第一篇:蘇格蘭公投失敗分析
蘇格蘭,留了下來(lái)!或許是英國(guó)首相卡梅倫的泣淚挽留起了作用,一夜計(jì)票之后,這一次聲勢(shì)浩大的“分手公投”,蘇格蘭還是留在了聯(lián)合王國(guó)。
公投前夕,民調(diào)顯示統(tǒng)獨(dú)兩派民意十分接近,這令英國(guó)政府出了一身冷汗?!氨M管同意公投,但其實(shí)無(wú)論是英國(guó)政府還是蘇格蘭人,都沒(méi)有對(duì)最終分手做好準(zhǔn)備?!鄙缈圃簹W洲研究所研究院、社會(huì)文化研究室主任田德文說(shuō)道。
在此前的多次民調(diào)之中,反對(duì)蘇格蘭獨(dú)立的人群比例都占優(yōu)。田德文指出,此次英國(guó)保守黨和自民黨聯(lián)合政府準(zhǔn)予蘇格蘭地區(qū)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立公投,其實(shí)本就是想在民意占優(yōu)的情況下,給蘇格蘭不斷提高自治程度的趨勢(shì)做一個(gè)“了斷”,終止國(guó)家不斷走向松散的勢(shì)頭。
然而,英國(guó)政府沒(méi)有料到的是,在同意公投之后,支持蘇格蘭獨(dú)立的比例不斷上升。
這和獨(dú)立一派近兩年來(lái)的大力宣傳有關(guān),但也有另一個(gè)原因,即當(dāng)民眾看到支持獨(dú)立的人逐漸增多、獨(dú)立有可能成真時(shí),就會(huì)更加傾向于投票支持獨(dú)立。政治學(xué)中“沉默的螺旋效應(yīng)”認(rèn)為,人們與生俱來(lái)的有一種怕被主流群體孤立的恐懼,但是如果一個(gè)人感到自己的立場(chǎng)正在為公眾所接受,他就會(huì)變得更加勇于表達(dá)自己。
因此,即使不做分析只報(bào)道民調(diào),媒體的意見也會(huì)對(duì)投票者產(chǎn)生影響。正是出于這一考慮,在公投前夕,英國(guó)各大媒體已經(jīng)不再做民調(diào)報(bào)道。
盡管此前揪人心弦,但對(duì)于這次的公投結(jié)果,田德文并不感到意外。
【分析】
為何留下來(lái)?“不想折騰”
公投前統(tǒng)獨(dú)兩派的勢(shì)均力敵令英國(guó)政府倍感焦慮。
英國(guó)首相卡梅倫坦言對(duì)蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投的前景感到“緊張”,乃至在講演過(guò)程中數(shù)次哽咽。就連一直說(shuō)獨(dú)立與否是“蘇格蘭人民自己的事”的伊麗莎白二世女王,也在公投前希望蘇格蘭人“好好考慮一下”。
人們選擇留下來(lái),最決定性的原因是“不想折騰”,田德文認(rèn)為,成立一個(gè)新國(guó)家未來(lái)將面臨太多的不確定性,而在不確定的情況下,選擇維持現(xiàn)狀就是一個(gè)更加穩(wěn)妥的選擇。
還有一個(gè)原因是,此次公投的主體是蘇格蘭居民,但并非全是蘇格蘭人,里面還有不少英格蘭人以及來(lái)自英國(guó)其他地方的人,此外還有歐盟國(guó)家的居民。
根據(jù)公投約定,居住在蘇格蘭,年齡在16歲之上的英國(guó)公民和歐盟公民都有資格投票。蘇格蘭圣安德魯斯大學(xué)的波蘭學(xué)者托馬什·卡姆塞拉就是投票者之一。他對(duì)新京報(bào)記者表示,“每一項(xiàng)大的政治變革,都會(huì)帶有巨大的不確定性,也不可避免地帶來(lái)一段時(shí)期的不穩(wěn)定,尤其是這么一個(gè)500萬(wàn)人口的地區(qū)要獨(dú)立,很多事情可能會(huì)向完全錯(cuò)誤的方向發(fā)展?!币虼?,經(jīng)歷過(guò)東歐劇變的他,投了反對(duì)票。
公投之后,分離主義會(huì)偃旗息鼓嗎?
根據(jù)此前英國(guó)政府和蘇格蘭達(dá)成的協(xié)議,公投結(jié)果如果是選擇留下來(lái),那么至少在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)期內(nèi),蘇格蘭獨(dú)立問(wèn)題將不會(huì)再被提上日程。
“留下來(lái)對(duì)英國(guó)政治的影響不大”,“但是對(duì)分離主義是一個(gè)重創(chuàng)”,田德文指出?!爱?dāng)然蘇格蘭分離主義不會(huì)絕跡,仍然會(huì)繼續(xù)存在和發(fā)展,但蘇格蘭短期內(nèi)不會(huì)再面臨分出去的問(wèn)題了。接下來(lái)的問(wèn)題是英國(guó)政府和蘇格蘭就如何自治、自治到什么程度的討論?!?/p>
此外,蘇格蘭還面臨著分離派和統(tǒng)一派和解的問(wèn)題,但是“這個(gè)問(wèn)題并不是很嚴(yán)重?!碧锏挛恼f(shuō)到,在英國(guó)的語(yǔ)境下,分離與否對(duì)普通百姓的生活影響,比我們想象的要小。
公投對(duì)英國(guó)政府有何影響?
如果蘇格蘭通過(guò)公投獨(dú)立出去了,田德文認(rèn)為,卡梅倫的政治生涯,甚至整個(gè)保守黨在英國(guó)政壇,都將面臨毀滅性打擊。留下來(lái),對(duì)于英國(guó)政府的影響將會(huì)小很多。
但即便如此,《衛(wèi)報(bào)》指出,公投已經(jīng)改變了一些事情??穫愃诘谋J攸h,“面臨非常嚴(yán)重的麻煩?!薄缎l(wèi)報(bào)》評(píng)述到,保守黨面臨的問(wèn)題不僅僅在蘇格蘭,如果他們不作出重大改變,那么想贏得下一屆的大選,堪憂。
英國(guó)政府會(huì)如何安撫蘇格蘭?
目前,蘇格蘭已經(jīng)擁有了較英格蘭等地更大的自治權(quán)。此前,英國(guó)主要政黨都表示,即使留下來(lái),也不贊成再給蘇格蘭更多的自治權(quán)。然而在公投前夕,統(tǒng)獨(dú)雙方民意的接近,令英國(guó)政府恐慌。為了拉攏民意,英國(guó)政府臨時(shí)推出一系列“投票紅包”:9月7日,英國(guó)財(cái)政大臣奧斯本表示,英國(guó)議會(huì)三大主要正政黨一致同意:如果蘇格蘭留在英國(guó),將會(huì)獲得更大自主權(quán),包括稅收、開支和社會(huì)福利。
但田德文認(rèn)為,這種策略并不能稱之為高明。“這就變成了會(huì)哭的孩子有奶吃。”田德文說(shuō)到,做出這種表態(tài),會(huì)讓同樣追求更多自治權(quán)的威爾士和北愛爾蘭感到不滿。長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看來(lái),即便英國(guó)僥幸逃過(guò)此次公投這一劫,英國(guó)各地的“獨(dú)立派”也勢(shì)必得寸進(jìn)尺。
“如果這次通過(guò)公投,蘇格蘭真的獨(dú)立了,對(duì)于歐洲和全世界的分離主義都是一種鼓勵(lì)?!碧锏挛恼f(shuō)到,目前世界上完全沒(méi)有分離主義問(wèn)題的國(guó)家并不是很多,尤其是大國(guó),國(guó)內(nèi)幾乎都有不同程度的這種困擾。而這一次的結(jié)果,對(duì)于分離主義則是一個(gè)重創(chuàng)。
第二篇:淺談蘇格蘭公投
淺談 “蘇格蘭公投”和英國(guó)人的“妥協(xié)”精神
北京時(shí)間2014年9月19日,“蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投”結(jié)果出爐,55%選民投下反對(duì)票,對(duì)獨(dú)立說(shuō)―不‖。反獨(dú)立陣營(yíng)獲勝,蘇格蘭將繼續(xù)作為大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)的一部分,維持英國(guó)統(tǒng)一現(xiàn)狀。
首先分析一下為什么蘇格蘭獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)發(fā)展到今天這種地步?從歷史上看,蘇格蘭和英格蘭這兩個(gè)王國(guó)在歷史上就一直爭(zhēng)斗不斷。十七世紀(jì)末,英格蘭控制世界海上霸權(quán),經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展獨(dú)步全球。與之形成鮮明對(duì)比是,由于森嚴(yán)的貿(mào)易壁壘和海上戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的失利,蘇格蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之路變得舉步維艱,國(guó)內(nèi)矛盾尖銳。為了擺脫這一困境,享受英格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展紅利,1707年5月1日,《英格蘭及蘇格蘭王國(guó)合并條約》正式生效,蘇格蘭正式“嫁給”英格蘭。上世紀(jì)70年代,蘇格蘭北部發(fā)現(xiàn)了北海油田,為爭(zhēng)取更大的利益,“蘇獨(dú)”運(yùn)動(dòng)重新抬頭并日益高漲。英國(guó)政府迫于蘇格蘭民意的壓力,先是恢復(fù)取消了近三百年的蘇格蘭議會(huì),接著2012年卡梅倫政府同蘇格蘭首席部長(zhǎng)薩爾蒙德簽署公投協(xié)議,規(guī)定于2014年9月18日就“蘇格蘭是否應(yīng)該成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立國(guó)家”舉行公投,并且英國(guó)政府將承認(rèn)公投的結(jié)果。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),9月18的公投是一場(chǎng)真正的大決戰(zhàn)!
其次為什么英國(guó)政府會(huì)同意蘇格蘭的公投?這一點(diǎn)中國(guó)人可能很難理解,要是香港舉行獨(dú)立公投,中國(guó)政府?dāng)嗳徊粫?huì)答應(yīng)!同意公投源于英國(guó)人固有的“妥協(xié)”精神,這種精神最早源于英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命。1688年,光榮革命確立了英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的統(tǒng)治地位,但同時(shí)一定程度地保留了封建統(tǒng)治。光榮革命以不流血的方式完成,保持了政局和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定,為工業(yè)革命鋪平了道路。這種“妥協(xié)”精神,還表現(xiàn)為非暴力不合作運(yùn)動(dòng),對(duì)世界反殖民運(yùn)動(dòng)的反應(yīng)以及香港問(wèn)題的解決。二戰(zhàn)以后,主要?dú)W洲殖民國(guó)家力量大幅削弱,世界殖民體系土崩瓦解,英國(guó)人并不全力以赴地鎮(zhèn)壓反抗運(yùn)動(dòng),而是審時(shí)度勢(shì),見好就收,與絕大多數(shù)獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人達(dá)成妥協(xié)性協(xié)議,最大限度地保留英國(guó)的影響力。1984年,英國(guó)首相撒切爾與鄧小平簽署《中英聯(lián)合聲明》,雖然交出了主權(quán),但是其經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律制度等影響力仍然將在香港繼續(xù)保留50年不變。1947年,拋出“蒙巴頓方案‖,承認(rèn)印度和巴基斯坦的獨(dú)立,但是兩國(guó)獨(dú)立后仍為英聯(lián)邦成員,且獨(dú)立后的兩國(guó)斗爭(zhēng)不斷,印度數(shù)十年的世界大國(guó)夢(mèng)仍然只是紙上談兵。傲慢,保守,自由,實(shí)際主義者,是英國(guó)人的標(biāo)簽,”妥協(xié)“并不懦弱是這些性格的行為表現(xiàn)。
這場(chǎng)看似冒險(xiǎn)的政治賭博,以蘇格蘭繼續(xù)留在聯(lián)合王國(guó)結(jié)束,徹底粉碎蘇格蘭民族獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)愈演愈烈的勢(shì)頭,蘇格蘭民主黨領(lǐng)袖薩爾蒙德黯然下臺(tái)。其實(shí)投票的結(jié)果早在預(yù)料之中,精明的英國(guó)政治家斷然不會(huì)愚蠢到去冒險(xiǎn)分裂300年的聯(lián)合王國(guó)。未來(lái)的不確定性和獨(dú)立后的諸多不利,300年聯(lián)合王國(guó)的輝煌歷史讓很大一部分人仍然無(wú)法割舍熱愛的英國(guó)??穫愓畬に?,與其讓獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)愈發(fā)不可收拾,不如以退為進(jìn),用一次公投一勞永逸的解決未來(lái)可能面臨的更嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家分裂問(wèn)題。正像卡梅倫在公投之前的演講中講到:“We could have blocked that, we could have put it off but just as with other big issues, it was right to takethe big decision?!薄?“我們本可以阻止公投,也可以將其推遲——但這就像其他問(wèn)題一樣,接受重大的決定才是正確的,而不是進(jìn)行躲避?!苯Y(jié)果公布之后卡梅倫在唐寧街10號(hào)首相官邸門前發(fā)表公開講話:“The people of Scotland have spoken.It is a clear result.They have kept our country of four nations together.Like millions of other people, I am delighted?!K格蘭人民做出了選擇。這是一個(gè)清晰的結(jié)果。他們選擇繼續(xù)一起組成我們的國(guó)家。和數(shù)百萬(wàn)人民一樣,我非常高興?!?“So there can be no disputes, no re-runs – we have heard the settled will of the Scottish people。”——“因此結(jié)論無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議,也不會(huì)重來(lái),我們已經(jīng)聽到了蘇格蘭人民的堅(jiān)定愿望?!?/p>
如果仔細(xì)分析一下,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)蘇格蘭獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)其實(shí)很難獲得很難成功。第一,英國(guó)的主體英格蘭控制著英國(guó)的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和話語(yǔ)權(quán),蘇格蘭的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融和軍事大權(quán)被中央政府所掌控,獨(dú)立影后要重建這些系統(tǒng)的難度不小。BBC、倫敦金融時(shí)報(bào)、每日郵報(bào)等主流媒體均被中央政府控制,蘇格蘭人的話語(yǔ)權(quán)十分有限。第二,公投之前的民調(diào)顯示大部分的時(shí)間反獨(dú)陣營(yíng)是占優(yōu)勢(shì)的,這還是在反獨(dú)陣營(yíng)未使出全力大力宣傳的情況下的結(jié)果,直到公投前夕,民調(diào)首次出現(xiàn)微弱逆轉(zhuǎn),卡梅倫政府才十萬(wàn)火急的煽情演講,賣力宣傳,各大媒體也是助力反獨(dú)陣營(yíng),在胡蘿卜加大棒的組合拳下,獨(dú)立派孤掌難鳴,敗下陣來(lái)。第二,蘇格蘭王國(guó)雖然占英國(guó)國(guó)土的近1/3,但是其人口和經(jīng)濟(jì)卻不到英國(guó)總量的1/10,英國(guó)政府給予蘇格蘭的補(bǔ)助比其稅收還多得多,這也是很多人不支持獨(dú)立的原因之一。另外一個(gè)很重要的原因是英國(guó)人的傲慢,這種傲慢來(lái)自于哪里?來(lái)源于“我是英國(guó)人‖的自我認(rèn)同,來(lái)源于近代史中三百年的輝煌史,來(lái)源于英國(guó)文化在世界上的影響力,這其實(shí)包含著很重要的愛國(guó)思想。
這場(chǎng)公投的本質(zhì)是一場(chǎng)實(shí)力不對(duì)稱的競(jìng)選——獨(dú)立派必?cái)o(wú)疑的競(jìng)選。
第三篇:蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投的啟示
蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投的啟示
9月18日的蘇格蘭公投引起全球關(guān)注,因是“統(tǒng)獨(dú)公投”,涉及蘇格蘭是繼續(xù)留在英國(guó),還是成為一個(gè)獨(dú)立國(guó)家。
英國(guó)作為“大不列顛聯(lián)合王國(guó)”,主要由四個(gè)區(qū)組成∶英格蘭,蘇格蘭,威爾斯,北愛爾蘭。
原屬英國(guó)的愛爾蘭1922年脫離而成為獨(dú)立國(guó)家;后來(lái)北愛爾蘭也鬧獨(dú)立,但其“共和國(guó)軍”使用恐怖襲擊、殺害平民方式,很不得人心,所以“北愛”的獨(dú)立后來(lái)沒(méi)了聲息。
但近年蘇格蘭也鬧獨(dú)立。蘇格蘭民族黨(SNP)在2011年贏得當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)多數(shù)(129席中占69席,之前左翼工黨是多數(shù)黨),重組政府,通過(guò)議案,要統(tǒng)獨(dú)公投。
蘇格蘭跟英格蘭的關(guān)系歷史悠久,300多年前(1707年)兩國(guó)就正式合并為“大不列顛王國(guó)”。蘇格蘭土地占全英33%,人口占9%。如獨(dú)立出去,對(duì)英國(guó)的整體國(guó)力和世界地位等都是一個(gè)重大打擊。但面對(duì)蘇格蘭要統(tǒng)獨(dú)公投,英國(guó)朝野的反應(yīng)對(duì)世人(尤其臺(tái)海兩岸政府和人民)具有重要啟示∶
第一,英國(guó)朝野沒(méi)有喊殺喊打、武力威脅。
對(duì)蘇格蘭的獨(dú)立公投,英國(guó)首相卡梅倫只是溫情喊話,希望蘇格蘭留下,“如獨(dú)立出去,英國(guó)將有深遠(yuǎn)損失”。很多英國(guó)人都是這樣態(tài)度。這很像1995年魁北克那次獨(dú)立公投,當(dāng)時(shí)多倫多有幾萬(wàn)人聚會(huì),高喊的是“我們愛你!”懇求魁北克留在加拿大。公投結(jié)果,贊成獨(dú)立49.4%,反對(duì)50.6%,只差五萬(wàn)票獨(dú)立議案沒(méi)有通過(guò)。
(此后魁北克獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)就走下坡路,今年4月的當(dāng)?shù)刈h會(huì)選舉,因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)政策上左傾和無(wú)能——提不出振興經(jīng)濟(jì)的具體辦法,只會(huì)喊一些抽象的獨(dú)立口號(hào),主張獨(dú)立的魁人黨在省議會(huì)125席中輸?shù)街皇?0席,選民支持率跌至25%。)
第二,英國(guó)政府對(duì)公投結(jié)果予以尊重。
英國(guó)三大政黨(保守黨、工黨、自由民主黨)都反對(duì)蘇格蘭獨(dú)立,但都支持公投。英國(guó)首相卡梅倫還跟蘇格蘭民族黨簽了協(xié)議,表示尊重公投結(jié)果。這意味著,如果公投結(jié)果是蘇格蘭獨(dú)立,英政府也將予承認(rèn)。
英國(guó)政府尊重投票結(jié)果,就是尊重人民意愿,尊重選擇權(quán)利,這才體現(xiàn)民主的真諦。其實(shí)也是贏得蘇格蘭(留在英國(guó))的真正方法。這讓人想到婚姻,如果一旦結(jié)婚就永不可離婚,那恐怕沒(méi)人敢結(jié)婚了。有可以離婚的權(quán)利,對(duì)方卻不走,這個(gè)家庭才會(huì)有真正的和睦(美滿)。
第三,蘇格蘭自己公投,而非全體英國(guó)人投票。
無(wú)論是當(dāng)年的魁北克,還是今天的蘇格蘭,都是當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣褡约和镀保ㄟx擇統(tǒng)獨(dú)),而不是全加拿大,全英國(guó)投票。道理很簡(jiǎn)單,如果是全加拿大公投,魁北克的人數(shù)當(dāng)然是絕對(duì)少數(shù),就等于被變相剝奪發(fā)言權(quán)。蘇格蘭同樣,人口才530萬(wàn),而全英是6300萬(wàn)。如果全體英國(guó)人投票,那“蘇格蘭人民有選擇權(quán)”就是假的。
如果公投結(jié)果是獨(dú)立,那不等于蘇格蘭可單方面選擇“分離”嗎?當(dāng)然。我們?cè)僖曰橐鰹槔?,在美?guó)(可能其他西方國(guó)家也如此),單方提出離婚,分居一定時(shí)間后(美國(guó)各州不同),不必雙方同意,就可離婚。而結(jié)婚當(dāng)然必須兩方都同意。這種做法,體現(xiàn)著尊重自由選擇、自由意志的原則精神。是自由優(yōu)先,個(gè)人權(quán)利至上。
這次公投,即使你祖祖輩輩都是蘇格蘭人,如果你今天沒(méi)有居住在蘇格蘭,你照樣沒(méi)有投票權(quán)。
第四,統(tǒng)獨(dú)辯論在蘇格蘭內(nèi)部進(jìn)行。
就統(tǒng)獨(dú)問(wèn)題,在投票前,雙方就此進(jìn)行了兩場(chǎng)電視辯論。但這個(gè)辯論,不是英格蘭Vs.蘇格蘭,更不是英國(guó)政府對(duì)蘇格蘭議會(huì),而是在蘇格蘭內(nèi)部的統(tǒng)、獨(dú)兩派領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之間進(jìn)行的。我在美國(guó)C-Span電視上全程收看了第二場(chǎng)辯論?!蔼?dú)立方代表”是獨(dú)立派領(lǐng)袖、蘇格蘭首席部長(zhǎng)薩爾蒙,“統(tǒng)一方代表”是前工黨財(cái)政大臣、英國(guó)跨黨派團(tuán)體“在一起更好”(Better Together)主席達(dá)林。辯論會(huì)由BBC記者主持,會(huì)場(chǎng)有幾百觀眾。
雙方強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)非常清晰—— 統(tǒng)一方強(qiáng)調(diào),如蘇格蘭獨(dú)立,經(jīng)濟(jì)將重創(chuàng)∶一是因不許使用英鎊,蘇格蘭金融將混亂失調(diào);二是蘇格蘭獨(dú)立后不參加北約,那麼英國(guó)在蘇格蘭的核武裝置(核潛艇基地)等要遷走,蘇格蘭會(huì)失去很多工作機(jī)會(huì);三是蘇格蘭會(huì)喪失原來(lái)英國(guó)政府的福利、教育經(jīng)費(fèi)等。這些都會(huì)對(duì)蘇格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)(就業(yè))等造成重大影響。那意思,獨(dú)立,是蘇格蘭的不可承受之重。
獨(dú)立方強(qiáng)調(diào),這些經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題我們自己有能力解決。不能因這些技術(shù)性問(wèn)題而剝奪蘇格蘭人民的自由選擇權(quán)。蘇格蘭獨(dú)立后,作為一個(gè)國(guó)家,會(huì)得到國(guó)際上的投資而融入世界,蘇格蘭人民會(huì)發(fā)奮圖強(qiáng),創(chuàng)造屬于自己的未來(lái)。
統(tǒng)一方的工黨領(lǐng)袖發(fā)誓,如果他們的黨在明年的選舉中獲勝(擊敗現(xiàn)在的卡梅倫保守黨),工黨政府將下方更多權(quán)力(包括稅收、開支、福利等方面),給予蘇格蘭更多自治地位(現(xiàn)任的卡梅倫保守黨政府也如此承諾)。獨(dú)立方的代表說(shuō),這更證明,蘇格蘭人民有能力自我管理。你剛才說(shuō)離開了英國(guó),我們這也不行,那也要擔(dān)憂,可你們又說(shuō)如果蘇格蘭不獨(dú)立出去,你們就更多放權(quán),這更證明我們具有自我管理能力。這是獲得全場(chǎng)最強(qiáng)烈掌聲的論述。
從整場(chǎng)辯論來(lái)看,獨(dú)立方占上風(fēng),獲得掌聲較強(qiáng)烈。因?yàn)榻y(tǒng)一方強(qiáng)調(diào)的多是技術(shù)問(wèn)題,用一句話概括就是∶離開英國(guó)你們?cè)觞N活。而獨(dú)立方強(qiáng)調(diào)的是我們有權(quán)利作出選擇。如果再用婚姻比喻,丈夫強(qiáng)調(diào)你離開我,經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源少了,一個(gè)人帶著孩子怎麼活?而妻子則強(qiáng)調(diào)我怎麼活是自己的事,我有能力自己管?,F(xiàn)在就是跟你過(guò)夠了,就是要離婚、單過(guò)。過(guò)去兩年來(lái)的民調(diào),都是統(tǒng)一派占多數(shù),先是三比二,后來(lái)獨(dú)派增加,變成六比四。近日的民調(diào),統(tǒng)獨(dú)雙方旗鼓相當(dāng),甚至有一次獨(dú)派達(dá)51%,統(tǒng)派49%。但從整體來(lái)看,如果不出意外,公投結(jié)果,仍會(huì)是主張留在英國(guó)者占多數(shù),雖然雙方比分可能拉近。畢竟蘇格蘭在英國(guó)之內(nèi)已有超過(guò)300年的歷史,英國(guó)既沒(méi)有對(duì)蘇格蘭殖民統(tǒng)治,更無(wú)種族壓迫。蘇格蘭獨(dú)派提出的自治(英國(guó)政府放權(quán))等,英國(guó)三大政黨全都同意。而且面對(duì)獨(dú)立公投,不僅毫無(wú)軍事恐嚇,還事先同意簽協(xié)議,尊重(承認(rèn))公投結(jié)果。這些類似魁北克獨(dú)立公投前加拿大政府和人民的“我們愛你”的態(tài)度,可能會(huì)感動(dòng)很多蘇格蘭人,選擇留在英國(guó)。
在統(tǒng)獨(dú)問(wèn)題上,最關(guān)鍵的概念是尊重人民的選擇權(quán)利。結(jié)婚好?離婚好?單身好?哪個(gè)都不是終極價(jià)值。只要在沒(méi)有外來(lái)威脅和壓力下,人民自由選擇的結(jié)果,就是最好!尊重人民的選擇權(quán)才是根本。
所以不管蘇格蘭人民做出怎樣的選擇,都是民主的勝利,民意的體現(xiàn)。公投結(jié)果如果是蘇格蘭留在英國(guó),好處是∶英國(guó)是自由世界的重要力量,也是人類工業(yè)文明和憲政民主之源。一個(gè)不分裂的、強(qiáng)大的民主英國(guó)的存在,對(duì)世界和平是個(gè)福音。
眾所周知,資本主義和憲政民主,是西方文明的兩大重要組成部分。而英國(guó)是第一個(gè)工業(yè)國(guó)家,當(dāng)年蒸汽機(jī)等工業(yè)革命,開了今天科技文明的先河。今天人類的一切物質(zhì)成就,都跟英國(guó)的這場(chǎng)工業(yè)革命有關(guān)。另外更重要的是,西方的人權(quán)憲政思想,主要起源于英國(guó)。早在13世紀(jì)英國(guó)就制定《大憲章》,規(guī)定非經(jīng)司法審理,任何人不可被囚禁殺害,限制國(guó)王權(quán)力等,包括人民可擁有槍支(權(quán)利)等。
英國(guó)思想家洛克的人民權(quán)利論,是美國(guó)獨(dú)立革命(建國(guó))的理論支柱。杰弗遜起草的美國(guó)《獨(dú)立宣言》,主要強(qiáng)調(diào)人的三大權(quán)利(生命、自由、追求幸福的權(quán)利),幾乎是照搬洛克的三大權(quán)利說(shuō)。我曾在“撒切爾夫人給男人做榜樣”一文中說(shuō)過(guò),“美國(guó)的偉大,是因?yàn)槠湔驹诹擞?guó)思想巨人的肩膀上。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō),英國(guó)是美國(guó)的思想老師。”英國(guó)是人權(quán)之根,在美國(guó)開出燦爛的憲政花朵。
英國(guó)雖然只有24萬(wàn)平方公里,六千多萬(wàn)人口,卻是全球七強(qiáng)之一,軍費(fèi)開支排全球第四(美國(guó)、中國(guó)、俄國(guó)、英國(guó)),海軍(軍艦噸位等綜合實(shí)力)全球第二(僅次于美國(guó)),并有核武打擊能力。經(jīng)濟(jì)上,英國(guó)人均收入3萬(wàn)9千美元(2013),位居世界前列。
正由于英國(guó)有這種歷史和地位,人們往往用“英美”代表西方,而且把英國(guó)排在前面,可見“偉大英國(guó)”(真是Great Britain)的分量。
所以,一個(gè)不被分裂、擁有強(qiáng)大國(guó)力的偉大英國(guó)的存在,對(duì)人類反專制的民主事業(yè),對(duì)反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利,對(duì)整個(gè)世界的和平穩(wěn)定,都具有重大意義。
蘇格蘭公投結(jié)果如果是選擇獨(dú)立出去,那麼從政黨競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的角度,對(duì)英國(guó)保守派有力。因?yàn)樘K格蘭非常左傾,該區(qū)選票的百分之七、八十都是給了左翼工黨。蘇格蘭內(nèi)部的統(tǒng)獨(dú)之爭(zhēng)是在左翼的工黨(統(tǒng)派)和極左的蘇格蘭民族黨(獨(dú)派)之間。也就是說(shuō),在英國(guó)全國(guó)大選中,蘇格蘭是左翼工黨的重要票倉(cāng),所以這次英國(guó)工黨大批人馬跑到蘇格蘭為“統(tǒng)一”宣傳、助陣。蘇格蘭如脫離英國(guó),對(duì)整體英國(guó)的國(guó)力會(huì)有所降低,但保守派會(huì)長(zhǎng)期執(zhí)政,有利于英國(guó)本島的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
對(duì)于獨(dú)派來(lái)說(shuō),即使蘇格蘭公投結(jié)果是“留在英國(guó)”,也是雙贏∶英國(guó)保持了完整;蘇格蘭則通過(guò)獨(dú)立公投,贏得更多的自治權(quán)利,得到更多的尊重,跟英格蘭的關(guān)系更走向平等、對(duì)等?;橐鲋械囊环降玫搅硪环礁嗟淖鹬嘏c愛,就不會(huì)有離婚。但尊重選擇權(quán),可以離婚,才是保證婚姻美滿的先決條件之一。
第四篇:蘇格蘭2014年9月公投原因
蘇格蘭2014年9月公投原因
歷史上,有著“日不落帝國(guó)”之稱的大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)曾橫掃全球,女王君臨天下。連遠(yuǎn)在南亞的印度,都成為其“王冠上的珍珠”。然而,近年來(lái),大不列顛島上的蘇格蘭卻總要給英國(guó)政府“添點(diǎn)堵”。9月18日,面對(duì)蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投,英國(guó)人情緒復(fù)雜。
蘇格蘭地處不列顛島的北部,面積占英國(guó)總面積的近三分之一。公元1295年,蘇格蘭獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā),通過(guò)這場(chǎng)對(duì)英格蘭的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),蘇格蘭確立了民族獨(dú)立的地位。1603年英格蘭女王伊麗莎白逝后無(wú)嗣,表侄孫蘇格蘭國(guó)王繼承了英格蘭的王位,新建立的斯圖亞特王朝統(tǒng)一了整個(gè)不列顛島。即使實(shí)現(xiàn)了“共主聯(lián)盟”。
上世紀(jì)中期,在蘇格蘭沿海發(fā)現(xiàn)并開采石油,為獨(dú)立訴求提供了物質(zhì)上的支撐。英國(guó)兩大政黨不僅沒(méi)有采取有效措施遏制民族勢(shì)力的發(fā)展,反而為了短期的選舉利益實(shí)行妥協(xié)性的權(quán)力下放。
1997年,蘇格蘭議會(huì)建立后,修正后的聯(lián)盟并沒(méi)有如工黨所愿能夠抑制民族勢(shì)力的發(fā)展,相反,蘇格蘭國(guó)民黨通過(guò)地方議會(huì)的平臺(tái)獲得了新的發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)。在1999年和2003年的兩次蘇格蘭議會(huì)選舉中,國(guó)民黨成為議會(huì)中的最大反對(duì)黨。從2007年開始,國(guó)民黨成為蘇格蘭的執(zhí)政黨,并在2011年的議會(huì)選舉中以多數(shù)票獲得連任。主張獨(dú)立的國(guó)民黨在蘇格蘭的成功執(zhí)政,推動(dòng)了獨(dú)立公投的舉行。
2012年10月,英國(guó)首相卡梅倫與蘇格蘭政府首席大臣薩蒙德簽署了蘇格蘭獨(dú)立公投協(xié)議。經(jīng)國(guó)家議會(huì)授權(quán),蘇格蘭議會(huì)有權(quán)組織2014年獨(dú)立公投。當(dāng)時(shí),英國(guó)中央政府和蘇格蘭政府都表示將尊重公投結(jié)果。
然而,當(dāng)蘇格蘭公投真的即將來(lái)臨時(shí),英國(guó)政府又如坐針氈。首相卡梅倫不僅親自來(lái)到蘇格蘭東北部城市阿伯丁,情緒激動(dòng)地發(fā)表“離婚說(shuō)”演講,以挽留蘇格蘭民眾。更表示,如果不喜歡英國(guó)政府,他和本屆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子也可以“走”。
支持獨(dú)立的陣營(yíng)認(rèn)定,蘇格蘭脫離英國(guó)將過(guò)得更好。不過(guò),卡梅倫承諾,如果蘇格蘭選民在獨(dú)立公投中說(shuō)“不”,英國(guó)將會(huì)賦予蘇格蘭更多自主權(quán)。英國(guó)三大政黨領(lǐng)袖15日簽署了一項(xiàng)保證協(xié)議,承諾在蘇格蘭不獨(dú)立的前提下,向蘇格蘭下放更多的權(quán)力。
英國(guó)首相、保守黨領(lǐng)袖卡梅倫,英國(guó)副首相、自民黨領(lǐng)袖克萊格和工黨領(lǐng)袖米利班德簽署的這份文件主要包括三部分內(nèi)容。一是承諾蘇格蘭議會(huì)將獲得更廣泛的權(quán)力;二是保證英國(guó)各個(gè)部分公平分享資源;三是國(guó)家醫(yī)療體系的資金支出由蘇格蘭政府決定,并維持“巴奈特方案”的分配方式。“巴奈特方案”是1979年以來(lái)英國(guó)財(cái)政部計(jì)算分配給蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭的公共開支的方式,確保這三個(gè)地區(qū)可以與英格蘭建立相當(dāng)?shù)墓补δ?。目前,蘇格蘭每人獲得的預(yù)算高于英國(guó)其他地區(qū)的平均值。
盡管英國(guó)三大政黨平時(shí)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)不斷,但在蘇格蘭公投前的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻卻空前團(tuán)結(jié)。上周,三大政黨領(lǐng)袖在同一天齊赴蘇格蘭,勸說(shuō)選民在公投中反對(duì)蘇格蘭獨(dú)立。他們?cè)谝环萋暶髦姓f(shuō):“盡管我們之間有許多分歧,但是有一件事情我們一致同意,那就是聯(lián)合王國(guó)在一起會(huì)更好。”
事實(shí)上,蘇格蘭一旦獨(dú)立,確實(shí)將會(huì)面臨一系列變化。目前的穩(wěn)定局面,可能會(huì)發(fā)生動(dòng)蕩。英國(guó)《每日郵報(bào)》消息,軍事分析家稱,如果蘇格蘭從英國(guó)獨(dú)立出去,可能將失去全天候空軍防御。全球智庫(kù)簡(jiǎn)氏信息集團(tuán)(IHSJane's)國(guó)防顧問(wèn)愛德華?亨特(EdwardHunt)說(shuō),蘇格蘭如果獨(dú)立,其空軍很可能采取與瑞士或奧地利相似的防御方式。由于預(yù)算有限、飛行員以及地勤人員短缺,瑞士空軍只在每周工作日的辦公時(shí)間待命,無(wú)法全天候防御。而奧地利只有12架現(xiàn)代臺(tái)風(fēng)戰(zhàn)斗機(jī),只能在早上8點(diǎn)到下午4點(diǎn)之間執(zhí)行任務(wù)。蘇格蘭如果從英國(guó)獨(dú)立,也只能獲得12架戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)。
英國(guó)政府還擁有武力之外的經(jīng)濟(jì)手段,比如是否能加入歐盟——任何一國(guó)都可以一票否決?,F(xiàn)在蘇格蘭五大銀行已經(jīng)發(fā)表聲明,如果獨(dú)立將把總部遷到英格蘭,震懾作用不容小覷。并且,蘇格蘭獨(dú)立后也將喪失過(guò)去和英國(guó)共享的聯(lián)合國(guó)常任理事國(guó)這一崇高的國(guó)際地位。
同過(guò)去武力鎮(zhèn)壓愛爾蘭獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)及為了馬島主權(quán)與阿根廷爭(zhēng)得“頭破血流”不同,此次英國(guó)選擇了和平的公投方式。有分析認(rèn)為,一方面,英國(guó)承受不起這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的代價(jià)。統(tǒng)一的三百年間,整個(gè)不列顛島早已你中有我,我中有你。僅2011年,就有43700英格蘭人移居蘇格蘭,蘇格蘭本地人所占比例不過(guò)84%。今天在英格蘭生活的蘇格蘭人也高達(dá)75萬(wàn)。另一方面,冷戰(zhàn)后,西方出于地緣政治的需要,熱衷于支持前蘇東國(guó)家的獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)。而且對(duì)于試圖武力統(tǒng)一的南斯拉夫進(jìn)行軍事打擊。假如英國(guó)效仿南斯拉夫,不但達(dá)不到目的,更將在全球失去道義,甚至?xí)?dòng)搖到西方主導(dǎo)的全球體系。
根據(jù)TNS最新民調(diào)顯示,當(dāng)前,蘇格蘭獨(dú)立反對(duì)票占63%,贊成票占18%。民調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)Opinium周二也公布了為《每日電訊報(bào)》(DailyTelegraph)所做的網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)。結(jié)果顯示,1156名受訪者中有47%支持留在英國(guó),43%支持獨(dú)立,其余的沒(méi)有決定或者不打算投票。就目前局面來(lái)看,卡梅倫政府或許暫時(shí)可以先不用太過(guò)慌張,但是“如坐針氈”的局面仍將維持至公投結(jié)果出來(lái)。
第五篇:卡梅倫就蘇格蘭公投演講分析
背景:蘇格蘭將在今年9月18日舉行全民公投,以投票結(jié)果決定蘇格蘭是否脫離英國(guó)而獨(dú)立。最新的民調(diào)結(jié)果顯示,僅29%的蘇格蘭人計(jì)劃在今年的蘇格蘭全民公投時(shí)投票支持蘇格蘭獨(dú)立,42%的民眾打算投反對(duì)票。
David Cameron?s Speech on Scottish Independence Lee Valley Velopark, London, England Feb.7, 2014
I want to thank Glasgow Caledonian for co-hosting this event.This is a fantastic, forward-looking university – and we are very grateful for your support today as we are to the Lee Valley VeloPark, for hosting us in this magnificent space.Less than 2 years ago, this Velodrome was a cauldron of excitement.Chris Hoy was ripping around at 40 miles per hour I was up there, I had a whole seat but believe me, I only used the edge.3 more golds – an incredible night.But for me, the best thing about the Olympics wasn?t the winning.It was the red, the white, the blue.It was the summer that patriotism came out of the shadows and into the sun.Everyone cheering as one for Team GB.And it?s Team GB I want to talk about today.Our United Kingdom.Last year, the date for the Scottish referendum was fixed.The countdown was set.And today, we have just over 7 months until that vote.Centuries of history hang in the balance a question mark hangs over the future of our United Kingdom.If people vote yes in September, then Scotland will become an independent country.There will be no going back.As I have made clear, this is a decision that is squarely and solely for those in Scotland to make.I passionately believe it is in their interests to stay in the UK.That way Scotland has the space to take decisions, while still having the security that comes with being part of something bigger.From Holyrood they can decide what happens in every hospital, school and police station in Scotland and in the UK, Scotland is part of a major global player.These are the arguments we will keep on putting till September 18th.It is their choice, their vote.from 004km.cn
But my argument today is that while only 4 million people can vote in this referendum, all 63 million of us are profoundly affected.There are 63 million of us who could wake up on September 19th in a different country, with a different future ahead of it.That?s why this speech is addressed not so much to the people of Scotland, but to the people of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.Within these countries there are a whole range of different views about this referendum.There are those I?d call the ?quiet patriots?: people who love the UK, love our flag and our history – but think there?s nothing much they can do to encourage Scotland to stay in the UK so they stay out of the debate.There are the ?shoulder shruggers?: people who are ambivalent about the outcome, who think this doesn?t matter much to anyone South of the border.Their view is that if Scotland left the UK then yes, that would be sad, but we could just wave them a wistful goodbye and carry on as normal.And then there are those – a few – who think we?d be better off if Scotland did leave the UK, that this marriage of nations has run its course and needs a divorce.Today I want to take on all these views: the idea we?d be better off without Scotland, the idea that this makes no difference to the rest of the UK and the idea that however much we might care, we in England, Wales and Northern Ireland can have no voice in this debate because we don?t have a vote.All the above are wrong.We would be deeply diminished without Scotland.This matters to all our futures.And everyone in the UK can have a voice in this debate.I want to make this case by putting forward what, to me, are the 4 compelling reasons why the United Kingdom is stronger with Scotland in it:
The first is our connections with each other.Over 3 centuries we?ve lived together, worked together – and frankly we?ve got together getting married, having children, moving back and forwards across borders.Such is the fusion of our bloodlines that my surname goes back to the West Highlands and by the way, I am as proud of my Scottish heritage as I am of my English heritage.The name Cameron might mean ?crooked nose? but the clan motto is “Let us unite” – and that?s exactly what we in these islands have done.Today 800,000 Scots live elsewhere in the UK and more than 400,000 people who were born in the rest of the UK now live in Scotland.And there are millions of people who do business over the border every single day, like the farmers in Lincolnshire who grow some of the barley that?s used in Scotch whisky.The United Kingdom is an intricate tapestry, millions of relationships woven tight over more than 3 centuries.That?s why, for millions of people, there is no contradiction in being proud of your Scottishness, Englishness, Britishness – sometimes all at once.Some say none of this would change with independence, that these connections would stay as strong as ever.But the fact is: all these connections – whether business or personal – are eased and strengthened by the institutional framework of the UK.When the Acts of Union were passed, the role of the state was limited to things like defence, taxes and property rights.Since then the state has transformed beyond recognition and our institutions have grown together like the roots of great trees, fusing together under the foundations of our daily lives.You don?t need a customs check when you travel over the border, you don?t have to get out your passport out at Carlisle, you don?t have to deal with totally different tax systems and regulations when you trade and you don?t have to trade in different currencies.Our human connections – our friendships, relationships, business partnerships – they are underpinned because we are all in the same United Kingdom and that is reason number 1 we are stronger together.The second is our prosperity.Some people look at the United Kingdom only in terms of debit and credit columns, tax and spend and how that gets split between our 4 nations.But that completely misses the bigger picture.This is a world that has been through massive economic storms where economic competition is heating up as never before, where we have to work harder than ever just to make a living.And in that world of uncertainty, we are quite simply stronger as a bigger entity – an open economy of 63 million people with the oldest and most successful single market in the world with one of the oldest and most successful currencies in the world.This stability is hugely attractive for investors.Last year we were the top destination for foreign direct investment in Europe.That is a stamp of approval on our stability – and I would not want to jeopardise that.But let me be clear: The central part of my economic argument for the UK is not about what we?d lose if we pulled apart – but what we could gain in this world if we stay together.This government has set out a long-term economic plan for Britain: getting behind enterprise, dealing with our debts, a plan to give the people of this country peace of mind and security for the future.And this isn?t just a plan, it?s a vision.The UK as the big European success story of this century moving from an island sinking under too much debt, too much borrowing and too much taxation to a country that?s dynamic, exporting, innovating, creating.Scotland is right at the heart of that vision.Why? I could give you a list of the Scottish strengths – their historic universities like Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Glasgow and St.Andrews;great industries: from food processing to financial services, from ship-building to science.But it?s not about Scotland?s strengths as some sort of bolt-on extra.It?s about what we, the constituent parts of the UK, can achieve together.The power of collaboration.It?s there in our past when the Scottish enlightenment met the industrial revolution: intellectual endeavour and commercial might combining to shape global economic ideas.And that power of collaboration is there today.Together we?re stronger at getting out there and selling our products to the world.Like Scotch whisky.Whether I?m in India or China, there?s barely a meeting where I don?t bang the drum for whisky abroad.Of course, the First Minister fights hard for those deals too but the clout we have as a United Kingdom gives us a much better chance of getting around the right tables, bashing down trade barriers, getting deals signed.The result – Scotch whisky adds £135 to the UK?s balance of payments every single second.And together we?re stronger to lead in the industries of the future.Like green energy.We have the wind and the waves of Scotland, decades of North Sea experience in Aberdeen and with the rest of the UK – a domestic energy market of tens of millions of people to drive and support these new industries.Two years ago we set up the Green Investment Bank.Based in Edinburgh, it?s invested across the UK, helping a Scottish distillery to fit sustainable biomass boilers, financing a new energy centre at Addenbrooke?s hospital in Cambridge.This is what happens when we collaborate.We?ve come through the great recession together.Our deficit down by a third.Our economy growing.Our exports to China doubled.And I believe we stand a much, much better chance of building a more prosperous future together.The third reason we?re stronger together is our place in the world.Together, we get a seat at the UN Security Council, real clout in NATO and Europe, the prestige to host events like the G8.Together we?ve got the finest armed forces on the planet.I think of the fighter pilots originally operating from RAF Lossiemouth who flew sorties over Libya, the legendary Scottish titles now part of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, like the Black Watch and the Highlanders.I think of the shipyards on the Forth and Clyde, where – alongside shipyards across the UK – they are building the Queen Elizabeth aircraft carrier launching this year to secure the seas and keep us safe.Now to some, all this might sound like national vanity.It?s the view that if the UK split up and our role in the world shrank, it wouldn?t matter so much.But this is a country that earns its living through international ties with millions of our citizens living abroad.When ships are ambushed on lawless seas – that hits our trade.When the middle class in China is set to grow by millions a year – that presents huge opportunities for jobs back home in the UK.This world shapes us – so our place in the world matters.And make no mistake: we matter more as a United Kingdom – politically, militarily, diplomatically – and culturally too.Our reach is about much more than military might – it?s about our music, film, TV, fashion.The UK is the soft power super power.You get teenagers in Tokyo and Sydney listening to Emeli Sandé.People in Kazakhstan and Taiwan watching BBC exports like Sherlock written by a Scot a hundred years ago, played by an Englishman today – and created for TV by a Scotsman.The World Service – transmitting to hundreds of millions.Famously Aung San Suu Kyi has said it helped her through her long years of detention, saying: “Everywhere I have been, the BBC has been with me.” And the BBC itself – founded by a Scotsman.My wife is an ambassador for the British Fashion Council and she sees – and raves about – the international impact of our fashion, helped along massively by Scottish designers like Christopher Kane and Jonathan Saunders.Sometimes, we can forget just how big our reputation is that the world over the letters “UK” stand for unique, brilliant, creative, eccentric, ingenious.We come as a brand – a powerful brand.Separating Scotland out of that brand would be like separating the waters of the River Tweed and the North Sea.If we lost Scotland, if the UK changed, we would rip the rug from under our own reputation.The plain fact is we matter more in the world together.These are all compelling practical reasons for the UK to stick together.But – pounds and pence and institutional questions;that?s not what it?s really about, for me.It?s about the slave who escaped his master after the American Revolution because he was offered liberty and land by the British crown.In gratitude, he re-named himself this: British Freedom.It?s about Lord Lovat on the beach on D-Day, the bagpipes playing as his brigade landed ashore.It?s about HMS Sheffield, HMS Glasgow, HMS Antrim, HMS Glamorgan grey ships ploughing through grey seas for 8,000 miles to the Falkland Islands – and for what?
For freedom.Because this is a country that has never been cowed by bullies and dictators.This is a country that stands for something.And this, really, is why I?m standing here today: Our shared values.Freedom.Solidarity.Compassion.Not just overseas, but at home.In this country, we don?t walk on by when people are sick when people lose work when people get old.When you talk about an Englishman, a Welshman, a Scotsman, a Northern Irishman it might sound like the beginning of a bad joke but here it?s how we started our NHS, our welfare system, our state pension system.And these values aren?t trapped in the pages of a history book – they are alive.When the people of Benghazi were crying out for help when a girl in Pakistan was shot for wanting an education when children around the world are desperate for food we don?t walk on by.And let?s be clear.Our values are not just a source of pride for us, they are a source of hope for the world.In 1964, Nelson Mandela stood in the dock in the Pretoria Supreme Court.He was making the case for his life, against apartheid – and in that speech he invoked the example of Britain: He said: “I have great respect for British political institutions, and for the country?s system of justice.I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world…” Our Parliament, our laws, our way of life – so often, down the centuries, the UK has given people hope.We?ve shown that democracy and prosperity can go hand in hand, that resolution is found not through the bullet, but the ballot box.Our values are of value to the world.In the darkest times in human history there has been, in the North Sea, a light that never goes out.And if this family of nations broke up, something very powerful and precious would go out forever.So there is a moral, economic, geopolitical, diplomatic and yes – let?s say it proudly – an emotional case for keeping the United Kingdom together.But still, however strongly we feel – we are a reticent nation.It can seem vulgar to fly the flag.Some people have even advised me to stay out of this issue – and not to get too sentimental about the UK.But frankly, I care far too much to stay out of it.This is personal.I have an old copy of Our Island Story, my favourite book as a child and I want to give it to my 3 children, and I want to be able to teach my youngest when she?s old enough to understand, that she is part of this great, world-beating story.And I passionately hope that my children will be able to teach their children the same that the stamp on their passport is a mark of pride that together, these islands really do stand for something more than the sum of our parts, they stand for bigger ideals, nobler causes, greater values.Our great United Kingdom: brave, brilliant, buccaneering, generous, tolerant, proud – this is our country.And we built it together.Brick by brick, Scotland, England, Wales, Northern Ireland.Brick by brick.This is our home – and I could not bear to see that home torn apart.I love this country.I love the United Kingdom and all it stands for.And I will fight with all I have to keep us together.And so I want to be clear to everyone listening.There can be no complacency about the result of this referendum.The outcome is still up in the air and we have just 7 months to go.7 months to do all we can to keep our United Kingdom as one.7 months to save the most extraordinary country in history.And we must do whatever it takes.So to everyone in England, Wales and Northern Ireland everyone, like me, who cares about the United Kingdom I want to say this: you don?t have a vote, but you do have a voice.Those voting are our friends, neighbours and family.You do have an influence.Get on the phone, get together, email, tweet, speak.Let the message ring out from Manchester to Motherwell, from Pembrokeshire to Perth, from Belfast to Bute, from us to the people of Scotland – let the message be this: We want you to stay.Think of what we?ve done together – what we can do together – what we stand for together.Team GB.The winning team in world history.Let us stick together for a winning future too.