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      H7N9報告,漢英版

      時間:2019-05-14 05:15:25下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《H7N9報告,漢英版》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《H7N9報告,漢英版》。

      第一篇:H7N9報告,漢英版

      Good evening,Audience friends!2 Good evening.1 Today is April 9,2013,February 29 Lunar New Year.Welcome to“News Broadcast”program.2 Today’s major program is that H7N9.H7N9 bird flu remains a mystery H7N9病毒來源和傳播途徑仍不明

      China’s Ministry of Agriculture says that investigations have found no H7N9 bird fluinfections in animals.The source and transmission of the virus remains unknown.中國農(nóng)業(yè)廳表示經(jīng)調(diào)查為發(fā)現(xiàn)攜帶H7N9病毒的動物,H7N9病毒來源和傳播途徑仍不明。4

      Data from the ministry show 25 H7N9 bird flu strains have been detected in wild birds world wide.But the virus has not been found in poultry.Experts say strains of the virus can be transmitted globally by migratory birds.China is on themigratory path of virus carriers and at great risk of infections.農(nóng)業(yè)廳數(shù)據(jù)表明在世界各地的野生鳥類中均有發(fā)現(xiàn)25個H7N9禽流感病株,但尚未在家禽中發(fā)現(xiàn)。專家表示H7N9病株可能由全球候鳥攜帶,而中國是攜帶病株候鳥遷徙的必經(jīng)之路,這大大增加了中國感染病毒的風(fēng)險。

      The WHO says so far it has seen no evidence of human-to-human transmission.No vaccine is currently available.But preliminary test results provided by the WHO Collaborating Centre in China suggest it is susceptible to Tamiflu and Relenza.世界衛(wèi)生組織尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)H7N9人際傳染的證據(jù)。目前沒有H7N9疫苗。根據(jù)中國世界衛(wèi)生組織合作中心初步試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表示H7N9病毒對達(dá)菲和瑞樂莎藥物敏感。

      ① Chinese health authorities said that as of 5 p.m.Sunday, the country had reported a total of 20 H7N9 cases, including six that have ended in fatalities.Two patients in Shanghai were confirmed to be infected by the H7N9 avian influenza virus within the 24 fours from 5 p.m.Saturday and are being treated, the National Health and Family Planning Commission said in a brief statement posted online.② Six people who had come into close contact with the two infected patients have been placed under medical observation, the agency said.Shanghai also reported two new confirmed H7N9 cases between 5 p.m.Friday and 5 p.m.Saturday.③ The agency said a total of 10 N7N9 cases, including four deaths, have been reported in Shanghai, and three cases, including two deaths, have been reported in east China's Zhejiang Province.④ Jiangsu Province has reported six cases and Anhui Province has reported one.No epidemiological link between those cases has been identified to date, the agency said, adding that those who have had close contact with people infected by H7N9 have been placed under medical observation and have exhibited no abnormal symptoms.We aren't afraid of

      H7N9!!

      第二篇:HN應(yīng)急演練總結(jié)

      二〇一八年人感染H7N9流感應(yīng)急演練總結(jié) ? 為貫徹落實(shí)《中華人民共和國傳染病防治法》、《中華人民共和國突發(fā)公共事件應(yīng)對法》、《突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件應(yīng)急條例》、《人感染H7N9流感預(yù)防控制技術(shù)指南》,進(jìn)一步做好人感染H7N9流感疫情的防控工作,全面提高和應(yīng)對突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件的應(yīng)急處置能力,縣疾病預(yù)防控制中心于6月21日,組織相關(guān)人員開展了人感染H7N9流感應(yīng)急處置模擬演練。

      本次演練由疾控中心主任謝金為首的應(yīng)急演練領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組策劃,具體組織與實(shí)施由疾控副主任魏建偉、張利負(fù)責(zé)。同時設(shè)立應(yīng)急演練辦公室,設(shè)在阜蒙縣疾病預(yù)防控制中心應(yīng)急辦。應(yīng)急演練辦公室下設(shè)流調(diào)組、消殺組、檢驗(yàn)組、信息與協(xié)調(diào)組、模擬組、宣傳與攝錄組、后勤保障組。模擬演練地點(diǎn)設(shè)在?疾控中心院內(nèi)及會議室。

      早八時三十分演練正式開始,縣疾控中心應(yīng)急辦接到阜縣醫(yī)院報告一例疑似人感染H7N9流感病例情況。接到報告后,應(yīng)急辦迅速向疾控副主任張利做以匯報。張利接到疫情報告后立即按人感染H7N9流感應(yīng)急預(yù)案程序,通知應(yīng)急辦對我中心應(yīng)急機(jī)動隊下達(dá)啟動一級應(yīng)急響應(yīng)的命令。立即組織流調(diào)、檢驗(yàn)、消殺組等人員,趕赴現(xiàn)場。

      模擬現(xiàn)場設(shè)在我中心小會議室,各組到達(dá)現(xiàn)場后,檢查流調(diào)組、消殺組、檢驗(yàn)組所帶應(yīng)急處理的各種物品結(jié)果如下:

      1、各組指派的穿脫防護(hù)用品人員操作正確。2、消殺組人員配制消毒液的配制方法與濃度正確。

      3、檢驗(yàn)組按流調(diào)組提供情況,采集標(biāo)本的操作程序與方法正確。

      4、流行病學(xué)調(diào)查組的“人感染H7N9流感病例個案調(diào)查表、”、“密切接觸者醫(yī)學(xué)觀察登記表”等文書攜帶完備,電話、傳真、微機(jī)、打印機(jī)等設(shè)備運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正?!,F(xiàn)場流調(diào)使用的防護(hù)用品、筆、紙張和工具書等齊全。

      5、消殺組的終末和隨時消毒工作記錄表等文書攜帶齊備、背負(fù)式噴霧器、噴壺能正常使用。有效氯消毒劑在有效期內(nèi)?,F(xiàn)場配制500mg/L有效氯消毒劑、75%酒精、0.5%碘伏溶液的過程正確。對疫點(diǎn)消毒符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。

      在各組現(xiàn)場操作過程結(jié)束后,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)組按演練計劃根據(jù)《人感染H7N9流感流行病學(xué)調(diào)查方案》和《人感染H7N9流感流感診療方案》等相關(guān)文件與標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對各小組的業(yè)務(wù)文書整理、匯總、報告過程進(jìn)行了評議。

      各小組共形成了現(xiàn)場處置工作示意圖、終末和隨時消毒工作記錄表、疾病預(yù)防控制工作督導(dǎo)記錄、人感染H7N9流感病例個案調(diào)查表、流調(diào)報告、標(biāo)本采樣單、標(biāo)本送檢表7類20份。

      形成的各種文書較好的做到了:為核實(shí)診斷提供流行病學(xué)證據(jù);

      調(diào)查可能的傳染源、傳播途徑及其影響因素,為疫情的預(yù)防控制提供科學(xué)依據(jù);

      為研究相關(guān)傳染病自然史積累個案資料,描述分析流行現(xiàn)狀;

      為及時做好人感染H7N9流感流行應(yīng)對提供依據(jù)等目的。

      領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組對流調(diào)組對人感染H7N9流感確診病例的初步判斷方面、消殺組對疫點(diǎn)消毒過程中操作人員手部破損皮膚保護(hù)方面,檢驗(yàn)組在樣品采集過程中采集器械的放置方面給予了相關(guān)指正。

      十一時二十分演練工作正式結(jié)束,此次演練提高了我中心針對人感染H7N9流感的實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),提高了我中心相關(guān)人員的業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì),體現(xiàn)我中心整體凝聚力,收到了預(yù)期的良好效果。

      演練過程中形成的各種文書及相關(guān)影相資料,由應(yīng)急辦存檔備查。

      應(yīng)急辦 二〇一八年六月二十一日

      第三篇:漢英翻譯

      白菜

      Chinese cabbage

      密碼

      password 手機(jī)

      mobile phone

      救火

      to fight a fire 早戀

      puppy love

      買一贈一

      Buy one,get one free.青春痘

      acne

      長鏡頭

      zoom lens 方便面

      instant noodles

      隱形眼鏡

      contact lens 綠豆

      mung bean

      臥室

      bedroom 試穿

      to try sth.on

      食言

      break a promise 番茄醬

      ketchup

      酸奶

      yoghurt 戴綠帽子

      to cuckold sb.黃色書籍

      pornography book 高等學(xué)校

      higher school

      農(nóng)民

      farmer 宣傳

      popularize

      物美價廉

      economical and good 你紅光滿面

      You look healthy and energetic.他是個氣管炎

      He is a hen-pecked man.假花

      artificial flower

      假唱

      lip-synch 假鈔

      counterfeit money

      假酒

      adulterated wine 假新聞

      pseudo-news

      惡性循環(huán)

      vicious circle 惡性腫瘤

      malignant tumor

      惡性通貨膨脹

      inflationary spiral

      詞組翻譯

      一窩蜜蜂

      a swarm of bees

      一窩小雞

      a brood of chickens 一窩幼犬

      a litter of pups

      一群美女

      a bevy of beautiful ladies 一群獵狗 a pack of hounds 一群鴨

      a team of ducks 一群羚羊

      a herd of antelopes 積極支持

      unfailing support 積極的財政政策

      proactive fiscal policy 積極利用國外資源 make effective use of overseas resource 1.富華家具帶給您典雅的歐陸風(fēng)情。

      You will be enchanted by the unique European style of Fuhua furniture.2.他們講索求,我們講貢獻(xiàn)。

      They preach taking from others,whereas we advocate giving to others.3.她追求的是真理,而他追求的是榮華富貴。

      What she seeks is truth,and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth.4.在整個改革開放過程中都要反對腐敗。

      Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.5.阿Q將衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,說:“這毛蟲”!Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground,spat,and swore,“Hairy worm!”

      6.他抓住了小偷的衣服。

      He seized the pickpocket by the collar.7.他走進(jìn)屋里,大衣上盡是雪,鼻子凍得通紅。

      He entered the room,his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.8.金杯牌充氣床墊工藝先進(jìn),結(jié)構(gòu)新穎,造型美觀,款式繁多,舒適大方,攜帶方便。

      The “Golden Cup”Brand air-filled bed cushions are made in advanced technology.With novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns,they are comfortable and convenient to carry.9.匪軍所至,殺戮人民,奸淫婦女,焚毀村莊,掠奪財物,無所不用其極。Wherever they went,they massacred and raped,burned and looted,and stopped at nothing.10.他們意氣風(fēng)發(fā)。They are in high spirits.11.他們喜形于色。They beamed with joy.12.他們眼明手快。

      He is of quick of eye and deft of hand.13.這篇文章淺顯易懂。

      This article is easy to read and understand.14.我對他敬而遠(yuǎn)之。I stood aloof from him.15.人群漸漸地安靜了下來。The crowd came to silence.16.一座古塔陰森森地矗立在山腰上。

      An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside.17.但一部小說開掘得深不深,藝術(shù)和思想是否有過人之處,的確不在題材大小。But the depth of a novel,or the excellence of its artistry and idea,does not depend on whether it has a grand theme.18.他的粗魯行為使我很震驚。His rudeness shocked me.19.遠(yuǎn)近/長短/大小/高矮 distance/length/size/height

      20.本公司生產(chǎn)的地毯美麗大方,光彩奪目,富麗堂皇。

      The carpets made in our company are beautiful and magnificent.21.目標(biāo)的輕重緩急,孰輕孰重應(yīng)該仔細(xì)研究,認(rèn)真考慮和反復(fù)推敲。Target priorities should be very carefully studied.22.那件令人不快的事件,已經(jīng)搞得滿城風(fēng)雨,人人皆知了。There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case.23.他想遠(yuǎn)走高飛,免得心煩。He sought the distraction of distance.24.這只船容易顛覆,因?yàn)樗煨筒缓侠怼?/p>

      This boat is apt to overturnbecause it is unreasonably shaped.25.廚房又臟又亂。

      The kitchen was in a mess.26.他不參加比賽,我感到很失望。

      To my disappointment,he did not attend the competition.27.父親不贊成地看著他。

      Father looked at him in disapproval.28.他驚訝地望著我。

      He looked at me in amazement.29.他起得很早,且一向如此。

      He rose early,as he had always done.30.他與侵略者合作,出賣了自己的國家。

      He collaborated with the invaders and betrayed his motherland.31.那個人醉心名利。

      That chap is infatuated with fame and fortune.32.在加州發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金的消息轟動全國。

      News of the discovery of gold in California excited the nation.33.政府支持這個項(xiàng)目。

      The government is behind this project.34.1949年中國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。1949 witnessed great changes in China.35.5月1日會議開幕了。

      May day saw the opening of the meeting.36.我一時記不起他的名字。

      His name escaped my memory for the moment.37.選擇朋友,越謹(jǐn)慎越好。

      One can never be too careful in the choice of one’s friends.38.今年的十月一號是個星期五。

      The National Day of this year falls on a Friday.39.那里的工藝品品種齊全,價格公道,質(zhì)量可靠。

      The arts and crafts there are complete in range ,reasonable in price and reliable in quality.40.聽到敲門聲,我頓時睡意全消。

      The knock on the door made me wide awake.41.生活的浮沉使他變得頹廢。

      The ups and downs of his life made him prop out.42.他又厚著臉皮要錢了嗎?

      Did he have the cheek to ask for more money?

      43.聽那個鬼故事時,我簡直要嚇?biāo)懒恕?/p>

      I was scared to death when listening to that ghost story.44.他家里有好多張嘴要喂。

      He has many mouths to feed in his family.45.這對年輕的夫婦并不相配,一個是西施,一個是張飛。

      This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi--a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei--a well-known ill-tempered brute.46.我很瞧不起他,他是個馬屁精。

      I look down upon him,for he is such an apple polisher.47.由于距離遠(yuǎn),又缺乏交通工具,使農(nóng)村社會與外界隔絕,而這種隔絕,又由于通訊工具不足而變得更加嚴(yán)重。

      The isolation of the rural world,because of distance and lack of tansport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.48.當(dāng)時,車輛橫沖直撞,嚴(yán)重地威脅著城市生活,路上行人無不提心吊膽。The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.49.他有一種令人難堪的習(xí)慣:一會兒一個看法,自相矛盾,變化無常。He has a disgusting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.50.請允許我代表中國體操協(xié)會向參加這次邀請賽的朋友們表示熱烈的歡迎。Please allow me,on behalf of the Chinese Gymnastics Association,to extend a warm welcome to all our friends who have come for the Tournament.51.全城披上節(jié)日盛裝。

      The whole city is in holiday array.52.小汽車盤旋著,穿過村莊,翻越峽谷,沿著一條因解凍而漲水的小溪行駛。The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley,following a thaw-swollen stream。

      53.有些時裝設(shè)計師為了趕時髦,舍棄了優(yōu)雅別致的式樣,而一味追求袒胸露體的奇裝異服。

      In line with the latest trends in fashion, a few designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.54.不過我們說到故事后頭去了。But we are getting ahead of the story.55.請先走。/請走在前面。After you.56.我走在厚厚的地毯上,一點(diǎn)聲音也沒有。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.57.我們可借助專門的儀器觀察到電波在傳播。

      With the help of a special instrument we can observe the electric waves travelling along.58.國家不論大小貧富,都應(yīng)一律平等。

      All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.59.如蒙早日寄來樣品或產(chǎn)品冊,不勝感激。

      It would be appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon sent to us.60.他過馬路時,左顧右盼,害怕撞到過路的車。

      While crossing the street,he looked right and left ,for fear that he might run into some passing car.61.我訪問了一些地方,遇到了不少人,要談起來,奇妙的事可多著呢。

      There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.62.來賓請出示入場券。

      Visitors are requested to show their tickets.63.約翰真的愛瑪麗,而瑪麗也愛約翰。

      John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.64.人的思想形成語言,而語言有影響了人的思想。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.65.干得很順手,上汽車沒到三分鐘,一個錢包就到手了,鼓鼓囊囊的,看來錢不少。

      An easy work.Hardly three minutes on the bus ,and he had laid hands on a purse, bulgy, apparently full of money.66.父親畢竟比她多吃了幾年鹽,她的男朋友是什么樣的人,父親一看就知道。After all,father has much more worldly experience than her.So he will be able to tell, at a glance,what kind of man her boyfriend is.67.但他性情與人不同,不求名利,不交朋友,終日只是忙于自己的本職工作。He is , however, eccentric.He does not seek fame and gain,and does not like to make friends.Every day he is only engaged in his own job.68.一定要言行一致,理論與實(shí)踐密切結(jié)合,反對華而不實(shí)和任何虛夸,少說空話,多做工作,扎扎實(shí)實(shí),埋頭苦干。

      Deed and word must match and theory and practice must be closely intergrated.We must reject flashiness without substance and every sort of boasting.There must be less empty talk and more hard work.We must be steadfast and dedicated.69.當(dāng)真理被埋在地下的時候,它在生長,它感到壓抑,它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就會炸破一切!

      When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out,it blows up everything with it.70.世界上一些國家發(fā)生問題,從根本上說,都是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)上不去,沒有飯吃,沒有衣穿,沒有房住,工資增長被通貨膨脹抵消,生活水平下降,大批人下崗和失業(yè),長期過緊日子。

      Basically, the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy.Consequently,the lack food, clothing and shelter, and their wage increases are offset by inflation.With a decline in living standards, widespread layoffs and unemployment, people have to suffer chronic hardships.71.40年來,武漢雜技在繼承了傳統(tǒng)雜技的基礎(chǔ)上,大膽吸收其他姊妹藝術(shù)之長,運(yùn)用多種藝術(shù)手段,將布景,燈光,道具,美術(shù)融為一體,使雜技表演成為綜合性的表演藝術(shù)。

      For 40 years,based on traditional acrobatic techniques,Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sister arts and mixed together scenery,lighting,costume and fine art by all kinds of artistic methods so that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance.72.他倆能在地里找口粗茶淡飯,完全是靠丈夫起早貪黑的耕作。

      It was only by the busband’s incessant labor that they could draw a meager living from their land.73.聽了這話,他笑了,雙唇合成一條曲線,露出一副悔恨的樣子。但兩眼仍熠熠發(fā)光,脈脈含情。這種感情她不敢認(rèn)同。

      He smileed at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with emotion she was afraid to identify.74.她身材矮小,容貌端莊,鼻子俏麗,頭發(fā)光亮鑒人。

      Although she was both short and slender,she had a dignified and elegant countenance,a fine nose and shinny hair.75.憑窗站了一會兒,微微地覺得涼意侵人。轉(zhuǎn)過身來,忽然眼花繚亂,屋子里的別的東西,都隱在光云里。

      Standing at the window for a while, I felt a big chill.As I turned round,my eyes suddenly dazzled before the bright light and could not see things distinctly.Everything in the room was blurred by a haze of light.76.蝸陽苔干,名優(yōu)特產(chǎn),馳名中外,聲震古今,翠綠,鮮嫩,清脆,可口,有“天然海蜇”之稱;清乾隆年間奉獻(xiàn)皇宮,故又名“貢菜”。

      Taigan(a kind of dry stemmed vegetable)is a famous special local product of Woyang,Anhui Province.It is well-known all over the world.It can be regarded as “jellyfish on land”.It’s green, tender,crisp and pleasant to taste.It was once an article of tribute in the Qing Dynasty.

      第四篇:HN集團(tuán)放棄建新廠戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃案例

      HN集團(tuán)放棄建新廠戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃案例

      A背景:HN集團(tuán)是中國國有企業(yè)100強(qiáng)之一,成立于1988年8月。目前,HN集團(tuán)由其核心企業(yè)(中國HN集團(tuán)公司)、9家成員公司、400家子公司構(gòu)成,同時還直接控股30家海外分支機(jī)構(gòu)和海外公司。其中,HN國際電力開發(fā)公司和山東HN電力開發(fā)公司兩子公司先后于1994年在紐約證券交易所掛牌上市。如何對子公司實(shí)行有效控制、如何考核其業(yè)績,以及選擇什么樣的激勵機(jī)制,成立伊始,HN集團(tuán)就在不斷地進(jìn)行探索。HN 集團(tuán)公司1998年取得成績的重要原因是主動收縮了擴(kuò)張計劃。

      HN 集團(tuán)公司能夠主動收縮擴(kuò)張計劃的主要原因,則是他們聽取了多星企業(yè)管理咨詢公司的見解,在當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)已由賣方市場轉(zhuǎn)化為買方市場的條件下,企業(yè)開拓市場已不能靠投機(jī)撞大運(yùn)來解決,而要更多地依靠細(xì)致科學(xué)的戰(zhàn)略策劃、戰(zhàn)術(shù)咨詢來進(jìn)行決策。正是在這個決定企業(yè)命運(yùn)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi),作為信息事業(yè)重要組成部分的咨詢企業(yè)能夠發(fā)揮舉足輕重的作用。多星公司的專家咨詢組對HN集團(tuán)制定戰(zhàn)略決策的依據(jù)的可靠性、內(nèi)外部條件的適應(yīng)性、戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施的可行性進(jìn)行了分析論證,指出了戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施過程中可能存在的風(fēng)險,針對有關(guān)的風(fēng)險及戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的局部性調(diào)整提出了相應(yīng)的建議。

      1.多星企業(yè)管理咨詢公司的專家咨詢組認(rèn)為,HN集團(tuán)不具備建新廠的市場條件。

      2.多星對油料的國際市場競爭性進(jìn)行了分析,認(rèn)為在外國地加油的沖擊下,在建油料新廠,日子將不會好過。

      在這樣的市場條件下,再建新廠,怎能不出現(xiàn)由于原料供應(yīng)、產(chǎn)品銷售、產(chǎn)品價格等因素導(dǎo)致有產(chǎn)卻開工不足的狀況呢?

      3.專家組否定HN集團(tuán)決策建新廠的重要依據(jù)——建立保稅庫,以保稅庫為依托,采取大豆進(jìn)口,豆粕出口,豆油內(nèi)銷方式經(jīng)營,大豆進(jìn)入保稅庫可免關(guān)稅和增值稅,如果產(chǎn)品在出口便可以較低成本參與國際市場競爭。因此,建立保稅庫對拓展經(jīng)營空間具有很大意義。綜上,專家組認(rèn)為,已建立保稅庫作為再建大油廠的重要依據(jù),則顯得不夠充分。

      4.對是否再建新廠,專家咨詢組的結(jié)論是:1999年和2000年,新建一個大油廠,尚有許多不確定的應(yīng)訴,具有較大的風(fēng)險。專家咨詢組為HN公司的策劃是,企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在“改二”上。

      不建新廠,改造擴(kuò)建吸納有的兩個油脂廠。通過改造,不僅擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)能力,而且將逐步增加高級烹飪油和色拉油產(chǎn)品。如果這一戰(zhàn)略取得成功,便可以從根本上改變HN集團(tuán)公司產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)單一,獲利能力低的問題。

      建議的三種策略:

      (1)鞏固現(xiàn)有市場,開拓增長潛力大的新市場,確保企業(yè)40萬噸的滿負(fù)荷生產(chǎn)。

      (2)靜觀行業(yè)動向,抓住機(jī)會實(shí)施行業(yè)的企業(yè)兼并,但這種兼并最大效果可能不是提高盈利(行業(yè)低效率運(yùn)行狀況在短期內(nèi)不會轉(zhuǎn)變),而是為了提高HN的行業(yè)地位和影響,以推動行業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)性調(diào)整。

      (3)在加強(qiáng)固現(xiàn)有企業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上,可以考慮實(shí)施跨企業(yè)的多元化經(jīng)營,爭取將一部分資金投向成長好,獲利能力高的行業(yè),進(jìn)一步提高企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略自由度。

      5.HN集團(tuán)改變戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃,對于多星公司的方案建議,HN公司非常重視,制定出落實(shí)計劃。

      到了1999年1月,集團(tuán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員終于統(tǒng)一了人事,統(tǒng)一不再建新廠,而是采取低成本擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略,在現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)建兩個廠。結(jié)果,生產(chǎn)能力從22萬噸增加到36萬噸。1998年,在全行業(yè)都非常困難的情況下,HN公司的利潤增長了10.8%

      B分析:什么是企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略管理:企業(yè)的經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略是對企業(yè)長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的全局性謀劃,現(xiàn)代企業(yè)為在競爭環(huán)境中生存和發(fā)展而制定的綱領(lǐng)性、方向性的規(guī)則。他既要適應(yīng)企業(yè)的內(nèi)外環(huán)

      境,又要明確企業(yè)最重要的競爭方式和經(jīng)營內(nèi)容。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略,還必須有具體的經(jīng)營方針的支持。在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的今天,企業(yè)面臨著市場風(fēng)云變幻,競爭趨于殘酷的生存環(huán)境。因此,在實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)發(fā)展方向的重要決策方面,必須有相對一貫的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的方針。

      中小型企業(yè)如何制定企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略--------?知己知彼、運(yùn)籌帷幄?,在競爭市場中發(fā)展生存空間,此是許多中小型企業(yè)需要解決和確定的問題。

      中小型企業(yè)如何制定企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,是決定企業(yè)未來經(jīng)營發(fā)展的目標(biāo)和方針,它將長期成為企業(yè)發(fā)展的方向和總計劃。

      中小型企業(yè)如何制定企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略包含的主要內(nèi)容:中小型企業(yè)是相等于大型企業(yè)和跨國公司而言的企業(yè)。與大企業(yè)相比較,中小型企業(yè)的規(guī)模、資金、實(shí)力、品牌和許多企業(yè)構(gòu)成要素都顯得薄弱;中小型企業(yè)市場競爭能力、市場占有率和抗風(fēng)險能力都比較差。企業(yè)的市場競爭行為的規(guī)律,按市場優(yōu)勝劣汰法則在自然運(yùn)行,市場競爭是殘酷、無情,然而也是公正的。

      所以,如何根據(jù)企業(yè)自己的特點(diǎn),‘正確定位’,‘揚(yáng)長避短’;如何在激烈的市場競爭中保存自身企業(yè)的一席之地,就顯得極其重要。

      一、什么是中小型企業(yè)的?企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略??

      企業(yè)的經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,指?企業(yè)長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的全局性謀劃。是現(xiàn)代企業(yè)為在競爭環(huán)境中生存和發(fā)展而制定的綱領(lǐng)性、方向性的規(guī)則。它既要適應(yīng)企業(yè)的內(nèi)外環(huán)境,又要明確企業(yè)最重要的競爭方式和經(jīng)營內(nèi)容。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略,還必須有具體的經(jīng)營方針的支持。通俗說:戰(zhàn)略是總體規(guī)劃和打算。

      打個比方,象具備對抗性的棋類運(yùn)動,例如圍棋、象棋、四國軍棋等,都需要比較全面的謀劃、策略、戰(zhàn)術(shù)…等通盤考慮。善于走棋的高手,還會按照雙方的形式和己方特點(diǎn),用科學(xué)方法和規(guī)律,予以分析、判斷和推理,然后確定自己的戰(zhàn)術(shù),并在開局、中局、殘局階段實(shí)施。棋手下棋如同企業(yè)競爭一樣,也希望立于不敗之地。仍然以圍棋為例,具有科學(xué)含量和經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法總結(jié)的圍棋對奕開局方法,稱為‘定式’,局部使用圍棋落子好方法稱為‘手筋’;同樣在企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中也有開始、發(fā)展的階段;企業(yè)在經(jīng)營管理中同樣也有高明和俗手的方法之分。

      企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?實(shí)際上是?規(guī)劃和謀略?。需要確定時間、內(nèi)容、方法以及考慮可能發(fā)生的結(jié)果,如何運(yùn)用最小投入和最方便的方法達(dá)到目的,是企業(yè)智慧的科學(xué)應(yīng)用。軍事理論同樣體現(xiàn)作戰(zhàn)前的?規(guī)劃和謀略?和戰(zhàn)術(shù)運(yùn)用:孫子兵法《謀攻第三》?…不戰(zhàn)而屈人之兵,善之善者也。故上兵伐謀,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城。攻城之法,為不得已?的精辟論述,演繹出歷史上的諸多典范戰(zhàn)例。就連圍棋也有避免廝殺,在開局、中盤階段?圍成大空?而獲勝的成功謀略。象藝術(shù)理論相通的原理一樣,企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?更接近軍事和競技搏奕方法和理論。企業(yè)在經(jīng)營以前,就應(yīng)深思熟慮,如何科學(xué)?規(guī)劃謀略?企業(yè)各項(xiàng)工作計劃,避免走彎路。

      二、實(shí)施中小型企業(yè)‘企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略’的前提

      知道和了解中小型企業(yè)的?企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?的重要性和工作重點(diǎn),就應(yīng)及時和正確實(shí)施。如何實(shí)施,則必須根據(jù)企業(yè)、市場和競爭對手的不同情況區(qū)別對待。切不可在時機(jī)不成熟,輕舉妄動和盲目蠻干。‘知己知彼,百戰(zhàn)不殆’的古訓(xùn),有其非??茖W(xué)而實(shí)用的道理。己和彼,就是企業(yè)與外部環(huán)境的詳細(xì)情況。百戰(zhàn)不殆就是建立在此基礎(chǔ)上的正確了解、判斷、推理、后實(shí)施科學(xué)方法的結(jié)果。

      行動實(shí)施條件的成熟與否,以及如何及時和正確實(shí)施,是衡量企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層能力和決定企業(yè)發(fā)展或損失的關(guān)鍵。歷史上的?左傾、右傾路線?就是錯誤實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略的結(jié)果和以后的總結(jié)與評論??谷諔?zhàn)爭時期,毛澤東審時度勢,正確得出?持久戰(zhàn)?的結(jié)論和光輝論著,指導(dǎo)和影響全國抗戰(zhàn)軍民的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。小規(guī)模戰(zhàn)役中的正面攻不上,側(cè)面迂回?的軍事戰(zhàn)術(shù),也同樣是正確實(shí)施“不盲目蠻干”的戰(zhàn)略原則。

      只有具備正確了解包括企業(yè)在內(nèi)的各種有利和不利因素的前提下,企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層才能?成竹在胸,才有可能正確掌握和了解市場環(huán)境情況和順利實(shí)施企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。

      三、如何制定中小型企業(yè)企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?

      確定企業(yè)長期戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和短期戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)是制定和實(shí)施?企業(yè)經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?核心內(nèi)容。企業(yè)長期戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)是企業(yè)總體目標(biāo),短期戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)是包含在長期戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)內(nèi)的、階段性的、分解后的企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略小目標(biāo)。

      長期目標(biāo)應(yīng)確定的內(nèi)容有:盈利能力、服務(wù)對象、雇員需要及福利、社會責(zé)任。確定企業(yè)長期目標(biāo)的內(nèi)容,應(yīng)清楚簡潔和可定量化;企業(yè)成員都應(yīng)清楚了解企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略意圖,應(yīng)遍布企業(yè)所有重要部門,而不局限于某領(lǐng)域。應(yīng)明確和確定工作重點(diǎn)。同時應(yīng)該注意,長期目標(biāo)應(yīng)符合市場規(guī)律,是可實(shí)施的企業(yè)計劃,不同領(lǐng)域的目標(biāo)可相互制約,但應(yīng)協(xié)調(diào)一致;而且長期目標(biāo)應(yīng)是動態(tài)的,并可隨環(huán)境改變而及時調(diào)整。

      短期目標(biāo)的意義和重要性:短期目標(biāo)是企業(yè)用來實(shí)現(xiàn)長期目標(biāo)的階段性分解任務(wù)的考核和檢驗(yàn)。是對長期目標(biāo)的深入評價和實(shí)際工作開展。短期目標(biāo)實(shí)際工作開展應(yīng)按照各目標(biāo)的輕重緩急順序進(jìn)行。順序一旦確定,即能建立短期目標(biāo)以實(shí)現(xiàn)長期目標(biāo)。

      如何順利實(shí)現(xiàn)短期目標(biāo)實(shí)施:

      1.實(shí)施前的盡可能的全面策劃和周密考慮工作計劃,2.在短期目標(biāo)實(shí)施過程中,分析總結(jié)各種動態(tài)資料和數(shù)據(jù),3.及時調(diào)整或擴(kuò)大符合和適應(yīng)企業(yè)與市場的有利工作,4.檢測預(yù)先工作目標(biāo)和工作進(jìn)展,修正和確定符合實(shí)際的方法,5.及時調(diào)整和改變原來不適宜的人員、計劃和工作方法。

      制定和實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略決策需考慮制定的內(nèi)容:

      1.建立實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和工作重點(diǎn),

      2.確保實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略所必要的活動的保障措施和科學(xué)依據(jù),

      3.監(jiān)控戰(zhàn)略在實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)過程中的有效性,

      4.企業(yè)在實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略過程中組織人員的協(xié)調(diào)、配合。

      C啟示:在確定現(xiàn)有的市場和目標(biāo)群體時需考慮:誰是顧客、顧客分布于何處、為何購買、如何與顧客溝通、顧客買什么、顧客的期望等主要內(nèi)容。

      在確定企業(yè)潛在顧客時需考慮:.市場發(fā)展趨勢及市場潛力如何、市場結(jié)構(gòu)將發(fā)生何種變化、顧客將可能改變的購買習(xí)慣、目前顧客有哪些需求還不能充分滿足等數(shù)據(jù)。在決定企業(yè)宗旨需考慮:組織的經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)是否適當(dāng)、是否應(yīng)改變其經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)…P.德魯克(Reter Drucker)關(guān)于:“要了解一個企業(yè),必須首先知道它的宗旨,而宗旨是存在于企業(yè)自身之外的。事實(shí)上,因?yàn)楣ど唐髽I(yè)是社會的細(xì)胞,其宗旨必然存在于社會之中。企業(yè)宗旨的唯一定義是—— ?創(chuàng)造顧客?”?。牬苏撌?,或許能揭示企業(yè)的?經(jīng)營發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略?的深刻內(nèi)涵。大型的企業(yè)和跨國公司應(yīng)該考慮,中小型企業(yè)更應(yīng)深刻思索和思考。

      所謂戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃,就是制定組織的長期目標(biāo)并將其付諸實(shí)施,它是一個正式的過程和儀式。一些大企業(yè)都有意識地對大約50年內(nèi)的事情做出規(guī)劃。

      制定戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃分為三個階段,第一個階段就是確定目標(biāo),即企業(yè)在未來的發(fā)展過程中,要應(yīng)對各種變化所要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。

      第二階段就是要制定這個規(guī)劃,當(dāng)目標(biāo)確定了以后,考慮使用什么手段、什么措施、什么方法來達(dá)到這個目標(biāo),這就是戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃。

      最后,將戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃形成文本,以備評估、審批,如果審批未能通過的話,那可能還需要多個迭代的過程,需要考慮怎么修正。

      第五篇:漢英翻譯技巧

      漢英翻譯技巧

      第一節(jié) 漢語無主語句的英譯處理

      一、祈使句對應(yīng)為祈使句

      e.g.小心輕放。

      Handle with care.量體裁衣,看菜吃飯。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.寧為雞首,不為牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse.二、采用英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)譯出 采用英語被動結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯的漢語無主語句一般的情況:一是某些表示事物存在的無主語句;二是有些句子突出賓語部分,在翻譯時可以不用補(bǔ)出主語而用原句中的賓語來充當(dāng)主語。e.g.這兒將修建更多的居民大樓。More apartments will be built here.利用發(fā)電機(jī),可以將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娔堋?/p>

      The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator.在合同中,詳細(xì)地規(guī)定了雙方必須履行的各種條件。

      In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail.沒有愛心,就無法了解人生。

      Life cannot be understood without much charity.三、采用倒裝語序 e.g.地下埋藏著大量的金銀。

      Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver.隨著一聲吼叫,忽的從樹林里竄出一只老虎來。

      Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.山里住著個老和尚。

      In the mountain lived on an old monk.四、采用 THERE BE 結(jié)構(gòu) 例句:沒有順利,無所謂困難;沒有困難,也無所謂順利。

      Without facility, there would be no difficulty;without difficulty, there would also be no facility.剩下的時間不多了。There is very little time left.蘿卜白菜,各有所愛。

      There is no accounting for taste.無水則無魚。

      Without water there would be no fish.樓下有人想和你說話。

      There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.you are wanted downstairs.五、采用 IT 作主語譯出

      例句:要解決問題,還必須做系統(tǒng)、周密的調(diào)查工作和研究工作。

      In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.與自然作斗爭,倍感快樂。It is a great joy to battle against nature.活到老學(xué)到老。

      It is never too old to learn.子曰:學(xué)而時習(xí)之,不亦說乎?有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎?

      Confucius said, is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?

      六、增添適當(dāng)?shù)拇~或名詞充當(dāng)主語 例句: 知彼知己,百戰(zhàn)不殆。

      If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。

      If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub.六、因文制宜,區(qū)別對待

      例句:未經(jīng)審批機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn),合同中不得規(guī)定禁止接受方在合同期滿后繼續(xù)使用技術(shù)的條款。

      Unless approval has been obtained from the examining and approving organ, a contract shall not include provisions prohibiting the recipient from continuing to use the technology after the expiry of the contract term.由于英語被接受為聯(lián)合國的官方語言之一,這就使英語在國際外交場合使用得更為廣泛了。

      The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the U.N.說明白了一切,就再無奧妙可言了。It will leave nothing in obscurity;everything is seen.Exercises: 1.要適可而止,否則就要完蛋。

      2.不遠(yuǎn)處傳來了提琴的聲音,調(diào)子哀enough, or we will die.Enough is 傷。Not far away from the sound of the fiddle, and that'll sorrow.3.在游廊的最左端,靠近一道門,坐著一位將近30歲的男子。

      4.他的書桌上放著帶有細(xì)菌的小碟the left, near a door, sits a nearly 30 years old man.Most of the veranda at 子。His desk is put a little dish of bacteria

      All in all, it was two 5.總之,是兩點(diǎn)而不是一點(diǎn)。

      6.花瓶里沒有水了。and not a bit.The vase no water.7.要

      很容易看得出來那作家是一位生手,剛從事寫作。8.。

      Very easy to see the writer is a beginning, just writing

      9.不怕一萬,就怕萬一one thousand.Ten thousand not afraid, afraid of 10.還看不出來他能挑得起這副擔(dān)子。Also see he can pick up the burden alone.11.去年

      12.必須認(rèn)真做好建廠前的準(zhǔn)備工作。The factory must do the preparing work before.Should teach children to 13.應(yīng)該教導(dǎo)兒童講實(shí)話。

      14.必須保證8小時的睡眠。

      15.發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯誤,一定要改正。tell the truthhours of sleep.must correct.Must ensure that eight

      Find a mistake,第二節(jié)、漢語“是”字句的英譯處理

      一、表示“等同”

      例句:他最佩服的就是你。

      Of all the people, you are the one he admires most.二、表示“類屬” 例句:這臺機(jī)器是進(jìn)口的。

      The machine was imported from abroad.他是來找你的。He is here to see you.三、表示“事物狀態(tài)” 例句:要是舊社會,遇上這樣大的水災(zāi),早已是哀鴻遍野了。

      If a flood of such magnitude had hit the land in the old days, the stricken area would have been a scene of desolation and despair.你現(xiàn)在是身不由己,只能聽他的。You have to listen to him whether you like it or not.四、表示“存在” 例句:她滿臉是淚,默不作聲。She was soundless and her cheeks were bathed in tears.別看他長得胖,其實(shí)渾身是病。Despite his stout build, he suffers from all sorts of diseases.五、在兩個類似結(jié)構(gòu)中表示“區(qū)別”,轉(zhuǎn)換為英語相對的對比結(jié)構(gòu)。例句:他是他,我是我,我們誰也管不著誰。

      We have our own wills, he and I, neither is the other’s master.昨天是昨天,今天是今天,情況是不斷變化的。

      Events are moving very fast;what was true yesterday may not be so today.這個人言行不一,說是說,做是做。This man’s deeds do not match his words;he never practices what he preaches.敵是敵,友是友,必須分清界限。A friend is a friend, a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.六、表示“讓步”,用適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~或者讓步句型來體現(xiàn)。例句:書是好書,可惜貴了點(diǎn)。It is true that this is a good book, but it’s a bit too expensive.他的本意是好的,只是措辭不當(dāng)。He meant well, but he didn’t put across his ideas properly.你就是有天大的本事,恐怕也施展不開。

      However capable you are, you probably can do nothing in this circumstance.這房子老是老,但離商店近,采購方便。

      Indeed, the house is old, but as it is close to the stores, it is convenient for shopping.六、表示“強(qiáng)調(diào)”,一般轉(zhuǎn)換為強(qiáng)調(diào)句式 例句:是誰教你這樣做的? Who told you to do so? 是這位解放軍戰(zhàn)士救了你。

      It was this PLA man who saved you.我寫的信是給她的,不是你。

      It was to her that I wrote a letter, not to you.七、表示“凡是”,由英語習(xí)慣句型決定。

      例句:是人都會犯錯誤。

      Every man is liable to error./ No one is free from error.是孩子他都喜歡。He loves all children.正如一句話所說,是親三分像。As an old saying goes, blood is thicker than water.是重活他都搶著干。Whenever there is a tough job, he is always the first to do it.八、表示“恰當(dāng)” 例句:屋里的家具放得都不是地方。The furniture in the room is arranged exactly where it should not be.你來得正是時候。

      You have come just in the nick of time./ You can’t have come at a better come.她穿的裙子很是漂亮。

      The dress looks very beautiful on her.九、表示“選擇”或“疑問” 例句:你是看電視還是聽音樂? 他不是出國了么?

      十、表示“確認(rèn)”,有強(qiáng)調(diào)的意思,一般通過助動詞、副詞或短語來體現(xiàn)。

      例句:她爸爸是不同意她和湯姆來往的。

      Her father does disapprove of her having anything to do with TOM.這件事他是不知道。

      He certainly doesn’t know this.這孩子是可愛。

      The child is lovely indeed.我不是不懂,只是不想說。

      It is not that I didn’t understand, but that I didn’t want to say anything.十一、表示“特征”,一般直譯。例句:馬克思主義的基本原理是普遍適用的。

      The fundamental tenets of Marxism are universally applicable.本領(lǐng)高強(qiáng)的人,往往是謙虛好學(xué)的。Men of capability are often modest and show a desire to learn.作戰(zhàn)時他總是身先士卒,故能所向披靡。

      He was always at the head of his men in battle, and so his army was invincible.練習(xí)題

      1、我們是坐船去武漢的。

      2、玩弄她的感情是卑鄙的。

      3、這個故事好是好,就是長了點(diǎn)。

      4、這場火災(zāi)是他們不小心而引起的。

      5、滿屋都是煙,連他衣服上都是煙味。

      6、他開辦這家工廠完全是白手起7、8、9、10、11、12、家的。

      這本書我是有的,可是我一下找不到。

      這原來是破舊、窄小的一條舊街。

      這人真討厭,總是死皮賴臉的纏著人家。

      既然要搞掉他,羅織罪名還不是易如反掌。

      今天開這個會啊,是想聽聽各方面的意見。

      不管怎么樣,我是決意要完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的。

      Keys: 1.We went to wuhan by chartered boat.2.It was mean of him to play with her/affections.3.It is a good story all right, but a bit too long.4.The fire resulted from their carelessness.5.Smoke filled the room;even his clothes smelled of smoke.6.He built up his factory literally from nothing.7.I have the book somewhere but I cannot lay my hands on it now.8.This place was originally a narrow, shabby street.9.The man is quite a nuisance;he keeps pestering/bothering others/me shamelessly.10.Now that they have decided to get rid of him, charges can easily be framed.11.Look!We are holding this meeting today to make sure that different opinions are put forward freely.12.I mean to accomplish the task, come what may happen.漢語習(xí)語的英譯處理

      習(xí)語是人們在語言發(fā)展過程中,經(jīng)過長期的社會實(shí)踐提煉出來的短語或者短句,是語言的精華。從廣義上講,漢語習(xí)語包括成語、諺語、俗語、歇后語等。具體特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)在:

      1、習(xí)語本身是修辭手段的集中體現(xiàn),如諧音等來增加美感,如“嘴上沒毛,辦事不牢”,“吃得苦,耐得煩;不怕死,霸得蠻”;英語中的“by hook or by crook”, as red as a rose。

      2、習(xí)語是語言中獨(dú)立、不規(guī)則而固定的因素。如“露出馬腳”不能說成“露出豬腳”,“雪中送炭”不能說成“雪中送煤”?;谏鲜鎏攸c(diǎn),翻譯過程中必須注意:

      1、盡量保存原文的民族特色和風(fēng)格,在可能的情況下以直譯為主。

      2、不能把習(xí)語當(dāng)做普通語句處理,注意修辭美感。

      一、漢語習(xí)語英譯的常用方法

      1、英語同義句借用法

      A: 借用意義和形象相同或相似的 B: 借用意義相同但形象不同的 例如: A:

      隨大流,以牙還牙 隔墻有耳 一文不名絞盡腦汁 針鋒相對 時時刻刻 千鈞一發(fā) 渾水摸魚 swim with the tide a tooth for a tooth walls have ears

      without a penny to one’s

      name

      to rack one’s brain give tit for tat every now and then hung by a thread to fish in troubled water

      如坐針氈 a bed of thorns 謀事在人,成事在天

      Man proposes, God disposes 星星之火可以燎原

      Little chips light great fire.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井繩 Once bit, twice shy.空中樓閣、君子協(xié)定、事實(shí)勝于雄辯、有其父必有其子、B:

      半斤八兩 six of one and half a dozen of the other 無足輕重

      of no account 錦囊妙計

      ace in the hole/sleeve 非公莫入

      no admittance 徒勞無益

      hold a candle to the sun 茫然若失

      be all adrift 水中撈月

      fish in the air 乳臭未干

      the smell of the baby 壽終正寢

      die in the bed 一丘之貉

      birds of a feather(flock together)

      2、直譯法

      蓬頭垢面 with disheveled hair and dirty face

      求同存異 see common ground while reserving differences 撲朔迷離

      complicated and confusing

      樸實(shí)無華

      simple and unadorned 能者多勞

      the abler a man, the busier he gets.自力更生 regeneration through one’s own efforts 順?biāo)浦?push the boat with current 欺軟怕硬 bully the weak and fear the strong 半途而廢 give up halfway 口蜜腹劍 with honey on one’s lips and murder in one’s heart.有錢能使鬼推磨

      If you have money you can even make the devil turn your mill(serve for you).十年樹木百年樹人

      It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear/cultivate people.路遙知馬力,日久見人心。

      A long road tests a horse’s strength, while a long time proves one’s heart.天有不測風(fēng)云,人有旦夕禍福

      Storms gather without warning in nature, while bad luck befalls men overnight.3、意譯法

      畏首畏尾 over-cautious

      不到黃河不死心

      Not stop until one reaches one’s goal 獨(dú)木不成林

      One person cannot accomplish much.4、節(jié)譯法 漢語習(xí)語中有些是對偶詞組,往往前后兩對含義相同

      無影無蹤 vanish without a trace 長吁短嘆 千真萬確 一朝一夕 根深蒂固 不屈不撓 自給自足 經(jīng)久耐用 同心同德 清規(guī)戒律 油頭粉面 驚心動魄

      sigh deeply be quite true overnight deep-rooted unswerving self-sufficient durable with one mind taboos(regulations)high-painted soul-stirring

      5、直譯加注法

      東施效顰 Dongshi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrow in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi only to make herself uglier—blindly copying others and making oneself look foolish.二、漢語習(xí)語中數(shù)詞的英譯

      1、直譯法

      千金難買一笑

      A thousand pieces of gold can hardly purchase a smile.一寸光陰一寸金

      An inch of time is an inch of gold.一著不慎滿盤皆輸

      One careless move loses the whole game.百花齊放,百家爭鳴

      Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend.聽君一席話,勝讀十年書

      One evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten-year study.2、保留部分?jǐn)?shù)字

      殺一儆百 punish one as an example to others 三心二意 two-minded 兩面三刀 double-faced and tricky 十拿九穩(wěn) ninety percent sure

      3、省略法(當(dāng)數(shù)字是虛指時)曇花一現(xiàn) be a flash in the pan 一干二凈 neat and tidy;不三不四 dubious;inappropriate 百無聊賴 to be overcome with boredom 白問不厭 to serve patiently and tirelessly 三言兩語 a few words 五谷豐登、五光十色、五湖四海、十萬火急、才高八斗、千秋萬代(throughout the ages)

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