our fiscal deficit down to a level that is sustainable over the medium term.This will mean bringing the imbalance between our fiscal resources and expenditures down to the pointthe United States is committed to a strong and stable international financial system.The Obama Administration fully recognizes that the United States has a special responsibility to play in this regard, and we fully appreciate that exercising this special responsibility begins at home.As we recover from this unprecedented crisis, we will cut our fiscal deficit, we will eliminate the extraordinary governmental support that we have put in place to overcome the crisis, we will continue to preserve the openness of our economy, and we will resolutely maintain the policy framework necessary for durable and lasting sustained non-inflationary growth.In China, the challenge is fundamentally different, and at least as complex.Critical to the success of your efforts to shift future growth to domestic demand are measures to raise household incomes and to reduce the need that households feel to save large amounts for precautionary reasons or to pay for major expenditures like education.This involves strengthening the social safety net with health care reform and more complete public retirement systems, enacting financial reforms to help expand access to credit for households, and providing products that allow households to insure against risk.These efforts can be funded through the increased collection of dividends from state-owned enterprises.The structure of the Chinese economy will shift as domestic demand grows in importance, with a larger service sector, more emphasis on light industry, and less emphasis on heavy, capital intensive export and import-competing industries.The resulting growth will generate greater employment, and be less energy-intensive than the current structure of Chinese industry.Allowing the market, interest rates, and other prices to function to encourage the shift in production will be particularly important.An important part of this strategy is the governments commitment to continue progress toward a more flexible exchange rate regime.Greater exchange rate flexibility will help reinforce the shift in the composition of growth, encourage resource shifts to support domestic demand, and provide greater ability for monetary policy to achieve sustained growth with low inflation in the future.International Financial Reform

These are some of the most important domestic economic challenge we face, and these issues will be at the core of our agenda for economic cooperation.But I think it is important to underscore that we also have a very strong interest in working together to strengthen the framework for international economic and financial cooperation.Let me highlight three important areas.At the G-20 Leaders meeting, we committed to a series of actions to help reform and strengthen the international financial architecture.As part of this, we agreed to put in place a stronger framework of standards for supervision a nd regulation of the financial system.We expanded and strengthened the Financial Stability Forum, now renamed the Financial Stability Board.China and other major emerging economies are now full participants alongside the major financial centers, in this critical institution for cooperation.We will have the chance together to help redesign global standards for capital requirements, stronger oversight of global markets like derivatives, better tools for resolving future financial crises, and measures to reduce the opportunities for regulatory arbitrage.We also committed to an ambitious program of reform of the IMF and other international financial institutions.Our common objective is to reform the governance of these institutions to make them more representative of the shifting balance of economic and financial activity in the world, to strengthen their capacity to prevent future crisis, with stronger surveillance of macroeconomic, exchange rate, and financial policies, and to equip them with a stronger financial capacity to respond to future crises.We also committed to mobilize $500 billion in additional finance through the enlargement and membership expansion of the IMFs New Arrangements to Borrow in order to provide an insurance policy for the global financial system.As part of this process of reform, the United States will fully support having China play a role in the principal cooperative arrangements that help shape the international system, a role that is commensurate with Chinas importance in the global economy.I believe that a greater role for China is necessary for China, for the effectiveness of the international financial institutions themselves, and for the world economy.China is already too important to the global economy not to hav e a full seat at the international table, helping to define the policies that are critical to the effective functioning of the international financial system.Second, we must cooperate to assure that the global trade and investment environment remains open, and that opportunities continue to expand.As economies have become more open and more closely integrated, global economic growth has been stronger and more broad-based, bringing increasing numbers out of poverty, and turning developing nations into major emerging markets.The global commitment to trade liberalization and increasingly open investment played a critical role in this process ¨C in the industrialized world, in East Asia, and, since 1978, in China.As we go through the severe stresses of this crisis, we must not turn our backs on open trade and investment-for ourselves and for those who have yet to experience the fruits of growth and development.The United States, China, and the other members of the G20 have committed to not resort to protectionist measures by raising trade and investment barriers and to work toward a successful conclusion to the Doha Development Round.And third, one of the most critical long-term challenges that we both face is climate change.Individually and collectively, there is an urgent need to ensure that each and every country takes meaningful action to deal with this threat.Reducing land and forest degradation, conserving energy, and using clean technology are important objectives that complement both our efforts to achieve a new, sustainable pattern of growth and our goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.China and the United States already are working closely through the Strategic and Economic Dialogue in areas such as clean transportation, clean and efficient production of electricity, and the reduction of air and water pollution.We must continue these efforts for the sake of our natio ns and the planet.Conclusion In the last few years the frequency, intensity, and importance of U.S.-China economic engagements have multiplied.The U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue that President Obama and President Hu initiated in April is the next stage in that process.I look forward to welcoming Vice Premier Wang, State Councilor Dai and their colleagues to Washington to participate in the first meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue.Our engagement should be conducted with mutual respect for the traditions, values, and interests of China and the United States.We will make a joint effort in a concerted way 同心協(xié)力.We should understand that we each have a very strong stake in the health and the succes s of each others economy.China and the United States individually, and together, are so important in the global economy and financial system that what we do has a direct impact on the stability and strength of the international economic system.Other nations have a legitimate interest in our policies and the ways in which we work together, and we each have an obligation to ensure that our policies and actions promote the health and stability of the global economy and financial system.We come together because we have shared interests and responsibilities.We also have our own national interests.I will be a strong advocate for U.S.interests, just as I expect my counterparts to represent China?ˉs.China has benefited hugely from open trade and investment, and the ability to greatly increase its exports to the rest of the world.In turn, we expect incre ased opportunities to export to and invest in the Chinese economy.We want China to succeed and prosper.Chinese growth and expanding Chinese demand is a tremendous opportunity for U.S.firms and workers, just as it is in China and the rest of the world.Global problems will not be solved without U.S.-China cooperation.That goes for the entire range of issues that face our world from economic recovery and financial repair to climate change and energy policy.I look forward to working with you cooperatively, and in a spirit of mutual respect.美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納于6月1日在北京大學(xué)發(fā)表了演講，談到了美中合作對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和增長的重要性。以下是其演講稿的中文翻譯。以英文原文為準(zhǔn)，中文翻譯僅供參考。

《美中兩國為復(fù)蘇和增長的合作》

我很高興今天能再次來到中國，并在這個(gè)偉大的學(xué)校與你們見面。

我第一次來到中國和北京大學(xué)是在1981年的夏天，那時(shí)，我還是一名學(xué)習(xí)普通話的大學(xué)生。我與一些來自美國的研究生和本科生在這里。次年夏天，我又回到了北京師范大學(xué)。

我們學(xué)習(xí)相當(dāng)努力，并有幸與許多優(yōu)秀教授一起工作，他們中的一些人今天也在這里。我們走遍這座城市并在中國的華東地區(qū)旅行，我們不僅有機(jī)會(huì)了解你們的歷史和你們的抱負(fù)，還開始通過你們的眼睛看美國。

幾十年來，我們看到歷史上最不尋常的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的開始。中國正在蓬勃發(fā)展。經(jīng)濟(jì)改革帶來了收入的極快和持續(xù)提高。中國作為一個(gè)重要經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的崛起和更充分地融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，給美國和世界其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體帶來了實(shí)實(shí)在在的好處。

由于認(rèn)識(shí)到積極、合作和全面的關(guān)系符合我們的共同利益，胡錦濤主席(圖庫 論壇)和奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在4月同意建立戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話機(jī)制?？肆诸D國務(wù)卿和我將于下個(gè)月在華盛頓主持我們與王岐山副總理和戴秉國國務(wù)委員的第一次會(huì)議。今天和明天，我將榮幸地出席在北京的一系列會(huì)見，為這次經(jīng)濟(jì)討論作準(zhǔn)備。

這些會(huì)見將使我們有機(jī)會(huì)討論經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)，審視我們?cè)跒楦悠胶夂涂沙掷m(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的過程中，所共同面臨的長期挑戰(zhàn)，并探討我們共同關(guān)心的國際金融改革。

目前的挑戰(zhàn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

世界經(jīng)濟(jì)正在經(jīng)歷多年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

國際貨幣基金組織預(yù)測(cè)，今年世界經(jīng)濟(jì)將出現(xiàn)60多年來的首次萎縮。世界貿(mào)易的衰退很可能是自第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來最嚴(yán)重的。與正常年份世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的潛在增長率相比，產(chǎn)出損失可達(dá)到3至4萬億美元。

面對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國和美國共同努力，幫助形成一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的全球戰(zhàn)略，遏制危機(jī)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)。這些努力，以及中國、美國和其他主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體所采取的強(qiáng)有力政策行動(dòng)的綜合效應(yīng)，已幫助減緩增長的惡化速度，修復(fù)金融系統(tǒng)和提升信心。

事實(shí)上，當(dāng)前危機(jī)與以往的區(qū)別，不僅在于其全球規(guī)模及嚴(yán)重程度，還在于全球反應(yīng)的范圍和速度。

在4月份的20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人倫敦會(huì)議上，我們商定了一個(gè)前所未有的協(xié)調(diào)的政策行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，以支持經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，穩(wěn)定和修復(fù)金融體系，恢復(fù)對(duì)貿(mào)易和投資至關(guān)重要的信貸流動(dòng)，通過國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)來為新興市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體調(diào)動(dòng)財(cái)政資源，并保持貿(mào)易和投資市場的開放。

這項(xiàng)針對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇戰(zhàn)略的歷史性協(xié)定之所以達(dá)成，部分取決于中國和美國已經(jīng)出臺(tái)的政策行動(dòng)。

在危機(jī)加劇時(shí)，中國迅速出臺(tái)了強(qiáng)有力的增強(qiáng)國內(nèi)需求的投資和金融措施計(jì)劃。

在美國，新政府上任的第一周，我們就建立了一個(gè)全面的稅收優(yōu)惠和投資計(jì)劃──第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來和平時(shí)期最大的恢復(fù)努力，以幫助遏制私人需求的急劇下降。除了這些財(cái)政措施，我們還采取行動(dòng)減輕住房危機(jī)。我們出臺(tái)了一系列舉措，使更多的資金進(jìn)入銀行系統(tǒng)，并重新啟動(dòng)信貸市場。

這些舉措在世界各國采取類似舉措之后得到了加強(qiáng)。

與30年代的全球危機(jī)以及戰(zhàn)后各個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)相比，世界各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人這次采取了聯(lián)合行動(dòng)。他們行動(dòng)相對(duì)迅速。他們采取措施向最脆弱的經(jīng)濟(jì)體提供援助，盡管他們自身的國家也面臨著特殊的金融需求。他們致力于繼續(xù)開放市場，而不是退回到自我擊敗的歧視和保護(hù)措施中去。

他們承諾確保這一動(dòng)議計(jì)劃維持到復(fù)蘇基礎(chǔ)的牢固確立，而國際貨幣基金組織將密切監(jiān)測(cè)此承諾，這樣我們將能夠在20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人今年秋天在美國再次會(huì)晤時(shí)一起來評(píng)估。

我們開始看到一些改善的初步跡象。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退似乎失去力量。在美國，經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)下跌步伐已經(jīng)放緩。家庭節(jié)省更多，但消費(fèi)者信心有所改善，消費(fèi)已開始恢復(fù)。房屋價(jià)格的下降正在放緩，未售出房屋的庫存已經(jīng)大幅下降。商品和服務(wù)的訂單有所提升。勞動(dòng)力市場的惡化速度已經(jīng)放緩，新申請(qǐng)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的人數(shù)已開始有所下降。

金融體系已開始恢復(fù)。我們對(duì)美國主要銀行的資本評(píng)估報(bào)告中所提供的澄清和披露信息，幫助提振信心，使需要資本的銀行可以向私人投資者融資，借款時(shí)無需擔(dān)保。證券市場，包括去年年底已基本停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的資產(chǎn)抵押證券市場已經(jīng)開始恢復(fù)。企業(yè)和家庭的信貸成本已大幅度下降，因?yàn)槔詈惋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)已經(jīng)縮小。

這些都是重要的穩(wěn)定跡象，對(duì)我們將成功避免金融崩潰和全球性通貨緊縮的保證，但它們只是為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇奠定基礎(chǔ)的第一步。修復(fù)和調(diào)整的過程還需時(shí)日。

中國作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家盡管有你們自己的明顯挑戰(zhàn)，但你們處在一個(gè)令人羨慕的強(qiáng)勢(shì)地位。而在世界大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退仍然嚴(yán)峻而危險(xiǎn)。美國與許多國家一樣，企業(yè)和家庭正在經(jīng)歷幾十年來最具挑戰(zhàn)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政壓力。

金融系統(tǒng)的損害程度導(dǎo)致了重大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以至信貸供應(yīng)將會(huì)在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。許多主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)銀行的限制將使他們很難完全補(bǔ)償基本的證券化市場機(jī)制所遭受的損害，包括對(duì)信貸評(píng)級(jí)喪失信心。在經(jīng)歷了漫長的時(shí)期金融機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)太多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后，我們?nèi)匀幻媾R的可能是，即使根本經(jīng)濟(jì)條件開始改善，銀行和投資者可能只愿承擔(dān)太少風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

經(jīng)過長期的相對(duì)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的儲(chǔ)蓄下降和家庭借貸大幅度增長，美國的消費(fèi)者支出，相對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇時(shí)期來說，將在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)受到限制。

這些都是必要的調(diào)整。他們將需要更長的、較慢的復(fù)蘇過程，在各國以一種不同以往的未來增長模式。為未來的發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)

在我們繼續(xù)處理當(dāng)前金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的同時(shí)，我們還要在恢復(fù)一旦確定時(shí)，重視為未來全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)增長和更加均衡奠定基礎(chǔ)。

成功地過渡到一個(gè)更加平衡和穩(wěn)定的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)，將需要對(duì)世界各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和金融監(jiān)管進(jìn)行非常重大的變革。但是，這些變革中的一些最重要的部分將不得不在美國和中國進(jìn)行。我們?cè)谌A盛頓和北京的成功程度，將對(duì)世界其他地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)命運(yùn)至關(guān)重要。美國政策的成效將部分取決于中國的，反之亦然。

雖然美國和中國從不同的位置開始，我們的許多國內(nèi)改革的挑戰(zhàn)是相似的。我們正在努力改革我們的衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)，提高教育質(zhì)量，重建我們的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并提高能源效率。我們認(rèn)為這些改革對(duì)提高我們經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)能力是必不可少的。這些挑戰(zhàn)也是你們改革的重中之重。

我們雙方都在對(duì)我們的金融體系進(jìn)行改革。在美國，我們的挑戰(zhàn)是創(chuàng)建一個(gè)更穩(wěn)定、更具彈性的金融系統(tǒng)，為消費(fèi)者和投資者提供更強(qiáng)有力的保護(hù)。當(dāng)我們努力加強(qiáng)和重新設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)時(shí)，我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是維護(hù)我們金融體系的核心優(yōu)勢(shì)，也就是在適應(yīng)、創(chuàng)新以及使資本流向新技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新公司方面的特殊能力。你們可以從學(xué)習(xí)我們的被當(dāng)前的危機(jī)證明具有如此破壞性的缺陷和我們的優(yōu)勢(shì)中獲益。

我們共同的挑戰(zhàn)是要認(rèn)識(shí)到一個(gè)更加均衡的、可持續(xù)的全球復(fù)蘇將要求我們兩個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長構(gòu)成的變化。因此，我們的政策必須針對(duì)非常不同的結(jié)果。

在美國，儲(chǔ)蓄率將不得不上升，同時(shí)美國消費(fèi)者的購買不可能再像過去那樣作為增長的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

在中國，正如你們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到的，可持續(xù)的增長將要求一個(gè)非常重大的從外部需求到國內(nèi)需求、從投資和出口密集型增長到消費(fèi)導(dǎo)向型增長的轉(zhuǎn)變。

如果我們?cè)诟髯缘穆窂缴铣晒?，隨著復(fù)蘇增強(qiáng)，美國的公共和私人儲(chǔ)蓄將上升，并且隨之，我們的經(jīng)常賬戶赤字將減少。在中國，由于消費(fèi)比例的逐步轉(zhuǎn)高，中國的國內(nèi)需求將以快于整體GDP的速度增長。

在全球，復(fù)蘇將更多依靠高儲(chǔ)蓄經(jīng)濟(jì)體轉(zhuǎn)向更強(qiáng)的國內(nèi)需求，而更少依靠美國消費(fèi)者。

為順利過渡到這一結(jié)果的政策框架已經(jīng)開始形成。

在美國，我們正在建設(shè)恢復(fù)財(cái)政可持續(xù)性的基礎(chǔ)。

總統(tǒng)在給國會(huì)的初步預(yù)算中明確，一旦復(fù)蘇牢固確立，我們將必須削減財(cái)政赤字到一個(gè)中期可持續(xù)的水平。這意味著將我們的財(cái)政資源與支出之間的不平衡減少到這樣一點(diǎn)——大約GDP的百分之三——使公共債務(wù)占GDP的整體水平處于明確的下降路徑。我們的復(fù)興法案中提到的用以增強(qiáng)私人需求的暫時(shí)投資和稅收優(yōu)惠政策將到期，自由決定的支出將不得不回落到一個(gè)相對(duì)GDP更加適度的水平，并且我們將不得不非常有紀(jì)律的通過恢復(fù)預(yù)算紀(jì)律，例如現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制度，來限制未來的承諾。

同時(shí)，作為我們長期財(cái)政健康的關(guān)鍵，我們必須進(jìn)行全面的衛(wèi)生保健改革，以降低衛(wèi)生保健成本的增長，這些成本是我們長期財(cái)政赤字的主要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

總統(tǒng)還建議了鼓勵(lì)私人儲(chǔ)蓄的步驟，包括通過自動(dòng)注冊(cè)退休儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶。

除了這些財(cái)政行動(dòng)，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)我們的政策以解決金融危機(jī)，從而謹(jǐn)慎的最小化納稅人的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并且一旦條件許可就允許有序的退出或解除。在所有財(cái)政部、美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)和聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司設(shè)立的各種金融機(jī)構(gòu)中，我們一直在謹(jǐn)慎地確定經(jīng)濟(jì)條款水平，以便當(dāng)條件正常化、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)溢價(jià)消退時(shí)對(duì)這些機(jī)構(gòu)的需求將會(huì)淡出。一旦條件允許，銀行有強(qiáng)烈的動(dòng)機(jī)用私人資本替換公共資本。

在中國，挑戰(zhàn)有根本的不同，但至少一樣復(fù)雜。

成功實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向國內(nèi)需求推動(dòng)未來增長的關(guān)鍵是增加居民收入和減少因?yàn)榉烙蚝陀糜诶缃逃闹饕С龅仁咕用裼X得需要大量儲(chǔ)蓄的需求。這包括增強(qiáng)社會(huì)保障體系包括衛(wèi)生保健改革和更完善的公共退休系統(tǒng)，實(shí)施金融改革以幫助擴(kuò)大居民的信用獲得并提供產(chǎn)品幫助居民防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

當(dāng)國內(nèi)需求的重要性增加的時(shí)候，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)將轉(zhuǎn)變，更大的服務(wù)業(yè)，更強(qiáng)調(diào)輕工業(yè)，并減少強(qiáng)調(diào)重工業(yè)、資本密集出口和進(jìn)口競爭產(chǎn)業(yè)。由此帶來的增長將產(chǎn)生更多的就業(yè)，和較目前中國經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)更少的能源密集。允許市場、利率和其他價(jià)格發(fā)揮作用以鼓勵(lì)生產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變是至關(guān)重要的。

這一策略的一個(gè)重要部分是政府承諾將繼續(xù)向更靈活的匯率政策推進(jìn)。更大的匯率靈活性將幫助加強(qiáng)增長構(gòu)成的轉(zhuǎn)變，鼓勵(lì)資源向支持國內(nèi)需求轉(zhuǎn)移，并提供貨幣政策更大的能力，以實(shí)現(xiàn)將來的持續(xù)增長和低通貨膨脹率。

國際金融改革

我們正面對(duì)一些最重要的國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)，而這些問題將是我們經(jīng)濟(jì)合作議程的核心。

但是我想重要的是要強(qiáng)調(diào)我們也有非常強(qiáng)烈的意愿一道努力，以加強(qiáng)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融合作的框架。

讓我強(qiáng)調(diào)三個(gè)重要方面。

在20國集團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人會(huì)議上，我們承諾采取一系列行動(dòng)以幫助改革和加強(qiáng)國際金融架構(gòu)。

作為其中的一部分，我們同意出臺(tái)一個(gè)更強(qiáng)的對(duì)金融體系進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和管理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)框架。我們擴(kuò)大和加強(qiáng)了金融穩(wěn)定論壇，現(xiàn)在更名為金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)。中國和其他主要新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體現(xiàn)在正與主要金融中心一起全面參與這個(gè)關(guān)鍵機(jī)構(gòu)中的合作。我們將有機(jī)會(huì)一起幫助重新設(shè)計(jì)資本要求的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，更好的監(jiān)督全球市場，例如衍生品，更好的工具來解決未來金融危機(jī)，以及更好的措施以減少監(jiān)管套利的機(jī)會(huì)。

我們也承諾了一個(gè)雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃以改革國際貨幣基金組織和其他國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)。我們共同的目標(biāo)是要改革這些機(jī)構(gòu)的治理，以使他們更多的代表世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融活動(dòng)的平衡轉(zhuǎn)變，以增強(qiáng)他們預(yù)防未來危機(jī)的能力，并使他們具備更強(qiáng)的金融能力以應(yīng)對(duì)未來的危機(jī)。通過國際貨幣基金組織的新貸款協(xié)議的擴(kuò)大和成員增加，我們承諾動(dòng)員5000億美元額外資金，用于為全球金融體系提供一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)政策。

作為這個(gè)改革進(jìn)程的一部分，美國將全面支持中國在旨在幫助塑造國際體系的主要合作協(xié)議中發(fā)揮作用，中國的作用應(yīng)與其在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中重要性相稱。

我相信中國發(fā)揮更大的作用對(duì)中國，對(duì)國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)本身的效率，以及對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)都是必要的。

中國對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)太重要了，不能在國際談判桌沒有一個(gè)用以幫助確定作為國際金融體系有效功能關(guān)鍵的政策的完整席位。

第二，我們必須合作以確保全球貿(mào)易和投資環(huán)境保持開放，并且那種機(jī)會(huì)繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)變得越來越開放、越來越緊密地一體化，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長變得更強(qiáng)也具有更廣泛基礎(chǔ)，使更多的人脫離貧困，并使發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾屡d市場。全球貿(mào)易自由化的承諾和增加的自由投資在這個(gè)進(jìn)程中起關(guān)鍵作用 口 在工業(yè)化世界，在東亞，在1978年后的中國。當(dāng)我們面對(duì)這次危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重壓力，我們不應(yīng)該背棄自由貿(mào)易和投資 口為我們自己，也為那些還沒有享受到增長和發(fā)展的果實(shí)的人們。美國、中國和20國集團(tuán)的其他成員承諾不采取增加貿(mào)易和投資壁壘的保護(hù)主義措施并將努力實(shí)現(xiàn)多哈發(fā)展議程的成功結(jié)論。

第三，我們共同面對(duì)的最緊要的長期挑戰(zhàn)之一是氣候變化。減少土地和森林退化、節(jié)約能源和使用清潔能源技術(shù)是重要的目標(biāo)，補(bǔ)充了我們建立新的、可持續(xù)增長模式的努力和我們減少溫室氣體排放的目標(biāo)。中國和美國已經(jīng)通過戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話在諸多領(lǐng)域緊密合作，例如清潔運(yùn)輸，電力的清潔、有效生產(chǎn)，以及空氣和水污染的減少。為了我們的國家和這個(gè)星球，我們必須繼續(xù)這些努力。

結(jié)論：

在過去幾年中美中經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的頻率、強(qiáng)度和重要性都成倍增加。奧巴馬總統(tǒng)和胡主席在四月份動(dòng)議的美中戰(zhàn)略和經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話是該進(jìn)程的下一個(gè)階段。我期盼著歡迎王(岐山)副總理、戴(秉國)國務(wù)委員和他們的同事到華盛頓參加對(duì)話的第一次會(huì)議。

我們的交往應(yīng)互相尊重中美的傳統(tǒng)、價(jià)值和利益。我們將同心協(xié)力。我們應(yīng)該理解我們都擁有很強(qiáng)的對(duì)彼此經(jīng)濟(jì)健康和成功的利益。

中國和美國，各自以及共同，對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融系統(tǒng)如此重要，我們對(duì)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的穩(wěn)定和強(qiáng)健有直接的影響。其他國家對(duì)我們的政策和我們合作的方式都有合法權(quán)益，并且我們每個(gè)都有義務(wù)確保我們的政策和行動(dòng)促進(jìn)了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)和金融系統(tǒng)的健康和穩(wěn)定。

我們走到一起，因?yàn)槲覀冇泄餐睦婧拓?zé)任。我們也有我們各自國家的利益。我將極力主張美國的利益，正如我希望我的對(duì)方代表中國的利益一樣。中國已經(jīng)從開放的貿(mào)易和投資中獲得了巨大的利益，并有能力極大的增加她從世界其他地區(qū)的出口。反過來，我們希望更多機(jī)會(huì)出口到中國和投資中國經(jīng)濟(jì)。

我希望中國成功和繁榮。中國的增長和中國需求的擴(kuò)大為美國的公司和工人帶來了大量的機(jī)會(huì)，正如在中國和世界其他地區(qū)發(fā)生的那樣。

離開美中合作，全球問題將得不到解決。這包括我們世界面臨的所有問題，從經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和金融修復(fù)到氣候變化和能源政策。

我期望和你們一起努力合作，并本著相互尊重的精神。

第三篇：美國財(cái)政部長蓋特納北京大學(xué)演講中英文全文

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and Growth

The United States and China, Cooperating for Recovery and GrowthTreasury Secretary Timothy F.Geithner

Speech at peking Universityto help arrest the sharp fall in private demand.Alongside these fiscal measures, we acted to ease the housing crisis.And we have put in place a series of initiatives to bring more capital into the banking system and to restart the credit markets.These actions have been reinforced by similar actions in countries around the world.In contrast to the global crisis of the 1930s and to the major economic crises of the postwar period, the leaders of the world acted together.They acted quickly.They took steps to provide assistance to the most vulnerable economies, even as they faced exceptional financial needs at home.They worked to keep their markets open, rather than r etreating into self-defeating measures of discrimination and protect ion.And they have committed to make sure this program of initiatives is sustained until the foundation for recovery is firmly established, a commitment the IMF will monitor closely, and that we will be able to uate together when the G-20 Leaders meet again in the United States this fall.We are starting to see some initial signs of improvement.The global recession seems to be losing force.In the United States, the pace of decline in economic activity has slowed.Households are saving more, but consumer confidence has improved, and spending is starting to recover.House prices are falling at a slower pace and the inventory of unsold homes has come down significantly.Orders for goods and services are somewhat stronger.The pace of deterioration in the labor market has slowed, and new claims for unemployment insurance have started to come down a bit.&nb sp;

The financial system is starting to heal.The clarity and disclosure provided by our capital assessment of major U.S.banks has helped improve market confidence in them, making it possible for banks that needed capital to raise it from private investors and to borrow without guarantees.The securities markets, including the asset backed securities markets that essentially stopped functioning late last year, have started to come back.The cost of credit has fallen substantially for businesses and for families as spreads and risk premia have narrowed.These are important signs of stability, and assurance that we will succeed in averting financial collapse and global deflation, but they represent only the first steps in laying the foundation for recovery.The process of repair and adjustment is going to take time.;

China, despite your own manifest challenges a s a developing country, you are in an enviably strong position.But in most economies, the recession is still powerful and dangerous.Business and households in the United States, as in many countries, are still experiencing the most challenging economic and financial pressures in decades.The plant closures, and company restructurings that the recession is causing are painful, and this process is not yet over.The fallout from these events has been brutally indiscriminant, affecting those with little or no responsibility for the events that now buffet them, as well as on some who played key roles in bringing about our troubles.The extent of the damage to financial systems entails significant risk that the supply of credit will be constrained for some time.The constraints on banks in many major economies will make it hard for them to compensate fully for the damage done to the basic machi nery of the securitization markets, including the loss of confidence in credit ratings.After a long period where financial institutions took on too much risk, we still face the possibility that banks and investors may take too little risk, even as the underlying economic conditions start to improve.And, after a long period of falling saving and substantial growth in household borrowing relative to GDp, consumer spending in the United States will be restrained for some time relative to what is typically the case in recoveries.These are necessary adjustments.They will entail a longer, slower process of recovery, with a very different pattern of future growth across countries than we have seen in the past several recoveries.Laying the Foundation for Future Growth

As we address this immediate financial and economic crisis, it is important that we also lay the foundations for more balanced, sustained growth of the global economy once this recovery is firmly established.A successful transition to a more balanced and stable global economy will require very substantial changes to economic policy and financial regulation around the world.But some of the most important of those changes will have to come in the United States and China.How successful we are in Washington and Beijing will be critically important to the economic fortunes of the rest of the world.The effectiveness of U.S.policies will depend in part on Chinas, and the effectiveness of yours on ours.Although the United States and China start from very different positions, many of our domestic challenges are similar.In the United States, we are working to reform our health care system, to improve the quality of education, to rebuild our infrastructure, and to improve energy efficiency.These reforms are essential to boosting the productive capacity of our economy.These challenges are at the center of your reform priorities, too.We are both working to reform our financial systems.In the United States, our challenge is to create a more stable and more resilient financial system, with stronger protections for consumer and investors.As we work to strengthen and redesign regulation to achieve these objectives, our challenge is to preserve the core strengths of our financial system, which are its exceptional capacity to adapt and innovate and to channel capital for investment in new technologies and innovative companies.You have the benefit of being able to learn from our shortcomings, which have proved so damaging in the present crisis, as well as f rom our strengths.Our common chall enge is to recognize that a more balanced and sustainable global recovery will require changes in the composition of growth in our two economies.Because of this, our policies have to be directed at very different outcomes.In the United States, saving rates will have to increase, and the purchases of U.S.consumers cannot be as dominant a driver of growth as they have been in the past.In China, as your leadership has recognized, growth that is sustainable growth will require a very substantial shift from external to domestic demand, from an investment and export intensive driven growth, to growth led by consumption.Strengthening domestic demand will also strengthen Chinas ability to weather fluctuations in global supply and demand.If we are successful on these respective paths, public and private saving in the United States will increase as recovery strengthens, and as this happens, our current account deficit will come down.And in China, domestic demand will rise at a faster rate than overall GDp, led by a gradual shift to higher rates of consumption.Globally, recovery will have come more from a shift by high saving economies to stronger domestic demand and less from the American consumer.The policy framework for a successful transition to this outcome is starting to take shape.In the United States, we are putting in place the foundations for restoring fiscal sustainability.The president in his initial budget to Congress made it clear that, as soon as recovery is firmly established, we are going to have to bring our fiscal deficit down to a level that is sustainable over the medium term.This will mean bringing the imbalance between our fiscal resources and expenditures down to the point-roughly three percent of GDp--wh ere the overall level of public debt to GDp is definitively on a dow nward path.The temporary investments and tax incentives we put in place in the Recovery Act to strengthen private demand will have to expire, discretionary spending will have to fall back to a more modest level relative to GDp, and we will have to be very disciplined in limiting future commitments through the reintroduction of budget disciplines, such as pay-as-you go rules.The president also looks forward to working with Congress to further reduce our long-run fiscal deficit.And, critical to our long-term fiscal health, we have to put in place comprehensive health care reform that will bring down the growth in health care costs, costs that are the principal driver of our long run fiscal deficit.The president has also proposed steps to encourage private saving, including through automatic enrollment in retirement savings accounts.xiexiebang.com范文網(wǎng)(FANWEN.CHAZIDIAN.COM)

第四篇：財(cái)長蓋特納第四輪美中戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話開幕致辭（本站推薦）

財(cái)長蓋特納第四輪美中戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話開幕致辭

Remarks by Secretary Geithner At the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Strategic and Economic Dialogue(S&ED)May 3, 2012 Beijing, China

美國財(cái)長蓋特納在第四輪美中戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話開幕式上的致辭 2012年5月3日 中國北京

I would like to express our appreciation to President Hu, Vice Premier Wang, Councilor Dai, and their colleagues for welcoming us to Beijing.我要對(duì)胡主席、王副總理、戴國務(wù)委員及其同事們歡迎我們來到北京表示我們的感謝。

I would particularly like to thank Vice Premier Wang.The Vice Premier combines a broad strategic perspective with a well-deserved reputation as a highly effective problem solver--a rare combination.He is a fierce defender of China’s interests and dedicated to building a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive bilateral economic relationship with the United States.我特別要感謝王副總理。王副總理既有廣闊的戰(zhàn)略視野，又當(dāng)之無愧地贏得了解決問題能手的美譽(yù)——這兩種特質(zhì)集于一身實(shí)屬少見。他堅(jiān)定不移地捍衛(wèi)中國的利益，不遺余力地推動(dòng)與美國的積極、合作和全面的雙邊經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系。

We convened the first Strategic & Economic Dialogue three years ago in the depth of the most serious threat to the global economy and financial system in decades.We worked together to put out the fires of the global financial crisis, and today the world is better for it.We have worked to address the inevitable problems in our economic relationship in a constructive manner and with mutual respect.And both of our nations are better for it.三年前，我們?cè)谌蚪?jīng)濟(jì)和金融體系面臨幾十年來最嚴(yán)重威脅的時(shí)刻召開了第一次戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話。我們共同努力撲滅了全球金融危機(jī)的大火，如今，世界因此而變得更好。我們共同努力，以建設(shè)性的方式、本著相互尊重的精神、解決兩國經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系中各種不可避免的問題。我們兩國因此而變得更好。

The diversity of the economic issues we address in this Dialogue reflects the breadth and importance of our relationship.We don’t always agree, but we share strong common interests, and we recognize that promoting these common interests requires cooperation and commitment from both sides.我們?cè)谶@一對(duì)話中所要解決的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的多樣性反映了兩國關(guān)系的廣度和重要性。我們并不總是意見一致，但我們有重大的共同利益，我們認(rèn)識(shí)到，促進(jìn)這些共同利益需要雙方的合作與承諾。

As two of the world’s largest trading nations, we both depend on an open global trading system in which workers and companies compete on a level playing field.We have a common interest in promoting productivity growth through research and innovation, by protecting intellectual property and open markets.We have a mutual interest in building a global financial system that is more stable and less prone to crisis.作為世界上兩個(gè)最大的貿(mào)易國家，我們兩國都依賴于工人與企業(yè)能夠開展公平競爭的開放的全球貿(mào)易體系。我們?cè)谕ㄟ^科研和創(chuàng)新、保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和開放市場來促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力增長方面有著共同的利益。我們?cè)诮⒁粋€(gè)更加穩(wěn)定、不易遭遇危機(jī)的全球金融體系方面有著共同的利益。

Because of the size and importance of our two economies, we also have a shared responsibility for the global economy.As we have worked to promote economic reforms in the United States and China, we have worked together to strengthen and reform the IMF and the World Bank and to mobilize more resources to support development in the world’s poorest countries.We have worked together to support Europe’s efforts to better manage its financial crisis.We have worked to build new mechanisms for cooperation on international economic and financial issues in the G-20 and the Financial Stability Board.由于我們兩大經(jīng)濟(jì)體的規(guī)模和重要性，我們還對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)承擔(dān)著共同的責(zé)任。我們?cè)谂Υ龠M(jìn)美中兩國的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革之時(shí)，又共同努力加強(qiáng)國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）和世界銀行（World Bank）并推動(dòng)其改革，調(diào)動(dòng)更多的資源支持世界最貧窮國家的發(fā)展。我們還進(jìn)行合作，支持歐洲更好管理其金融危機(jī)的努力。我們協(xié)力在20國集團(tuán)（G-20）和金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)內(nèi)建立國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與金融問題上新的合作機(jī)制。

We meet at a time of risk and challenge in the global economy, and we both face considerable economic challenges at home.我們?cè)谌蚪?jīng)濟(jì)面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與挑戰(zhàn)的時(shí)刻舉行會(huì)議，我們兩國都面臨著嚴(yán)峻的國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)。

In the United States, we are making progress in repairing the damage from the financial crisis and putting in place a stronger foundation for future economic growth.We are putting in place a comprehensive program of economic reforms to improve education, increase investments in scientific research and innovation, improve incentives for private investment, and reform the financial system.And we are working to legislate a comprehensive program of reforms to restore fiscal sustainability, building on tough, 10-year spending cuts we put in place last summer.While there is still a long way to go to recover from the financial crisis, the economic expansion in the United States is now more broad based and resilient, and we are significantly more advanced than are the other major developed economies in addressing the imbalances that helped cause our crisis.在美國，我們?cè)谛迯?fù)金融危機(jī)造成的破壞和建立未來經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展更堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)方面正在取得進(jìn)展。我們制定了全面的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革計(jì)劃，以改進(jìn)教育、增加科研創(chuàng)新投資、改善鼓勵(lì)私人投資的措施和改革金融體系。我們?cè)谂νㄟ^立法制定改革計(jì)劃，以恢復(fù)財(cái)政穩(wěn)定，在我們?nèi)ツ晗奶熘贫ǖ拇蟮堕煾鳒p支出的10年計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)上再接再厲。盡管要從金融危機(jī)中復(fù)蘇還有很長的一段路要走，但美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張現(xiàn)已有了更廣闊的基礎(chǔ)，并具有了更強(qiáng)的適應(yīng)能力。在解決導(dǎo)致危機(jī)原因之一的不平衡的問題方面，我們遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)走在其他主要發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的前面。

In China, you are in the process of exploring the next frontier of economic reforms, recognizing as your predecessors did more than 30 years ago, that future economic growth will require another fundamental shift in economic policy.These new reforms recognize the new reality that China must rely more on domestic consumption rather than exports, and more on innovation by private companies rather than capacity expansion by state owned enterprises, with an economy more open to competition from foreign firms, and with a more modern financial system.在中國，你們正處于探索下一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革前沿的過程之中，如同你們的前任在30多年前得出的認(rèn)知一樣，你們認(rèn)識(shí)到未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長將需要在經(jīng)濟(jì)政策方面做出另一項(xiàng)根本性的轉(zhuǎn)變。這些新的改革是基于新的現(xiàn)實(shí)：中國必須更依賴國內(nèi)消費(fèi)，而不是依賴出口；更多地依賴民營企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新，而不是依賴國有企業(yè)擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)能；要有一個(gè)對(duì)來自外國企業(yè)的競爭更加開放、金融體系更現(xiàn)代化的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

The United States has a strong interest in the success of these reforms, as does the rest of the world.這些改革能否取得成功關(guān)系到世界的利益，也關(guān)系到美國的重大利益。

As we begin this next round of our Strategic and Economic Dialogue, I want to reaffirm our commitment to continue to work closely with China to build a stronger economic relationship and to build a stronger framework for cooperation on global economic issues that can balance the interests of the two largest economies in the world.當(dāng)我們開始這個(gè)下一輪戰(zhàn)略與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)話的時(shí)候，我想重申我們繼續(xù)與中國緊密合作的承諾，以便建立更強(qiáng)有力的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系，并建立一個(gè)可以平衡世界兩大經(jīng)濟(jì)體利益、在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)問題上實(shí)行合作的更強(qiáng)大的框架。

China and the United States are both now sources of strength for the global economy, and we are moving toward the more balanced, and complementary growth strategies that are so important for the world.中美兩國現(xiàn)在都是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的源泉，我們正在朝著更加平衡和互補(bǔ)增長的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)前進(jìn)，這些戰(zhàn)略對(duì)全世界至關(guān)重要。

I hope we are able to make progress during these next two days on the range of issues before us.我希望我們能在今、明兩天在我們面臨的一系列問題上取得進(jìn)展。

As President Obama made clear at our first meeting in Washington three years ago, we are nations with different political values and traditions, different political and economic systems, and as we recognize those differences, it is important that we are able to talk to each other openly and make progress on issues that benefit both the Chinese and American people.如奧巴馬總統(tǒng)三年前在我們于華盛頓召開的第一次會(huì)議上所明確指出，我們是具有不同政治價(jià)值觀與傳統(tǒng)、不同政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的國家。我們認(rèn)識(shí)到這些區(qū)別，我們必須能夠在彼此之間公開進(jìn)行對(duì)話并在造福中美兩國人民的問題上取得進(jìn)展。

We will approach these issues with appreciation for the challenges you face in China and with confidence that China is strong enough to embrace the reforms we seek.我們將探討這些問題。對(duì)于你們?cè)谥袊媾R的各項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)，我們表示理解；對(duì)中國有足夠力量去從事這些我們尋求的改革，我們抱有信心。

第五篇：蓋倫17歲演講

尊敬的各位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)老師：

你們好！今天喜迎蓋倫英語十七周年華誕，我有幸作為蓋倫英語廣大優(yōu)秀員工中的一員在這里向蓋倫外語恭賀17周年華誕，心情非常激動(dòng)和喜悅。我是來自蓋倫外語xx分校的幼兒教師xx。

首先，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我代表蓋倫外語前進(jìn)分校的同仁向在座領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及老師們致以最誠摯的祝賀和最崇高的敬意。

十七年風(fēng)雨坎坷，十七年傳承跨越，十七年的并肩攜手成就了蓋倫的今天。成長的道路離不開各位老師的緊密合作，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的大力支持。十七年來大家并肩作戰(zhàn)、風(fēng)雨同舟、患難與共、團(tuán)結(jié)如一。我們的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)，恪盡職守、兢兢業(yè)業(yè)，你們是蓋倫最寶貴的財(cái)富，是蓋倫繼續(xù)前進(jìn)的無盡動(dòng)力。在這里，我要感謝那些曾經(jīng)在工作中給予我關(guān)心和支持的所有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和同事們，向多年來為公司做出貢獻(xiàn)的全體同仁，致以深深的謝意！

“學(xué)貫中西、文理兼達(dá)、情智雙修、身心俱佳”的校訓(xùn)使我們受益良多，我們始終對(duì)蓋倫學(xué)校的教育和培養(yǎng)身懷感恩之情，每每唱起校歌,每個(gè)人都感慨萬千,當(dāng)唱到”總是在你身上看到我過去的模樣,你是我的希望,讓我有繼續(xù)的力量”.我們都有種熱淚盈眶的感覺,為了這些可愛的孩子們我們努力著,看到孩子們的進(jìn)步,看到他們的笑臉,看到他們對(duì)英語產(chǎn)生濃厚的興趣,我們無比的驕傲和自豪!我們?cè)谠撦喌耐恋厣?堅(jiān)持著,奮斗著,付出著,更收獲著.蓋倫今年十七歲了,十七年,有成千上萬的孩子在這里走出,走向了更美好的天地每當(dāng)這個(gè)時(shí)候就是蓋倫老師最自豪的時(shí)候.在這里,我們實(shí)現(xiàn)了人生的價(jià)值,實(shí)現(xiàn)了夢(mèng)想!蓋倫人會(huì)一如既往的用自己的愛心/耐心/責(zé)任心,以及我們?nèi)康臒崆?為了孩子們更美好的明天而奮斗.最后,值此學(xué)校17周年華誕之際，我僅代表蓋倫學(xué)校的全體學(xué)員，祝愿蓋倫學(xué)校在英語及多元化教育領(lǐng)域里乘風(fēng)破浪，揚(yáng)帆遠(yuǎn)航，祝蓋倫的大家庭不斷壯大，衷心祝福我們的蓋倫，明天更輝煌！

謝謝大家！