第一篇：王健林在哈佛的演講

王健林在哈佛的演講

我心里誠(chéng)惶誠(chéng)恐，哈佛大學(xué)在全世界人的心目中都是一座神圣殿堂。萬達(dá)相對(duì)于世界頂級(jí)企業(yè)來說，還有很大差距，我們絲毫不敢懈怠。借此機(jī)會(huì)，我跟大家分享一下做企業(yè)的一些心得。

一、萬達(dá)發(fā)展的四步棋 萬達(dá)成立于1988年，靠借錢才完成公司注冊(cè)。當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)成立房地產(chǎn)公司需要100萬注冊(cè)資金，我借了100萬，借款必須找人擔(dān)保，擔(dān)保人拿走50萬，實(shí)際上我只拿到50萬。而且借100萬給我的人，要求我5年還款，每年25%的回報(bào)?？雌饋?xiàng)l件非?？量蹋绻?dāng)年沒人肯借給我錢，也許今天就沒萬達(dá)了。這些年，萬達(dá)之所以能比別的企業(yè)發(fā)展快，關(guān)鍵是創(chuàng)新。萬達(dá)創(chuàng)新關(guān)鍵走了四步棋。

1、全國(guó)發(fā)展 萬達(dá)的第一步是敢于走出去，到全國(guó)發(fā)展。公司1988年成立，1992年就走出大連到廣州發(fā)展，是中國(guó)第一家跨區(qū)域發(fā)展的房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)。那時(shí)中國(guó)的政策不支持企業(yè)到外地發(fā)展，困難很多。我們?nèi)V州開發(fā)，企業(yè)不能注冊(cè)。一般人遇到這種政策壁壘就退縮了，但我想，毛主席說過兩句話：“世上無難事，只要肯登攀”，有政策壁壘，我也要登攀一下看看。就去找廣州當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)談，看誰愿意借給我們執(zhí)照，最后跟廣州華僑房地產(chǎn)公司談好了，一年給他交200萬，他為我們注冊(cè)一個(gè)分公司，就把事情辦成了。正是從廣州開始，萬達(dá)發(fā)展起來，一發(fā)不可收。到今年底，萬達(dá)在中國(guó)投資的城市將超過90個(gè)，成為全國(guó)進(jìn)入城市最多的房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)。全國(guó)發(fā)展讓萬達(dá)從一個(gè)地區(qū)的小公司，成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)全國(guó)性、規(guī)模比較大的公司。

2、商業(yè)地產(chǎn) 萬達(dá)發(fā)展的第二步是進(jìn)軍商業(yè)地產(chǎn)。2000年前，萬達(dá)主要做住宅開發(fā)，生意做得很順，為什么要轉(zhuǎn)型做不動(dòng)產(chǎn)？當(dāng)時(shí)有一件事觸動(dòng)了我，公司有兩個(gè)跟我一起創(chuàng)業(yè)的老員工，一個(gè)得了癌癥，一個(gè)得了肝病。那時(shí)中國(guó)民營(yíng)企業(yè)沒有醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)等社會(huì)保障，能不能治病要看公司有沒有錢、愿不愿意出錢，我當(dāng)時(shí)決定不管花多少錢也要救治這兩位員工，其中一個(gè)人花了200多萬，一個(gè)人花了100多萬。這件事促使我思考，盡管公司當(dāng)時(shí)還年輕，但發(fā)展20年后，當(dāng)員工老了、退休了，有病的人多了怎么辦？ 住宅房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)金流不穩(wěn)定，有項(xiàng)目銷售的時(shí)候，公司就有現(xiàn)金流；一旦項(xiàng)目賣完，需要重新買土地，做新項(xiàng)目的投入時(shí)，公司現(xiàn)金流就會(huì)下來。而且中國(guó)房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)經(jīng)常遇到國(guó)家宏觀調(diào)控，這時(shí)現(xiàn)金流波動(dòng)更大。我擔(dān)心如果一直做這個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)，一旦出現(xiàn)極端情況，會(huì)影響企業(yè)存亡。為了尋求穩(wěn)定的現(xiàn)金流，萬達(dá)不斷探索。萬達(dá)做過制造業(yè)，其中包括中國(guó)很有名的奧的斯電梯以及變壓器、制藥廠，還做過超市，外貿(mào)等等。到2000年，萬達(dá)決定把不動(dòng)產(chǎn)作為企業(yè)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)來發(fā)展。在做決定之前，企業(yè)內(nèi)部有過兩三年的討論，大家覺得不動(dòng)產(chǎn)包含蓋房子、招商兩大部分，至少蓋房子我們是明白的，所以決定全力以赴去做。做了幾年后，找到感覺了，商業(yè)模式也越來越成熟。這是一個(gè)從被動(dòng)到主動(dòng)、從不自覺到自覺的過程?，F(xiàn)在萬達(dá)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)已經(jīng)開業(yè)1300萬平米，在世界行業(yè)排名第三，在建的還有2000多萬平米。而且我們發(fā)展速度很快，每年開業(yè)400多萬平方米物業(yè)，到2015年，萬達(dá)將成為全球規(guī)模最大的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)企業(yè)。能走到這一步，除了我們自身努力，也有賴于中國(guó)地域廣闊，人口眾多，消費(fèi)總量大。萬達(dá)做高級(jí)酒店，一開始是做試驗(yàn)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，把酒店和商業(yè)中心、寫字樓、公寓等組合在一起更受歡迎，所以就按這個(gè)模式發(fā)展，幾乎每個(gè)購(gòu)物中心都會(huì)配一個(gè)五星級(jí)酒店。幾年下來，萬達(dá)就成為了全球最大的五星級(jí)酒店業(yè)主，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擁有38家開業(yè)酒店，正在施工的還有30多家。萬達(dá)商業(yè)地產(chǎn)的模式推出后，受到中國(guó)各地政府的歡迎。中國(guó)的土地不像美國(guó)可以自由買賣，只能從地方政府手里買。因?yàn)楹芏嗟胤秸?qǐng)萬達(dá)去做項(xiàng)目，在合作中萬達(dá)就占據(jù)了主動(dòng)地位，具有了議價(jià)權(quán)，獲取土地的成本比其他企業(yè)要低很多?，F(xiàn)在邀請(qǐng)萬達(dá)做的項(xiàng)目和萬達(dá)投資項(xiàng)目數(shù)量比是3：1至4：1，萬達(dá)擁有選擇權(quán)，所以項(xiàng)目利潤(rùn)比較高。

3、文化旅游 萬達(dá)發(fā)展的第三步是做文化旅游。2003年就開始做電影院，因?yàn)槿f達(dá)購(gòu)物中心需要配建電影院。最初萬達(dá)跟美國(guó)華納院線合作，但由于兩方面原因，雙方?jīng)]能合作下去。一是中美WTO談判規(guī)定外資不能控股中國(guó)影院，華納不愿做小股東；二是華納對(duì)中國(guó)電影市場(chǎng)發(fā)生了誤判，當(dāng)時(shí)全中國(guó)票房只有一億多美元，他們覺得投資賺不到錢。萬達(dá)只好在中國(guó)找合作伙伴，當(dāng)時(shí)各地做影院的都是國(guó)有的廣電集團(tuán)，萬達(dá)先后和上海、江蘇、廣東、北京等地的廣電集團(tuán)談過合作，我們做業(yè)主，他們經(jīng)營(yíng)。但因?yàn)檫@些廣電集團(tuán)都是官辦、沒有賺錢的動(dòng)力，結(jié)果都沒談成。其中還有一個(gè)小故事，當(dāng)時(shí)上海廣電集團(tuán)總裁很有創(chuàng)新思想，他覺得這是一筆好生意，和我們簽了協(xié)議，也交了保證金。但協(xié)議簽訂半年后，上海廣電集團(tuán)換了新的總裁，反對(duì)這個(gè)協(xié)議，堅(jiān)決不履行。但這時(shí)我們有10個(gè)新店馬上要開業(yè)，逼得我們只好自己做。中國(guó)電影恰恰從2005年開始騰飛，此后每年遞增都超過30%，今年中國(guó)電影票房將超過160億元。如果中國(guó)電影市場(chǎng)今后按每年25%的速度遞增，2018年就將超過北美市場(chǎng)。除了電影院線，萬達(dá)還進(jìn)入許多文化產(chǎn)業(yè)行業(yè)。如舞臺(tái)演藝，我們把拉斯維加斯著名的水秀制作團(tuán)隊(duì)收編了，投資100億元，在中國(guó)打造五臺(tái)世界頂級(jí)的舞臺(tái)秀節(jié)目。萬達(dá)電影科技樂園的第一個(gè)項(xiàng)目將于2014年在武漢開業(yè)，相比迪斯尼、環(huán)球影城做這類項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容比較單一，萬達(dá)武漢的電影科技樂園一次做了六項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，而且采用的是中國(guó)的故事、中國(guó)的形象。萬達(dá)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)越做越大，因此成立了一個(gè)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)集團(tuán)，把文化產(chǎn)業(yè)作為支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)來發(fā)展。今年萬達(dá)文化產(chǎn)業(yè)集團(tuán)的收入，可以排到世界文化產(chǎn)業(yè)的前40名。計(jì)劃大2016年，做到400億元，進(jìn)入世界文化產(chǎn)業(yè)前20名。到2020年達(dá)到800億元，進(jìn)入世界文化產(chǎn)業(yè)前10名。萬達(dá)從2008年開始做旅游投資，首個(gè)項(xiàng)目是長(zhǎng)白山國(guó)際度假區(qū)，占地22平方公里，總投資200億人民幣，現(xiàn)在已開業(yè)，反響非常好，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出我們的預(yù)期。萬達(dá)大連、西雙版納的度假區(qū)也在建設(shè)中。萬達(dá)顛覆了傳統(tǒng)度假區(qū)的概念，每個(gè)項(xiàng)目都會(huì)做十幾個(gè)高級(jí)酒店，還有旅游小鎮(zhèn)、大劇院等設(shè)施，突出文化和商業(yè)。

4、跨國(guó)發(fā)展 萬達(dá)發(fā)展的第四步是跨國(guó)發(fā)展。之所以要跨國(guó)發(fā)展，首先，萬達(dá)按照目前速度發(fā)展，今年資產(chǎn)將達(dá)到2800億元，收入達(dá)到1450億元，規(guī)模已經(jīng)很大。但如果只在中國(guó)發(fā)展，即使做得再大，也只是一個(gè)國(guó)家的企業(yè)。要想成為世界范圍的著名企業(yè)，就一定要走出中國(guó)。其次是為了分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，不能把雞蛋都放在一個(gè)籃子里。萬達(dá)今年年初宣布了十年戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，計(jì)劃十年內(nèi)成為世界一流的跨國(guó)企業(yè)，為中國(guó)的民營(yíng)企業(yè)爭(zhēng)光。現(xiàn)在財(cái)富500大中有70多家中國(guó)企業(yè)，但只有3、4家是民營(yíng)企業(yè)。萬達(dá)應(yīng)該用自己的發(fā)展來證明，民營(yíng)企業(yè)沒有國(guó)家特殊優(yōu)惠政策支持、依然可以發(fā)展得很好、很快。萬達(dá)跨國(guó)發(fā)展第一步是并購(gòu)美國(guó)的AMC影院公司，我們也正跟美國(guó)的六大電影制片公司洽談，將來會(huì)在內(nèi)容上進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合作。萬達(dá)不是為國(guó)際化而國(guó)際化，并購(gòu)AMC不是為了做大規(guī)模而做大規(guī)模，在規(guī)模做大的同時(shí)，還要追求比較好的利潤(rùn)。兩年多的并購(gòu)談判，也等于給我們上課，給我們補(bǔ)充知識(shí)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多美國(guó)大企業(yè)由很多小股東或者基金持有，沒有真正的主人，都是追求短期回報(bào)。這樣的企業(yè)缺乏長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，看不到長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展。所以，只要萬達(dá)不看短期利益，能忍受短期的虧損，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看，在美國(guó)、歐洲都是很有機(jī)會(huì)的。

二、萬達(dá)快速發(fā)展的原因 萬達(dá)發(fā)展這么快，主要有以下原因：

1、商業(yè)模式領(lǐng)先 企業(yè)創(chuàng)新有很多種，如技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、管理創(chuàng)新、文化創(chuàng)新等等，其中很重要的是模式創(chuàng)新，我一直認(rèn)為商業(yè)模式創(chuàng)新的價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和管理創(chuàng)新。比如咖啡誰都會(huì)賣，但星巴克進(jìn)行流程再造、商業(yè)模式創(chuàng)新，成為一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)，麥當(dāng)勞、肯德基也是這樣。我非常反對(duì)有些人說，高科技、新能源、新材料才是希望，其他都不行。我認(rèn)為不管是傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)、還是新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，只要善于創(chuàng)新商業(yè)模式，一樣可以獲得超額利潤(rùn)，而且生命周期更長(zhǎng)。因?yàn)榧热环Q為傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，就是能延續(xù)成百上千年的產(chǎn)業(yè)，所謂先進(jìn)的東西，壽命反而不一定很長(zhǎng)。

2、信息化水平高 萬達(dá)多年前就成立了信息管理中心，從海內(nèi)外招聘優(yōu)秀人才，自己研發(fā)管理信息系統(tǒng)。萬達(dá)是中國(guó)擁有管理軟件國(guó)家專利和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)最多的企業(yè)，去年一年就獲得近二十項(xiàng)。管理上，萬達(dá)善于利用科技手段進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新，萬達(dá)最著名的管理模式叫做模塊化管理。我們把一個(gè)商業(yè)地產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目的開發(fā)按時(shí)間分成300多個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，每一步每一個(gè)相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)部門做什么，都有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定。這些節(jié)點(diǎn)分為三級(jí)，總裁、副總裁關(guān)注一級(jí)節(jié)點(diǎn)，系統(tǒng)關(guān)注二級(jí)節(jié)點(diǎn)，項(xiàng)目公司關(guān)注三級(jí)節(jié)點(diǎn)。這些規(guī)定好后，編成一個(gè)模塊化管理軟件，每年11月，我們把第二年每個(gè)單位、每個(gè)人、每天的計(jì)劃事項(xiàng)都錄到系統(tǒng)中。這個(gè)信息系統(tǒng)會(huì)自動(dòng)考核，如果到時(shí)間沒有完成進(jìn)度，會(huì)亮黃燈警示；如果規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)沒有把功課補(bǔ)上，就會(huì)亮紅燈。一旦亮紅燈，相關(guān)責(zé)任人就要被扣分，分?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)與收入掛鉤。所以，盡管萬達(dá)速度非?？?，但是并不忙亂，用一句傳統(tǒng)的話來表達(dá)就是緊張有序。萬達(dá)發(fā)展快的另一個(gè)重要原因是執(zhí)行力強(qiáng)，賞罰分明。萬達(dá)沒有公司政治，我個(gè)人在公司里沒有任何親戚。正因?yàn)楦鞣矫娴木C合作用，萬達(dá)能實(shí)現(xiàn)比較快的發(fā)展速度。萬達(dá)不是唯一能代表高速發(fā)展的中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的企業(yè)。在中國(guó)，像萬達(dá)這樣的民營(yíng)企業(yè)還有很多，隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，中國(guó)會(huì)誕生一大批優(yōu)秀的民營(yíng)企業(yè)，這些企業(yè)都會(huì)走向世界。十年前，世界500大公司，美國(guó)有197家，中國(guó)只有7家。2011年，世界500大公司，美國(guó)有145家，中國(guó)有74家。按照這個(gè)速度來推算，十年以后，應(yīng)該是中國(guó)、美國(guó)各100家左右，或者說中國(guó)略多一點(diǎn)。不管美國(guó)人承不承認(rèn)、不管高不高興，這就是世界發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。我相信，中美兩國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ)和聯(lián)系性是分不開的，像萬達(dá)這樣的企業(yè)，會(huì)越來越多到美國(guó)發(fā)展。

第二篇：蓋茨在哈佛的演講

Speech given by Microsoft chairman Bill Gates at Harvard University on June 7, 2007 President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates: I've been waiting more than 30 years to say this: “Dad, I always told you I'd come back and get my degree.” I want to thank Harvard for this timely honour.I'll be changing my job next year...and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I'm just happy that the Crimson has called me “Harvard's most successful dropout.” I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class...I did the best of everyone who failed.But I also want to be recognised as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I'm a bad influence.That's why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn't even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn't worry about getting up in the morning.That's how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn't guarantee success.One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world's first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.I worried that they would realise I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: “We're not quite ready, come see us in a month,” which was a good thing, because we hadn't written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with Microsoft.What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilegethe appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics.I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.But humanity's greatest advances are not in its discoveriesreducing inequity is the highest human achievement.I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country.And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing countries.It took me decades to find out.You graduates came to Harvard at a different time.You know more about the world's inequities than the classes that came before.In your years here, I hope you've had a chance to think about howwe can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a causenone of them in the United States.We were shocked.We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them.But it did not.For under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren't being delivered.If you believe that every life has equal value, it's revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not.We said to ourselves: “This can't be true.But if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.” So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it.We asked: “How could the world let these children die?” The answer is simple, and harsh.The market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidise it.So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the system.But you and I have both.We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalismbecause people just...don't...care.“ I completely disagree.I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothingand millions of people dying is nothing new.So it stays in the background, where it's easier to ignore.But even when we do see it or read about it, it's difficult to keep our eyes on the problem.It's hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don't know how to help.And so we look away.If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks ”How can I help?," then we can get actionand that makes it hard for their caring to matter.Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already haveand the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behaviour.Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again.This is the pattern.The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and workingwhich is to surrender to complexity and quit.The final stepis to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.You have to have the statistics, of course.You have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children.You have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these diseases.This is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment from business and government.But if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more than numbers;you have to convey the human impact of the workthen multiply that by millions....Yet this was the most boring panel I've ever been onbut why can't we generate even more excitement for saving lives? You can't get people excited unless you can help them see and feel the impact.And how you do thatthey can help us make the most of our caringbiotechnology, the computer, the Internetand that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don't.That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion--smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don't have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organisation, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall spoke of 60 years ago.Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.What for? There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world.But can we do more? Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name? Let me make a request of the deans and the professorsyou will answer with your policies.My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted herein talent, privilege, and opportunitya complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal.But you don't have to do that to make an impact.For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them.Don't let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time.As you leave Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had.You have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have.And with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort.You have more than we had;you must start sooner, and carry on longer.Knowing what you know, how could you not? And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy.I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world's deepest inequities...on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.Good luck.goooder(2007-7-05 18:59:29)Dir Mr.Yan, Thank you very much for sharing this article for us.I would not be able to know Bill Gates has been graduated from Harvard if you did not post this.goooder(2007-7-05 19:00:24)比爾蓋茨哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)演講(轉(zhuǎn)帖)2007-06-14 http://cn.bbs.yahoo.com/message/read_overseas_483191.html 過去30年里，我一直在等待著說這樣一句話，“父親，我一直對(duì)您說我將拿到自己的學(xué)位?！?。

我要感謝哈佛及時(shí)地授予我學(xué)位。我明年要換工作(注：指全力投入比爾及梅琳達(dá)基金會(huì)的慈善工作)，有了學(xué)位我的簡(jiǎn)歷看起來會(huì)更好一些。

祝賀今天的哈佛畢業(yè)生都直接獲得了學(xué)位。哈佛校報(bào)稱我為“哈佛歷史上最成功的輟學(xué)生”，這讓我感到非常高興。當(dāng)我面對(duì)同一屆畢業(yè)生時(shí)，我可以對(duì)他們說，“是失敗者中最為成功的。”

眾所周知，當(dāng)初史蒂夫 鮑爾默(Steve Ballmer)從哈佛商學(xué)院退學(xué)，我是作俑者。我并不是一個(gè)好榜樣，這也是我受邀在你們的畢業(yè)典禮上發(fā)表演講的原因。如果你們都像我一樣輟學(xué)，那今天就沒有人會(huì)坐在這里。

對(duì)我來說，在哈佛的經(jīng)歷是一段難忘的體驗(yàn)。校園生活總是讓人留戀，我曾經(jīng)上了很多根本沒有注冊(cè)的課。當(dāng)然，宿舍的生活并不太美好。當(dāng)時(shí)我住在拉德克里夫?qū)W院，同一宿舍的很多人經(jīng)常討論問題到深夜，因?yàn)樗麄兌贾牢也⒉粨?dān)心早上起不來床。正是在這樣的環(huán)境下，我成長(zhǎng)為反社會(huì)集團(tuán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

拉德克里夫是一個(gè)適合生活的地方。那時(shí)候這里有很多女孩子，而且大多數(shù)男生都屬于較為死板的類型，因此我的機(jī)會(huì)很多，你們都知道我的意思。不過，正是在這里，我明白了擁有機(jī)會(huì)并不一定能獲得成功的道理。(笑)

微軟的起步

在哈佛的日子里，最令我難忘的一天是在1975年1月。當(dāng)時(shí)我給Albuquerque的一家公司打了電話，這家公司已經(jīng)開始生產(chǎn)全世界首批個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，我希望向它們銷售軟件。最開始我忐忑不安，因?yàn)閾?dān)心這家公司會(huì)因?yàn)槲沂菍W(xué)生而掛斷電話。但幸運(yùn)的是，它們沒有這樣做，而是對(duì)我說，“我們還沒有準(zhǔn)備好，一個(gè)月內(nèi)來我們公司看看吧。”這對(duì)我來說是一個(gè)好消息，因?yàn)槲覀儺?dāng)時(shí)還沒有完成軟件開發(fā)。從那一刻起，我夜以繼日地工作。這一項(xiàng)目雖然價(jià)值不大，但它標(biāo)志著我大學(xué)生活的結(jié)束，以及微軟的起步。

哈佛給我留下印象最深的是所有人都活力十足，而且非常聰明。在哈佛的日子有快樂，也有失落，但總是充滿挑戰(zhàn)。盡管我很早離開了哈佛，但那幾年已經(jīng)足以改變我。在這里，我結(jié)識(shí)了很多朋友，并想出了很多創(chuàng)意。

最大遺憾

認(rèn)真回顧過去，我確實(shí)有著一大遺憾。

當(dāng)我離開哈佛時(shí)，我并沒有意識(shí)到這個(gè)世界存在著可怕的不平等現(xiàn)象。人們享受的醫(yī)療、保健和機(jī)會(huì)嚴(yán)重不均，很多人生活在絕望的邊緣。

我在哈佛學(xué)到了很多東西，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治方面的新思想，但體會(huì)最深的還是科學(xué)的不斷進(jìn)步。

可是，人類的最大進(jìn)步并不體現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明上，而是如何利用它們來消除不平等。不管通過何種方式，民主、公共教育、醫(yī)療保健、或者是經(jīng)濟(jì)合作，消除不平等才是人類的最大成就。

當(dāng)我離開校園時(shí)，并不知道美國(guó)有數(shù)百萬的青少年享受不到受教育的機(jī)會(huì)，我也不知道在發(fā)展中國(guó)家有數(shù)百萬人生活在極度的貧困之中。

我用了數(shù)十年的時(shí)間才明白了這些。

你們和我完全不同，你們更了解這個(gè)世界上存在的不平等。我希望你們過去幾年都曾經(jīng)認(rèn)真想過，應(yīng)當(dāng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)這樣的不平等，以及如何解決這些問題。

假如，如果你愿意付出每周幾小時(shí)時(shí)間和每月幾美元，希望這些時(shí)間和錢能拯救更多的人，改善更多人的生活。那么，你會(huì)將時(shí)間和錢花在哪里呢？

對(duì)于梅琳達(dá)(注：蓋茨之妻)和我來說，也存在著同樣的問題：應(yīng)該怎樣做，才能讓我們擁有的資源給最多的人帶來好處呢？

在討論這一問題的過程中，梅琳達(dá)和我看到一篇關(guān)于疾病每年在發(fā)展中國(guó)家殺死數(shù)百萬兒童的新聞。這些疾病包括麻疹、瘧疾、肺炎、B型肝炎和黃熱病，它們?cè)诿绹?guó)已經(jīng)受到嚴(yán)密的控制。此外，一種我們從未聽說的疾病──輪狀病毒每年要?dú)⑺?0萬兒童，但其中沒有一名美國(guó)兒童。

我們感到非常震驚。既然每年有如此多的兒童因?yàn)檫@些疾病而死，那么就應(yīng)當(dāng)將研發(fā)新藥、拯救生命放在首位，但事實(shí)并非如此。

人人生而平等

如果你們相信“人人生而平等”，當(dāng)了解到人們認(rèn)為有些生命值得拯救，而有些生命不值得時(shí)，也會(huì)感到震驚。我們會(huì)對(duì)自己說：“這并不是真的。但是，如果它是真的，我們就應(yīng)當(dāng)努力改變這種情況?！?/p>

因此，我們開始了這樣的工作，我們相信別人也會(huì)這樣做。有時(shí)我們會(huì)感到不解：這個(gè)世界為什么會(huì)允許那么多的孩子死亡呢？

答案很簡(jiǎn)單，也很殘酷。拯救這些孩子的生命并不會(huì)帶來市場(chǎng)回報(bào)，政府也沒有為此提供補(bǔ)貼。這些孩子之所以會(huì)死亡，主要因?yàn)樗麄兊母改笡]有強(qiáng)大的市場(chǎng)力量，甚至沒有話語權(quán)。

但是我和你們都有。

我們今天坐在這里，就在這一時(shí)間，世界各地仍在上演著人間慘劇。這讓我們感到心碎，我們之所以沒有采取任何行動(dòng)，并不是我們沒有同情心，而是因?yàn)槲覀儾恢廊绾稳プ觥?/p>

我們面臨的障礙并不是缺乏同情心，實(shí)際情況要復(fù)雜的多。

要將同情心轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)，我們需要看到問題，找到解決方案，并了解最終結(jié)果。但實(shí)際情況是，我們很難做到這三點(diǎn)。

即使有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和24小時(shí)新聞播報(bào)，我們?nèi)匀缓茈y真正地了解問題。如果一架飛機(jī)墜毀，官方會(huì)立即舉辦新聞發(fā)布會(huì)。他們將會(huì)承諾展開調(diào)查，確定事故原因，并保證今后不會(huì)出現(xiàn)同樣的情況。

但實(shí)際情況卻是，飛機(jī)失事死亡人數(shù)還不足全世界每天因可避免原因死亡人數(shù)的0.5%。

更嚴(yán)重的問題并不是飛機(jī)失事，而是全球數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的可避免死亡。

事實(shí)上，我們很難獲得同后者相關(guān)的消息。新聞媒體希望獲得新消息，而數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人因貧窮和疾病死亡并不是新消息。因此，這樣的消息很難出現(xiàn)在媒體報(bào)道中，從而更容易被人們所忽略。另一方面，即使我們看到這樣的報(bào)道，也不太情愿仔細(xì)閱讀。因?yàn)榍闆r過于復(fù)雜，我們不知道如何提供幫助。在這種情況下，我們大多數(shù)情況會(huì)將視線轉(zhuǎn)向其它方向。

看到問題只是第一步，我們要做的下一步是降低問題的復(fù)雜度，并找到解決方案。

如果我們想讓自己的同情心發(fā)揮作用，找到解決方案非常必要。因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣，我們才能確保同情心沒有被浪費(fèi)。當(dāng)然，由于大部分問題都很復(fù)雜，要找到解決方案并不容易。

那么，我們又應(yīng)當(dāng)如何降低復(fù)雜度，找到解決方案呢？我認(rèn)為可以分為四個(gè)階段：確定一個(gè)目標(biāo)、發(fā)現(xiàn)最有效的方式、為這種方式找到理想的技術(shù)、以及開發(fā)最優(yōu)秀的應(yīng)用，例如用于治病的藥品。

我們要做的最后一步就是衡量工作的成果，并與他人共享我們的成功與失敗。

第三篇：比爾蓋茨哈佛演講 全文

比爾蓋茨哈佛演講 全文

Remarks of Bill Gates Harvard Commencement June 7, 2007

President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

I’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say this: ―Dad, I always told you

I’d come back and get my degree.‖ I want to thank Harvard for this timely honor.I’ll be changing my job next year … and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.I applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees.For my part, I’m just happy that the Crimson has called me ―Harvard’s most successful dropout.‖ I guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class … I did the best of everyone who failed.But I also want to be recognized as the guy who got Steve Ballmer to drop out of business school.I’m a bad influence.That’s why I was invited to speak at your graduation.If I had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be

here today.Harvard was just a phenomenal experience for me.Academic life was fascinating.I used to sit in on lots of classes I hadn’t even signed up for.And dorm life was terrific.I lived up at Radcliffe, in Currier House.There were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew I didn’t worry about getting up in the morning.That’s how I came to be the leader of the anti-social group.We clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.Radcliffe was a great place to live.There were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types.That combination offered me the best odds, if you know what I mean.This is where I learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn’t guarantee success.One of my biggest memories of Harvard came in January 1975, when I made a call from Currier House to a company in Albuquerque that had begun making the world’s first personal computers.I offered to sell them software.I worried that they would realize I was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me.Instead they said: ―We’re not quite ready, come see usin a month,‖ which was a good thing, because we hadn’t written the software yet.From that moment, I worked day and night on this little extra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey

with Microsoft.What I remember above all about Harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence.It could be exhilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging.It was an amazing privilege – and though I left early, I was transformed by my years at Harvard, the friendships I

made, and the ideas I worked on.But taking a serious look back … I do have one big regret.I left Harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world – the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn

millions of people to lives of despair.I learned a lot here at Harvard about new ideas in economics and politics.I got great exposure to the advances being made in the sciences.But humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity.Whether through democracy, strong public education, quality health care, or broad economic opportunity –

reducing inequity is the highest human achievement.I left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country.And I knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing

countries.It took me decades to find out.You graduates came to Harvard at a different time.You know more about the world’s inequities than the classes that came before.In your years here, I hope you’ve had a chance to think about how – in this age of accelerating technology – we can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.Imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause – and you wanted to spend that time and money where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving lives.Where would you spend it?

For Melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have.During our discussions on this question, Melinda and I read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries from diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this country.Measles, malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis B, yellow fever.One disease I had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a million kids each year – none of them in

the United States.We were shocked.We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them.But it did not.For under a

dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren’t being

delivered.If you believe that every life has equal value, it’s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not.We said to ourselves: ―This can’t be true.But if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.‖

So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it.We asked: ―How could the world let these children die?‖

The answer is simple, and harsh.The market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it.So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and

no voice in the system.But you and I have both.We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop amore creative capitalism – if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities.We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the

people who pay the taxes.If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world.This task is open-ended.It can never be finished.But a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change

the world.I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope.They say: ―Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end – because people just …don’t … care.‖ I completely

disagree.I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.All of us here in this Yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing – not because we didn’t care, but because we didn’t know what to do.If we had known how to help, we

would have acted.The barrier to change is not too little caring;it is too much complexity.To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact.But complexity blocks all three steps.Even with the advent of the Internet and 24-hour news, it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems.When an airplane crashes, officials immediately call a press conference.They promise to investigate, determine the cause, and prevent similar crashes in the future.But if the officials were brutally honest, they would say: ―Of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes, one half of one percent of them were on this plane.We’re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent.‖

The bigger problem is not the plane crash, but the millions of preventable

deaths.We don’t read much about these deaths.The media covers what’s new –and millions of people dying is nothing new.So it stays in the background, where it’s easier to ignore.But even when we do see it or read about it, it’s difficult to keep our eyes on the problem.It’s hard to look at suffering if the situation is so complex that we don’t know how to help.And so

we look away.If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring.If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks ―How can I help?,‖ then we can get action – and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted.But complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares — and that makes it hard for their caring

to matter.Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have — whether it’s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bed net.The AIDS epidemic offers an example.The broad goal, of course, is to end the disease.The highest-leverage approach is prevention.The ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose.So governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research.But their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand – and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again.This is the pattern.The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working – and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century– which is to surrender to

complexity and quit.The final step – after seeing the problem and finding an approach – is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so

that others learn from your efforts.You have to have the statistics, of course.You have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children.You have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these diseases.This is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment from business and government.But if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more than numbers;you have to convey the human impact of the work – so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.I remember going to Davos some years back and sitting on a global health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives.Millions!Think of the thrill of saving just one person’s life – then multiply that by millions.… Yet this was the most boring panel I’ve ever been on – ever.So boring even I couldn’t

bear it.What made that experience especially striking was that I had just come from an event where we were introducing version 13 of some piece of software, and we had people jumping and shouting with excitement.I love getting people excited about software – but why can’t we generate even more excitement for

saving lives?

You can’t get people excited unless you can help them see and feel the impact.And how you do that – is a complex question.Still, I’m optimistic.Yes, inequity has been with us forever, but the new tools we have to cut through complexity have not been with us forever.They are new – they can help us make the most of our caring –and that’s why the

future can be different from the past.The defining and ongoing innovations of this age – biotechnology, the computer, the Internet – give us a chance we’ve never had before to end extreme poverty and end death from preventable disease.Sixty years ago, George Marshall came to this commencement and announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war Europe.He said: ―I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation.It is virtually impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real

significance of the situation.‖ Thirty years after Marshall made his address, as my class graduated without me, technology was emerging that would make the world smaller, more open, more visible, less distant.The emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and communicating.The magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor.It also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem – and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.At the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don’t.That means many creative minds are left out of this discussion--smart people with practical intelligence and relevant experience who don’t have the technology to hone their talents or contribute

their ideas to the world.We need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another.They are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation George Marshall

spoke of 60 years ago.Members of the Harvard Family: Here in the Yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.What for?

There is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of Harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world.But can we do more? Can Harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name? Let me make a request of the deans and the professors – the intellectual leaders here at Harvard: As you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please ask yourselves:

Should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?

Should Harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world’s worst inequities? Should Harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty … the prevalence of world hunger … the scarcity of clean water…the girls kept out of school … the children who die from diseases we can cure?

Should the world’s most privileged people learn about the lives of the

world’s least privileged? These are not rhetorical questions – you will answer with your policies.My mother, who was filled with pride the day I was admitted here –never stopped pressing me to do more for others.A few days before my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to Melinda.My mother was very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: ―From those to whom much is given, much is expected.‖ When you consider what those of us here in this Yard have been given –in talent, privilege, and opportunity – there is almost no limit to what the world has

a right to expect from us.In line with the promise of this age, I want to exhort each of the graduates here to take on an issue – a complex problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it.If you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal.But you don’t have to do that to make an impact.For a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the Internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut

through them.Don’t let complexity stop you.Be activists.Take on the big inequities.It will be one of the great experiences of your lives.You graduates are coming of age in an amazing time.As you leave Harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had.You have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have.And with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort.You have more than we had;you must start sooner, and carry on longer.Knowing what you know, how could you not?

And I hope you will come back here to Harvard 30 years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy.I hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world’s deepest inequities … on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but

their humanity.Good luck.過去30年里，我一直在等待著說這樣一句話，―父親，我一直對(duì)您說我將拿

到自己的學(xué)位?！?。

我要感謝哈佛及時(shí)地授予我學(xué)位。我明年要換工作(注：指全力投入比爾及梅琳達(dá)基金會(huì)的慈善工作)，有了學(xué)位我的簡(jiǎn)歷看起來會(huì)更好一些。

祝賀今天的哈佛畢業(yè)生都直接獲得了學(xué)位。哈佛校報(bào)稱我為―哈佛歷史上最成功的輟學(xué)生‖，這讓我感到非常高興。當(dāng)我面對(duì)同一屆畢業(yè)生時(shí)，我可以對(duì)他們說，―我是失敗者中最為成功的?！?/p>

眾所周知，當(dāng)初史蒂夫·鮑爾默(Steve Ballmer)從哈佛商學(xué)院退學(xué)，我是始作俑者。我并不是一個(gè)好榜樣，這也是我受邀在你們的畢業(yè)典禮上發(fā)表演講的原因。如果你們都像我一樣輟學(xué)，那今天就沒有人會(huì)坐在這里。

對(duì)我來說，在哈佛的經(jīng)歷是一段難忘的體驗(yàn)。校園生活總是讓人留戀，我曾經(jīng)上了很多根本沒有注冊(cè)的課。當(dāng)然，宿舍的生活并不太美好。當(dāng)時(shí)我住在拉德克里夫?qū)W院，同一宿舍的很多人經(jīng)常討論問題到深夜，因?yàn)樗麄兌贾牢也⒉粨?dān)心早上起不來床。正是在這樣的環(huán)境下，我成長(zhǎng)為反社會(huì)集團(tuán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

拉德克里夫是一個(gè)適合生活的地方。那時(shí)候這里有很多女孩子，而且大多數(shù)男生都屬于較為死板的類型，因此我的機(jī)會(huì)很多，你們都知道我的意思。不過，正是在這里，我明白了擁有機(jī)會(huì)并不一定能獲得成功的道理。(笑)

微軟的起步

在哈佛的日子里，最令我難忘的一天是在1975年1月。當(dāng)時(shí)我給Albuquerque的一家公司打了電話，這家公司已經(jīng)開始生產(chǎn)全世界首批個(gè)人計(jì)算

機(jī)，我希望向它們銷售軟件。

最開始我忐忑不安，因?yàn)閾?dān)心這家公司會(huì)因?yàn)槲沂菍W(xué)生而掛斷電話。但幸運(yùn)的是，它們沒有這樣做，而是對(duì)我說，―我們還沒有準(zhǔn)備好，一個(gè)月內(nèi)來我們公司看看吧?！@對(duì)我來說是一個(gè)好消息，因?yàn)槲覀儺?dāng)時(shí)還沒有完成軟件開發(fā)。從那一刻起，我夜以繼日地工作。這一項(xiàng)目雖然價(jià)值不大，但它標(biāo)志著我大學(xué)生

活的結(jié)束，以及微軟的起步。

哈佛給我留下印象最深的是所有人都活力十足，而且非常聰明。在哈佛的日子有快樂，也有失落，但總是充滿挑戰(zhàn)。盡管我很早離開了哈佛，但那幾年已經(jīng)足以改變我。在這里，我結(jié)識(shí)了很多朋友，并想出了很多創(chuàng)意。

最大遺憾

認(rèn)真回顧過去，我確實(shí)有著一大遺憾。

當(dāng)我離開哈佛時(shí)，我并沒有意識(shí)到這個(gè)世界存在著可怕的不平等現(xiàn)象。人們享受的醫(yī)療、保健和機(jī)會(huì)嚴(yán)重不均，很多人生活在絕望的邊緣。

我在哈佛學(xué)到了很多東西，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治方面的新思想，但體會(huì)最深的還是科學(xué)的不斷進(jìn)步。

可是，人類的最大進(jìn)步并不體現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明上，而是如何利用它們來消除不平等。不管通過何種方式，民主、公共教育、醫(yī)療保健、或者是經(jīng)濟(jì)合作，消除不平等才是人類的最大成就。

當(dāng)我離開校園時(shí)，并不知道美國(guó)有數(shù)百萬的青少年享受不到受教育的機(jī)會(huì)，我也不知道在發(fā)展中國(guó)家有數(shù)百萬人生活在極度的貧困之中。

我用了數(shù)十年的時(shí)間才明白了這些。

你們和我完全不同，你們更了解這個(gè)世界上存在的不平等。我希望你們過去幾年都曾經(jīng)認(rèn)真想過，應(yīng)當(dāng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)這樣的不平等，以及如何解決這些問題。

假如，如果你愿意付出每周幾小時(shí)時(shí)間和每月幾美元，希望這些時(shí)間和錢能拯救更多的人，改善更多人的生活。那么，你會(huì)將時(shí)間和錢花在哪里呢？

對(duì)于梅琳達(dá)(注：蓋茨之妻)和我來說，也存在著同樣的問題：應(yīng)該怎樣做，才能讓我們擁有的資源給最多的人帶來好處呢？

在討論這一問題的過程中，梅琳達(dá)和我看到一篇關(guān)于疾病每年在發(fā)展中國(guó)家殺死數(shù)百萬兒童的新聞。這些疾病包括麻疹、瘧疾、肺炎、B型肝炎和黃熱病，它們?cè)诿绹?guó)已經(jīng)受到嚴(yán)密的控制。此外，一種我們從未聽說的疾病——輪狀病毒每年要?dú)⑺?0萬兒童，但其中沒有一名美國(guó)兒童。

我們感到非常震驚。既然每年有如此多的兒童因?yàn)檫@些疾病而死，那么就應(yīng)當(dāng)將研發(fā)新藥、拯救生命放在首位，但事實(shí)并非如此。

人人生而平等

如果你們相信―人人生而平等‖，當(dāng)了解到人們認(rèn)為有些生命值得拯救，而有些生命不值得時(shí)，也會(huì)感到震驚。我們會(huì)對(duì)自己說：―這并不是真的。但是，如果它是真的，我們就應(yīng)當(dāng)努力改變這種情況?！?/p>

因此，我們開始了這樣的工作，我們相信別人也會(huì)這樣做。有時(shí)我們會(huì)感到不解：這個(gè)世界為什么會(huì)允許那么多的孩子死亡呢？

答案很簡(jiǎn)單，也很殘酷。拯救這些孩子的生命并不會(huì)帶來市場(chǎng)回報(bào)，政府也沒有為此提供補(bǔ)貼。這些孩子之所以會(huì)死亡，主要因?yàn)樗麄兊母改笡]有強(qiáng)大的市場(chǎng)力量，甚至沒有話語權(quán)。

但是我和你們都有。

我們今天坐在這里，就在這一時(shí)間，世界各地仍在上演著人間慘劇。這讓我們感到心碎，我們之所以沒有采取任何行動(dòng)，并不是我們沒有同情心，而是

因?yàn)槲覀儾恢廊绾稳プ觥?/p>

我們面臨的障礙并不是缺乏同情心，實(shí)際情況要復(fù)雜的多。

要將同情心轉(zhuǎn)化為行動(dòng)，我們需要看到問題，找到解決方案，并了解最終結(jié)果。但實(shí)際情況是，我們很難做到這三點(diǎn)。

即使有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和24小時(shí)新聞播報(bào)，我們?nèi)匀缓茈y真正地了解問題。如果一架飛機(jī)墜毀，官方會(huì)立即舉辦新聞發(fā)布會(huì)。他們將會(huì)承諾展開調(diào)查，確定事故原因，并保證今后不會(huì)出現(xiàn)同樣的情況。

但實(shí)際情況卻是，飛機(jī)失事死亡人數(shù)還不足全世界每天因可避免原因死

亡人數(shù)的0.5%。

更嚴(yán)重的問題并不是飛機(jī)失事，而是全球數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的可避免死亡。

事實(shí)上，我們很難獲得同后者相關(guān)的消息。新聞媒體希望獲得新消息，而數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的人因貧窮和疾病死亡并不是新消息。因此，這樣的消息很難出現(xiàn)在媒體報(bào)道中，從而更容易被人們所忽略。另一方面，即使我們看到這樣的報(bào)道，也不太情愿仔細(xì)閱讀。因?yàn)榍闆r過于復(fù)雜，我們不知道如何提供幫助。在這種情況下，我們大多數(shù)情況會(huì)將視線轉(zhuǎn)向其它方向。

看到問題只是第一步，我們要做的下一步是降低問題的復(fù)雜度，并找到

解決方案。

如果我們想讓自己的同情心發(fā)揮作用，找到解決方案非常必要。因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣，我們才能確保同情心沒有被浪費(fèi)。當(dāng)然，由于大部分問題都很復(fù)雜，要

找到解決方案并不容易。

那么，我們又應(yīng)當(dāng)如何降低復(fù)雜度，找到解決方案呢？我認(rèn)為可以分為四個(gè)階段：確定一個(gè)目標(biāo)、發(fā)現(xiàn)最有效的方式、為這種方式找到理想的技術(shù)、以及開發(fā)最優(yōu)秀的應(yīng)用，例如用于治病的藥品。

我們要做的最后一步就是衡量工作的成果，并與他人共享我們的成功與失

敗。

第四篇：2014哈佛畢業(yè)典禮演講

感謝凱蒂，感謝佛斯特校長(zhǎng)、哈佛大學(xué)部成員、監(jiān)事會(huì)、還有迎接我回校園的所有教職員工、校友和學(xué)生！能來到這里我很激動(dòng)，不僅是因?yàn)槲夷茉诠鸫髮W(xué)每363屆畢業(yè)典禮上對(duì)優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生和校友講話，更因?yàn)槲夷苷驹跉W普拉去年曾站的相同地方！omg！

下面開始進(jìn)行我們的首要任務(wù)，為2014屆畢業(yè)生熱烈鼓掌，這是他們贏得的。

畢業(yè)生都很興奮，但這幾周同時(shí)肯定也讓他們有些精疲力竭。家長(zhǎng)們，我指的不是期末考試，而是四年級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，最后一次舞會(huì)以及午夜巡游?？傊?，今年的校園很讓人激動(dòng)。

哈佛橄欖球隊(duì)連續(xù)第七次擊敗耶魯，男子籃球隊(duì)連續(xù)兩年進(jìn)入到了ncaa賽事第二輪，還有男子壁球隊(duì)獲得全國(guó)冠軍。誰會(huì)想哈佛竟然有這么強(qiáng)大的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。不久，就會(huì)有人問，你們什么時(shí)候?qū)W術(shù)能力能夠超過體育能力？

我個(gè)人同哈佛的聯(lián)系開始于1964年，我從約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)畢業(yè)，被錄取到這里的商學(xué)院，你們感謝在想、或是正在同旁邊的人竊竊私語說：他怎么就進(jìn)了哈佛的商學(xué)院，畢竟他的學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)這么出色，總能成為班上排名位于前半部分的學(xué)生，我不知道，比我自己更驚訝的可能就演唱會(huì)有我的教授了。無論如何，今天我又回到了劍橋。

我注意到，這里同我當(dāng)學(xué)生時(shí)有些變化，廣場(chǎng)附近我原來很喜歡的elise三文治餐廳現(xiàn)在成了一家墨西哥卷餅店，原來提供美味啤酒和香腸的wursthaus變成現(xiàn)在的工藝美味酒吧，我不知道這是什么玩意，原來的霍利奧克中心現(xiàn)在改名叫史密斯校園中心，你難道不討厭校友用自己的名字命名所有東西嗎？

不過也有好消息，哈佛保留了五十年前我剛進(jìn)校時(shí)的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，仍然是美國(guó)最具聲望的大學(xué)，同其他偉大的大學(xué)樣，它位于美國(guó)民主實(shí)驗(yàn)的心臟地帶，哈佛的目的不只是幸知識(shí)，還包括增進(jìn)我們關(guān)于國(guó)家的理想。各種背景，各種信仰，探索各種問題的人都能在偉大的大學(xué)中自由開放的學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)并探討想法。今天我想跟大家談?wù)勥@種自由對(duì)于每個(gè)人而言是多么重要，無論我們多么強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)別人的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)他人想法的容忍以及表達(dá)自身言論的自由是偉大大學(xué)中不可侵害的價(jià)值，兩者結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成了維持民主社會(huì)根基的神圣信賴。但我要告訴大家，這種信賴，是很脆弱的，特別是在君主、暴君、多數(shù)的專橫傾向下。

最近，這種傾向經(jīng)常再現(xiàn)在我們的大學(xué)校園和社會(huì)中，這是個(gè)壞消息，而且很不幸的是，哈佛以及我自己的城市紐約也都見證過這種趨勢(shì)。首先，在紐約市你可能記得，幾年前有些人強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)在世貿(mào)中心的舊址幾個(gè)街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)的專訪建 一座清真寺，這是一個(gè)情感的問題。民意調(diào)查顯示，超過2/3的美國(guó)人都反對(duì)在那里建清真寺，即使是反誹謗聯(lián)盟，這一被公認(rèn)為全車宗教自由最熱情的捍衛(wèi)者，也毫不掩飾對(duì)該項(xiàng)目表示反對(duì)，反對(duì)者進(jìn)行著反對(duì)和示威遣責(zé)開發(fā)者，要求市政府停止這項(xiàng)工程這是他們的權(quán)利，我們保護(hù)他們的搞辯權(quán)，但他們的觀點(diǎn)絕對(duì)是錯(cuò)誤的，我們拒絕屈從。政府如果單獨(dú)選 出某種宗教阻止，而且只阻止在特定地點(diǎn)建立宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所，這絕對(duì)是和偉大美國(guó)的道德原則背道而馳的，這應(yīng)該是憲法保護(hù)所不允許的。

美國(guó)這個(gè)五十州聯(lián)邦依賴于兩大價(jià)值的結(jié)合：自由和寬容。正是這兩大價(jià)值的結(jié)合，讓一個(gè)不信神的國(guó)家，但事實(shí)上，沒有任何國(guó)家比美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)更愿意保護(hù)人類的各種信仰和哲學(xué)，不過這種保護(hù)需要依賴于我們持續(xù)的警覺，我們傾向于認(rèn)為政教分離的原則已經(jīng)確立，實(shí)際上沒有而且永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)，我們需要堅(jiān)決地?fù)碜o(hù)它，確保法律條文下規(guī)定的平等，對(duì)于每個(gè)人都是平等垢。

如果你希望按照自己希望的那樣進(jìn)行宗教活動(dòng)，按照希望的那樣發(fā)表言論，同希望的人結(jié)婚，你就必須寬容我像這樣的自由，我做事可能會(huì)冒犯你，你可能覺得我的行為不道德或是非正義，但你不能用自身沒有的限制方式來限制我的自由，否則這只會(huì)導(dǎo)致不公。我們?cè)谧约阂?/p>

求權(quán)利的同時(shí)，不能否定其他人的相同權(quán)利，對(duì)于城市是這樣，對(duì)于大學(xué)也同樣是這樣。學(xué)術(shù)壓迫的勢(shì)力正在抬頭。自1950年以來，這是最為嚴(yán)重的。在我小時(shí)候，美國(guó)參議員，當(dāng)然~你們可以鼓掌~~~在我小時(shí)候，美國(guó)參議員喬麥卡錫問：“你現(xiàn)在是不是，曾經(jīng)是不是~~？”他試圖壓制和定罪，那些贊同哪怕在當(dāng)時(shí)都已經(jīng)很失敗的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的人，麥卡錫的紅色恐懼讓數(shù)以千計(jì)的人失去了生命，他害怕的是什么呢，是一種思想，也就是共產(chǎn)主義。

他和一些人認(rèn)為這種思想很危險(xiǎn)。不過他至少在一噗上是正確的，思想確實(shí)危險(xiǎn)。思想能夠改變社會(huì)，思想能夠顛覆傳統(tǒng)，思想能夠開啟革命。這就是為什么歷史上，那些權(quán)貴要抑制思想、避免這些思想威脅到他們的權(quán)力、宗教、意識(shí)形態(tài)以及地位。蘇格拉底和伽利略是這樣，納爾遜曼德拉和瓦茨拉夫哈維爾是這樣，艾未來、造反貓咪樂隊(duì)以及在伊朗制作快樂視頻的孩子們也是這樣。壓抑自由言論表達(dá)是人類本性上的弱點(diǎn)，每次出現(xiàn)時(shí)我們都需要同它進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)，結(jié)思想的不寬容，無論是自由還是保守派思想，都同個(gè)人權(quán)利和自由社會(huì)背道而馳的。以上這此自然也適用于偉大大學(xué)和項(xiàng)尖學(xué)者。大學(xué)校園正淬著一咱觀點(diǎn)，我想哈佛也不例外，認(rèn)為學(xué)者只有在研究符合特定正義觀念的前提下，才應(yīng)獲得資助。這種觀點(diǎn)可以用一個(gè)詞來概括：審查，這是麥卡錫主義的當(dāng)代表現(xiàn)，想想這有多么諷剌。1950年代，右翼試圖掏左翼思想，而今天在很多大學(xué)校園自由派則開始抑制保守派思想。保守派教職員工甚至就快成為瀕危物種，這種情況尤其在常春藤盟校最為突出。2012年總統(tǒng)選舉中，根據(jù)聯(lián)邦選舉委員會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)，常春藤盟校教職員工有96%的捐贈(zèng)都給了巴拉克奧巴馬，前蘇聯(lián)政治局的差異都比常春藤盟校捐贈(zèng)大。這一統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字發(fā)人深思。雖然我也支持奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的再次當(dāng)選，但我認(rèn)為任何派別都不應(yīng)該壟斷真理，或讓上帝總站在它那一邊，96%常春藤盟校捐贈(zèng)者偏向于某一位候選人，這就不得不讓人懷疑，這些大學(xué)中的學(xué)生是否獲得了他們應(yīng)當(dāng)獲得的觀點(diǎn)多樣性，性別、人種、取向多樣性都很重要。但一所大學(xué)還應(yīng)當(dāng)有政治多樣性，否則就稱不上偉大。實(shí)際上，為教授提供終生教職就是為保證他們能夠自由地進(jìn)行研究，而不用害怕研究主題同學(xué)校政治和社會(huì)規(guī)范不一致。最初的終身教職如果要繼續(xù)存在，就必須保護(hù)同自由派規(guī)范相沖突的保守派思想，否則，大學(xué)研究和進(jìn)行研究的教授就會(huì)失去信譽(yù)。

偉大的大學(xué)不應(yīng)當(dāng)戴有黨派的有色眼鏡，教育不應(yīng)當(dāng)成為自由主義的教育，大學(xué)的角色不應(yīng)當(dāng)是宣揚(yáng)某一種意識(shí)形態(tài)而應(yīng)當(dāng)是為學(xué)者和學(xué)生提供問題研究和辯論的中立論壇，不讓天平朝任何一個(gè)方向傾斜，不抑制不受歡迎的觀點(diǎn)。因此，要求學(xué)者和畢業(yè)典禮發(fā)言者，遵循特定的政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)會(huì)侵蝕整個(gè)大學(xué)的存在的意義。

今年春，很讓人不安的是，很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮演講者都被撤銷了，甚至連邀請(qǐng)函都被撤回了，僅僅因?yàn)閷W(xué)生甚至資深教職團(tuán)隊(duì)和管理者的反對(duì)。我很吃驚，學(xué)生姑且不論，其他人顯然應(yīng)當(dāng)更明事理一些。這發(fā)生在布蘭代斯、哈弗福德、羅格斯、史密斯等院校。去年，還發(fā)生在斯沃斯莫爾和約翰霍普金斯。我很遺憾，這些例子中，自由派都希望讓不喜歡的聲音無法發(fā)出，政治上不被其認(rèn)同的人會(huì)被拒絕授予榮譽(yù)學(xué)位，這太讓人憤怒了。我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)讓它繼續(xù)發(fā)生，如果一所大學(xué)在邀請(qǐng)一位畢業(yè)典禮演講嘉賓時(shí)還要因?yàn)檎瘟?chǎng)再三斟酌，審查和一致這些自由的死敵就會(huì)勝出，很悲哀的是，并不只有畢業(yè)季的演講嘉賓會(huì)被審查，去年秋天，我還在擔(dān)任市長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候，市警察局長(zhǎng)受邀到另一所常春藤盟校進(jìn)行演講，結(jié)果他的演講卻因?qū)W生大?？棺h而無法進(jìn)行。比起讓討論沉默，大學(xué)的意義不應(yīng)當(dāng)是激起講座嗎？學(xué)生到底害怕聽到什么，為什么管理者不采取措施避免暴民干擾演講。難道其他想聽演講的學(xué)生，機(jī)會(huì) 就應(yīng)當(dāng)被這樣剝奪嗎？我敢肯定，今天畢業(yè)的學(xué)生肯定都讀過，約翰斯圖爾物密爾的——論自由。請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我將其中的一小段讀給大家聽：強(qiáng)迫別人不能發(fā)表意見的邪惡及是對(duì)整個(gè)人類的掠奪，對(duì)后代人類的掠奪，對(duì)不同意于那個(gè)意見的人掠奪更多”，他繼續(xù)首“假如那意見是對(duì)的，那么他們是被剝奪了以錯(cuò)誤換真理的機(jī)會(huì)；假如那意見是錯(cuò)的，那么他們是

失掉了一個(gè)差不多同樣大的利益，那就是從真理與錯(cuò)誤沖突中產(chǎn)一出來的對(duì)于真理的更加清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)和更加生動(dòng)的印象”，密爾如果知道大學(xué)學(xué)生強(qiáng)迫別不發(fā)表意見肯定會(huì)痛心疾首，密爾如果知道連教職團(tuán)隊(duì)都通常成為畢業(yè)演講審查活動(dòng)的一部分，肯定會(huì)更加痛心疾首。如果是終身教職教授強(qiáng)迫觀點(diǎn)同自己不一對(duì)致的發(fā)言者不發(fā)表言論，那就真的是莫大諷剌了。特別是發(fā)生在東北的那些抗議，自稱的自由寬容顯得尤為偽善。不過很高興的是，哈佛沒有陷入這些畢業(yè)典禮審查之中，否則的話，科羅拉多州參議員邁克爾約翰斯頓昨天就沒有機(jī)會(huì)在教育學(xué)院發(fā)表演講了。不少學(xué)生號(hào)召管理層撤回對(duì)約翰斯頓的邀請(qǐng)，因?yàn)樗麄兎磳?duì)他的一些教育政策。不過佛斯特校長(zhǎng)和賴安院長(zhǎng)都非常堅(jiān)定，賴安院長(zhǎng)寫信給這些學(xué)生說：“觀點(diǎn)存在分歧”在我看來，這引起分歧應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過探討和辯論，受到挑戰(zhàn)和質(zhì)疑，同時(shí)也應(yīng)受到尊敬和慶賀。他完全是正確的，他以自身的言行為2014屆畢業(yè)生上最為寶貴的最后一課，作為約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)前任主席，我堅(jiān)信一所大學(xué)的職責(zé)并不是教學(xué)生思考什么，而是教學(xué)生如何思考。這就需要傾聽不同意見，不帶偏見的衡量各種觀點(diǎn)，冷靜思考不同意見中是否也有可取的內(nèi)容。如果教職員工做不到這一點(diǎn)，學(xué)校管理者就有責(zé)任介入儔解決這一問題，否則的話，學(xué)生畢業(yè)時(shí)就會(huì)封閉自己的耳朵和思維。大學(xué)也就辜負(fù)了學(xué)生和社會(huì)的信任。如果想知道這會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么，看看華盛頓就知道了。在華盛頓，我國(guó)面臨的所有重大問題，包括國(guó)家安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境、醫(yī)療等問題，兩黨在處理所有這些問題時(shí)，都沒有考慮協(xié)作，而是看誰聲音更大，以此壓倒對(duì)方，試圖抑制和破壞同自己意識(shí)形態(tài)不相符的調(diào)研結(jié)果。大學(xué)對(duì)這種模式模仿得越鑫，我們的社會(huì)就會(huì)變得越糟糕。我來舉一些例子，數(shù)十年來，國(guó)會(huì)都禁止養(yǎng)病控制中心進(jìn)行槍支暴力的研究，最近，國(guó)會(huì)又對(duì)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院頒布禁令，你需要問問自己，他們?cè)诤ε率裁础＝衲?，參議院延遲對(duì)奧巴馬總統(tǒng)提名的衛(wèi)生局局長(zhǎng)佛內(nèi)科醫(yī)師維維克莫西進(jìn)行投票，原因僅僅是他竟敢說，槍支暴力是一大應(yīng)當(dāng)處理的公共衛(wèi)生危機(jī)。他真是太大膽了。讓我們嚴(yán)肅一些。每天都86位美國(guó)人死于槍殺，槍擊事件也經(jīng)常發(fā)生在校園中，包括上周發(fā)生在對(duì)巴巴拉的悲劇。但除此之外，再說什么估計(jì)都會(huì)被認(rèn)為是醫(yī)療失當(dāng)。在政治上也同很多大學(xué)校園中發(fā)生的一樣，人們不愿意聽到同自己意識(shí)形態(tài)相抵觸的事實(shí)，他們害怕它們，而且沒有什么比科學(xué)證據(jù)更他們害怕的了。今年早些時(shí)候，南卡羅來納州對(duì)公立學(xué)校彩了新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，州議會(huì)竟然禁止人們提到自然選擇。這就像是教經(jīng)常學(xué)，卻不講供需，還需要問那個(gè)問題。他們害怕什么？答案很顯然，同國(guó)會(huì)議員害怕數(shù)據(jù)破壞他們的意識(shí)形態(tài)一樣，這些州議會(huì)議員害怕科學(xué)證據(jù)破壞他們的宗教信念。想要證據(jù)的人可以考慮這個(gè)，南卡羅來納的一位八女孩給州議會(huì)議員寫一封信，請(qǐng)他們將犯犸象定為官方州化石，州議員們認(rèn)為這個(gè)主意很好，因?yàn)槊歪锵蠡缭?725年就發(fā)現(xiàn)于州里，然后州參議遼通過的法案中卻將猛犸象定義為“創(chuàng)造于陸生動(dòng)物創(chuàng)生的第六天”。這些東西不能胡編亂造。在二十一世紀(jì)的美國(guó)，教會(huì)和國(guó)家之間的壁壘仍在受到攻擊。這就需要我們來維持兩者的分離。很不幸的是，將意識(shí)形態(tài)和宗教觀念強(qiáng)加到檜和進(jìn)化論的這些民選官員，大多也正是不愿承認(rèn)氣候變化科學(xué)證據(jù)的那些人。別誤解我的意思，科學(xué)懷疑主義是有好外的，但是尋找更多的證據(jù)的科學(xué)懷疑主義同意識(shí)形態(tài)上拒絕科學(xué)證據(jù)的頑固不化是有本質(zhì)判別的。我么多民選官員針對(duì)科學(xué)都是這種態(tài)度。聯(lián)邦政府沒能盡到自己的職責(zé)，在大學(xué)等機(jī)構(gòu)投資科學(xué)研究也就毫不奇怪了。如今，gnp中用于研究和開發(fā)的聯(lián)邦支出百分比是五十余年間最低的，這讓世界其它國(guó)家有機(jī)會(huì)趕上，甚至超過美國(guó)的科學(xué)研究，聯(lián)邦政府在科學(xué)上是不及格的，就像很多州政府一樣。我們美國(guó)不應(yīng)該背離科學(xué)，內(nèi)部也不應(yīng)該相互仇視?；氐?014屆畢業(yè)生典禮上來，你們必須引領(lǐng)前路，每個(gè)問題上我們都應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循證據(jù)的指引、傾聽人們的意見。只要我們這樣做，就沒有什么問題解決不了，沒有解不開的死結(jié)，沒有談不妥的和解。思想交流越自由，政治多樣性就越強(qiáng)，我們就越健康，社會(huì)就會(huì)越強(qiáng)大。我知道，我并沒有按照傳統(tǒng)方式做畢業(yè)典禮演講。實(shí)際上，這甚至可能讓我在人文系的論文答辯上無法通過，不過講這些麻煩事時(shí)總不會(huì)輕松。畢業(yè)生們，在你們一生中，不要害怕說出自己認(rèn)為正確的東西，無

論它有多么不受歡迎，特別是在捍衛(wèi)他人權(quán)利的時(shí)候。捍衛(wèi)他人權(quán)利，有時(shí)比捍衛(wèi)自身權(quán)利更為重要。因?yàn)楫?dāng)人們尋求抑制其他人自由的時(shí)候，你可能會(huì)保持沉默。這樣你將會(huì)助長(zhǎng)這種抑制，哪天你可能也會(huì)成為受害者。不要沆瀣一氣，不要人云亦云，大聲說出來，有力地回?fù)?，我敢肯定，你?huì)受到批評(píng)，我敢肯定，你還會(huì)失去一些朋友，樹立一些敵人，但歷史會(huì)站在你這一邊！我們的車家也會(huì)因此更加強(qiáng)盛！所有畢業(yè)生，都經(jīng)過努力獲得了今天的成就，你們可以很自豪很感激！

今晚，在你們離開這所偉大的大學(xué)之前，可能會(huì)去香港餐廳來一大碗蝎子碗大雜燴，明天你們需要開始行動(dòng)焉，讓我們的國(guó)家和世界對(duì)每個(gè)人都更自由并永遠(yuǎn)自由下去！

上帝保佑你們！好運(yùn)！篇二：雪莉 桑德伯格在哈佛2014年畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

雪莉 桑德伯格在哈佛2014年畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

祝賀所有人，你們做到了。我指的不是大學(xué)畢業(yè)，而你們成功出席今天的畢業(yè)典禮。如果我沒記錯(cuò)，某些同學(xué)雖然昨晚在香港具廳喝了太多蝎子碗調(diào)酒，但今天還是來了。由于天氣，這種哈 佛還沒有弄清如何控制的現(xiàn)象，還胡同學(xué)正在溫暖的地方喝熱可可飲料。所以，你們有很多為今天出席畢業(yè)日活動(dòng)感到自豪的理由。

祝賀你們的家長(zhǎng)，你們花了很多錢，讓子女能夠說自己是從波士頓附近的這所“小學(xué)?！碑厴I(yè)的。還要感謝2014屆畢業(yè)生邀請(qǐng)我來到這次盛典。這對(duì)我價(jià)值巨大?？吹竭^往演講者的名單讓人有些敬畏，我肯定沒有艾米波樂那么搞笑，但我至少比特雷薩修女更幽默。

25年前，一個(gè)當(dāng)時(shí)還不認(rèn)識(shí)，但以后成為我丈夫的男人戴夫，從在你們現(xiàn)在從的地方。23年前，我從在你們現(xiàn)在從的地方。戴夫和我這個(gè)周末，帶著可愛的子女回校，我們都有相同的三角：哈佛的籃球隊(duì)太棒了！

站在校園中，回憶泉涌。1987年的秋天，我從邁阿密來到這里，懷揣著偉大的夢(mèng)想，還胡更夸張的發(fā)型。我被分配到哈佛偉大建筑的一座歷史豐碑~卡納迪樓，我是說真的，我當(dāng)時(shí)穿著牛仔裙，白色暖褲襪套，運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋，還有一件弗羅里達(dá)羊毛衫。因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)我的父母告訴我，所有人都會(huì)認(rèn)為來自弗里達(dá)的人很酷。至少，我們那時(shí)沒有。

對(duì)我而言，哈佛給了我很多第一次，包括我的第一件冬裝，在邁阿密沒有人需要冬裝。我的第一份10頁(yè)的論文，高中沒有人會(huì)布置這么長(zhǎng)的作業(yè)。我第一次得c，這之后，我的學(xué)監(jiān)告訴我說，她在招生委員會(huì)，她招我進(jìn)來不是因?yàn)槲业膶W(xué)術(shù)潛能，而是因?yàn)槲业钠沸?。我在寄宿學(xué)校看到的第一個(gè)人，我就覺得這個(gè)人會(huì)是個(gè)大麻煩。我還碰到了第一個(gè)名字同整座建筑一樣的人，這個(gè)人名字叫做薩拉威格爾斯沃斯，她和那棟宿舍樓沒有關(guān)系，當(dāng)時(shí)我很震驚，知道她和宿舍樓沒有關(guān)系后，我松了一口氣。之后，我還碰到了其他人，弗朗西斯斯特勞斯，詹姆斯威爾斯，杰西卡科學(xué)中心b。我第一們愛，第一們讓我心碎的人。我第一次認(rèn)識(shí)到自己熱愛學(xué)習(xí)，第一次也是最后一次遇到有在讀拉丁文。

我畢業(yè)那年，我想好自己以后有什么計(jì)劃，我要進(jìn)世界銀行，對(duì)抗全球貧窮，然后我要去法學(xué)院，然后我將非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)或政府工作，你們?cè)洪L(zhǎng)也講了，在明天

我對(duì)自己畢業(yè)后的數(shù)十年規(guī)劃其實(shí)并沒錯(cuò)，計(jì)劃只錯(cuò)在了一年后，就算我算到了自己會(huì)在私營(yíng)企業(yè)工作，我肯定算不到自己會(huì)在臉譜，那時(shí)候沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。那時(shí)候馬克扎克伯格還在讀小學(xué)，已經(jīng)開始穿他的標(biāo)志性帽衫了。沒有太早鎖死自己的道路，讓我有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)入改變生活的全新領(lǐng)域。有些人可能認(rèn)為我運(yùn)氣好，我想說，卡納迪樓后，我又被安排到了設(shè)計(jì)院。

從你們所坐的地方到你們要去的地方是沒有直路的，不要嘗試畫這樣的直線，這不僅會(huì)出錯(cuò)，還會(huì)錯(cuò)失的大的機(jī)遇，例如像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)這樣。

職業(yè)不是梯子，那種時(shí)代一去不返了，職業(yè)更像是立體方格鐵架，不要只上下移動(dòng)，不要只往上看，還要往回，往旁邊看，看轉(zhuǎn)角周圍。你的職業(yè)和生活會(huì)有始終，會(huì)有曲折，不要對(duì)未來的道路太過憂慮，因?yàn)樯钪谐錆M了驚喜和機(jī)遇，你需要對(duì)各處可能性持開放態(tài)度。今天我要講的最重要的一點(diǎn)就是，對(duì)誠(chéng)實(shí)保持開放的態(tài)度。相互之間說老實(shí)話，對(duì)自己誠(chéng)實(shí)，也對(duì)我們所生活的世界誠(chéng)實(shí)?？纯瓷磉叺暮⒆?，你就知道他們有多誠(chéng)實(shí)，我朋友貝琪懷孕后，她五歲的兒子山姆想知道寶寶在她身體里的什么地方。李問，媽媽，寶寶的胳膊在你的胳膊里嗎？她說，不是，整個(gè)寶寶在我的肚子里。他又問，媽媽，寶寶的腿在你的腿里嗎？她回答，不山姆，整個(gè)寶寶都在我肚子里。然后，山姆問道，那的屁股里有什么？

作為成年人，我們幾乎一直很誠(chéng)實(shí)，這是很難得的好事。我懷孕的時(shí)候，我問我丈夫我的屁股有沒有變大，起初他說沒有，但我不斷施壓，最后，他說，好吧，有一點(diǎn)。我的小姑子一直說我丈夫，也是你們以后在生活中經(jīng)常會(huì)聽到有說到的：“這家伙竟然是哈佛出來的?！?/p>

在人一旅途中，如果聽到一些真話會(huì)對(duì)我們很有幫助，我在你們這個(gè)年齡的時(shí)候，還沒有俯到這一點(diǎn)。在我畢業(yè)的時(shí)候，我對(duì)愛情生活的關(guān)心大于事業(yè)，我認(rèn)識(shí)自己沒有什么時(shí)間了，必須趕緊找個(gè)好男人結(jié)婚，以免所有好男人都被別人搶走，或者我太老了。于是，我搬到哥倫比亞特區(qū)，在我24歲的時(shí)候結(jié)婚了。那個(gè)男人很不錯(cuò)，但我倆似乎總相處不好，我變得不知道自己是住，也不知道未

來在哪里。一年不到，我的婚姻以失敗告終，當(dāng)時(shí)我非常難堪，非常痛苦。很多朋友來安慰我，但毫無幫助，他們說：我就知道你們倆結(jié)婚是行不通的，我就知道你們倆不合適。沒有人在婚姻之前跟我說這些，事前告訴我這些肯定是會(huì)更有用。

我熬過了離婚后的這些痛苦的時(shí)光，我多希望他們?cè)瓉碛薪o過我建議，我多希望我曾經(jīng)問過他們。而在我的職業(yè)生涯中，確實(shí)有人這無保留的地說出了實(shí)施。本科后，我和第一任老板是蘭特普得切特，肯尼迪學(xué)院授劉的一位經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，他今天也在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。我第二次考慮法學(xué)院時(shí)，蘭特跟我說，我不認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該去法學(xué)院，我也不認(rèn)為你想去法學(xué)院。你認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該去，大概只是你父母一直以來的要求。他注意到，我在談話中從未表現(xiàn)出對(duì)法律的任何興趣。我知道，相互之間坦誠(chéng)相見有多么難，哪怕最親密的朋友，哪怕是在他們可能犯嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的時(shí)候，不過我敢打賭，在座的各位知道自己親密朋友的強(qiáng)項(xiàng)和弱項(xiàng)，知道他們可能掉落在哪個(gè)懸崖。我也敢打賭，大部分時(shí)候，你們并沒有告訴他們，他們也從沒問過。

去問這些問題，真相會(huì)越問越明。朋友誠(chéng)實(shí)地回答時(shí)，你就知道他們是你真正的朋友了。

養(yǎng)成尋求反饋的習(xí)慣非常重要，特別是在離開學(xué)校系統(tǒng)，沒了考試和分?jǐn)?shù)之后。很多工作中，如果你想知道自己干得怎么樣，你就需要去詢問，而且不要因?yàn)槁牭讲幌矚g聽的而覺得受到冒犯。毫

無疑問，聽人批評(píng)絕對(duì)不會(huì)讓人高興，但我們只能在批評(píng)中進(jìn)步。

幾年前，馬無扎克伯格決定要學(xué)中文。為了練習(xí)，他開始嘗試在一些工作會(huì)議中，同中文母語同事交流。你們估計(jì)可以想到，他有有限的中文水平，會(huì)讓談話很難正常進(jìn)行。一天，他問一位女性，有臉譜工作怎么樣。她用了一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)很復(fù)雜的句子回答。他說，請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)單些。她又說了一次。請(qǐng)?jiān)俸?jiǎn)單些！經(jīng)過幾次之后，她只好說了一句很簡(jiǎn)單的話~我的經(jīng)理很糟糕！扎克伯格這次真的聽懂了。

通常，真相都成了避免沖突的犧牲品。我們?cè)谥v真相時(shí)，總喜歡使用很多修飾，很多委婉語，淹沒了真正要傳達(dá)的信息。我希望你們?cè)谙蛩儐栒嫦嗟臅r(shí)候，能用簡(jiǎn)單明了的語言相互交流。講到自己的真相時(shí)，也應(yīng)該使用簡(jiǎn)單明了的語言。

同他人坦誠(chéng)相見很困難，坦誠(chéng)對(duì)待自己的想法甚至更難。我有了小孩子后，經(jīng)常會(huì)和自己說，我對(duì)工作不感到內(nèi)疚，哪怕沒有人問的時(shí)候。有人跟我說，雪

莉，今天過得如何。我會(huì)說，很棒，我對(duì)工作并不感到內(nèi)疚。有人說，我需要一件羊毛衫嗎？我說，沒錯(cuò)，外面很冷，我對(duì)荼工不感到內(nèi)疚。我就像一只學(xué)舌的鸚鵡。

有天，我在跑步機(jī)上，正在讀社會(huì)學(xué)雜志上的論文。上面寫道，相比對(duì)他人撒謊，人們更喜歡對(duì)自己撒謊，而重復(fù)最多的那句話，通常就是謊言。

我臉上汗如雨下，心想，我重復(fù)最多的一句話是什么，我意識(shí)到了，我對(duì)工作感到內(nèi)疚。我做了大量的研究，我同好友內(nèi)爾斯克維爾花了一整年的時(shí)間，寫了一本書，講我的想法和感受。世界上很多女性都同它產(chǎn)生了共鳴，這讓我很欣慰。我的書名叫做《格雷的五十道陰影》，可見，你們很多人也都讀過這本書。

對(duì)于我們所生活的世界保持誠(chéng)實(shí)，我們還有很多要做。我們并不總能看到真相，就算盾到了，我們經(jīng)常也沒有大聲說出的勇氣。

我和同學(xué)們?cè)谧x大學(xué)時(shí)，認(rèn)為性格平等的斗爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)結(jié)束。沒錯(cuò)，大部分待業(yè)的領(lǐng)袖都是男性，但改變應(yīng)該只是時(shí)間的問題。那邊的拉蒙特圖書館，就在我們之前一代人的時(shí)間，不允許女性進(jìn)入，但在我們畢業(yè)時(shí)，一切都平等了。哈佛和拉德克里夫完全統(tǒng)一了。

我們不需要婦權(quán)主義，因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)得到了平等。我們錯(cuò)了，我錯(cuò)了，世界在那時(shí)并不平等，現(xiàn)在也不平等。我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)如今，我們并不只是假裝沒看到真相，并對(duì)不平等視而不見，我們還在遭受低預(yù)期的踐踏。

在美國(guó)的上一個(gè)選舉周期，女性贏得了20%的參議院席位。所有報(bào)紙頭條都開始叫嚷，女性接管了參議院。我很想大聲回應(yīng)說，等等，大伙，50%的人只占有了20%的席位，這不是接管，這是羞辱。

今年，就在幾個(gè)月前，硅谷一位很受人新生的知名商業(yè)經(jīng)理人，邀請(qǐng)我到他的社交媒體俱樂部發(fā)表演講。幾個(gè)月之前，我去過這家俱樂部。一位朋友過生日邀我去的。建筑很漂亮，我在里面游蕩。欣賞她，找衛(wèi)生間。結(jié)果一位員工很肯定的告訴我，女衛(wèi)生間在那里，讓我務(wù)必不要上樓去，因?yàn)榕圆辉试S進(jìn)入這座建筑，我直到這時(shí)才意識(shí)到自己來到了一家全男性俱樂部。

剩下的整個(gè)晚上，我一直都納悶，自己來這里做什么，納悶其他人都在做什么，納悶舊金山會(huì)不會(huì)有朋友邀請(qǐng)我去一個(gè)不允許黑人、猶太人、亞洲人、或同

性戀者的俱樂部派對(duì)。被邀請(qǐng)到這家俱樂部做商業(yè)演講，就更讓人不爽了，因?yàn)檫@根本就不是單純的社交活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。

我首先想到的是，這是真的嗎？真的。《向前一步》出版后一年，這個(gè)家伙竟然認(rèn)為邀請(qǐng)我到一家全男懷俱樂部做演講是一個(gè)好主意。他不是一個(gè)，很多備受尊敬的商務(wù)人士，都和他一起發(fā)出這份邀請(qǐng)。

轉(zhuǎn)述格魯馬克思的一句話，別擔(dān)心，我不打算模仿他的聲音。我不會(huì)去任何不愿加我為會(huì)員的俱樂部做演講。我拒絕了。我還做一件，也許5年前我不會(huì)做的事，我回了一長(zhǎng)篇飽含激情的電子郵件，告訴他們應(yīng)當(dāng)改變這一做法。他們感謝了我的迅速回函，寫到？也許情況最終會(huì)有所改變。我們的期望值太代了，最終需要轉(zhuǎn)化為立刻才行。

我們需要看到真相，講出真相。我們?nèi)萑唐缫?，假裝機(jī)會(huì)是平等的。沒錯(cuò)，我們選舉了一位非裔美國(guó)人總統(tǒng)。但各族主義仍然無處不在，不錯(cuò)，確實(shí)有女性掌握著財(cái)富500強(qiáng)企業(yè)，準(zhǔn)確的說是5%。但我們的道路上，充滿了母老虎、跋扈老女人這樣的惡語。而我們的男性同行卻被尊為俯視，被認(rèn)為成就卓著。

非裔美國(guó)女性總需要證明自己沒有生氣，拉丁裔總被打上暴躁急性子的標(biāo)簽。臉譜有一群亞裔男女，胸口帶著牌子說，我有可能不夠好。

沒錯(cuò)，哈佛有一位女性校長(zhǎng)，也許兩年后，美國(guó)也會(huì)迎來首位女總統(tǒng)。但要實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，希拉里克林頓需要克服兩 大重要障礙，一是未知，通常也未疲理解的性別偏見；二是，更糟的，從耶魯獲得的文憑而不是哈佛。

你們可以挑戰(zhàn)老一套的做法，在臉譜我們會(huì)貼海報(bào)激勵(lì)自己，完成重于完美，財(cái)富偏愛勇敢者，不要害怕，勇往直前。我最近又喜歡上一條，在臉譜沒有別人的問題。我希望你們也能這樣看問題，問題沒有別人 的問題。性別不平等對(duì)男性和女性都 沒有好處，各族主義對(duì)白人和少數(shù)族裔都是傷害，缺乏平等機(jī)會(huì)，讓我們所有人無法發(fā)揮自己的真正潛能。

在你們畢業(yè)的今天，我希望給你們一些壓力，讓你認(rèn)識(shí)到，真相雖然有時(shí)難以接受，但很重要。不要逃避，碰到了就要勇于面對(duì)。感謝凱蒂，感謝福斯特校長(zhǎng)、哈佛大學(xué)理事會(huì)成員、監(jiān)事會(huì)成員，還有迎接我回校的所有教職員工、校友及同學(xué)們。

站在這里我非常激動(dòng)，不僅是因?yàn)槲夷茉诠鸫髮W(xué)第363屆畢業(yè)典禮上面對(duì)各位優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)生及校友講話，更是因?yàn)槟苷驹谌ツ陫W普拉曾站過的地方。我的天啊。let me begin with the first order of business: let‘s have a big round of applause for the class of 2014.they‘ve earned it.下面讓我從最重要的環(huán)節(jié)開始：讓我們把最熱烈的掌聲送給2014屆畢業(yè)生們，這是他們贏得的。

as excited as the graduates are, they are probably even more exhausted after the past few weeks.and parents, i‘m not referring to their final exams.i‘m talking about the senior olympics, the last chance dance, and the booze cruise – i mean, the moonlight cruise.畢業(yè)生們都一樣的興奮，但同時(shí)這幾周或許也讓他們有些精疲力竭吧。各位家長(zhǎng)，我指的可不是期末考試哦，我說的是高年級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)、最后一次交際舞會(huì)和游輪酒宴——我指的是午夜巡游會(huì)。

anyway，this year has been exciting on campus：harvard beat yale for the seventh straight time in football.the men‘s basketball team went to the second round of the ncaa tournament for the second straight year.and the men‘s squash team won national championship.不管怎樣，今年的校園很令人振奮：哈佛橄欖球隊(duì)連續(xù)第七次擊敗耶魯，男子籃球隊(duì)連續(xù)兩年打入全國(guó)大學(xué)體育協(xié)會(huì)冠軍賽的第二輪，還有男子壁球隊(duì)則獲得了全國(guó)冠軍。

who‘d a thunk it: harvard, an athletic powerhouse!pretty soon they‘re going to be asking whether you have academics to go along with your athletic programs.誰會(huì)想到：哈佛，竟然有如此強(qiáng)大的運(yùn)動(dòng)天團(tuán)！不久后，可能就會(huì)有人問，你們的學(xué)術(shù)水平是否能和體育水平相媲美？

my personal connection to harvard began in 1964, when i graduated from johns hopkins university in baltimore and matriculated here at the b-school.我個(gè)人與哈佛的關(guān)系緣起于1964年，當(dāng)時(shí)我從巴爾地摩的約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)畢業(yè)并到這里的商學(xué)院就讀。you‘re probably asking yourself or maybe whispering to the person next to you: how did he ever get into harvard business school, particularly since his stellar academic record, where he always made the top half of the class possible? i have no idea.the only people more surprised than me were my professors.你們或許在想，或者和身旁的人竊竊私語：他是如何進(jìn)入哈佛商學(xué)院的呢？尤其是他的學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)總能排在全班前列？我不知道，比我自己更驚訝的可能只有我的教授了。

anyway, here i am again back in cambridge.and i have noticed that a few things have changed since i was a student here.elsie‘s – a sandwich spot i used to love near the square – is now a burrito shop.the wursthaus – which had great beer and sausage – is now an artisanal gastro-pub, whatever that is.and the old holyoke center is now named the smith campus center.總之，今天我又回到了劍橋[注：劍橋?yàn)楣鸫髮W(xué)所在地]。我注意到，這里跟我學(xué)生時(shí)代有了一些變化。廣場(chǎng)附近我曾經(jīng)很喜歡的三文治售賣點(diǎn)愛爾詩(shī)，現(xiàn)在成了卷餅店。曾經(jīng)提供美味啤酒和香腸的烏斯特豪斯，現(xiàn)在成了工藝美食酒吧，不知道這是啥。還有原來的霍利約克中心

現(xiàn)在改名為史密斯校園中心。don‘t you just hate it when alumni put their names all over everything? i was thinking about that this morning as i walked into the bloomberg center on the harvard business school campus across the river.but the good news is, harvard remains what it was when i first arrived on campus 50 years ago: america‘s most prestigious university.and, like other great universities, it lies at the heart of the american experiment in democracy.不過也有好消息，就是哈佛仍然秉承著50年前我剛?cè)胄r(shí)的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，依舊是美國(guó)最負(fù)盛名的大學(xué)。和其他頂尖的大學(xué)一樣，她處在美國(guó)民主實(shí)驗(yàn)的核心位置。

這些頂尖大學(xué)的目的不僅是增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)，還包括推進(jìn)我們民族的理想。頂尖大學(xué)是讓各種背景、各種信仰、探尋各種問題的人，能到此自由開放地學(xué)習(xí)和探討想法的地方。

today, i‘d like to talk with you about how important it is for that freedom to exist for everyone, no matter how strongly we may disagree with another‘s viewpoint.今天我想跟大家聊聊，這種自由的存在對(duì)于每個(gè)人來說是多么的重要，無論我們多么不認(rèn)同別人的觀點(diǎn)。

tolerance for other people‘s ideas, and the freedom to express your own, are inseparable values at great universities.joined together, they form a sacred trust that holds the basis of our democratic society.包容他人觀點(diǎn)，以及表達(dá)自身言論的自由，是頂尖大學(xué)不可分割的價(jià)值。兩者結(jié)合在一起，構(gòu)成了支撐民主社會(huì)根基的一種神圣的信賴。

but let me tell you that trust is perpetually vulnerable to the tyrannical tendencies of monarchs, mobs, and majorities.and lately, we have seen those tendencies manifest themselves too often, both on college campuses and in our society.不過我要告訴大家，這種信賴在君主、暴民、多數(shù)派的專制傾向下是很脆弱的。最近，大家頻繁地看到這些傾向真實(shí)發(fā)生的事例，不管是在大學(xué)校園或社會(huì)。

that‘s the bad news – and unfortunately, i think both harvard, and my own city of new york, have been witnesses to this trend.這是個(gè)壞消息，而且很不幸的是，我認(rèn)為哈佛以及我自己所在的城市紐約，也都目睹過這種傾向。

first, for new york city.several years ago, as you may remember, some people tried to stop the development of a mosque a few blocks from the world trade center site.首先，來談?wù)劶~約市。你們可能記得，幾年前有些人試圖阻止在世貿(mào)中心舊址幾個(gè)街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)的地方建一座清真寺的計(jì)劃。

it was an emotional issue, and polls showed that two-thirds of americans were against a mosque being built there.even the anti-defamation league – widely regarded as the country‘s most ardent defender of religious freedom – declared its opposition to the project.這是個(gè)情感的議題，民意調(diào)查顯示超過2/3的美國(guó)人反對(duì)在該地修建清真寺。即便是反誹謗聯(lián)盟——這個(gè)被公認(rèn)為全國(guó)宗教自由最狂熱的捍衛(wèi)者，也公然反對(duì)該項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。the opponents held rallies and demonstrations.they denounced the developers，and they demanded that city government stop its construction.that was their right and we protected their right to protest.but they could not have been more wrong.and we refused to cave in to their demands.反對(duì)者發(fā)動(dòng)集會(huì)和示威活動(dòng)。他們譴責(zé)開發(fā)商，要求市政府終止這項(xiàng)工程。那是他們的權(quán)利，我們保障他們抗議的權(quán)利。但他們的觀點(diǎn)絕對(duì)是錯(cuò)誤的，我們拒絕向他們的要求妥協(xié)。the idea that government would single out a particular religion, and block its believers – and only its believers – from building a house of worship in a particular area is diametrically opposed to the moral principles that gave rise to our great nation and the constitutional protections that have sustained it.要求政府單獨(dú)選出一個(gè)特定的宗教、阻止并且只阻止其信徒在特定區(qū)域建立其宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所的想法，這完全悖離偉大民族的道德原則，是憲法保護(hù)所不允許的。

our union of 50 states rests on the union of two values: freedom and tolerance.and it is that union of values that the terrorists who attacked us on september 11th, 2001 and on april 15th, 2013 found most threatening.我們這50州聯(lián)邦的建立取決兩大價(jià)值的結(jié)合：自由和包容。正是這兩大價(jià)值的結(jié)合，讓2001年9月11日和2013年4月15日襲擊我們的恐怖分子備感威脅。to them, we were a god-less country.在他們看來，我們是一個(gè)無神的國(guó)度。

but in fact, there is no country that protects the core of every faith and philosophy known to human kind – free will – more than the united states of america.that protection, however, rests upon our constant vigilance.但事實(shí)上，沒有任何一個(gè)國(guó)家，比美國(guó)更能保護(hù)人類各種信仰和哲學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的核心——自由意志。不過，這種保護(hù)需要依賴于我們時(shí)刻的警覺。

we like to think that the principle of separation of church and state is settled.it is not.and it never will be.it is up to us to guard it fiercely and to ensure that equality under the law means equality under the law for everyone.我們會(huì)這么認(rèn)為：政教分離的原則已經(jīng)確立。實(shí)際上并沒有，而且永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)。我們需要堅(jiān)決地?fù)碜o(hù)它，以確保法律條文下規(guī)定的人人平等，對(duì)每個(gè)人都是平等的。

if you want the freedom to worship as you wish, to speak as you wish, and to marry whom you wish, you must tolerate my freedom to do so or not do so as well.如果你希望你的信仰、言論和選擇配偶的自由，如你所愿，你就必須包容我這樣做或不這樣做的自由。

第五篇：?jiǎn)滩妓筥哈佛演講

蘋果總裁喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

2005年6月12日

I am honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world.Truth be told, I never graduated from college.And this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.Today I want to tell you three stories from my life.That's it.No big deal.Just three stories.今天，有榮幸來到各位從世界上最好的學(xué)校之一畢業(yè)的畢業(yè)典禮上。我從來沒從大學(xué)畢業(yè)。說實(shí)話，這是我離大學(xué)畢業(yè)最近的一刻。今天，我只說三個(gè)故事，不談大道理，三個(gè)故事就好。

The first story is about connecting the dots.第一個(gè)故事，是關(guān)于人生中的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴怎么串連在一起。

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit.So why did I drop out? 我在里德學(xué)院待了六個(gè)月就辦休學(xué)了。到我退學(xué)前，一共休學(xué)了十八個(gè)月。那么，我為什么休學(xué)？

It started before I was born.My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption.She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: “We have an unexpected baby boy;do you want him?” They said: “Of course.” My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school.She refused to sign the final adoption papers.She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.This was the start in my life.這得從我出生前講起。我的親生母親當(dāng)時(shí)是個(gè)研究生，年輕未婚媽媽，她決定讓別人收養(yǎng)我。她強(qiáng)烈覺得應(yīng)該讓有大學(xué)畢業(yè)的人收養(yǎng)我，所以我出生時(shí)，她就準(zhǔn)備讓我被一對(duì)律師夫婦收養(yǎng)。但是這對(duì)夫妻到了最后一刻反悔了，他們想收養(yǎng)女孩。所以在等待收養(yǎng)名單上的一對(duì)夫妻，我的養(yǎng)父母，在一天半夜里接到一通電話，問他們“有一名意外出生的男孩，你們要認(rèn)養(yǎng)他嗎？”而他們的回答是“當(dāng)然要”。后來，我的生母發(fā)現(xiàn)，我現(xiàn)在的媽媽從來沒有大學(xué)畢業(yè)，我現(xiàn)在的爸爸則連高中畢業(yè)也沒有。她拒絕在認(rèn)養(yǎng)文件上做最后簽字。直到幾個(gè)月后，我的養(yǎng)父母同意將來一定會(huì)讓我上大學(xué)，她才軟化態(tài)度。

And 17 years later I did go to college.But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition.After six months, I couldn't see the value in it.I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting.十七年后，我上大學(xué)了。但是當(dāng)時(shí)我無知選了一所學(xué)費(fèi)幾乎跟史丹佛一樣貴的大學(xué)，我那工人階級(jí)的父母所有積蓄都花在我的學(xué)費(fèi)上。六個(gè)月后，我看不出念這個(gè)書的價(jià)值何在。那時(shí)候，我不知道這輩子要干什么，也不知道念大學(xué)能對(duì)我有什么幫助，而且我為了念這個(gè)書，花光了我父母這輩子的所有積蓄，所以我決定休學(xué)，相信船到橋頭自然直。當(dāng)時(shí)這個(gè)決定看來相當(dāng)可怕，可是現(xiàn)在看來，那是我這輩子做過最好的決定之一。當(dāng)我休學(xué)之后，我再也不用上我沒興趣的必修課，把時(shí)間拿去聽那些我有興趣的課。

It wasn't all romantic.I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5￠ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.I loved it.And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.Let me give you one example: 這一點(diǎn)也不浪漫。我沒有宿舍，所以我睡在友人家里的地板上，靠著回收可樂空罐的五先令退費(fèi)買吃的，每個(gè)星期天晚上得走七哩的路繞過大半個(gè)鎮(zhèn)去印度教的 Hare Krishna神廟吃頓好料。我喜歡Hare Krishna神廟的好料。追尋我的好奇與直覺，我所駐足的大部分事物，后來看來都成了無價(jià)之寶。舉例來說：

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.當(dāng)時(shí)里德學(xué)院有著大概是全國(guó)最好的書法指導(dǎo)。在整個(gè)校園內(nèi)的每一張海報(bào)上，每個(gè)抽屜的標(biāo)簽上，都是美麗的手寫字。因?yàn)槲倚輰W(xué)了，可以不照正常選課程序來，所以我跑去學(xué)書法。我學(xué)了serif與san serif字體，學(xué)到在不同字母組合間變更字間距，學(xué)到活版印刷偉大的地方。書法的美好、歷史感與藝術(shù)感是科學(xué)所無法捕捉的，我覺得那很迷人。

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.And we designed it all into the Mac.It was the first computer with beautiful typography.If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.And since Windows just copied the Mac, it’s likely that no personal computer would have them.If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.我沒預(yù)期過學(xué)的這些東西能在我生活中起些什么實(shí)際作用，不過十年后，當(dāng)我在設(shè)計(jì)第一臺(tái)麥金塔時(shí)，我想起了當(dāng)時(shí)所學(xué)的東西，所以把這些東西都設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)了麥金塔里，這是第一臺(tái)能印刷出漂亮東西的電腦。如果我沒沉溺于那樣一門課里，麥金塔可能就不會(huì)有多重字體跟變間距字體了。又因?yàn)閃indows抄襲了麥金塔的使用方式，如果當(dāng)年我沒這樣做，大概世界上所有的個(gè)人電腦都不會(huì)有這些東西，印不出現(xiàn)在我們看到的漂亮的字來了。當(dāng)然，當(dāng)我還在大學(xué)里時(shí)，不可能把這些點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴預(yù)先串在一起，但是這在十年后回顧，就顯得非常清楚。

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward;you can only connect them looking backwards.So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever.Because believing in the dots will connect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart even when they leave you off the well-worn path.And it has made all the difference in my life.我再說一次，你不能預(yù)先把點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴串在一起；唯有未來回顧時(shí)，你才會(huì)明白那些點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴是如何串在一起的。所以你得相信，你現(xiàn)在所體會(huì)的東西，將來多少會(huì)連接在一塊。你得信任某個(gè)東西，直覺也好，命運(yùn)也好，生命也好，或者業(yè)力。這種作法從來沒讓我失望，也讓我的人生整個(gè)不同起來。

My second story is about love and loss.我的第二個(gè)故事，有關(guān)愛與失去。

I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life.Woz and I started Apple in my parents’ garage when I was 20.We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.And then I got fired.How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well.But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him.So at 30 I was out.And very publicly out.What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.我好運(yùn)－年輕時(shí)就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己愛做什么事。我二十歲時(shí)，跟Steve Wozniak在我爸媽的車庫(kù)里開始了蘋果電腦的事業(yè)。我們拼命工作，蘋果電腦在十年間從一間車庫(kù)里的兩個(gè)小夥子擴(kuò)展成了一家員工超過四千人、市價(jià)二十億美金的公司，在那之前一年推出了我們最棒的作品－麥金塔，而我才剛邁入人生的第三十個(gè)年頭，然后被炒魷魚。要怎么讓自己創(chuàng)辦的公司炒自己魷魚？好吧，當(dāng)蘋果電腦成長(zhǎng)后，我請(qǐng)了一個(gè)我以為他在經(jīng)營(yíng)公司上很有才干的家伙來，他在頭幾年也確實(shí)干得不錯(cuò)?？墒俏覀儗?duì)未來的愿景不同，最后只好分道揚(yáng)鑣，董事會(huì)站在他那邊，炒了我魷魚，公開把我請(qǐng)了出去。曾經(jīng)是我整個(gè)成年生活重心的東西不見了，令我不知所措。

I really didn't know what to do for a few months.I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs downthese things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important.Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.提醒自己快死了，是我在人生中下重大決定時(shí)，所用過最重要的工具。因?yàn)閹缀趺考拢型饨缙谕?、所有名譽(yù)、所有對(duì)困窘或失敗的恐懼－在面對(duì)死亡時(shí)，都消失了，只有最重要的東西才會(huì)留下。提醒自己快死了，是我所知避免掉入自己有東西要失去了的陷阱里最好的方法。人生不帶來，死不帶去，沒什么道理不順心而為。

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer.I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.I didn't even know what a pancreas was.The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die.It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.It means to say your goodbyes.一年前，我被診斷出癌癥。我在早上七點(diǎn)半作斷層掃描，在胰臟清楚出現(xiàn)一個(gè)腫瘤，我連胰臟是什么都不知道。醫(yī)生告訴我，那幾乎可以確定是一種不治之癥，我大概活不到三到六個(gè)月了。醫(yī)生建議我回家，好好跟親人們聚一聚，這是醫(yī)生對(duì)臨終病人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議。那代表你得試著在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)把你將來十年想跟小孩講的話講完。那代表你得把每件事情搞定，家人才會(huì)盡量輕松。那代表你得跟人說再見了。

I lived with that diagnosis all day.Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.I had the surgery and thankfully I'm fine now.我整天想著那個(gè)診斷結(jié)果，那天晚上做了一次切片，從喉嚨伸入一個(gè)內(nèi)視鏡，從胃進(jìn)腸子，插了根針進(jìn)胰臟，取了一些腫瘤細(xì)胞出來。我打了鎮(zhèn)靜劑，不醒人事，但是我老婆在場(chǎng)。她后來跟我說，當(dāng)醫(yī)生們用顯微鏡看過那些細(xì)胞后，他們都哭了，因?yàn)槟鞘欠浅Ｉ僖姷囊环N胰臟癌，可以用手術(shù)治好。所以我接受了手術(shù)，康復(fù)了。

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it’s the closest I get for a few more decades.Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: 這是我最接近死亡的時(shí)候，我希望那會(huì)繼續(xù)是未來幾十年內(nèi)最接近的一次。經(jīng)歷此事后，我可以比之前死亡只是抽象概念時(shí)要更肯定告訴你們下面這些：

No one wants to die.Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there.And yet death is the destination we all share.No one has ever escaped it.And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life.It is Life's change agent.It clears out the old to make way for the new.Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.沒有人想死。即使那些想上天堂的人，也想活著上天堂。但是死亡是我們共有的目的地，沒有人逃得過。這是注定的，因?yàn)樗劳龊?jiǎn)直就是生命中最棒的發(fā)明，是生命變化的媒介，送走老人們，給新生代留下空間。現(xiàn)在你們是新生代，但是不久的將來，你們也會(huì)逐漸變老，被送出人生的舞臺(tái)。抱歉講得這么戲劇化，但是這是真的。

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.你們的時(shí)間有限，所以不要浪費(fèi)時(shí)間活在別人的生活里。不要被信條所惑－盲從信條就是活在別人思考結(jié)果里。不要讓別人的意見淹沒了你內(nèi)在的心聲。最重要的，擁有跟隨內(nèi)心與直覺的勇氣，你的內(nèi)心與直覺多少已經(jīng)知道你真正想要成為什么樣的人。任何其他事物都是次要的。

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.This was in the late 1960’s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras.It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.在我年輕時(shí)，有本神奇的雜志叫做 Whole Earth Catalog，當(dāng)年我們很迷這本雜志。那是一位住在離這不遠(yuǎn)的Menlo Park的Stewart Brand發(fā)行的，他把雜志辦得很有詩(shī)意。那是1960年代末期，個(gè)人電腦跟桌上出版還沒發(fā)明，所有內(nèi)容都是打字機(jī)、剪刀跟拍立得相機(jī)做出來的。雜志內(nèi)容有點(diǎn)像印在紙上的Google，在Google出現(xiàn)之前35年就有了：理想化，充滿新奇工具與神奇的注記。

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath it were the words: “Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.” It was their farewell message as they signed off.Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.And I have always wished that for myself.And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.Stewart跟他的出版團(tuán)隊(duì)出了好幾期Whole Earth Catalog，然后出了停刊號(hào)。當(dāng)時(shí)是1970年代中期，我正是你們現(xiàn)在這個(gè)年齡的時(shí)候。在停刊號(hào)的封底，有張?jiān)绯苦l(xiāng)間小路的照片，那種你去爬山時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)過的鄉(xiāng)間小路。在照片下有行小字：求知若饑，虛心若愚。那是他們親筆寫下的告別訊息，我總是以此自許。當(dāng)你們畢業(yè)，展開新生活，我也以此期許你們。

Stay Hungry.Stay Foolish.求知若饑，虛心若愚。

Thank you all very much.非常感謝大家。