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      國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)習(xí)題集(推薦5篇)

      時間:2019-05-13 22:34:04下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)習(xí)題集》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)習(xí)題集》。

      第一篇:國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)習(xí)題集

      習(xí)題集

      山東工商學(xué)院中加學(xué)院

      國際貿(mào)易教研室

      國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)(雙語)

      國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)(雙語)綜合習(xí)題集

      Part I: Multiple Choices(Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following Questions)

      1.The one who buy insurance is called()A.an insurance company

      C.the insured

      B.a broker

      D.an insurer 2.What is the name given to the sum of money which a person agrees to pay to an insurance company? A.compensation

      C.investment

      B.premium

      3.An insurance agreement is called an()? A.insurance policy

      C.insurance cover

      B.insurance contract

      D.insurance document D.commission 4.Under FOB contract, the()is to arrange insurance.A.seller

      C.buyer

      B.insurer

      D.carrier 5.When the seller contracts for insurance, it is a(n)()contract.A.CFR

      C.FAS

      B.FCA

      6.The one who lodges a claim is known as an().A.insurer

      C.insurance broker

      B.the insured

      D.claimant D.CIF 7.()does not have the normally accepted meaning, but means loss in the insurance business.A.Partial loss

      C.Coverage

      B.Total loss

      D.Average8.()is the broadest kind of coverage but does not include all risks.A.Free of Particular Average

      C.With particular Average

      B.All Risks 9.Risk of breakage is considered to be the()A.Free of Particular Average

      C.General additional risks

      B.With Average

      D.Special additional risks D.TPND 10.The person to whom the goods are shipped is called _______.A.the consignor

      C.the shipper

      B.the consignee

      D.the manufacturer 11.As Swedish arbitrators often are()lawyers, the arbitrators’ fees are usually in line with those of lawyers.A.practice

      C.practising

      B.practise

      D.practised 12.The Institute may also decide to discharge an arbitrator on the()of any lawful excuse or failure to perform his duties in an adequate manner.A.basis

      C.excuse

      B.reason

      D.ground 13.If the institute has requested a party to perform any act within a()time, such time limit may be extended by the Institute.A.specified

      C.specifying

      B.specify

      D.limited14.If an arbitrator is replaced in the course of the proceedings, the newly()tribunal shall decide whether and to what extent a prior oral hearing shall be repeated.A.comprised

      C.consisted

      B.composed

      D.built 15.The arbitrators are()to receive remuneration for their work in accordance with the principles stated above and, in addition, to receive reimbursement of their expenses.A.entitled

      C.subject

      B.qualified

      D.required 16.The international uniform customs practice in written for documentary collection is().A.UCP600

      C.Incoterm2000

      B.ISP98 17.The payer of promissory note is the().A.drawer

      C.payee

      B.drawee 18.()needn’t draft generally.A.Open Negotiation L/C

      C.Deferred payment L/C

      B.Sight Payment L/C 19.The Opening Banks of L/C deal with().A.services

      B.goods

      C.documents

      D.performance to which the documents may relate 20.According to UCP600, if there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, the amount of insurance coverage must be at least()of the CIF or CIP value of the goods.A.110%

      B.10%

      D.Restricted Negotiation L/C D.creditor D.URC522 2 C.100%

      D.130%

      21.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

      C.60 days

      B.30 days

      22.WPA is()in Chinese.A.平安險

      C.一切險

      B.水漬險

      D.戰(zhàn)爭險 D.2 years 23.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().A.CIF price

      C.CFR price

      B.FCA price

      24.Unless the Credit stipulates otherwise,().A.Partial shipments and transshipments are allowed B.Partial shipments and transshipments are not allowed C.transshipments are not allowed, but Partial shipments are allowed D.transshipments are allowed, but Partial shipments are not allowed 25.The net weight and G.W for some goods is 28kgs per piece and 30kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX22CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight()

      A.on the basis of net weight

      C.on the basis of measurement

      B.at the shipper’s option

      26.The most frequently used pricing methods is()A.fixed pricing

      C.Partial fixed price and partial unfixed price

      B.flexible pricing

      D.Floating pricing).D.at the carrier’s option D.FOB price 27.In international export practice, in case we conclude a FOB or CFR contract with the buyer abroad, unless otherwise agreed, we must give the buyer notice that the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, so as to enable him to()in time.A.arrange shipment

      C.take delivery

      B.cover insurance

      D.open L/C 28.The CIF contract is a typical “document transaction” or “()”.A.dependent transaction

      C.symbolic delivery

      B.physical delivery

      D.arrival contract 29.The variations of CFR involve only the problem of who is to pay()charges, with nothing to do with the place of delivery or the place of risk separation.A.loading

      B.demurrage

      C.freight

      D.unloading

      30.In INCOTERMS 2000, under()trade term, the customs declaration for import is the responsibility of seller.A.EXW

      C.CIF

      B.DDP

      D.FOB 31.Which of the following expressions to quality is right and proper?()A.Chinese Groundnut, Moisture 13%, Admixture 5%, Oil content 44%.B.Cloth Doll Sample No.123, quality to be completely equal to the sample.C.Tetracycline HCL Tablets, Sugar Coated, 250mg, B.P.D.grey duck's down, duck's down content 18%(1% more or 2% less)“.32.If no expiry date for presentation of documents is stipulated in L/C, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than()days after the date of shipment.A.15

      C.7

      B.21

      D.60 33.In Credit operations all parties concerned deal with().A.goods

      B.services

      C.documents

      D.other performances to which the documents may relate 34.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

      C.60 days

      B.30 days

      D.2 years 35.Under ICC, the insurer will bear the maximum responsibility if ICC()is adopted.A.A

      C.C

      B.B

      D.Malicious risks 36.The net weight and G.W.for some goods is 30kgs per piece and 34kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX20CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight()

      A.on the basis of net weight

      C.on the basis of measurement

      B.on the basis of gross weight

      D.at the carrier’s option

      37.As for the(), the charter will employ the master and take charge of the deployment and management of the ship.A.Voyage Charter

      C.Bare-boat Charter

      B.Time Charter

      D.Liner 38.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().4 A.CIF price

      C.CFR price

      B.FCA price

      little damaged” on the B/L.This B/L is a/an().A.Clean B/L

      C.To order B/L

      B.Unclean B/L

      D.Shipped B/L D.FOB price 39.The shipping company makes a notation such as “Few carton bottom little wet”、“Some carton 40.When a company negotiates payment through bank, which kind of B/L will the bank accept?().A.Clean on board B/L

      C.Unclean B/L

      B.Received for shipment B/L 41.COD is the abbreviation of().A.Cash of Delivery

      C.Cash of Document

      B.Cash on Delivery

      D.Cash on Document D.Ante-dated B/L42.It should be stressed that the scope of INCOTERMS is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the S/C with respect to the delivery of goods sold in the sense of,()A.“merchantable”

      C.“tangible” such as stationary

      B.“negotiable”

      D.“intangible” such as software

      43.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by().A.gross weight or net weight

      C.tare weight

      B.net weight

      D.gross weight 44.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than of the contract, the buyer can refuse().A.all the goods

      C.the quantity stipulated in S/C

      B.the excess part of the whole quantity

      D.the quantity stipulated in L/C 45.Suppose you are an export and your business place is in China, which one of the following quotation is correct?()A.USD150 PER BALE FOB NEW YORK

      B.$200 FOB SHANGHAI C.EURO500 PER SETS DEQ VANCOUVER

      D.HKD50 PER PAIR GUANGZHOU 46.Contracts must renewed one week _____their expiration.A.on

      C.the moment of

      B.against

      D.before

      47.The commodities you offered are _____line with the business scope of our clients.5 A.outside

      C.out

      B.out of

      D.without

      48.We are arranging for an inspection tour of _____the material was processed.A.place

      C.where

      B.the place

      D.there 49.We are reconsidering those trade terms _____might be adverse to the interest of our principals.A.what

      C.when

      B.that

      D.where

      50.We find that there is no stipulation of transshipment _____in the relative L/C.A.allowing

      C.which allowed

      B.which allows

      D.being allowed 51.After unpacking the case we found that the goods did not ______with the original sample.A.match

      C.agree

      B.come up

      D.measure 52.If the first shipment ______ , we guarantee that we will send you many repeat orders.A.match

      C.agree

      B.come up

      D.measure 53.It is necessary that an arbitration clause ________in the contract.A.will be included

      C.be included

      B.must be included

      D.has been included 54.Please see that your written confirmation ________by the end of this month, otherwise we will be free form the obligation for this offer.A.reaches us

      C.reach us

      B.will reach us

      D.reached us 55.That helps to explain ______businesses are setting up Net sites even though profits aren’t yet very big.A.that

      C.why

      B.the reason for

      D.why that 56.We wish to stress that shipment must be made within the prescribed time limit, as a further ______will not be considered by our end-users.A.prolong

      C.extension

      B.protract

      D.expansion

      57.With computer users linked to the Internet growing _____every year, business is trying to cash in on the worldwide network.A.at million

      C.with one million

      B.with a million

      D.by millions

      58.We regret having to remind you that 30% of the freight is still______.A.owned

      C.outstanding

      B.owning

      D.understanding

      59.________you fulfill the terms of the L/C, we will accept the drafts drawn under this credit.A.Provided

      C.In the case

      B.To provide

      D.Only if 60.Kindly advise us of the steamers that call _______your port every month.A.at

      C.in

      B.on

      D.for61.It should be _____if you could immediately ________what quantity you can supply us at present.A.thankful, advise

      C.appreciated, advise

      B.appreciate, advise

      D.appreciating, inform 62.We thank you for your e-mail of November 25__B____your purchase of 10 M/T wild rice.A.confirm

      C.to confirm

      B.confirming

      D.confirmed 63.Subject to satisfactory arrangements ______terms and conditions, we should be pleased to act as your sole agent.A.as

      C.as if

      B.as per

      D.as to 64.Our usual terms of payment are _______L/C and we hope they will be satisfactory ______you.A.by, for

      C.for, to

      B.by, to

      D.for, with 65.That helps to explain why businesses are setting up Net sites ______ profits aren’t yet very big.A.even

      C.even though

      B.although

      D.why that 66.The contract between a party who agrees to accept the risk and a party seeking protection from the risk a contract of _________.A.payment

      C.shipment

      B.production

      D.insurance 67.The customs duties act _______an essential leverage on regulating import and export behavior.A at

      C.in

      B.as

      D.to 68.The Chinese word “運單” is translated as________.7 A.invoice

      C.Waybill

      B.B/L

      D.Contract 69.When we want to buy something from other countries, we should make ________ first.A.an offer

      C.a confirmation

      B.a inquiry

      70.Swedish Krona is the currency of ________.A.Singapore

      C.Sri Lanka

      B.Spain

      71.Cairo is a city of _______.A.Sri Lanka

      C.Egypt

      B.Denmark

      D.Indonesia D.Sweden D.an acceptance 72.In the contract, usually there is a ________ clause to protect the buyer against loss from delay of the shipment of the goods.A.payment

      C.penalty

      B.shipment

      D.quality 73.This contract is made _______ Dalian International Economical Trade Co.and Kich Boro International Limited.A.among

      C.with

      B.between

      D.by 74.In foreign trade business, the trade terms CFR is often used, CFR is the abbreviation for _______.A.cost, insurance and freight

      C.cost and freight

      B.commercial invoice

      D.consular invoice

      Keys to multiple choices:

      71

      C C A D B B C C 2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 B D B B C B B C 3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 A A D C D C D B 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 C B A A B A B C 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 D A C A C C C 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 D D A B D C D 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 D A B C B D B 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 B B C D C C C 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 C C D B B A B 10 20 30.40 50 60 70 B A B A D A D

      Part II: True or False 1.Exporting gives a manufacturer a large market for his products, while imports have unfavorable effects on the home market.2.Some commodities, like tea and wool, are sold on a tale quail basis and the buyer has to inspect a consignment himself.3.Immediate delivery is known as a future contract.4.Quoting firm prices for many months ahead involves little risk.5.Hedging is an operation adopted by merchants and others in the commodity markets who deal in futures to protect themselves against risk of loss, caused by future changes in price.6.The prices of produce remain unchanged for weeks and months, so buyers can place orders on the basis of printed price lists.7.The manufacturer may appoint a foreign agent who acts as a principal and pays for the goods himself.8.A closed indent is one which names the supplier of the goods required.9.A clearing agent is usually skilled in completing the formalities needed to clear goods through the Customs.10.Advertising aims to make a product or service known to the public in order to sell it.11.An offer may not indicate the terms of payment.12.The price-list and catalogues sent to some companies are also offers with binding effect.13.According to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, an acceptance with non-material alterations or additions can still constitute a valid acceptance..14.According to the CISG, a late acceptance caused by abnormal transmission of the post office is nevertheless effective unless the offeror shows objection without delay.15.Landed quality refers to the quality of the goods re-inspected upon their arrival at the port of destination.16.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.17.After the negotiating bank negotiates the documents, which are refused by the opening bank later, the negotiating bank may ask the beneficiary for repayment.18.According to the UCP600, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.19.If the L/C prohibits partial shipments and the goods are shipped in full quantity with the price not reduced, a short drawing of 5 percent in the amount is permissible.20.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.21.A bank will only accept a clean transport document.A clean transport document is one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or their packaging.The word “clean” need not appear on a transport document, even if a credit has a requirement for that transport document to be “clean on board”.22.The date of the insurance document must be no later than the date of shipment, unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective from a date not later than the date of shipment.23.The war risks both under CIC and ICC are can be covered independently.24.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.25.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.26.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.27.According to INCOTERMS2000, FCA is suitable for all kinds of transportation.28.The main difference between a CIF contract and a DES contract lies in the fact that the former is a symbolic delivery of goods, whereas the latter is a physical delivery of goods.29.In general, soft currency should be chosen for exports and hard currency for imports.30.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods does not limit the forms of contracts.31.The “receipt rule” insists that delaying or missing of an acceptance on the way constitutes an effective contract.32.The conformity of goods with samples refers, according to the CISG, to the conformity of the quantity, quality, description and packing of goods with those of the sample.33.When the goods do not conform to the sales contract, the bank may stop payment immediately even if the documents are correct and complete.34.According to INCOTERMS 2000, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.35.Unless otherwise stated in the Credit, a transferable Credit can be transferred more than once.36.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.37.According to the UCP500, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.38.When the goods are posted, the latest date of shipment refers to the date of Post Receipt.39.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.40.The instrument of payment used in M/T is cheque.41.According to international trade practice, you cannot have the goods insured if you did not have insurable interest in the goods.42.Under CIC, no additional risk can be purchased to insure goods independently.43.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.44.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.10 45.When there are optional ports in the S/C, where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.46.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in good condition.47.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.48.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.49.The Neutral packing means the packing without the name of the origin.50.Price terms are mainly applied to determining the prices of commodities in international trade.51.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.52.As an exporter, you concluded a deal with an American on basis of EXW;then your transaction risk is reduced the minimum degree.53.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.54.On CIP terms, the seller must pay the freight rate and insurance premium as well as bear all the risks until the goods have arrived at the destination.55.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in goods condition.56.According to the UCP 500, a bill of lading which is issued subject to a Charter Party must be accepted unless the Credit stipulates otherwise.57.When you transport your goods by a Time Charter, you have to pay for loading and unloading.58.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.59.When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship-owner.60.Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract for option.61.When there are optional ports in the contract, the goods may be unloaded at any one of the ports at the shipping company’s disposal.62.When importing on FOB terms, we can generally stipulate the port of discharge.14 An order bill of lading may be negotiable after being endorsed.63.A bill of lading is a transport contract in which the shipping company promises to transport the goods received to the destination.64.In China, insurance companies do not accept insurance based on Institute Cargo Clause.65.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.66.Almost all the insurance companies provide door-to-door coverage service.67.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.11 68.If you have insured your goods against All Risks, you will get compensated whatever risks occurs to your goods.69.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.70.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.71.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.72.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.73.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.74.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.75.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.76.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.77.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.78.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.79.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than that of the contract, the buyer can refuse all the goods.80.The more or less Clause in a S/C allows the seller to deliver as more or as fewer goods as possible.81.The only weakness of delivering fewer goods than stipulated is that the seller gets less paid.82.The Beneficiary of a letter of credit may indicate his acceptance or rejection of the amendments till when he presents the relevant documents.83.In our country goods for export must go through customs clearance.84.When exporting goods on CFR, CPT or FOB terms, the seller must pay the insurance premium.85.According to UCP500, if documents are in correspondence with L/C’s stipulations, discrepancies between the documents themselves are allowed.86.Banks will refuse to pay if the documents which are not required by the L/C are presented to them.87.When documents are presented to the Opening Bank, they shall be examined carefully within one month.Keys to True or False:

      01.F

      0 2.T

      03.F

      04.F

      05.T

      06.F

      07.F

      08.T

      09.T 11.T

      12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 21.T

      22.T 23.F 24.F

      25.T 26.F

      27.T 28.T 29.F 31.F

      32.T 33.F 34.F

      35.T

      36.F 37.F

      38.T

      39.F 41.F

      42.T

      43.T 44.T 45.T

      46.F 47.F 48.T 49.T 51.F

      52.T

      53.T 54.F 55.F

      56.F

      57.T 58.F 59.T 61.F

      62.T

      63.T 64.T 65.F

      66.T 67.T 68.T

      69.F

      10.T20.F 30.T40.F50.F 60.T 70.T 71.F

      72.F

      73.F 74.T 75.F

      76.F

      77.F 78.F

      79.F 80.F 81.F

      82.T

      83.T 84.F

      85.F

      86.F 87.F

      Part III: Definitions 1.tariff 23.clean draft 2.surtax 24.TT 3.anti-dumping duty

      25.documentary letter of credit

      4.specific duty 26.sight L/C 5.ad valorem duty 27.standby L/C 6.quota 28.particular average 7.import license 29.general average 8.foreign exchange control 30.partial loss 9.shipper 31.constructive total loss

      10.charter party

      32.open policy 11.shipped B/L 33.warranty 12.clean B/L 34.receipt 13.straight B/L 35.acceptance 14.order B/L 36.force majeure event 15.stale B/L 37.private dispute resolution

      16.foreign exchange 38.mediation 17.exchange rate 39.consular invoice 18.offer rate(of foreign exchange)

      40.Customs invoice 19.definite offer 41.certificate of origin

      20.acceptance 42.pro-forma invoice 21.commercial draft 43.packing list 22.usance draft 44.mate’s receipt

      Keys to the Definitions:

      1.A tariff is duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into(or exported out of)a country.2.Surtax is an additional tax.It may also be temporary and discriminatory.In international trade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes that the exporting country is selling a significant amount of goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without reference to its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed.6.A quota is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import of goods.8.Foreign exchange control means various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.9.Shipper: the person who makes the contract with the carrier and hands over the goods for carriage.10.Charter party: a written contract in charter shipping between the ship operator and the charterer(shipper)11.Shipped B/L: a B/L indicating that the goods have been shipped or loaded on board on a named vessel, as evidenced by the pre-printed wording or the on board notation on the bill of lading 12.Clean B/L: a B/L bearing an indication that the goods are received without damage, irregularities or short shipment 13.Straight B/L: a non-negotiable B/L in which the goods are consigned to a designated party 14.Order B/L: a negotiable bill of lading in which the goods are consigned to the order of a named party, usually the shipper 15.Stale B/L: a B/L that is negotiated when the L/C has expired or one that will reach the consignee after the arrival of the cargo 16.Foreign exchange is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrument of settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country 17.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in another currency.Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.18.Offer rate is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreign exchange to its customers.19.A definite offer is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding a transaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal.Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.20.An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.21.A commercial draft is a payment order issued by a firm, not a bank, directing another party to pay a specified sum to the payee.22.A usance draft is an order of payment that will be made in a specified number of days after issue or acceptance of the draft or at a fixed future date.23.A clean draft is one that is paid without the presentation of any other documents attached.24.TT is a method of transferring funds by telecommunication system such as telex and cable.25.Documentary letter of credit is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment.26.A sight L/C is one by which the beneficiary is paid upon presentation of complying document.27.A standby L/C is an L/C representing an obligation by the issuing bank on a designated third party(the beneficiary)which is contingent on the failure of the bank’s customer to perform under the terms of a contract with the beneficiary.28.Particular average means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property such as damage of cargo by sea water.29.General average means a partial, deliberate and reasonable sacrifice of the ship, freight, or goods, undertaken for the common safety of the adventure in time of peril and/or extraordinary expenditure with the like object such as the charges for towing a stranded ship.30.Partial loss means: 1)total loss of part of the insured cargo and 2)damage to all or part of the insured cargo.31.Constructive total loss means the subject matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable or because it would not be preserved from actual total loss without an expenditure greater than its recovered value.In other words, it is unlikely to recover the subject matter or the cost of recovery will exceed the value of the subject matter.32.Open policy is an arrangement in which terms such as types of risks to be covered, validity of the insurance contract, rate, premium, maximum(but not specific)value of each shipment, geographical limits, etc are worked out when the contract is sighed.Each shipment is covered once the assured declares the details.The assured may be authorized to issue against payment a pre-printed insurance certificate which is valid after completion of shipment details and his signature for documentation purposes.33.A warranty is an assurance by one party to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely.It is intended precisely to relieve the promise of any duty to ascertain the fact for himself, and it amounts to a promise to indemnify the promise for any loss if the fact warranted proves untrue.34.Receipt means that the goods have come into the control of the buyer without regard to ownership or to agreement to any aspect of the goods.35.Acceptance means that the buyer has the control of the goods with consent regarding the goods delivered.36.A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control.37.Private dispute resolution refers to the settlement of dispute privately instead of by litigation.38.Mediation is informal, voluntary process in which an impartial person, trained in facilitation and negotiation techniques, help the parties reach a mutually acceptable resolution.39.Consular invoice: usually a copy or an original of the commercial invoice and transport document that has been recorded and stamped by a consul of the destination country.A consular invoice is a document prepared by the shipper and certified in the country of origin by a consul of the country of importation, e.g., at the consular section of the embassy.It shows the transaction details such as name of exporting firm, name of consignee, country of origin, place of loading, description of goods, quantity, weight/measurement, etc.It is required by the importing country in order for them to compile statistics, to control import, and to check the origin of goods and the credit of exporter.40.Customs invoice: generally a destination country customs form.Such forms duplicate much of the information on the commercial invoice and packing list, and additionally require information or answers to questions of particular interest to customs in determining the admissibility of the goods and assessing duty and/or tax.Such customs invoices are currently required by relatively few countries, and typically only for higher value shipments or shipments of certain commodities, and/or in cases where the importer may be seeking some type of preferential treatment or admissibility by customs.This invoice is required by the destination country in order to clear the goods through Customs, to compile statistics, to verify country of origin for import duty and tax purpose, to compare export price and domestic price, and to fix anti-dumping duty.41.Certificate of origin: a document issued by a government agency, a chamber of commerce or relevant association.An importing country often asks for such a certificate in order to extend preferential duties to goods form acceptable countries, to apply import controls such as sanction, quota, or anti-dumping duty and to collect statistics.42.Pro-forma invoice: a document created in the format of a commercial invoice, but not actually constituting an invoice(i.e., not a demand for the payment of money).It should contain all or most of the information which will or should appear on a prospective commercial invoice should the described transaction materialize.Pro-forma invoice are commonly used as a format for rendering a quotation for the sale of goods, particularly an export sale where the trade terms and/or shipping and other incremental cost must be specially accounted for if they are included within the total transaction price.It is not a record of sales effected already, but a representation of a sales invoice issued before a transaction has been concluded.43.Packing list: a supplement to a commercial invoice to show the details of a shipment when specifications, quantities, weights or contents of individual units in the shipment vary(e.g., car parts).It is used in order to recognize the goods, to clear the Customs, and to check the goods.44.Mate’s receipt: a document issued by the mate of the carrying vessel when loading is completed.Shipper then exchanges the receipt for a B/L at the shipping company.It has no legal authority regarding processing financial settlement of international consignments but merely confirms cargo is placed on board a ship pending issue of a B/L.Part IV: Answer the Following Questions 1.What is international trade? 2.What are the major motivations for private firm to operate international business? 3.What is the most essential motive to pursue international trade? 4.What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits? 5.Pleas give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies.6.What does balance of payments account mean? 7.What are the basic sources of international revenue and expenditure for most countries? 8.Could you find any difference between Direct Investment and Portofolio Investment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.9.What is MNE? What are its synonyms? 10.Please give examples to explain “Services are earnings other than those from goods.” 11.What influences the international operational forms which a company will choose? 12.What limits a firm’s sales?

      13.Why is merchandise exports and imports the firs type of foreign operations in which a firm gets involved? 14.What does “royalties” mean? 15.What is “franchising”?

      16.What is the definition for contract? What may happen if any party fails to fulfill his contractual obligations? 17.What are the two parties of business negotiations? And give examples as you can.18.Why do the trading parties usually prefer a written contract? What is the difference between a sales contract and a sales(purchase)confirmation? 19.What does the setting up of a contract generally contain? 20.What does the contract proper usually include? 21.Please explain in English what the meaning of chartering is and its character.22.What is time of delivery and what has to be paid attention to in stipulating the time of shipment? 23.Please tell the functions of a bill of lading.24.What are the main kinds of bill of lading in international trade? 1.簡述國際貿(mào)易中包裝的重要性及約定包裝條件的意義。2.國際貿(mào)易中商品運輸包裝的要求有哪些? 3.簡述運輸包裝的分類情況。

      4.國際貿(mào)易中商品銷售包裝的要求有哪些?

      5.設(shè)計和制作銷售包裝時,應(yīng)做好哪些工作? 6.條形碼的使用對國際貿(mào)易有何促進作用?

      7.影響定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有哪些?其具體做法是什么? 8.聯(lián)合國制定標準運輸標志的原因是什么?其作用有哪些? 9.買賣雙方制定合同中包裝條款時應(yīng)注意哪些問題? 10.各國法律對實際履行作為一種救濟方法的規(guī)定有何不同? 11.大陸法、英美法和《公約》對損害賠償責(zé)任的成立各有什么規(guī)定? 12.各國法律對損害賠償范圍的規(guī)定有何不同?

      13.各國法律對構(gòu)成解決合同的條件的規(guī)定有何不同?我國又是怎樣規(guī)定的? 14.處理理賠工作時應(yīng)該主要哪些問題?

      15.按英國法規(guī)定,賣方行使停運權(quán)有幾種方法?行使停運權(quán)時應(yīng)注意拿幾個條 件?

      16.按《英國貨物買賣法》的規(guī)定,所交貨物與合同不符違反要件的情況有幾種?

      Keys to the questions:

      1.International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries.Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2.Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3.To gain profit.4.To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5.There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6.It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation(eg.the United States)and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7.Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8.Yes.There are great differences between them.1)direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad.It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets.Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting.And sometimes it involves two or more parties.18 2)While portfolio investments are not under control.And they are used primarily for financial purposes.Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9.MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise.Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation)and TNC(transnational corporation).10.Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11.The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12.It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13.This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14.Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licensing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15.It is a way of doing business in which one party(the franchiser)the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.16.A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties.And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.17.There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written.The former refers to direct discussions abroad;written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.18.A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.19.The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.It generally contains: 1)the title.The type of the contract is indicated in the title;2)the contract proper.It is the main part of a contract;3)the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer;4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.20.It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.21.It is also called tramp.A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing.It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space.The shipper 19 charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.22.The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods.There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract.For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature.An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”;“immediately”, “as soon as possible” and the like should not be used.If they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included.The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.23.The Bill of Lading has three important functions.a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers;b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers.In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to another.“When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer’s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, 20 as named on Bill of Lading.Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the consignee space.Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent.Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer.In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.24.There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for shipment B/L According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped)B/L and received(or received for shipment)B/L.A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2).Clean bill and unclean bill According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner.This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”.It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing.By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract.This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc.There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc.This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.But not all B/L(s)which are noted are unclean B/L.(3).A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.The consignee is designated by the shipper.The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill.This kind of B/L is not transferable.The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement.So the bill is of very restricted application.When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.21 An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement.So it is sometimes called transferable B/L.It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L.It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned.The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in.This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement.There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4).Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense.This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”

      A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers.The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port.The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5).A long form B/L, A short form B/L According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/L A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill.It is more frequently used.A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6).A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.22(7).A liner B/L, A charter party B/L According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8).Other types of B/L Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L;on Deck B/L;stale B/L;groupage B/L;house B/L;antedated B/L and advanced B/L.1.答:包裝重要性體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:

      (1)是實現(xiàn)商品價值和使用價值的重要手段,是商品生產(chǎn)和消費之間的橋梁。

      (2)出口商品需經(jīng)過長距離輾轉(zhuǎn)運輸,有時需多次裝卸、搬運和存儲,包裝可保證商品質(zhì)量和數(shù)量完整,方便貨物裝卸、搬運、儲存。

      (3)商品生產(chǎn)過程,包裝是最后一道工序;在流通領(lǐng)域中,包裝具有保護商品、美化商品、宣傳商品、提高售價的重要作用,并可作為對外競爭的重要手段。約定包裝條件的意義在于:

      (1)不僅起到保護和美化商品作用,且包裝本身還是貨物說明的組成部分。

      (2)按一些國家法律解釋,如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件,另一方有權(quán)提出索賠,甚至拒收貨物。

      2.答:(1)必須適應(yīng)商品特性。(2)必須適應(yīng)各種不同運輸方式的要求。(3)必須考慮有關(guān)國家的法律規(guī)定和客戶要求。

      (4)要保證包裝牢固的前提下節(jié)省費用,便于各環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)人員進行操作以免使貨物遭受損失。

      3.答:(1)按包裝方式,可分為單件運輸包裝和集合運輸包裝,后者又分為集裝包和集裝袋。

      (2)按包裝造型,可分為箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。

      (3)按包裝材料,可分為紙制,金屬、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包裝等。

      (4)按包裝質(zhì)地,可分為軟性,半硬性和硬性包裝。(5)按包裝程度,可分為全部包裝和局部包裝。

      4.答:(1)便于陳列展銷,以吸引顧客和供消費者選購。(2)便于識別商品,以便消費者了解,看貨成交。(3)便于攜帶和使用,為消費者提供方便。

      (4)要有藝術(shù)吸引力,以便吸引顧客、提高售價、擴大銷路。

      5.答:(1)包裝的裝潢畫面要美觀大方,富有藝術(shù)吸引力,突出特點,圖案和色彩要適應(yīng)有關(guān)國家民族習(xí)慣和愛好,便于擴大出口。

      (2)包裝上的文字說明應(yīng)同裝潢畫面緊密配合,互相襯托,以達到宣傳和促銷目的,使用文字應(yīng)簡明扼要,并能讓顧客看懂,必要時可中、外文并用。

      23(3)包裝上標簽應(yīng)注意有關(guān)國家的標簽管理條例,尤其是食品、藥品、服裝。(4)銷售包裝還應(yīng)注意條形碼技術(shù)的使用問題。

      6.答:(1)有效提高結(jié)算效率和準確性,也方便了顧客。

      (2)有利于提高國際間貿(mào)易信息傳遞的準確性,使交易雙方及時了解對方 商品有關(guān)資料和本國商品在對方的銷售情況。

      (3)條形碼的使用是有效促使名優(yōu)商品打入許多國家超級市場的前提條件。7.答:定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有:

      (1)世界許多國家超級市場、大百貨公司和專業(yè)商店在其經(jīng)營出售商品上標有本商店使用的商標或品牌,以擴大本企業(yè)知名度并顯示該商品身價。

      (2)出口廠商為利用買方經(jīng)營能力及商業(yè)信譽和品牌聲譽,以提高商品售價和擴大銷路,也采用定牌生產(chǎn)。

      我國出口貿(mào)易中定牌生產(chǎn)具體做法有:

      (1)在商品或包裝上,打印上外商所指定的商標或品牌,而不標明生產(chǎn)國別和出口廠商名稱。

      (2)在商品或包裝上,表明我國的商標或品牌,同時加注國外商號名稱或表示其商號的標記。

      (3)在商品或包裝上,采用買方指定商標或品牌,同時注明“中國制造”字樣。8.答:制定原因為:(1)運輸標志內(nèi)容較多。(2)有時要加進一些不必要項目。

      (3)各國和各種運輸方式之間對運輸標志的要求差異較大,不能適應(yīng)國際貨物流動量的增加和多式聯(lián)運的開展,不利于電子計算機在運輸和單證流轉(zhuǎn)方面的應(yīng)用。作用有:

      (1)減少了運輸標志內(nèi)容,節(jié)省出口成本、時間和費用。(2)提高計算機操作和審單效率,加速船舶和資金周轉(zhuǎn)。

      (3)消除因運輸標志內(nèi)容過多和繁雜而可能造成的失誤和困難,保證交貨的順利進行。9.答:

      (1)對包裝要求應(yīng)當(dāng)明確具體,做到明確規(guī)定包裝材料、造型、規(guī)格。除傳統(tǒng)商品外不宜采用“按慣常方式包裝”等含糊包裝術(shù)語。另外,除非買賣雙方對具體內(nèi)容事先充分交換意見或在長期業(yè)務(wù)往來中就問題取得一致認識,包裝條款一定要明確具體。

      (2)應(yīng)訂明包裝費用由何方負擔(dān)。按慣例,包裝費用一般在貨價之內(nèi),包裝條款中無須另行訂明。若買方堅持要求對原本不需包裝的商品實施特殊包裝,導(dǎo)致包裝費用超出正常,增加產(chǎn)品成本,或包裝物料剛好構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品成本增加時,則訂明包裝費用負擔(dān)。若賣方同意接受買方提供包裝,包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明寄送包裝方法,包裝送達日期,送交包裝延遲責(zé)任及運送包裝費用負擔(dān)等內(nèi)容。進口合同中對包裝技術(shù)性較強的商品通常在單價后注明“包括包裝費用”,以免發(fā)生糾紛。

      24(3)明確由何方提供運輸標志。按慣例,運輸標志可由買方提供,也可由賣方?jīng)Q定。賣方?jīng)Q定時可不訂入合同,或只訂明“賣方標志”,由賣方設(shè)計后通知買方。買方提供時應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定買方提供時間,如超過時間賣方可提出其他補救方法。

      (4)明確包裝不良應(yīng)負的責(zé)任。保險公司一般不負責(zé)因包裝不良造成的損失。在包裝條款中,應(yīng)對包裝不善所造成損失的索賠問題作適當(dāng)規(guī)定,以防止進口貨物因包裝不良受到損失,對儀器、機器設(shè)備進口時使用的包裝條款,更應(yīng)就索賠問題作出詳細規(guī)定。10.答:(1)大陸法系將實際履行作為一種主要的救濟方法。(2)英美法系將實際履行作為例外的輔助性的救濟方法。(3)按《公約》的規(guī)定,當(dāng)事人有權(quán)要求對方實際履行合同義務(wù)。

      11.答:(1)大陸法系認為,損害賠償責(zé)任的成立,必須具備以下三個條件: 必須要有A、必須要有損害事實。B、須有歸責(zé)于債務(wù)人的原因。

      C、損害是由于債務(wù)人應(yīng)予負責(zé)的原因造成。

      (2)英美法認為,只要一方違約,就足以構(gòu)成對方可以提起損害賠償之訴。(3)《公約》認為,損害賠償是一種主要的救濟方法。

      12.答:(1)《德國民法典》認為,損害賠償?shù)姆秶鷳?yīng)包括違約所造成的與實際損失和所得利益兩方面。法國法關(guān)于損失賠償?shù)姆秶脑瓌t與德國法是一致的。(2)英美法認為,損失賠償?shù)姆秶?,是使由于債?wù)人違約而蒙受損害的一方,在經(jīng)濟上能處于該合同得到履行時同等地位。另外還規(guī)定,一方違約,另一方有 義務(wù)采取一切合理的措施以減少違約造成的損失,否則本來可以合理避免的損 失,不能要求給以賠償。

      (3)我國《涉外經(jīng)濟合同法》對損害賠償金額的確定,遵循兩個原則: A、當(dāng)事人賠償責(zé)任應(yīng)相當(dāng)于另一方所受的損失。

      B、賠償責(zé)任不得超過違約方在訂立合同時應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見到的因違反合同可能造成的 損失。

      (4)《公約》對此也有規(guī)定、A、一方當(dāng)事人違反合同應(yīng)負的損害賠償額,應(yīng)與另一方當(dāng)事人因他違反合同而 遭受的包括利潤在內(nèi)的損失額相等。

      B、為限制守約方漫天要價,還規(guī)定了守約方可以得到的損害賠償“不得超過違反合同一方在訂立合同時,按照他當(dāng)時已知道或理應(yīng)知道的事實和情況,對違反合同預(yù)料和理應(yīng)預(yù)料到的可能損失”。

      13.答:(1)大陸法對此規(guī)定得比較簡單。大陸法認為,只要合同一方當(dāng)事人不履行其合同義務(wù)時,對方就有權(quán)解除合同。

      (2)英國法認為,一方違約構(gòu)成違反要件,對方才可要求解除合同;如果一方 僅僅是違反擔(dān)保,對方只能請求損害賠償,而不能要求解除合同。美國法與英國 法的規(guī)定有些相似。

      25(3)《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》認為,合同一方不履行義務(wù)構(gòu)成根本性違約,另一方有權(quán)解除合同。

      (4)我國《涉外經(jīng)濟合同法》認為,一方違約,另一方在下列兩種情況下才能 要求解除合同:

      A、違約必須導(dǎo)致嚴重影響訂立合同所期望的經(jīng)濟利益。

      B、如果一方在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)沒有履行合同義務(wù),而且在被允許的推遲履行 的合理期限內(nèi)仍未履行,則守約方可要求解除合同義務(wù)。

      14.答:(1)認真細致身后國外買方提出的單證和出證機構(gòu)的合法性。(2)認真做好調(diào)查研究、弄清事實、分清責(zé)任。(3)要合理確定損失程度、金額、和賠付辦法。15.答:(1)兩種辦法:

      A、通過實際占有貨物的辦法行使停運權(quán)。

      B、把行使停運權(quán)的要求通知占有貨物的承運人和貨物的保管人,但要按賣方的 指示處置貨物。

      (2)未收貨款的賣方在行使停運權(quán)時要注意必須符合下列三個條件: A、賣方已經(jīng)喪失了對貨物的占有權(quán)。B、賣方必須在買方無力償付時行使停運權(quán)。C、賣方必須在貨物處于運輸過程中行使其停運權(quán)。16.答:(1)賣方所交貨物不具備商銷品質(zhì)。(2)賣方所交貨物與合同說明不一樣。(3)賣方所交貨物不適合約定的特殊用途。(4)賣方所交貨物與憑樣成交時的品種不符。(5)賣方所交貨物與合同規(guī)定的品種不同。

      (6)賣方所交貨物在數(shù)量上大于或小于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量。

      Part V: Case Study

      1.A company concludes a contract under CIF term.It receives a L/C issued abroad on 1 July.The opening date of the L/C is 20 June and the validity of the L/C is 15 August.Suppose that:(1)the L/C stipulates ”Prompt Shipment“,then the latest date of shipment is()。(2)the L/C stipulates ”Shipment on or about 20th July",then the date of shipment is()。(3)the beneficiary starts the shipment on 10 July and finishes it on 12 July.The ship arrives the port of destination on 20 August.The buyer takes delivery of the goods also on 20 August.Then, the date of B/L should be().The date of insurance policy should be().The time of document presentation should be not late than().The time of delivery for the seller is()。

      2.Company CH exported to a Nigerian company a consignment of torches totaling about 60000 pounds.The relevant L/C from Nigeria stipulated, “The goods shall be shipped by six installments from June to November” Company CH shipped the goods in compliance with the prescription of the L/C in June, July and August, and obtained the relevant installment payments.However, in September the goods could not be loaded on board because a heavy typhoon was attacking the coastal area.Then, company CH decided to continue with the shipment in October.When the documents were sent to Nigeria, the Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment? Please refer to relative stipulations in the UCP 600 and explain the reasons.3.A ship started on its voyage after loading, but in the course of the journey a fire broke out during transit in Hold A, which had been loaded with stationary and tea.The captain ordered his crew to pour water on the fire.It was found out, after the fire was extinguished, that part of the stationery had been burned, the remainder and the tea had been soaked through.Then, what risk would you have covered if you had wanted to be compensated for the losses? 4.A Chinese export company concluded a business with a British agent in 2005 metric tons of commodity at DM 345 CFR Antwerp per metric ton.The time of shipment was November 2005 and February 2006.The agent issued the relevant letter of credit on time, stipulating the latest date of shipment as December31, 2005.The original ship the Chinese company booked, however, came to the port of shipment on December 31.Because of unidentified reasons, the goods were actually shipped on the 18th of January 2006.The Chinese export company put the issuing date of the bill of lading back to December 31, 2005, and obtained payment from the bank against the relevant documents.The ship reached Antwerp in early April 2006.This aroused doubt from the client, who, after inviting the court surveyors, went aboard and examined the logbook.When the client found out that the actual date of shipment was January 18, 2006, he refused to take delivery and claimed compensation from the Chinese export company.How would you settle this issue? 5.In 2005, a certain export company of China sent a group of businessmen to the United States for purchase of equipment.In New York both parties reached an oral agreement on such items as specifications, unit price, and quantity.Upon leaving, the group indicated to the other party that, when they got back to Beijing, they would draw a contract, which would become effective after being signed by both parties.After going back to Beijing, the group found that the clients withdrew their import of the equipment, and thus the contract was not signed and the L/C was not opened, either.The US side urged the Chinese side to perform the contract;otherwise they would lodge a claim with the Chinese side in the US.Please analyze the case and give an opinion on how the Chinese export company was to deal with this case and why? 6.A Chinese trading company E concluded a transaction in steel with a Hong Kong company W on the basis of FOB China Port.Company W immediately resold the steel to Company H in Libya on the terms of CFR Liberia.The L/C form W required the price terms to be FOB China Port and the goods to be directly delivered to Liberia.The L/C also required “Freight Prepaid” to be indicated on Bill of Lading.Why did Company W perform so? What should we do about it? 7.A Chinese import and export company concluded a Sales Contract with a Holland firm on August 5, 2000, selling a batch of certain commodity.The contract was based on CIF Rotterdam at USD 2500 per metric ton.The Chinese company delivered the goods in compliance with the contract and obtained a clean-on-board Bill of Lading.During transportation, however, 100 metric tons of the goods got lost because of rough sea.Upon arrival of the goods, the price of the contracted goods went down quickly.The buyer refused to take delivery of the goods and effect payment and claimed damages from the seller.How would you deal with this case? 8.The ABC Company exported a consignment of silk.As the shipping marks in the relevant L/C were not clear, the person in charge thought that the L/C did not stipulate the shipping marks.He, then, made the shipping marks himself.As a result, discrepancies occurred between the made shipping marks and those stated in the L/C.The buyers, therefore, refused to pay for the documents.However, after negotiation, the buyers agreed to pay only when the ABC Company had reduced the original prices by 10 percent.What lesson can we learn from this case? 9.Mr.Smith, an American businessman, sold a batch of IBM computers to a Hong Kong importer, Mr.Chen.The sales contract was concluded in the United States of America on the terms of CIF Hong Kong.During execution of this contract, disputes arose between the seller and the buyer on the form and interpretation of the contract.In such a case, did the law of the U.S.A.or the law of Hong Kong apply to the disputes? Why? 10.我某外貿(mào)公司向日本商人以D/P見票即付方式推銷某商品,對方答復(fù)如我方接受D/P見票后90天付款條件,并通過他指定的A銀行代收貨款則可接受。請分析日方提出此項要求的出發(fā)點。

      11.一載貨船舶在航行途中不慎擱淺,事后船長下令反復(fù)開倒車,強行起浮,但船上輪機受損并且船底劃破,致使海水滲進貨艙,造成船貨部分受損。該船駛進附近的一港口修理并暫卸大部分貨物,共花一周時間,增加了各項費用支出,包括船員工資共8000美元。船修復(fù)后裝上原貨重新啟航后不久,A艙起火,船長下令灌水滅火。A艙原載有兒童玩具、茶葉等,滅火后發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童玩具一部分被燒毀,另一部分兒童玩具和全部茶葉被水浸濕。試分析上述各項損失的性質(zhì),并說明在投保何種險別的情況下,保險公司方負責(zé)賠償?

      12.我國某出口公司向法國出口貨物一批,合同中的貿(mào)易術(shù)語是CIF MARSEILLES,賣方在合同規(guī)定的時間和裝運港裝船,貨船離港后不久便觸礁沉沒。次日,當(dāng)賣方憑提單、保險單 28 以及發(fā)票等有關(guān)單據(jù)通過銀行向買方要求付款時,買方以無法收到合同中規(guī)定的貨物為由,拒絕接受單據(jù)和付款。問:我方應(yīng)該如何處理?

      13.某公司向國外出口一批儀器,合同規(guī)定由買方提供嘜頭,但截至買方提供時間屆滿為止,仍未見其通知設(shè)計情況,而該公司貨已備好。問:該公司應(yīng)如何處理此事?

      14.某公司以FOB條件出口一批茶具,買方要求公司代為租船,費用由買方負擔(dān)。由于公司在約定日期無法租到合適的船,且買方不同意更換條件,以致延誤了裝運期,買方以此為由提出撤銷合同。

      問:買方的要求是否合理?

      15.某公司以CPT條件出口一批冬裝,公司按期將貨物交給指定承運人,但運輸途中由于天氣原因延期一個月,錯過了銷售季節(jié),買方由此向該公司提出索賠。問:此項損失應(yīng)由誰承擔(dān)?

      16.我方按CIF 條件進口一批床單,貨物抵達我方后發(fā)現(xiàn)床單在運輸途中部分受潮,而賣方已如期向我方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù)并要求我方支付貨款。問:我方是否能以所交貨物受潮而拒付貨款或向賣方提出索賠?

      17.英國某公司以CFR 條件進口一批大豆,在約定日期未收到賣方的裝船通知,卻收到賣方要求該公司支付貨款的單據(jù)。過后我方接到貨物,經(jīng)檢驗部分貨物在運輸途中因海上風(fēng)險而丟失。

      問:該公司應(yīng)如何處理?

      18.我方按CIP 條件進口10 頓化肥,先經(jīng)上海運輸,抵達目的港后轉(zhuǎn)為鐵路運輸,我方受領(lǐng)貨物后,賣方要求我方支付貨款和鐵路運費,請問賣方行為是否合理?

      19.我方某公司出口一批凍雞,貨物抵達目的港后經(jīng)海關(guān)檢驗發(fā)現(xiàn)因包裝不良導(dǎo)致部分凍雞變質(zhì),外商據(jù)此向我方提出索賠,請問外商做法是否合理?

      20.我方某公司從國外進口一批手套,合同上規(guī)定每箱60 雙,共100 箱。貨物運抵大連海關(guān)后,經(jīng)檢驗發(fā)現(xiàn)外商擅自改為每箱50 雙,共計120 箱。請問我方若據(jù)此提出拒收和索賠是否合理?

      Keys to case study:

      1.July 1, 15 July-25 July, 12 July, on or before 12 July, 2 August, 12 July 2.The Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment because it acted in accordance with the relevant stipulations in the UCP 600 stipulates that If drawing and/or shipments by installments within given periods are stipulated in the Credit and any installments is not drawn and/or a shipped within the period allowed for that installment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent installments??

      In this case, the L/C from Nigeria stipulated installment shipments from June to November, and 29 Company CH shipped the goods from June to August and got paid.However, in September Company CH stopped shipping because of a heavy typhoon.In accordance with article 41, the Credit ceased to be availed for the September installment and the subsequent installments, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit.In this case, as there no other L/C stipulations, the Issuing Bank was right.3.The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average caused by fortuitous accident while the loss to the tea was a partial one, but general average, the losses of G.A.need to be compensated by the interest parties on the proportion value saved??The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against F.P.A.4.In this case the Chinese company had to accept the claim.According to international business practice, the date of delivery is one of the essential terms in a contract, which means that, if one party breaches the date of delivery, the other party may ask for compensation from that party.In this case, the seller put back the real date of shipment so as to cheat the buyer and get paid from the relevant bank, thus trying to escape the responsibilities for the delay of shipment.This is not allowed in business practice because the prices in international markets are frequently changing;therefore, time is money.If the buyer had received his goods in time, he might have been able to grasp a good opportunity and achieve a good profit.On the contrary, as a result of delay on the part of the seller, the buyer lost the chance.5.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.6 In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller(Company E)ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W’s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.7.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of 30 contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.8.The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC.In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself.This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC.Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “When the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the documents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.9.The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because:(a)this was a CIF contract;(b)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed these responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.10.(1)提出將D/P即期改D/P90天遠期,旨在推遲付款,利其資金周轉(zhuǎn)。

      (2)而日商指定A銀行作為該批托收業(yè)務(wù)的代收行,則是為了便于向該行借單,以便早日獲取經(jīng)濟效益。

      在一般的D/P遠期業(yè)務(wù)中,代收行在未經(jīng)授權(quán)的情況下通常是不會輕易同意付款人借單的。該日商所以提出通過A銀行代收貨款的原因,當(dāng)然是該商與A銀行有既定融資關(guān)系,從而可取得提前借單的便利,以達到進一步利用我方資金的目的。

      11.(1)案中因觸礁造成船底劃破,致使海水滲入貨艙,造成船貨的部分損失以及船舶遇惡劣氣候,導(dǎo)致裝載的某貨主的一部分貨物被海水浸濕的損失,屬單獨海損; 而因修理船只所花費的修理費和各項費用開支共8000美元屬共同海損。A艙起火使一部分兒童玩具被燒毀屬于單獨海損;

      而因灌水滅火使另一部分兒童玩具和全部茶葉被水浸濕屬共同海損。

      (2)在投保了平安險的情況下,被保險人有權(quán)就案中所有損失向保險公司提出賠償要求。

      12.本案買賣雙方訂立的是CIF合同。CIF合同的含義是賣方負擔(dān)貨物在裝運港越過船舷前的一切責(zé)任、費用和風(fēng)險。2000通則在CIF解釋中的第B5款規(guī)定:“買方負擔(dān)貨物越過裝運港的船舷后一切貨損貨差的風(fēng)險”。因此,貨船在途中沉沒造成的貨物損失應(yīng)由買方負擔(dān),買方應(yīng)接受所有單據(jù)并且按合同規(guī)定支付全部貨款。在接受單據(jù)后,買方可以憑單據(jù)向保險單載明的承保人(保險公司)索賠,通??梢垣@得相當(dāng)于貨物價值1.1倍的賠償。

      13.(1)按國際貿(mào)易習(xí)慣,嘜頭由買方提供時在合同中應(yīng)規(guī)定買方提供時間。如超過時間,賣方可提出其他補救辦法,如自行規(guī)定嘜頭。

      (2)該公司在此情況下應(yīng)致電買方詢問延誤原因,請其快速電告所設(shè)計嘜頭,否則將由該公司自行規(guī)定。

      14.買方的要求不盡合理。理由如下:

      采用FOB術(shù)語成交,一般由買方負責(zé)租船訂艙。賣方可以接受賣方的委托代為租船訂艙,但賣方不承擔(dān)租不到船的責(zé)任和風(fēng)險。就此案例來說,因公司代為租船沒有租到,買方又不同意更換條件,因此,該公司不承擔(dān)因自己未租到船而延誤裝運的責(zé)任,買方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以,買方的要求不合理,責(zé)任和風(fēng)險應(yīng)該由買方自己承擔(dān)。

      15.此項損失應(yīng)由買方承擔(dān),買方不應(yīng)該向該公司提出索賠。以CPT術(shù)語成交時,風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移以貨交承運人為界,即賣方將貨物交給指定承運人,風(fēng)險即由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移至買方,買方可投貨物保險以確保損失最小。就本案例而言,該公司已將貨物交給承運人,運輸途中及后期風(fēng)險均由買方自己承擔(dān),因此,該公司可拒絕買方的索賠要求。

      16.我方不能因床單受潮而拒付貨款,也不能向賣方提出索賠。理由如下:

      (1)采用CIF 術(shù)語成交時,屬于象征性交貨,賣方是憑單交貨,買方是憑單付款,只要賣方如期向買方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù),即使貨物在運輸途中損壞或滅失,買方也必須旅行付款義務(wù)。反之,如果賣方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求,即使貨物完好無損地運達目的地,買方仍有權(quán)拒付貨款。就此案例而言,賣方提交了全套合格單據(jù),我方應(yīng)支付貨款。(2)在CIF 條件下,買賣雙方風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移界限以船舷為界。貨物越過船舷后的風(fēng)險應(yīng)由買方負擔(dān)。就本案例可以看出,貨物越過船舷之前是完好的,因此賣方不承擔(dān)風(fēng)險。我方據(jù)此不能向賣方提出索賠,可依據(jù)所投險別向保險公司提出索賠。17.該公司可向賣方提出索賠。理由如下:

      按CFR 條件成交時,盡管貨物在海運途中的風(fēng)險已轉(zhuǎn)移給買方,但買方為降低自己的風(fēng)險可辦理貨運保險,這取決于賣方是否及時向買方發(fā)出裝運通知。據(jù)慣例解釋,如果賣方未及時向買方發(fā)出裝運通知,導(dǎo)致買方未能及時辦理保險手續(xù),由此引起的損失由賣方負擔(dān)。就本案例而言,該公司貨物部分丟失是由于賣方未發(fā)出裝船通知而公司未辦理保險手續(xù)而引起的損失,故此,該公司應(yīng)向賣方提出索賠。

      18.按照CIP 條件成交,賣方要承擔(dān)保險費和運費。因為CIP 條件適合于各種運輸方式,風(fēng)險是在承運人控制貨物時轉(zhuǎn)移,所以賣方要負責(zé)辦理交貨地點到指定目的地的全程運輸,而不僅僅是水上運輸,因此賣方應(yīng)支付全程運費。就本案例而言,賣方支付了海上運輸?shù)馁M用,但并沒有將貨物送往指定目的地,因此還需支付鐵路運輸?shù)馁M用。由此,我方應(yīng)支付貨款,但不需支付鐵路運費,賣方行為不盡合理。

      19.(1)外商做法是否合理應(yīng)從兩個方面來看。(2)一般來講,保險公司不負責(zé)因包裝不良所造成的損失。所以在進口合同條款中外商應(yīng)對包裝不善造成的損失的索賠問題做出詳細規(guī)定。若買方已做出規(guī)定,包裝不良造成損失由賣方負責(zé),那么外商的做法是合理的。若買方未作具體規(guī)定,則外商做法不盡合理,應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決,或提交仲裁機構(gòu)解決。20.(1)我方據(jù)此提出拒收或索賠是完全合理的。(2)在國際貨物買賣中,如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件,另一方有權(quán)提出索賠,甚至可以拒收貨物。由此可知,雖然外商交貨數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定數(shù)量相符,但他的行為違反了合同中的包裝條款,已構(gòu)成違約,我方可以提出拒收或索賠。

      Part VI: Calculation 1.Company A in China exports some goods in carton to UK.They quote: USD50 PER CARTON CFR LONDON.But the businessman in UK requires FOBC2 price.To meet his requirement, how much should we offer then?(Suppose:the measurement of the carton is 45CM x 40CM x 25CM;the gross weight for one carton of goods is 35kgs;the calculation standard for freight tariff is W/M;the basic freight rate is USD120 per freight ton;the BAF is 20% and the port surcharge is10%)。2.We import from Australia 1000 bales of wool.the standard weight is 136.08kg each bale.When the goods reach China, the actual weight of a bale is 137.092kg, the actual moisture measuring 11.84%.Then what is the conditioned weight in total should be?(The acceptable international standard regaining water content of wool and raw silk is 11%.)3.我某公司以CIFC3%條件出口一批貨物,外銷價為每公噸1000 美元,支付運費80 美元,保險費10 美元。該公司進貨成本為每公噸4000 元人民幣,國內(nèi)直接和間接費用加15%。求該商品出口總成本、出口外匯凈收入、出口換匯成本。

      4.我方某公司對外報價FOB 價每公噸500 美元,外商來電要求改報CIF 紐約含傭金3%,保險費率合計為0.8%,國外運費每公噸60 美元。請計算我方應(yīng)報價。

      5.我方對外報價每公噸1000 美元CIF 新加坡,外商來電要求改報FOB 價中國口岸,已知保險費率為0.85%,國外運費每公噸75 美元,試計算我方應(yīng)報價。

      6.我方某公司對外商報價為CFR 價1000 美元,外商要求改報CFRC4%價,我方應(yīng)報價多少? 7.某合同規(guī)定:CIF 香港,每公噸1000 美元,折扣2%。根據(jù)該合同成交的進出口業(yè)務(wù)中出口方每公噸凈收入是多少?

      8.買賣雙方訂立合同,規(guī)定整套機械設(shè)備初步價款為100 萬美元,雙方約定原材料、工資、管理費和利潤在價格中的比重分別為50%、30%、20%。簽訂合同時物價指數(shù)、工資指數(shù)均為100,交貨時原材料物價指數(shù)、工資指數(shù)分別上升至110、112。假設(shè)雙方約定按物價指數(shù)和工資指數(shù)調(diào)整價款,那么最終價格應(yīng)為多少?

      Keys to calculation:

      1.1)measurement ton of the carton:0.45*0.4*0.25=0.045 2)weight ton of the carton:0.035 3)0.045>0.035 Based on the w/m, so choose the measurement ton 4)FREIGHT= Freight ton x Basic Freight per F/T x(1+additional freight rates)= 0.045*120*(1+20%+10%)=7.02

      5)FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98(USD)

      6)FOBC2=FOB/(1-commission rate)=42.98/(1-2%)=43.86(USD)So, we offer USD43.86 PER CARTON FOBC2 CHINA PORTS.33 2.Wa x(1+standard regaining rate of water)Wc =-1 + actual regaining rate of water In which: Wa-Actual Weight Wc-Conditioned Weight

      In this case: Wa = 1000 x 137.092 = 137092 KGS standard regaining rate of water = 11% actual regaining rate of water = 11.84% so, Wc = 137092(1+ 11%)/(1+ 11.84%)= 136062.34KGS 3.解:出口總成本=4000×(1+15%)=4600(人民幣元)

      出口外匯凈收入=1000-(80+10+1000×3%)=880(美元)出口換匯成本=4600÷880≈5.227(人民幣元/美元)

      4.解:CIFC3%紐約價=(500+60)÷(1-1.1×0.8%-3%)≈582.6(美元)5.解:fob 中國岸價=1000×(1-1.1×0.85%)-75=915.65(美元)6.解:CFRC4%價=1000÷(1-4%)≈1041.7(美元)7.解:出口方單位商品凈收入=1000×(1-2%)=980(美元)8.解:按題意可知P0=100 萬,A=20%,B=50%,C=30%,M=110,M0=100,W=112,W0=100 則最終價格P=100×(20%+50%×110/100+30%×112/100)=108.6(萬美元)

      第二篇:國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)習(xí)題集(考試范圍)

      第二章

      商品的對外報價

      一、單項選擇

      1.就賣方承擔(dān)的貨物風(fēng)險而言,()

      (A)E組術(shù)語最小,F(xiàn)組其次,最大是C組和D組(B)D組術(shù)語最小,F(xiàn)組和C組其次,E組術(shù)語最大(C)D組術(shù)語最大,E組術(shù)語其次,F(xiàn)組和C組最?。―)E組術(shù)語最小,F(xiàn)組和C組其次,D組最大 2.采用CFR貿(mào)易術(shù)語,應(yīng)由()

      (A)買方負責(zé)租船訂艙和保險(B)賣方負責(zé)租船訂艙和保險

      (C)由買方負責(zé)租船訂艙,賣方負責(zé)保險(D)由賣方負責(zé)租船訂艙,買方負責(zé)保險 3.CIF LANDED(CIF卸到岸上)貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交,買賣雙方的風(fēng)險劃分界限為()

      (A)貨物在裝運港越過船舷(B)貨物在目的港越過船舷(C)貨物交到目的港的碼頭(D)貨物交給承運人 4.DAF貿(mào)易術(shù)語()(A)只適合于公路運輸(B)只適合于鐵路運輸

      (C)只適合于鐵路和公路運輸(D)可適合于各種運輸方式

      5.國際貿(mào)易中,由買方負責(zé)出口清關(guān)手續(xù),并承擔(dān)起相關(guān)費用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語是()

      (A)FCA(B)FAS(C)EXW(D)FOB

      6.采用FOB貿(mào)易術(shù)語,貨物由程租船運輸時,如果買方不愿意承擔(dān)裝貨費用,應(yīng)選用()(A)FOB LINER TERMS(B)FOB UNDER TACKLE(C)FOB TRIMMED(D)FOB GROSS TERMS 7.制定關(guān)于貿(mào)易術(shù)語的國際貿(mào)易慣例的目的是()

      (A)提供可使用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(B)成為交易雙方的習(xí)慣做法(C)統(tǒng)一對貿(mào)易術(shù)語的解釋(D)形成國際貿(mào)易法 8.《2000年通則》解釋的貿(mào)易術(shù)語有()

      (A)6種(B)9種(C)13種(D)14種 9.裝運合同是指()

      (A)按F組和C組貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交的合同(B)按E組和D組貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交的合同(C)按C組和D組貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交的合同(D)按D組貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交的合同 10.按DES成交,根據(jù)需要加保各種特殊附加險的是()

      (A)買方(B)賣方(C)承運人(D)運輸代理人 11.在EXW條件下,貨物被禁止出口的風(fēng)險由()

      (A)買方負擔(dān)(B)賣方負擔(dān)(C)承運人負擔(dān)(D)運輸代理人負擔(dān) 12.朝鮮某公司需以管道運輸方式從我國進口石油,可采用()(A)FAS(B)CIP(C)DEQ(D)CIF 13.如果某商品出口價格為每公噸1,000 美元CIFD2%香港,折實售價為()。(A)20 美元(B)200 美元(C)980 美元(D)98 美元

      14.進口某商品需用匯60,000 美元,設(shè)購匯當(dāng)日外匯牌價為USD1=RMB¥6.8125/6.8399,需用人民幣()。

      (A)410394 元(B)408750 元(C)4103940 元(D)4087500 元

      15.某商品原報價每噸800 英鎊FOBC2%上海,現(xiàn)客戶要求傭金增至5%,若不減少外匯收入,應(yīng)改報為每噸()英鎊。

      (A)784(B)825(C)785(D)824

      二、判斷題

      1.采用CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語,賣方要辦理保險、支付保險費,而采用CFR貿(mào)易術(shù)語,保險責(zé)任及保險費由買方承擔(dān),可見,對賣方而言,采用CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語較采用CFR貿(mào)易術(shù)語風(fēng)險大。()

      2.CIF LANDED與CIF的主要區(qū)別在于,前者的賣方除了要承擔(dān)貨物到達目的港的風(fēng)險和正常的運費外,還要承擔(dān)卸貨費用。()

      3.在《INCOTERMS 2000》的13種貿(mào)易術(shù)語中,買方承擔(dān)風(fēng)險最大的貿(mào)易術(shù)語是EXW,最小的是DDP。()4.FAS 與FOB UNDER TACKLE 貿(mào)易術(shù)語下,買賣雙方的風(fēng)險劃分界限都是裝運港船邊。()5.貿(mào)易術(shù)語變形只涉及買賣雙方費用劃分,不涉及風(fēng)險劃分。()

      6.CIF是裝運港交貨價,而DES是目的港交貨價,它們是兩種性質(zhì)不同的貿(mào)易術(shù)語。()7.采用FCA成交時,如果在機場交貨,則賣方交貨責(zé)任至貨物交給航空承運人或其代理人為止。()

      8.以FOB價格條件出口貨物到新加坡,賣方要負責(zé)到新加坡交貨。()

      9.FCA、CPT和CIP適用于任何運輸方式,其風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移的分界點不在船舷,只要貨交承運人或第一承運人,風(fēng)險即由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移到買方。()

      10.我從日本進口貨物,如按FOB條件成交,需我方派船到日本口岸接運貨物;如按CIF條件成交,則由日方洽租船舶將貨物運往中國港口??梢姡曳桨碏OB進口承擔(dān)的貨物運輸風(fēng)險,比按CIF進口承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險大。()

      11.國際貿(mào)易慣例已得到多國的公認,因此,它們對于任何買賣合同當(dāng)事人都具有普遍的法律上的約束力。()

      12.《2000年通則》中,F(xiàn)組術(shù)語屬裝運合同,C組術(shù)語和D組術(shù)語均屬到貨合同。()13.FOB吊鉤下交貨是指賣方負責(zé)貨物進艙,脫離吊鉤,置于艙底。()14.在CIF價格條件下,賣方憑單據(jù)履行交貨義務(wù)、買方憑單據(jù)付款。()

      15.按照國際貿(mào)易慣例,CFR條件下如賣方未及時發(fā)裝船通知而使買方漏保,則賣方應(yīng)對貨物在運輸途中的損壞及滅失負賠償責(zé)任。()

      答案:

      選擇題:1-5 D D A D C

      6-10 C C C A A

      11-15 A C C A B 判斷題:1-5 X X √ X √ 6-10√ √ X √ X 11-15 X X X √ √

      第三章 國際貨物買賣合同的商訂

      根據(jù)以下資料回答1—4題: 6月15日,甲公司向乙公司發(fā)出一份訂單,并要求乙公司在7月10日前答復(fù)。7月初,該商品的市價大幅下降,甲公司通知乙公司:“前次訂單所列價格作廢,若你公司愿意降價20%,則發(fā)盤有效期延至7月20日?!币夜臼盏酵ㄖ?,立即于7月3日回信表示不同意降價,同時對前一訂單表示接受。正常情況下,此信可在7月8日到達,但是由于郵局工人罷工,甲公司于7月15日才收到,甲回信表示:“第一次訂單已經(jīng)撤銷,接受無效?!币夜緢猿值谝淮斡唵尾荒艹蜂N,甲公司又于7月20日回復(fù)認為乙的接受已逾期,合同沒有成立。請問:

      1.甲公司6月15日的訂單是()

      A.詢盤 B.邀請發(fā)盤 C.發(fā)盤 D.接受 2.乙公司7月3日的回信()

      A.是有效的接受,因為未超過有效期。B.是無效的接受,因為已經(jīng)超過有效期,而且甲公司已經(jīng)及時提出反對。C.不構(gòu)成接受,因為發(fā)盤已經(jīng)撤銷。

      D.是有效的接受,因為正常情況下,該信本來可以在發(fā)盤有效期內(nèi)到達,且甲公司并沒有及時以接受逾期為理由表示反對。

      3.假設(shè)乙公司在7月3日發(fā)出的信中沒有對原訂單表示接受,則()

      A.乙公司仍有權(quán)接受原訂單,只要接受的通知在7月10日前到達甲公司。B.乙公司仍有權(quán)接受原訂單,只要接受的通知在7月20日前到達甲公司。

      C.即使乙公司未在7月10前接受原訂單,仍可以在7月20前降價20%接受訂單。D.如果乙公司未在7月10日前接受原訂單,則不能再接受訂單。

      4.假設(shè)乙公司在7月3日發(fā)出的信中表示同意降價10%,則此信()A.構(gòu)成有效接受 B.構(gòu)成還盤

      C.視為同意甲撤銷原發(fā)盤 D.視為拒絕甲公司的新發(fā)盤

      根據(jù)以下資料回答5—7 題: 我某工程承包公司于2007 年5 月3 日向意大利商人詢問鋼材的價格。在詢盤中,我工程承包公司聲明:要求對方報價是為了計算一項承造大樓的標價和是否參加投標。我工程 承包公司如果參加投標須于2007 年5 月15 日向招標人遞交投標書,招標人開標日期為2007年5 月31 日。2007 年5 月6 日,意大利商人向我方發(fā)盤報鋼材價格,我承包公司據(jù)以計算標價,并于2007 年5 月15 日向招標人遞交了投標書。由于國際商場鋼材價格上漲,2007年5 月21 日,意大利商人來電要求撤銷其5 月6 日發(fā)盤,我工程承包公司當(dāng)即表示不同意撤銷發(fā)盤。于是雙方為能否撤銷發(fā)盤發(fā)生爭執(zhí)。及至2007 年5 月31 日,招標人開標,我方工程承包公司中標,隨即向意大利商人發(fā)出接受通知。但意大利商人堅持發(fā)盤已于2007年5 月21 日撤銷,合同不能成立。對此,雙方爭執(zhí)不下,于是,提交仲裁。5.按照《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》規(guī)定,本案中意大利商人發(fā)盤時未規(guī)定有效期,我們可以理解為該發(fā)盤有效期為()。

      A.在合理時間內(nèi)有效 B.何時接受均可

      C.2007 年5 月15 日 D.2007 年5 月30 日前

      6.根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》規(guī)定,意大利商人的發(fā)盤()。

      A.不能撤銷。因為工程承包公司已本著對其發(fā)盤的信賴,向招標人遞交了投標書 B.可以撤銷。只要撤銷通知到達時,工程承包公司還未發(fā)出接受通知即可 C.不能撤銷。因為此時鋼材國際商場價格已經(jīng)上漲 D.可以撤銷。因為雙方還未簽約

      7.根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》規(guī)定,如果你是仲裁員,應(yīng)判()。A.意大利商人勝訴 B.工程承包公司勝訴 C.在本案中,雙方都有責(zé)任,各打50 大板

      D.在本案中,雙方都有責(zé)任,意大利商人責(zé)任大些,工程承包公司責(zé)任小些 答案:

      1-4 C D C B 5-7 A A B

      第四章 落實及審核信用證

      一.單項選擇題

      1.匯票的收款人有三種填寫方式,根據(jù)我國票據(jù)法,凡簽發(fā)()的匯票無效。

      A.限制性抬頭

      B.指示性抬頭

      C.持票人或來人抬頭

      D.記名抬頭 2.根據(jù)我國票據(jù)法規(guī)定,自收到提示承兌匯票之日起()內(nèi),付款人須作出承兌。A.3日

      B.4日

      C.5日

      D.6日

      3.可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證須由開證行在證中注明“可轉(zhuǎn)讓”字樣,可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證只限轉(zhuǎn)讓()。

      A.1次

      B.2次

      C.3次

      D.4次 4.如果其他條件相同,()遠期匯票對是收款人最有利。

      A.出票后30天付款

      B.提單簽發(fā)后30天付款

      C.見票后30天付款

      D.貨物到達目的港后30天付款 5.承兌是()對遠期匯票表示承擔(dān)到期付款責(zé)任的行為。

      A.付款人

      B.收款人

      C.出口商

      D.議付行

      6.匯票的票據(jù)行為分出票.背書.承兌.提示.付款和追索等,其中()是主要票據(jù)行為。

      A.出票

      B.付款

      C.承兌

      D.背書

      7.電開信用證分為全電本和簡電本連著。在SWIFT信用證中,全電本通常采用()格式。

      A.MT700/MT701

      B.MT701/MT702

      C.MT703/MT704

      D.MT705/MT707 8.在SWIFT中,信用證的修改通常采用()格式。

      A.MT701

      B.MT703

      C.MT705

      D.MT707 9.一張有效的信用證必須規(guī)定一個()。

      A.裝運期

      B.有效期

      C.交單期

      D.議付期

      10.匯票有兩張正本,其效力是()。

      A.付款人付一不付二

      B.付款人付二不付一

      C.先到先付,后到無效

      D.同等的 二.判斷題

      1.匯付是付款人主動通過銀行或其它途徑將款項交給收款人的一種支付方式,所以屬于商業(yè)信用。而托收通常稱為銀行托收,因而它屬于銀行信用。2.信用證是銀行開立的無條件承諾付款的書面文件。

      3.匯票經(jīng)背書后,匯票的收款權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給被背書人,被背書人日后遭到拒付,可向前手行使追索權(quán)。

      4.我國《票據(jù)法》規(guī)定,付款人承兌匯票,不得附有條件,承兌附有條件的,視為拒絕承兌。

      5.在信用證的有效期內(nèi)開證行發(fā)生倒閉或拒付,保兌行可以向受益人追索。

      6.開證行開出可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證后,受益人可以將信用證的全部或一部分金額轉(zhuǎn)讓給多個第二受益人。

      7.在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中,受益人收到信用證修改通知書后,如不同意修改,應(yīng)立即將信用證修改書退回通知行,否則視為同意接受修改。

      8.在采用保理業(yè)務(wù)時,如果進口商因為貨物不符合合同而拒付,保理商將不予擔(dān)保付款責(zé)任。

      9.如果受益人逾期交單,則只要其征得開證申請人的同意,仍可要求銀行付款。10.出口商采用D/A 30天比采用D/P30天承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險要大。

      答案:

      選擇題: 1-5 CAABA

      6-10 AADBD

      判斷題: 1-5 ××√√×

      6-10 √×√×√

      第五章 出口備貨 一.單項選擇題

      1.對于大批量交易的散裝貨,因較難掌握商品的數(shù)量,通常在合同中規(guī)定()。A.品質(zhì)公差條款 B.溢短裝條款 C.立即裝運條款 D.倉至倉條款

      2.A外貿(mào)公司與外商簽訂了一份出口某商品的合同,合同中規(guī)定的出口數(shù)量為500公噸,同時還規(guī)定允許賣方交貨的數(shù)量可增減5%,但未對多交部分貨物如何作價給予規(guī)定。賣方依合同規(guī)定多交了20公噸,根據(jù)《公約》的規(guī)定,此20公噸應(yīng)按()作價。A.到岸價 B.合同價 C.離岸價 D.議定價

      3.我某進出口公司擬向馬來西亞客商出口服裝一批,在洽談合同條款時,就服裝的款式可要求對方提供()。

      A.樣品 B.規(guī)格 C.商標 D.產(chǎn)地 4.凡貨樣難以達到完全一致的,不宜采用()。

      A.憑說明買賣 B.憑樣品買賣 C.憑等級買賣 D.憑規(guī)格買賣

      5.在交貨數(shù)量前面加上“約”或“大約”字樣,按《UCP600》規(guī)定,這種約定可解釋為交貨數(shù)量有不超過()的增減幅度。

      A.5% B.2.5% C.10% D.3% 6.在品質(zhì)條款的規(guī)定上,對某些比較難掌握其品質(zhì)的工業(yè)制成品或農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品,我們在合同中規(guī)定()。

      A.溢短裝條款 B.增減價條款 C.商品的凈值 D.品質(zhì)公差或品質(zhì)機動幅度 7.對于價值較低的商品,往往采?。ǎ┯嬎闫渲亓?。A.以毛作凈 B.法定重量 C.凈重 D.理論重量

      8.F公司與國外某客商簽訂出口500臺電冰箱的合同,合同沒有規(guī)定賣方交貨的數(shù)量可溢短裝5%,F(xiàn)公司實際交貨時多交了50臺,買方可就F公司的交貨作出以下決定,哪個是不妥當(dāng)?shù)模ǎ?/p>

      A.收取520臺電冰箱 B.拒收520臺電冰箱

      C.收取多交貨物中的10臺 D.拒收多交的20臺電冰箱

      9.賣方根據(jù)買方提供的樣品,加工復(fù)制出一個類似樣品供買方確認,該樣品稱為()。A.買方樣品 B.賣方樣品 C.參考樣品 D.對等樣品 10.以下()不屬于運輸包裝的標志。

      A.運輸標志 B.條形碼 C.指示性標志 D.警告性標志 二.判斷題

      1.運輸包裝上的標志就是指運輸標志,也就是通常所說的嘜頭。()2.包裝費用一般包括在貨價中,不另行計收。()

      3.在進出口貿(mào)易中,表示品質(zhì)的方法多種多樣,為了明確責(zé)任,最好采用既憑樣品買賣,又憑規(guī)格買賣的方法。()

      4.交貨數(shù)量的機動幅度可由賣方選擇也可由買方選擇,不論由何方選擇,每次裝貨均不得超過承運人宣布的船舶裝載量。()

      5.根據(jù)《公約》的規(guī)定,如賣方所交貨物數(shù)量多于約定的數(shù)量,買方可以全部收下,也可以全部拒收。()

      答案:

      選擇題:1-5 B B A B C 6-10 D A B D B 判斷題:1-5 X √ X √ X

      第六章 租船訂艙 一.單項選擇題

      1.在進出口業(yè)務(wù)中,經(jīng)過背書能夠轉(zhuǎn)讓的單據(jù)有()。A.鐵路運單 B.海運提單 C.航空運單 D.郵包收據(jù) 2.在班輪運價表中用字母“M”表示的計收標準為()。A.按貨物毛重計收 B.按貨物體積計收 C.按商品價格計收 D.按貨物件數(shù)計收

      3.在定程租船方式下,對裝卸費的收取辦法中FOB的含義是()。A.船方只負擔(dān)卸貨費,而不負擔(dān)裝貨費 B.船方不負擔(dān)裝卸費 C.船方只負擔(dān)裝貨費,而不負擔(dān)卸貨費 D.船方負擔(dān)裝卸費 4.按提單收貨人抬頭分類,在國際貿(mào)易中被廣泛使用的提單有()。A.記名提單 B.不記名提單 C.指示提單 D.班輪提單 5.已裝船提單的日期是()。

      A.開始裝船的日期 B.裝船完畢的日期 C.船舶開航的日期 D.船舶到達的日期 6.買方一般不愿接受的提單有()。

      A.已裝船提單 B.指示提單 C.清潔提單 D.備貨提單 7.簽發(fā)多式聯(lián)運提單的承運人的責(zé)任是()。

      A.只對第一程運輸負責(zé) B.必須對全程運輸負責(zé) C.對運輸不負責(zé)任 D.只對最后一程運輸負責(zé) 8.信用證的到期日為12月31日,最遲裝運期為12月16日,最遲交單日期為運輸單據(jù)出具后15天,出口人備妥貨物安排出運的時間是12月10日,則出口人最遲應(yīng)于()向銀行交單議付。

      A.12月16日 B.12月24日 C.12月25日 D.12月31日 9.班輪運費應(yīng)該()。

      A.包括裝卸費,且不計滯期費.速遣費 B.包括裝卸費,但應(yīng)計滯期費.速遣費 C.包括裝卸費和速遣費,但不計滯期費 D.包括裝卸費和滯期費,但不計速遣費 10.在國際貨物買賣合同中,不宜采用以下()方法規(guī)定裝運港和目的港。A.一般情況下,只規(guī)定一個裝運港和一個目的港 B.大宗商品可以規(guī)定兩個裝運港和目的港

      C.在雙方洽商暫無法確定裝運港和目的港時,可采用選擇港的方式 D.籠統(tǒng)地規(guī)定裝運港和目的港

      二.判斷題

      1.班輪運費不包括裝卸費。()

      2.備運提單可注明“已裝船”字樣而為銀行接受。()

      3.我某公司二月中旬收到國外來證,證內(nèi)規(guī)定:shipment to become within March,2011。經(jīng)查二月份正好有班輪直達合同規(guī)定的目的港,同時貨己如約備妥。在有船有貨的情況下,為爭取早日收匯,我方可于二月份裝船出運。()4.“10,000M/T, Shipment during May,June in 2 lots”。此條款表示每月必須裝5,000M/T。()

      5.某公司出口電扇1,000臺,紙箱裝,合同和信用證上規(guī)定不許分批裝運,裝船時有40臺包裝破裂,風(fēng)罩變形不能出口,發(fā)貨人認為根據(jù)《UCP600》慣例中的有關(guān)規(guī)定,即使不能分批裝運,只要貨款不超過信用證上的總金額,貨物的數(shù)量亦允許有5%的增減。據(jù)此,裝運960臺也可照常辦理議付。()6.過期提單就是指過了裝運期才簽發(fā)的提單。()7.凡是承運人加了批注的提單就是不清潔提單。()

      8.空白抬頭.空白背書的提單是既不填寫收貨人,又不要背書的提單。()

      9.凡裝在同一航次.同一條船上,且運往同一目的港的多次裝運的貨物,即使裝運時間和裝運地點不同,也不視為分批裝運。()

      10.“Port of destination: London and Liverpool”是指貨物分別在這兩個港口卸貨。()

      答案:

      選擇題:1-5 B B C C C 6-10 D B C A D 判斷題:1-5 X √ X X X 6-10 X X X √ √

      第七章 辦理國際貨運保險

      一.單項選擇題

      1.根據(jù)我國“海洋貨物運輸保險條款”規(guī)定,“一切險”包括()A.平安險加11種一般附加險 B.水漬險加11種一般附加險 C.一切險加11種一般附加險 D.11種一般附加險加特殊附加險 2.我某公司出口稻谷一批,因保險事故被海水浸泡多時而喪失其原有用途,貨到目的港后只能低價出售,這種損失屬于()。

      A.單獨海損 B.共同海損 C.實際全損 D.推定全損 3.某批出口貨物投保了水漬險,在運輸途中由于雨淋致使貨物遭受部分損失,這樣的損失保險公司將()。

      A.負責(zé)賠償整批貨物 B.負責(zé)賠償被雨淋濕的部分 C.不予賠償 D.在被保險人同意的情況下,保險公司負責(zé)賠償被雨淋濕的部分

      4.在我國海洋運輸貨物保險業(yè)務(wù)中,下列()險別不可適用“倉至倉”條款。A.WA or WPA B.FPA C.ALL RISKS D.WAR RISKS 5.在FOB條件下,進口商應(yīng)向保險公司辦理貨物運輸保險的手續(xù),在進口貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)中,通常采用的保險形式有()。

      A.預(yù)約保險

      B.逐筆保險

      C.一切險

      D.平安險 二.判斷題

      1.運輸途中部分紙箱受潮,箱裝的服裝出現(xiàn)了水漬,由于該批貨物投保了水漬險,所以 貨主可向保險公司索賠。

      2.保險單是一項權(quán)益的憑證,經(jīng)背書后可以隨貨物所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移而進行轉(zhuǎn)讓。

      3.保險金額應(yīng)該在CIF發(fā)票總額的基礎(chǔ)上加10%計算,如發(fā)票為FOB 或CFR,則先換為CIF金額后再加一成。

      4.按國際保險市場慣例,大保單與小保單具有同等的法律效力。

      5.如果被保險貨物運達保險單所載明的目的地,收貨人提貨后即將貨物轉(zhuǎn)運,則保險公司的保險責(zé)任于轉(zhuǎn)運到達目的地倉庫時終止。答案:

      單項選擇題:1-5 B C C D A 判斷題:1-5 X X √ √ X

      第八章 報驗和報關(guān)

      一、單項選擇題

      1.對產(chǎn)地和報關(guān)地相一致的出境貨物,經(jīng)檢驗檢疫合格的,出具()。A.《出境貨物通關(guān)單》 B.《出境貨物換證憑單》 C.《出境貨物換證憑條》 D.《出境貨物不合格通知單》 2.一般出口商品應(yīng)在出口報關(guān)或裝運前()天報檢。A.3 B.5 C.7 D.9 3.在進出口合同的商品檢驗條款中,關(guān)于檢驗時間和地點的規(guī)定最為重要。在我實際業(yè)務(wù)中使用最多的是()。

      A.在出口國檢驗 B.在進口國檢驗 C.在出口國檢驗、在進口國復(fù)驗 4.買方復(fù)驗的期限就是()。

      A.質(zhì)量保證期限 B.索賠期限 C.退貨期限 5.下列中屬于法定檢驗商品的是()。A.列入《種類表》中的商品

      B.有關(guān)法律和行政法規(guī)定須經(jīng)商檢機構(gòu)檢驗的進出口商品 C.各地商檢機構(gòu)自行規(guī)定的進出口商品 D.(A)和(B)

      二、判斷題

      1.商檢證書的主要作用之一是通過對商品進行檢驗,以確定賣方所交貨物的品質(zhì)、數(shù)量、包裝是否與合同的規(guī)定相符。2.凡屬法定檢驗范圍的商品,在辦理進出口清關(guān)手續(xù)時,必須向海關(guān)提供商檢機構(gòu)簽發(fā)的檢驗證書,否則,海關(guān)不予放行。

      3.在我國,法定檢驗的檢驗方法一般由商檢機構(gòu)決定,通常采用抽查。4.凡是出口商品,必須通過商檢構(gòu)檢驗才能出口。

      5.任何商品的商檢證書,必須由商檢局出具,才能作為議付的憑證之一。

      答案:

      單項選擇題:1-5 A C C B D 判斷題:1-5 √ √ X X X

      第十章 出口貿(mào)易的后續(xù)工作

      1.仲裁協(xié)議是仲裁機構(gòu)受理爭議案件的必要依據(jù)()

      A.仲裁協(xié)議必須在爭議發(fā)生之前達成 B.仲裁協(xié)議只能在爭議發(fā)生之后達成 C.仲裁協(xié)議可以在爭議發(fā)生之前達成,也可在爭議發(fā)生之后達成 2.在同外商商訂買賣合同中的仲裁條款時,關(guān)于仲裁點有下列各種不同的規(guī)定,在其他各種交易條件不變的情下,其中對我最有利的一種是。()

      A.在雙方同意的第三國仲裁 B.在被告國仲裁 C.在我國仲裁 D.在對方國家仲裁 3.仲裁費用一般規(guī)定由()

      A.勝訴方負擔(dān) B.敗訴方負擔(dān) C.雙方各半負擔(dān) 4.仲裁裁決的效力是()

      A.終局的,對爭議雙方具有約束力 B.非終局的,對爭議雙方不具有約束力 C.有時是終局的,有時是非終局的 D.一般還需法院最后判定 5.我從西歐某商進口當(dāng)?shù)赝ǔ?梢再I到的某化工產(chǎn)品,在約定的交貨期前,該商所屬生產(chǎn)上述產(chǎn)品的工廠之一因爆炸被毀,完全喪失生存能力,西歐客商()。A.因遇不可抗力事故,可要求解除合同 B.因遇不可抗力事故,可要求延期履行合同

      C.因遇不可抗力事故,可要求延期履行合同,但我方有索賠的權(quán)利 D.不屬于不可抗力事故,我方應(yīng)要求西歐客商按期履行合同 6.發(fā)生(),違約方可以援引不可抗力條款要求免責(zé)。

      A.戰(zhàn)爭 B.世界市場價格上漲 C.貨幣貶值 D.生產(chǎn)過程中的過失

      7.按《公約》的解釋,如違約的情況未達到根本性違反合同的程度,則受損害的一方()。A.不但有權(quán)向違約方提出損害賠償,而且可宣告合同無效 B.只能向違約方提出損害賠償?shù)囊螅豢尚婧贤瑹o效 C.只可宣告合同無效,不能要求損害賠償 D.可根據(jù)違約情況選擇以上答案

      8.以下不屬于()仲裁與訴訟的區(qū)別。

      A.仲裁以爭議雙方當(dāng)事人自愿為基礎(chǔ),而訴訟具有強制性 B.仲裁的手續(xù)較為簡單,而訴訟的手續(xù)比較復(fù)雜 C.仲裁對雙方的關(guān)系影響較小,而訴訟較傷和氣 D.仲裁的費用較高,而訴訟的費用較低 9.以下不屬于仲裁協(xié)議的作用的是()。

      A.約束雙方解決爭議的方式 B.排除法院對該案件的管轄

      C.授予仲裁機構(gòu)對該案件的管轄 D.仲裁解決不了的,還可提請上訴 10.出口退稅申報時間是報關(guān)單上注明的出口日期起()天內(nèi)。A.60 B.90 C.120 D.180

      二、判斷題

      1.出口收匯核銷單的作用體現(xiàn)在國家職能部門對出口貨物的收匯跟蹤管理,防止外匯流 失。

      2.出口退稅是各國政府普遍使用的鼓勵出口的措施。3.出口收匯核銷是在出口退稅工作之后的一項工作

      4.在國際貿(mào)易中,對所有的進出口貨物都必須進行檢驗并出具證書。5.任何商品的商檢證書,必須由商檢局出具,才能作為議付的憑證之一。

      6.申請國際仲裁雙方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)事先訂有仲裁協(xié)議,而向法院訴訟,無須事先征得對方同意。7.仲裁裁決一經(jīng)作出即具有法律效力,如敗訴方不肯自愿執(zhí)行裁決,則仲裁員可以強制其執(zhí)行。

      8.我與外商簽訂一筆進口合同,不久該商品價格猛漲,外商援引不可抗力條款電傳要求解除合同,我方只好同意。

      9.一旦發(fā)生不可抗力事故,遭遇事故方只有征得對方同意才能不執(zhí)行合同。

      10.有關(guān)當(dāng)事人一旦接到不可抗力事故的通知后無論同意與否,應(yīng)及時給對方答復(fù)。

      答案:

      選擇題:1-5 C C B A B 6-10 A B D D B 判斷題:1-5 √ √ X X X 6-10 √ X X X √

      第三篇:《國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)》習(xí)題集附答案精簡最終版

      《國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)》習(xí)題集

      第一模塊 貨物的品質(zhì)

      一、不定項選擇題

      1、賣方根據(jù)買方來樣復(fù)制樣品,寄送買方并經(jīng)其確認的樣品,被稱為(BDE)。A、復(fù)樣

      B、回樣

      C、原樣

      D、確認樣

      E、對等樣品

      2、在國際貿(mào)易中,造型上有特殊要求或具有色香味方面特征的商品適合于(A)A、憑樣品買賣

      B、憑規(guī)格買賣

      C、憑等級買賣 D、憑產(chǎn)地名稱買賣

      3、若合同規(guī)定由品質(zhì)公差條款,則在公差范圍內(nèi),賣方(A)A、不得拒收貨物 B、可以拒收貨物 C、可以要求調(diào)整價格 D、可以拒收貨物也可以要求調(diào)整價格

      4、大路貨是指(D)

      A、適于商銷

      B、上好可銷品質(zhì) C、質(zhì)量劣等

      D、良好平均品質(zhì)

      5、賣方交貨是因采用GMQ標準而發(fā)生爭議,通常的解決方式是(C)A、根據(jù)買方所在國法律解決 B、根據(jù)賣方所在國法律解決 C、同業(yè)公會一仲裁的方式解決 D、國際法庭解決

      6、目前我國出口的某些工藝品、服裝、輕工業(yè)品等常用來表示品質(zhì)的方法是(A)A、憑樣品買賣

      B、憑規(guī)格買賣

      C、憑等級買賣

      D、憑產(chǎn)地名稱買賣

      10、憑樣品買賣時,如果合同中無其他規(guī)定,那么賣方所交貨物(B)A、可以與樣品大致相同

      B、必須與樣品完全一致

      C、允許有合理公差

      D、允許在包裝規(guī)格上有一定幅度的差異

      二、判斷題

      1、在出口貿(mào)易中,表達品質(zhì)的方法多種多樣,為了明確責(zé)任,最好采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買賣的方法。N2、在出口憑樣品成交業(yè)務(wù)中,為了爭取國外客戶,便于達成交易,出口企業(yè)應(yīng)盡量選擇質(zhì)量最好的樣品請對方確認并簽訂合同。

      N3、在約定的品質(zhì)機動幅度或品質(zhì)公差范圍內(nèi)的品質(zhì)差異,除非另有規(guī)定,一般不另行增減價格。

      Y

      第二模塊 貨物的數(shù)量

      一、不定項選擇題

      1、“以毛作凈”實際上就是(B)。A、以凈重作為毛重作為計價的基礎(chǔ) B、按毛重計算重量作為計價的基礎(chǔ) C、按理論重量作為計價的基礎(chǔ) D、按法定重量作為計價的基礎(chǔ)

      2、我國目前使用最多的計量方法(B)。A、按數(shù)量計算

      B、按重量計算 C、按長度計算

      D、按體積計算

      3、國際貿(mào)易中大宗農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品、礦產(chǎn)品及部分工業(yè)制成品習(xí)慣計量方法(C)。A、按面積計算

      B、按長度計算 C、按重量計算

      D、按容積計算

      4、在國際貿(mào)易中,木材、天然氣和化學(xué)氣體習(xí)慣的計量單位(C)。A、按重量計算

      B、按面積計算 C、按體積計算

      D、按容積計算

      5、在國際貿(mào)易中,酒類、汽油等液體商品習(xí)慣的計量單位(D)。A、按重量計算

      B、按面積計算 C、按體積計算

      D、按容積計算

      6、在國際貿(mào)易中,一些貴重金屬如黃金、白銀的習(xí)慣的計量單位(B)。A、克拉

      B、盎司

      C、長噸

      D、公擔(dān)

      7、在國際貿(mào)易中最常見的計重方法是(A)。

      A、凈重

      B、毛重

      C、公量

      D、法定重量

      8、根據(jù)《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》規(guī)定,合同中使用“大約”、“近似”等約量字眼,可解釋為交貨數(shù)量的增減幅度為(B)。A、不超過5%

      B、不超過10%

      C、不超過15%

      D、由賣方自行決定

      9、采用FOB術(shù)語成交,數(shù)量的機動幅度一般由(A)。A、買方和船方共同協(xié)商與以確定 B、賣方和船方共同協(xié)商與以確定 C、賣方單獨確定 D、船方單獨確定

      10、采用CIF和CFR術(shù)語成交,數(shù)量的機動幅度一般由(B)。A、買方和船方共同協(xié)商予以確定 B、賣方和船方共同協(xié)商予以確定 C、賣方單獨確定 D、船方單獨確定

      11、在國際貿(mào)易中通常采用的度量衡制度有(ABCD)。A、英制

      B、美制

      C、國際單位制

      D、公制

      12、溢短裝數(shù)量的計價方法包括(ABC)A、按合同價格結(jié)算 B、按裝船日的行市計算

      C、按貨物到目的地時的世界市場價格計算 D、由仲裁機構(gòu)解決 E、由賣方自行決定

      二、判斷題

      1、某外商來電要我方提供大豆,按含油量18%、含水量14%,不完整粒7%,雜質(zhì)1%的規(guī)格訂立合同。對此,在一般條件下,我方可以接受。N2、中國A公司向《公約》締約國B公司出口大米,合同規(guī)定數(shù)量為50000公噸,允許賣方可溢短裝10%。A公司在裝船時共裝了58000公噸,遭到賣方拒收。按公約的規(guī)定。買方有權(quán)這樣做。

      N

      第三模塊 貨物的包裝

      一.不定項選擇題

      1.按照國際慣例,如果合同中沒有相關(guān)規(guī)定,則運輸標志一般由(B)提供。

      A.開證行 B.賣方

      C.買方 D.船方

      2.定牌中性包裝是指(A)。

      A.在商品本身及其包裝上使用買方指定的商標/牌號,但不表明產(chǎn)地

      B.在商品本身及其包裝上使用買方指定的商標/牌號,也表明產(chǎn)地

      C.在商品本身及其包裝上不使用買方指定的商標/牌號,也不表明產(chǎn)地

      D.在商品本身及其包裝上不使用買方指定的商標/牌號,但表明產(chǎn)地

      3.運輸標志的作用是(ABCD)。

      A.便于識別貨物

      B.方便運輸

      C.易于計數(shù) D.防止錯發(fā)錯運

      E.促進銷售

      4.運輸包裝從方式上看,可以分為(BC)。

      A.混雜包裝 B.單件包裝

      C.集合運輸包裝

      D.中性包裝

      E.標牌包裝

      5.按國際慣例,包裝費用(C)。

      A.不應(yīng)包括在貨物價格之內(nèi),并在合同中列示 B.應(yīng)包括在貨物價格之內(nèi),但必須在合同中另外列示 C.包括在貨物價格之內(nèi),一般不在合同中另外列示 D.不應(yīng)包括在貨物價格之內(nèi),也不必在合同中列示 6.運輸包裝和銷售包裝的分類,是按(D)。

      A.包裝的目的來劃分的B.包裝的形式來劃分的

      C.包裝所使用的材料來劃分的 D.包裝在流通過程中的作用來劃分的

      7、包裝標志按其用途,可分為(ABC)。

      A.運輸標志 B.指示性標志

      C.警告性標志 D.識別標志

      E.條形碼標志

      8、條碼標志主要用于商品的(A)上。

      A.銷售包裝 B.運輸包裝

      C銷售包裝和運輸包裝 D.任何包裝 9. 國際貨物買賣合同中的包裝條款,主要包括(ABCD)。

      A.包裝材料 B.包裝方式

      C.包裝費用 D.運輸標志 10.集合運輸包裝可以分為(ABCD)。

      A.集裝袋

      B.集裝包

      C集裝箱 D.托盤

      E.桶裝

      二.判斷題

      1.運輸包裝上的標志就是指運輸標志,也就是通常所說的嘜頭。

      (N)

      2.包裝費用通常在單價以外另行計價。

      (N)3.以下包裝條款是正確的:木箱裝,然后裝托盤。

      (N)4.國際上通用的條形碼有兩類:UPC和EAN。UPC碼是目前國際公認的物品編碼標識系統(tǒng)。

      (N)5.包裝由賣方?jīng)Q定,買方不得要求使用特殊包裝。

      (N)6.運輸標志、指示性標志和警告性標志都是刷在商品的外包裝上的。(Y)7.對于警告性標志,各國一般都有統(tǒng)一規(guī)定。但我國出口危險品貨物除印刷我國的危險品標志外,還應(yīng)標明國際上規(guī)定的危險品標志。

      (Y)

      8.進出口商品包裝上的包裝標志,都要在運輸單據(jù)上表明。

      (Y)

      9.采用定牌出口商品時,除非買賣雙方另有規(guī)定,一般都應(yīng)在商品包裝上注明“中國制造”字樣。

      (Y)

      10.指示性標志用圖形或文字表示。

      (Y)

      第五模塊 貿(mào)易術(shù)語和出口價格核算

      一.不定項選擇題

      1.貿(mào)易術(shù)語在國際貿(mào)易中的主要作用是(ABCD)。A.簡化交易手續(xù) B.明確交易雙方責(zé)任 C.縮短磋商時間 D.節(jié)省費用開支

      2.按照《2010年通則》的解釋,采用FOB條件成交,買賣雙方風(fēng)險劃分的界限是(D)。

      A.運輸工具上 B.裝運港船邊

      C.裝運港船舷 D.裝運港船上

      3.根據(jù)《2010年通則》的解釋,按CFR術(shù)語成交,賣方無義務(wù)(C)。A.提交貨運單據(jù) B.租船訂艙 C.辦理貨運保險 D.取得出口許可證

      4.按照《2010年通則》的解釋,采用CIF條件成交時,貨物裝船時從吊鉤脫落掉人海里造成的損失由(A)。A.賣方負擔(dān) B.買方負擔(dān) C.承運人負擔(dān) D.買賣雙方共同負擔(dān)

      5.按照《2010年通則》的解釋,CIF與CFR的主要區(qū)別在于(B)。A.辦理租船訂艙的責(zé)任方不同 B.辦理貨運保險的責(zé)任方不同 C.風(fēng)險劃分的界限不同

      D.辦理出口手續(xù)的責(zé)任方不同

      6.我國出口公司向德國出口核桃3000公噸,一般應(yīng)采用(D)貿(mào)易術(shù)語為好。A.FOB漢堡 B.FOB青島 C.FOB北京機場 D.CIF漢堡

      7.在實際業(yè)務(wù)中,F(xiàn)OB條件下,買方常委托賣方代為租船、訂艙,其費用由買方負擔(dān)。如到期訂不到艙,租不到船,(A)。A.賣方不承擔(dān)責(zé)任,其風(fēng)險由買方承擔(dān) B.賣方承擔(dān)責(zé)任,其風(fēng)險也由賣方承擔(dān) C. 買賣雙方共同承擔(dān)責(zé)任、風(fēng)險 D.雙方均不承擔(dān)責(zé)任,合同停止履行

      8.根據(jù)《2010年通則》的解釋,F(xiàn)OB條件和CFR條件下賣方均應(yīng)負擔(dān)(ACD)。A.提交商業(yè)發(fā)票及海運提單

      B.租船訂艙并支付運費 C.貨物于裝運港越過船舷以前的一切風(fēng)險 D.辦理出口通關(guān)手續(xù)

      9.按照《2010年通則》的解釋,F(xiàn)OB、CFR與CIF的共同之處表現(xiàn)在(ABD)。A.均適合水上運輸方式

      B.風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)移均為裝運港船舷 C.買賣雙方責(zé)任劃分基本相同

      D.交貨地點均為裝運港 10.價格條款的正確寫法是(D)。

      A.每件3.50元CIF香港 B.每件3.50美元CIF C.每件3.50元CIFC倫敦

      D.每件3.50美元CIF C 2%倫敦

      二.判斷題

      1.如果買賣雙方在合同中作出與國際慣例完全相反的約定,只要這些約定是合法的,將得到有關(guān)國家法律的承認和保護,并不因與慣例相抵觸而失效。(Y)2.FOB價格條件按各國慣例的解釋都是由賣方負責(zé)申請領(lǐng)取出口許可證和支付出口稅。(N)

      3.以下的價格表示法是否正確:DM75.00CIF Hamburg。

      (N)4.按FOB、CFR、CIF三種貿(mào)易術(shù)語成交,貨物在裝運港裝上船以后,風(fēng)險即告轉(zhuǎn)移。因此,當(dāng)貨物到達目的港后,買方如果發(fā)現(xiàn)到貨品質(zhì)、數(shù)量和/或包裝有任何與合同規(guī)定不符的情況,賣方就不負責(zé)任。

      (N)5.在FOB條件下,賣方可以接受買方委托,代理租船訂艙手續(xù)。(Y)6.使用固定價格,在合同中明確規(guī)定之后,均按合同確定的價格結(jié)算貨款,任何一方不得擅自變更原價格。

      (Y)

      7、凡是價格中不含傭金的稱為凈價。

      (N)8.價格條款包括計量單位、單位價格金額、計價貨幣和價格術(shù)語。(N)4 9.傭金和折扣都是在收到全部貨款之后再支付的。

      (N)

      第六模塊 國際貨物運輸

      一.不定項選擇題

      1.班輪運輸?shù)倪\費應(yīng)該包括(A)。

      A.裝卸費,不計滯期費、速遣費 B.裝卸費,但計滯期費、速遣費 C.卸貨費和應(yīng)計滯期費,不計速遣費 D.卸貨費和速遣費,不計滯期費 2.當(dāng)貿(mào)易術(shù)語采用CIF時,海運提單對運費的表示應(yīng)為(A)。A.Freight Prepaid B.Freight Collect C. Freight Prepayable D.Freight Unpaid 3.國際多式聯(lián)合運輸是以至少兩種不同的運輸方式將貨物從一國境內(nèi)接受貨物的地點運至另一國境內(nèi)指定交付貨物的地點的運輸,它由(A)。

      A.一個聯(lián)運經(jīng)營人負責(zé)貨物的全程運輸,運費按全程費率一次計收 B.一個聯(lián)運經(jīng)營人負責(zé)貨物的全程運輸,運費按不同運輸方式分別計收 C全程運輸方式的經(jīng)營人負責(zé)貨物的全程運輸,運費按全程費率一次計收 D.多種運輸方式,分別經(jīng)營,分別計費 4.班輪運輸?shù)奶攸c是(ABCD)。

      A.定線、定港、定期和相對穩(wěn)定的運費費率

      B.由船方負責(zé)對貨物的裝卸,運費中包括裝卸費,不規(guī)定滯期、速遣條款

      C.承運貨物的品種、數(shù)量較為靈活

      D.雙方權(quán)利、義務(wù)\責(zé)任豁免以船公司簽發(fā)的提單的有關(guān)規(guī)定為依據(jù) 5.裝運期的規(guī)定辦法通常有(AB)。

      A.明確規(guī)定具體裝運期限 B.規(guī)定在收到信用證后若干天

      C.規(guī)定在某一天裝運完畢 D.籠統(tǒng)規(guī)定近期裝運

      6.在定程租船方式下,我國對裝卸費的收取采用較為普遍的辦法是(A)。A.船方不負擔(dān)裝卸費 B.船方負擔(dān)裝卸費

      C.船方只負擔(dān)裝貨費,而不負擔(dān)卸貨費 D.船方只負擔(dān)卸貨費,而不負擔(dān)裝貨費 7.按提單對貨物表面狀況有無不良批注,可分為(AB)。A.清潔提單 B.不清潔提單 C.記名提單 D.不記名提單 8.在進出口業(yè)務(wù)中,能夠作為物權(quán)憑證的運輸單據(jù)有(B)。A.鐵路運單 B.海運提單 C.航空運單 D.郵包收據(jù) 9.在業(yè)務(wù)中,出口商完成裝運后,憑(C)向船公司換取正式提單。A.發(fā)貨單 B.收貨單 C.大副收據(jù) D.商業(yè)發(fā)票

      10.必須經(jīng)背書才能進行轉(zhuǎn)讓的提單是(C)。

      A.記名提單

      B.不記名提單

      C.指示提單

      D.海運單

      二、判斷題

      1.海運提單如有三份正本,則憑其中任何一份即可在卸貨港向船公司或船代理提貨。(N)

      2.如合同中規(guī)定裝運條款為“2003年7/8月份裝運”,那么我出口公司必須將貨物于7月、8月兩個月內(nèi),每月各裝一批。(N)

      3.凡裝在同一航次、同一條船上的貨物,即使裝運時間和裝運地點不同,也不作分批裝運。

      (Y)

      4.記名提單比不記名提單風(fēng)險大,故很少使用。

      (N)

      5.國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運的提單副本,可以作為發(fā)貨人據(jù)以結(jié)算貨款的憑證。

      (N)

      6.按慣例,速遣費通常為滯期費的一半。

      (Y)7.根據(jù)《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》的規(guī)定,如果信用證中沒有明確規(guī)定是否允許分批裝運及轉(zhuǎn)船,應(yīng)理解為允許。

      (Y)

      8.記名提單和指示提單同樣可以背書轉(zhuǎn)讓。

      (N)9.清潔提單是指不載有任何批注的提單。

      (N)10.在航空運輸中,收貨人提貨憑航空公司的提貨通知單。

      (Y)

      第七模塊

      貨物的保險

      一、不定項選擇題

      1、海上風(fēng)險有(BC)。

      A、雨淋

      B、地震

      C、失火

      D、銹損

      2、構(gòu)成共同海損的條件(ABC)。

      A、共同海損的危險必須是實際存在的,不是主觀臆測的 B、消除船、貨共同危險而采取的措施必須是合理的 C、必須是屬于非正常性質(zhì)的損失

      D、采取措施后,船方和貨方都做出可一定的犧牲

      3、海上貨物運輸保險中,除合同另有約定外,哪些原因造成貨物損失,保險人不予賠償(ABCD)。A、交貨延遲

      B、被保險人的過失 C、市場行情變化

      D、貨物自然損耗

      4、下列危險中屬于自然災(zāi)害的有(ABCDE)。

      A、惡劣氣候

      B、雷電

      C、海嘯

      D、地震

      E、火山爆發(fā)

      5、下列危險屬于意外事故的有(ABCE)。

      A、擱淺

      B、觸礁

      C、失蹤

      D、雷電

      E、爆炸

      6、構(gòu)成實際全損的情況有(ABC)。

      A、保險標的物全部滅失

      B、保險標的物完全變質(zhì)

      C、保險標的物不可能歸還保險人 D、施救費用和救助費用超過保險價值

      7、出口茶葉,為防止運輸途中串味,辦理保險時,應(yīng)投保(BCD)。A、串味險

      B、平安險加串味險

      C、水漬險加串味險

      D、一切險

      8、土畜產(chǎn)公司出口腸衣一批,為防止在運輸途中因容器損壞而引起滲漏損失,保險時應(yīng)投保(BD)。A、滲漏險

      B、一切險

      C、一切險加滲漏險

      D、水漬險加滲漏險

      9、根據(jù)我國海洋運輸保險條款規(guī)定,一般附加險包括(ABD)。A、短量險

      B、偷竊提貨不著險

      C、交貨不到險

      D、串味險

      10、某國遠洋貨輪,滿載貨物從s港啟航,途中遇颶風(fēng),貨輪觸礁貨物損失慘重。貨主向其投保的保險公司發(fā)出委付通知,在此情況下,該保險公司可以選擇的處理方法是什么?(AD)A、必須接受委付

      B、拒絕接受委付

      C、先接受委付,然后撤回 D、接受委付,不得撤回

      二、判斷題

      1、海上保險業(yè)務(wù)的意外事故,僅局限于發(fā)生在海上的意外事故。

      (N)

      2、船舶失蹤達半年以上可以推定全損處理。

      (Y)

      3、共同海損是部分海損中的一種。

      (Y)

      4、“一切險”的承保范圍包括由自然災(zāi)害、意外事故以及一切外來風(fēng)險所造成的被保險貨物的損失。

      (N)

      5、單獨海損是指載貨船舶在海運途中,被保險貨物造成的部分損失。(N)

      6、我某公司按CFR貿(mào)易術(shù)語進口時,在國內(nèi)投保了一切險,保險公司的責(zé)任起訖應(yīng)為倉至倉。

      6(Y)

      7、在海運貨物保險業(yè)務(wù)中,倉至倉條款對于駁船運輸造成的損失,保險公司不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

      (N)

      8、在國際貿(mào)易中,向保險公司投保一切險,在運輸途中由于任何外來原因造成的一切貨損,均可向保險公司索賠。

      (N)

      9、托運出口玻璃制品時,白保險人在投保一切先后,還應(yīng)加保破碎險。(N)

      10、水漬險的責(zé)任范圍是除平安險責(zé)任范圍以內(nèi)的全部責(zé)任外,還包括由于暴風(fēng)、巨浪等自然災(zāi)害引起的部分損失。

      (Y)

      第八模塊

      貨款的結(jié)算

      一、不定項選擇題

      1. 某銀行簽發(fā)一張匯票,以另一家銀行為受票人,則這張匯票是(BD)A.商業(yè)匯票 B.銀行匯票 C.商業(yè)承兌匯票 D.銀行承兌匯票 2. 在信用證結(jié)算方式下,匯票的受款人通常的抬頭方式是(B)A.限制性抬頭 B.指示性抬頭 C.持票人抬頭 D.來人抬頭 3.屬于順匯方法的支付方式是(A)A.匯付 B.托收 C.信用證 D.銀行保函

      4.所謂信用證“嚴格相符”的原則,是指受益人必須做到(B)A.單證與合同嚴格相符 B.單證與信用證嚴格相符 C.信用證與合同嚴格相符 D.單證與信用證、合同嚴格相符 5.屬于銀行信用的國際貿(mào)易支付方式是(C)A.匯付 B.托收 C.信用證 D.票匯

      6.在國際貿(mào)易中,用以統(tǒng)一解釋調(diào)和信用證各有關(guān)當(dāng)事人矛盾的國際慣例是(B)A.《托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》 B.《國際商會第600號出版物》 C.《合約保證書統(tǒng)一規(guī)則》 7.一張有效的信用證,必須規(guī)定一個(B)A.裝運期 B.有效期 C.交單期 D.議付期

      8.按照《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》的規(guī)定,受益人最后向銀行交單議付的期限是不遲于提單簽發(fā)日的(C)A.11 B.15 C.21 D.25 9.保兌行對保兌信用證承擔(dān)的付款責(zé)任是(A)

      A.第一性的 B.第二性的 C.第三性的 D.第四性的 10.受益人開立遠期匯票但可通過貼現(xiàn)即期足額收款的信用證是(C)A.即期信用證 B.遠期信用證 C.假遠期信用證 D.預(yù)支信用證 11.信用證的第一付款人是(B)。A.進口商 B.開征行 C.出口商 D.通知行

      12.匯票有遠期和即期之分,在托收業(yè)務(wù)中,(C)。A.只使用遠期匯票 B.只使用即期匯票 C.有時使用遠期匯票,有時使用即期匯票

      一、判斷題

      1.根據(jù)國際慣例,凡信用證上未注明可否轉(zhuǎn)讓字樣,即視為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。N 2.不可撤銷信用證列有裝運期,而未列有效期,按《國際商會500號出版物》,應(yīng)在最后裝運期前向銀行交單。Y 3.在保兌信用證下就付款責(zé)任而言開證行和保兌行同樣負第一性付款的責(zé)任。Y 4.在承兌交單情況下,是由代收行對匯票進行承兌后,向進口商交單。N 5.在票匯情況下,買方購買銀行匯票徑寄賣方,因采用的是銀行匯票,故這種付款方式屬于銀行信用。N 7 6.在一般情況下,匯票一經(jīng)付款,出票人對匯票的責(zé)任即告解除。Y 7.貼現(xiàn)是指遠期匯票經(jīng)承兌后,匯票持有人在匯票尚未到期前在貼現(xiàn)市場上轉(zhuǎn)讓,受讓人扣除貼現(xiàn)息后將票款付給出票人的行為,或是指銀行購買未到期票據(jù)的業(yè)務(wù)。Y 8.電匯收取外匯的時間較短,出口商可盡快收回貨款,加速資金周轉(zhuǎn),節(jié)約利息支出,同時由于收匯時間短,一定程度上可減少匯率波動的風(fēng)險。Y

      第九模塊 貨物的檢驗

      一、不定項選擇題

      1.若使買方在目的港對所收貨物無權(quán)提出異議,商品檢驗應(yīng)(A)。A.以離岸品質(zhì)、離岸重量為準 B.以到岸品質(zhì)、到岸重量為準 C.以離岸品質(zhì)、到岸數(shù)量為準 D.以到岸品質(zhì)、離岸數(shù)量為準

      2.在國際貨物銷售合同的商品檢驗條款中,關(guān)于檢驗時間與地點,目前使用最多的是(C)。A.在出口國檢驗 B.在進口國檢驗 C.在出口國檢驗在進口國復(fù)驗

      D.出口國檢驗、進口國復(fù)檢,再到第三國檢驗 3.對技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品,易在(AD)。A.出廠前檢驗 B.裝船前檢驗 C.目的港檢驗 D.最終用戶所在地檢驗 4.“離岸數(shù)量、到岸品質(zhì)”多用于(B)。A.小批量零星交易 B。大宗商品交易 C.賣方承擔(dān)責(zé)任較小交易

      D.貨物的品質(zhì)、數(shù)量相對穩(wěn)定的交易

      5.商檢部門對進出口商品的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、等級進行檢驗后出具的是(A)。A.品質(zhì)檢驗證書 B.重量檢驗證書 C.數(shù)量檢驗證書 D.衛(wèi)生檢驗證書

      6.我國對外貿(mào)易合同中對檢驗時間和地點的規(guī)定主要有(ABCDE)。A.產(chǎn)地或工廠檢驗

      B.出口國裝運港(地)檢驗;進口國目的港(地)檢驗 C.裝船前或裝船時在裝運港檢驗 D.在進口國檢驗

      E.裝運港(地)檢驗重量、目的港(地)檢驗品質(zhì)

      7.我國出口凍禽、凍兔、皮張、毛類、豬鬃、腸衣等貨物時,需提供(D)。A.品質(zhì)檢驗證書 B.重量檢驗證書 C.價值檢驗證書 D.獸醫(yī)檢驗證書 E.殘損檢驗證書

      8.我國商檢機構(gòu)的基本任務(wù)是(ABC)。A.實施法定檢驗 B.實施監(jiān)督管理 C.辦理公證鑒定業(yè)務(wù) D.進行對外索賠 9.商品檢驗證書在國際貿(mào)易中的作用是(ABCDE)。A.證明賣方所交貨物是否符合合同規(guī)定的依據(jù) B.對外索賠的依據(jù) C.仲裁機構(gòu)受理案件的依據(jù)

      D.海關(guān)通關(guān)放行的有效證件 E.銀行付款的主要依據(jù)

      10.我國進出口商品檢驗的范圍主要包括(ABCD)。

      A.現(xiàn)行《種類表》規(guī)定的商品

      B.我國《食品衛(wèi)生法》和《進出境動植物檢疫法》規(guī)定的商品 C.我國《進出境動植物檢疫法》規(guī)定的商品 D.我國《食品衛(wèi)生法》規(guī)定的商品

      二、判斷題

      1.買方對貨物的檢驗權(quán)是強制性的,是接受貨物的前提條件。(N)2.按照我國《商檢法》規(guī)定;法定檢驗的商品僅指《商檢機構(gòu)實施檢驗的進出口商品種類表》所列的商品。(Y)3.如果合同中作為商檢依據(jù)的品質(zhì)條款和信用證規(guī)定不符時,則商檢機構(gòu)按信用證的有關(guān)規(guī)定檢驗。(Y)4.如果合同中未對進出口商品的檢驗標準作出明確確定的話,應(yīng)首先以進口國標準作為檢驗依據(jù)。(Y)5.以裝運港檢驗機構(gòu)出具的證書為議付單據(jù),;以目的港檢驗結(jié)果為索賠依據(jù),這種做法對買賣雙方均有好處。(N)

      6、國際標準化組織的英文縮寫是SGS。(N)

      7、凡是出口商品,必須經(jīng)過商檢機構(gòu)的檢驗之后才能出口。(Y)

      8、在出口國檢驗是指在產(chǎn)地檢驗出口商品。(N)

      9、在國際貿(mào)易中,買賣雙方憑樣成交的,進行商品檢驗時應(yīng)按合同進行檢驗。(N)

      10、進出口商品檢驗機構(gòu)檢驗、鑒定后出具的證明文件稱為檢驗證書。(Y)

      第十模塊 貨物的索賠

      一、不定項選擇題

      1.交易一方認為對方未能全部或部分履行合同規(guī)定責(zé)任與義務(wù)而引起的糾紛是(A)。A.爭議 B.違約 C.索賠 D.理賠

      2.雙方當(dāng)事人在合同中明確規(guī)定“貨物運抵目的港后30天內(nèi)索賠”。這種索賠期限是(B),A.法定索賠期限 B.約定索賠期限 C.固定索賠期限 D.變動索賠期限

      3.在合同中對賣方較為有利的索賠期限可規(guī)定為(D)。A.貨物運抵目的港(地)后xx天內(nèi)

      B.貨物運抵目的港(地)后卸離海輪后X火天 C.貨物運抵最終目的地后XX天戶 D.貨物裝上船后XX天內(nèi)

      4.《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》規(guī)定的索賠期限為買方實際收到貨物后(D)內(nèi)。A.半年 B.1年 C.1年半 D.2年

      5.我與外商按CIF條件成交某商品1 000打,允許賣方有5%溢短裝幅度,我實際裝1 000打(提單也載明 000~'1),貨抵目的港后,買方即來函反映僅收到948打,并已取得船公司短少證明,向我索賠。我方正確答復(fù)應(yīng)是:(C)。A.同意補裝52打 B.同意退2打貨款 C.請與海運公司和中國人民保險公司或其代理聯(lián)系 D.與海運公司聯(lián)系

      6、國際貿(mào)易中的索賠案件,多數(shù)原因是(ABCD)。A.賣方所交貨物品質(zhì)與合同規(guī)定不符 B.賣方所交貨物數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定不符 C.賣方不按期交貨 D.買方未及時開證

      7.涉及國際貨物買賣的索賠,通常包括(ABCD)。A.買賣雙方之間的貿(mào)易索賠 B.賣方向承運人提出的運輸索賠 C.買方向承運人提出的運輸索賠 D.賣方向保險人提出的保險索賠 8.索賠期限的規(guī)定方法有(ABCD)。A.約定索賠期限 B.貨到目的港后XX天索賠 C.貨到目的港卸至碼頭后XX天索賠 D.貨到最終目的地后xx天索賠

      9.進出口合同中索賠條款有兩種規(guī)定方式(CD)A.異議條款 B.索賠條款 C.罰金條款 D.異議和索賠條款 10.異議和索賠條款包括(ABD)。A.索賠依據(jù) B.索賠期限 C.索賠處理辦法 D.索賠金額

      11.合同中的違約金條款應(yīng)訂明(ABD)。A.違約金的金額 B違約金的計算方法 C.違約金的功能 D.違約金的起算日期 12.大陸法系國家認為,違約金的功能是(AC)。A.制裁違約 B保證合同履行 C.賠償損失 D.預(yù)防違約

      二、判斷題

      1.索賠和理賠是兩種不同的事情。(N)2.遭受損害的一方向違約方要求賠償,這是理賠。(N)3.逾期提賠是無效的。(Y)4.某公司的進口設(shè)備到貨后,發(fā)現(xiàn)與合同規(guī)定不符,但賣方及時對設(shè)備進行了修理,使設(shè)備達到了原定標準。在此情況下,買方就不能提出任何損害賠償要求。(N)5.一方違反合同,沒有違約一方所能得到的損害賠償金額

      最多不超過違約方在訂立合同時所能預(yù)見的損失金額。(T)6.在進出口業(yè)務(wù)中,進口商收貨后發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物與合同規(guī)定不符,在任何時候都可向供貨方索賠。(N)

      第十一模塊 不可抗力

      一、不定項選擇題

      1.不可抗力免除了遭受意外事故的一方當(dāng)事人(A)。A.履行合同的責(zé)任 B.對損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任 C.交付貨物的責(zé)任 D.支付貨款的責(zé)任

      2.我與外商按CIF條件成交某商品1 000打,允許賣方有5%溢短裝幅度,我實際裝1 000打(提單也載明1000~1),貨抵目的港后,買方即來函反映僅收到948打,并已取得船公司短少證明,向我索賠。我方正確答復(fù)應(yīng)是:(C)。A.同意補裝52打 B.同意退2打貨款 C.請與海運公司和中國人民保險公司或其代理聯(lián)系 D.與海運公司聯(lián)系

      3.不可抗力事件是指當(dāng)事人(B)。

      A.不能預(yù)見、不能避免的事件

      B.不能預(yù)見、不能避免、不能克服的事件

      C.不能預(yù)見、不能避免、不能克服、可以預(yù)防的事件 D.可以預(yù)見、不能避免的事件

      4.當(dāng)賣方因不可抗力事故造成履行出口交貨困難時,按照法律和慣例(D)。A.只能免除交貨責(zé)任 B.只能展延交貨日期 C.減少交貨的數(shù)量

      D.有時可以免除交貨責(zé)任,有時可以展延交貨日期,視具體情況而定

      5.判定為不可抗力事故的原則是(ABD)。

      A.意外事故的發(fā)生是偶然性的,是當(dāng)事人無法預(yù)見或控制克服的 B.意外事故必須發(fā)生在合同簽訂之后

      C.由于合同雙方當(dāng)事人自身的過失或疏忽而導(dǎo)致的 D.不是因為合同雙方當(dāng)事人自身的過失或疏忽導(dǎo)致的 6.下列屬于不可抗力事故的是(ABCD)。A.水災(zāi) B.地震 C.政府禁令 D.通貨膨脹

      7.不可抗力引起的后果主要是(BCD)。A.支付違約金 B.解除合同 C.延期履行合同 D.訂立新合同 8.合同中不可抗力條款應(yīng)包括(ABCD)。A.不可抗力事故范圍 B.不可抗力事故的處理

      C.不可抗力事故發(fā)生后通知對方的期限、方式 D.證明文件及出證機構(gòu)

      9.合同中規(guī)定不可抗力范圍的方式有(BCD)A.分類式 D.概括式 C.綜合式 D.列舉式

      10.某公司對外訂立出口合同后,發(fā)生火災(zāi),全部供出口的商品被毀。如果該合同中訂有不可抗力條款,該公司可援引該條款(BD)。

      A.要求進口方按期付款 B.要求免除對買方的賠償責(zé)任 C.要求撤銷合同 D.要求延期履行合同

      二、判斷題

      1.不可抗力事故是當(dāng)事人不能預(yù)見、不能避免、不能控制或克服的。Y 2.不可抗力事故一定不是因合同當(dāng)事人自身的過失或疏忽導(dǎo)致的。Y 3.一旦在合同訂立后出現(xiàn)不可抗力事故,遭受損害的一方當(dāng)事人即可解除合同。N 4.在不可抗力范圍問題上,易產(chǎn)生分歧的是自然力量事故。Y 5.供貨方如果生產(chǎn)機器發(fā)生故障,可援引不可抗力條款要求延期交貨。N 6.在不可抗力條款中必須訂明一方發(fā)生不可抗力事故后通知對方的期限和方式。Y 7.如果采用概括式說明不可抗力事故范圍,易因雙方當(dāng)事人意見不一致而影響合同效力。Y 8.從歐洲某商進口在當(dāng)?shù)赝ǔ?梢再I到的某化工產(chǎn)品,在約定交貨前,該商所屬生產(chǎn)上述產(chǎn)品的工廠之一因爆炸被毀,該商要求援引不可抗力免責(zé)條款解除交貨責(zé)任。對此,我方應(yīng)予同意。N 9.援引不可抗力條款的法律后果是撤銷合同或推遲合同的履行。Y

      10、不可抗力屬于免責(zé)條款。Y 11

      第十二模塊

      仲裁

      一、不定項選擇題

      1、仲裁協(xié)議是仲裁機構(gòu)受理爭議案件的必要依據(jù)。仲裁協(xié)議(C)達成。A、必須在爭議發(fā)生之前 B、只能在爭議發(fā)生之后 C、既可以在爭議發(fā)生之前,也可以在爭議發(fā)生之后 D、必須在爭議發(fā)生的過程中

      2、國際貿(mào)易中,解決交易雙方所發(fā)生的爭議方式很多,包括(ABCD)。A、協(xié)商 B、調(diào)解 C、仲裁 D、訴訟

      3、關(guān)于仲裁地點有以下各種不同的規(guī)定,其中對我方最有利的一種是(C)。A、在雙方同意的第三國仲裁 B、在被訴人所在國仲裁 C、在我國仲裁 D、在對方國仲裁

      4、仲裁裁決的形式有(AC)。

      A、最終裁決 B、中間裁決 C、部分裁決 D、全部裁決

      5、訴訟與仲裁的相同點是(CD)。

      A、兩者審理案件的機構(gòu)性質(zhì)相同 B、兩者審理制度相同 C、兩者均是按照一定程序進行審理 D、兩者審理的依據(jù)相同

      6、以仲裁方式解決交易雙方爭議的必要條件是(A)。A、交易雙方當(dāng)事人訂有仲裁協(xié)議 B、交易雙方當(dāng)事人訂有合同 C、交易雙方當(dāng)事人訂有意向書 D、交易雙方當(dāng)事人訂有交易協(xié)議

      7、中國國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易仲裁委員會是我國的(A)。A 官方性常設(shè)仲裁機構(gòu) B 民間性常設(shè)仲裁機構(gòu) C 官方性臨時仲裁機構(gòu) D 民間性臨時仲裁機構(gòu)

      8、國際商會國際仲裁院設(shè)在(C)。A、德國 B、英國 C、法國 D、意大利

      9、多數(shù)國家都認定仲裁裁決是(A)。

      A、終局性的 B、可更改的 C、無約束力 D、不確定的

      10、在國際貿(mào)易中,仲裁機構(gòu)有兩種,它們是(CD)。A、國際性仲裁機構(gòu) B、地方性仲裁機構(gòu) C、臨時性仲裁機構(gòu) D、常設(shè)性仲裁機構(gòu)

      二、判斷題

      1、受理爭議的仲裁機構(gòu)是國家政權(quán)機關(guān),對爭議案件的受理具有強制管轄權(quán)。N

      2、仲裁裁決一般是終局性的,對雙方當(dāng)事人均有約束力。Y

      3、買賣雙方為解決爭議而提請仲裁時,必須向仲裁機構(gòu)遞交仲裁協(xié)議,否則,仲裁機構(gòu)不予受理。Y

      4、仲裁協(xié)議必須由合同當(dāng)事人在爭議發(fā)生之前達成,否則不能提請仲裁。N

      5、國際商會國際仲裁院是國際商會下屬的國際性常設(shè)的仲裁機構(gòu)。Y

      6、根據(jù)中國國際貿(mào)易仲裁委員會的仲裁規(guī)則,有關(guān)首席仲裁員的產(chǎn)生由仲裁委員會主席指定。N

      7、仲裁協(xié)議約束雙方當(dāng)事人只能以仲裁方式解決爭議,不得向法院起訴。Y

      8、仲裁協(xié)議的核心作用是排除法院對該爭議案件的管轄權(quán) Y

      9、仲裁協(xié)議有兩重形式,即仲裁條款和提交仲裁的協(xié)議。兩種形式不同,其法律作用與效力也是不相同的。N

      10、仲裁比訴訟的程序簡單,處理問題比較迅速及時,而且費用也較為低廉。Y

      第四篇:國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)(推薦)

      國際貿(mào)易實務(wù) 案例分析

      討論題

      漢堡某商人向紐約出口一批貨物,交易雙方按照CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語簽訂買賣合同,合同中訂有一些與CIF合同性質(zhì)相抵觸的條款,例如:“保險是為了賣方的利益”,“船到時憑裝運單據(jù)付現(xiàn)”。賣方按合同規(guī)定,將貨物從漢堡運抵紐約后,買方拒絕憑單付款,賣方因此向紐約法院起訴,要求買方付款,法院如何判定?

      討論題

      有一筆新聞紙進出口交易,出口商與進口商簽訂FOB合同,港口為倫敦,裝運期為9月份,進口商指派的船舶在9月30日之前沒有能夠抵達倫敦港,實際船舶10月5日才到。正巧10月3日一場意外火災(zāi)讓貨物損失80%。出口商讓進口商賠償損失,進口商說貨物沒有裝船,不屬于進口商承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險,出現(xiàn)爭議,如何處理?

      討論題

      買賣雙方按CIF條件簽訂了一筆初級產(chǎn)品的交易合同。在合同規(guī)定的裝運期內(nèi),賣方備妥了貨物,安排好了從裝運港到目的港的運輸事項。在裝船時,賣方考慮到從裝運港到目的港距離較近,且風(fēng)平浪靜,不會發(fā)生什么意外,因此,沒有辦理海運貨物保險。實際上,貨物也安全及時抵達目的港,但賣方所提交的單據(jù)中缺少了保險單,買方因市場行情發(fā)生了對自己不利的變化,就以賣方所交的單據(jù)不全為由,要求拒收貨物拒付貨款。請問,買方的要求是否合理?此案應(yīng)如何處理?

      討論題

      進出口商簽訂了木材進出口合同,CIF安特衛(wèi)普,貨物按期裝船后,船貨均告失蹤。出口商遂向進口商提交單據(jù),要求進口商付款,進口商發(fā)現(xiàn)所提交的單據(jù)中9項內(nèi)容不符,拒絕付款。出口商以貨物按期合格裝運,風(fēng)險已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移為理由上訴法院,要求進口商付款,法院如何處理?

      討論題

      中國一家外貿(mào)公司與日本進口商簽訂出口裘皮大衣合同,CIF大阪,合同中出口商允諾10月底保證到貨。由于加工延誤,該外貿(mào)公司無法趕上10月底到大阪的船舶,后盡力提高加工速度,全部貨物運到大阪已經(jīng)在11月8日,貨到后,進口商提出交貨期已過,市場行情發(fā)生變化,拒絕付款,而出口商堅持讓對方付款?

      討論題

      在某一出口貿(mào)易中,45天L/C,外商要求價格術(shù)語為EX-WORKS,由外商指定FORWARDER到我方工廠提貨,從外匯核銷和出口退稅的角度我想請問: 1)工廠交貨之時,便是我方物權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移之際,那么該票貨物到底以誰的名義辦理出口手續(xù)(也就是說用誰家的核銷單)?

      2)如以我方的名義出口,那么從物權(quán)的角度分析,我方對于不持有物權(quán)的貨物是否具有出口權(quán)?

      3)如以FORWARDER的名義出口,那么將意味著我方收到外匯后無法辦理核銷手續(xù)(因為我方?jīng)]有出口報關(guān)單),以及隨后的出口退稅手續(xù)。

      討論題

      我擬出口一批滑石塊,向香港客商報價USD80/MTCIFHK。香港客商回電同意我方價格,但是要求我方貿(mào)易術(shù)語改為FOBHK,即要求USD80/MTFOBHK。請依據(jù)《通則》的有關(guān)規(guī)定,分析我方可否接受?

      討論題

      我方外貿(mào)公司與英國商人簽訂一批番茄醬出口合同,條件為FOB天津新港,等裝運期前三個星期,英國商人突然來電說讓我外貿(mào)公司辦理運輸,我方能否接受?如何處理為妥?

      討論題

      我公司與荷蘭商人簽訂一批農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口合同,條件為CIF安特衛(wèi)普,裝運期為10月。我方因貨物到達港口稍晚,裝完船后的日期已經(jīng)是11月5日。為了使得順利收匯,我出口商與船公司商定出具了已裝船日期為10月31日的海運提單,請問這種做法會帶來什么樣的后果?為什么?

      討論題

      中國某公司(賣方)曾按照CIF條件向澳大利亞某商人(買方)出售一批貨物,買賣合同中沒有約定投保的具體險別,賣方按合同規(guī)定發(fā)運了貨物,并按國際慣例代買方投保了基本險中的平安險。后買方指責(zé)賣方?jīng)]有保一切險,其理由是,既然貨價中包括了保險費,賣方就應(yīng)該加保險公司所提供的一切險。雙方引起爭議?

      討論題

      有一份FOB合同,買方已向保險公司投?!皞}至倉條款”的一切險(All Risks with warehouse to warehouse Clause)。貨物從賣方倉庫運往裝運港碼頭途中,發(fā)生了承保范圍內(nèi)的損失。賣方事后以保險單含有“倉至倉條款”,要求保險公司賠償,但遭拒絕,后來賣方又請買方以買方的名義憑保險單向保險公司索賠,但同樣遭拒絕。

      上述案例中貨物是從賣方倉庫運往裝運碼頭途中發(fā)生了承保范圍內(nèi)的損失,所保一切險又含“倉至蒼條款”,請問為什么保險公司會拒賠?

      討論題

      我按CIF出口冷凍食品一批,合同規(guī)定投保平安險加戰(zhàn)爭險、罷工險。貨到目的港后適逢碼頭工人罷工,港口無人作業(yè),貨物無法卸載。不久貨輪因無法補充燃料以致冷凍設(shè)備停機。等到罷工結(jié)束,該批冷凍食品已變質(zhì)。請問這種由于罷工而引起的損失,保險公司是否負責(zé)賠償?

      討論題

      一香港商人與內(nèi)地某出口公司簽訂了一批服裝出口合同,為方便出口和付款手續(xù),要求我方辦理一切出境手續(xù),并并于某日在深圳關(guān)境前卡車交貨,港商負責(zé)承擔(dān)運往香港一段的運輸及費用,付款條件為交貨付現(xiàn)(Cash on Delivery),香港商人用匯豐銀行的銀行匯票付款。請問我出口公司能否接受對方的條件?

      討論題

      國內(nèi)某出口公司在廣交會上與一外商擬簽訂一筆出口合同,外商在廣交會上遞交了以國外某銀行為付款人的金額為5萬美金的支票要求出口公司在2天后將合同貨物裝運出口。請問我方能否接受該外商的條件?

      討論題

      我某國內(nèi)外貿(mào)公司與一南斯拉夫商人簽訂一筆出口化肥的CIF合同,合同金額為260萬美元,付款條件為D/P90天。我方通過銀行向進口商托收貨款,貨物出運后一個半月后,南斯拉夫商人發(fā)來傳真,說貨物已經(jīng)抵運目的港,但是銀行不放單據(jù),他沒法收貨,請出口商

      通知銀行,因為銀行可以通過DP/TR方式放單,請出口商盡快與托收行聯(lián)系,我方向銀行發(fā)出傳真可以憑DP/TR放單,可后來發(fā)現(xiàn)進口商拖延不支付貨款,我方該如何處理?

      討論題

      國內(nèi)某出口公司與阿根廷商人簽訂了FOB合同,貨值580萬美元,付款為D/P即期,發(fā)貨后,委托銀行托收貨款。后銀行通知出口公司,進口商拒付。發(fā)電給進口商,進口商說該國外匯短缺暫停售匯,而進口商來電聲稱船舶在途中遇到大風(fēng)大浪海水進倉致使90%的貨物被水浸泡。該進口商在傳真中稱等待我出口公司指示如何處置貨物。請問如何處理?應(yīng)從此例中吸取什么教訓(xùn)?

      討論題

      印度商人與英國進口商簽訂出口魚粉合同,信用證付款。該信用證規(guī)定出口商提交的單據(jù)包括注明全魚粉的發(fā)票,而印度商人交單時提供的發(fā)票只注明了魚粉,結(jié)果遭到開證行的退單。而印度商人堅持讓開證行付款,又遭拒絕,請問銀行是否在這種情況下有權(quán)退單?

      討論題

      某新加坡進口商與一韓國公司簽訂了一筆石油進口合同,F(xiàn)OB迪拜,用即期信用證付款。該新加坡進口商在裝運港口監(jiān)督裝船時發(fā)現(xiàn)原油的顏色有問題,遂通知信用證開證行停止向韓國公司支付信用證項下的款項,銀行不同意,該新加坡進口商馬上決定向當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ浩鹪V,讓法院裁定銀行凍結(jié)付款,請問該進口商是否可以向法院上訴?法院應(yīng)如何處理?

      討論題H機械進出口公司與國外買方訂有一份CIF合同,出售機床200臺。貨到目的港后,買方發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分零件生銹,他認為這批貨是存?zhèn)}太久的倉底貨,因此向H公司提出20%的折扣索賠。當(dāng)H公司經(jīng)研究后提出用全部新貨物換回已交付的貨物時,買方已將該批貨物運往他國銷售,雙方由此發(fā)生爭議。請問上述爭議應(yīng)如何處理?

      討論題印度商人與英國商人簽訂出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品合同,條件為CIF倫敦,交貨期為11月份。后發(fā)生中東戰(zhàn)爭,蘇伊士運河被封閉。印度商人稱發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭導(dǎo)致的不可抗力因素不能交貨。英國商人不同意,稱可繞道好望角,而印度商人說要增加許多運費,讓英國商人承擔(dān)。英國商人不同意承擔(dān)。印度商人是否還要交貨?

      討論題某國內(nèi)企業(yè)與瑞士R公司談判一個獨家經(jīng)銷合同,擬與該公司簽訂10年獨家出口合同。瑞士R公司要求該合同受瑞士法律管轄,而且仲裁地點在瑞士,請問此條件能否接受,如何處理?

      討論題某年9月中旬,A公司有一機器設(shè)備要出售,向國外某客戶B公司發(fā)盤。發(fā)盤中介紹了設(shè)備情況,報了價格,并規(guī)定發(fā)盤有效期為9月底之前。B公司研究了發(fā)盤條件,認為可以接受,但沒有向發(fā)盤人表示接受的意向,而是派代理人直接到A公司所在地辦理購買手續(xù)并安排接運設(shè)備事宜。但在20日,C公司得知A公司要出售設(shè)備的消息,便派人到現(xiàn)場付款后提貨。9月25日B公司的代理人趕到A公司所在地時,發(fā)現(xiàn)所要設(shè)備已被他人提走,便要求A公司賠償他的損失。對此A公司認為雙方之間沒有合同關(guān)系,予以拒絕。請問,B公司是否有權(quán)向A公司索賠?并請說明理由。

      討論題我A公司以電傳方式向美國B公司發(fā)盤出售農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,數(shù)量為1000噸,價格為每噸4200美元CIF舊金山,新麻袋包裝,以不可撤銷即期信用證付款,交貨期為收到信用證后兩個月內(nèi)。此外,發(fā)盤列明了具體農(nóng)產(chǎn)品規(guī)格,并寫明限B公司4日內(nèi)答復(fù)有效。A公司發(fā)盤后的第二天即收到B公司的回電,稱“Accept your offer shipment immediately”。A公司對此未作答復(fù)。次日,B公司通過花期銀行開來不可撤銷即期信用證,注明:收到信用證兩個月內(nèi)裝運。此時該貨國際市場價格上漲20%,因此,A公司拒絕按原發(fā)盤條件向B公司供貨,并立即退回信用證。請問,根據(jù)《公約》,A公司做法是否妥當(dāng)?

      討論題我某公司向意大利某商保盤出售農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,在發(fā)盤中除列明各項交易必要條件外,還注明“用新麻袋包裝”。在發(fā)盤有效期內(nèi)意大利商人復(fù)電稱“接受你方的發(fā)盤條件,新麻袋包裝”。我方收到上述復(fù)電后,即著手備貨,數(shù)日后該農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國際市場價格猛跌,意商來電稱:“我對包裝條件作了變更,你未確認,合同并未成立”,而我方堅持合同已經(jīng)成立,于是雙方出現(xiàn)爭議。合同是否成立?

      討論題3月15日,A公司向新加坡客戶C公司發(fā)盤:“報童裝兔毛衫200打,貨號:CM034,每打CIF新加坡100美元,8月份裝運,即期信用證付款,25日復(fù)到有效?!?月22日收G公司答復(fù)如下:“你15日發(fā)盤收到。你方報價過高,若降至每打90美元可接受?!盇公司次日復(fù)電;“我方報價已是最低價,降價之事歉難考慮.”3月26日G公司又要求航郵一份樣品以供參考.29日,A公司寄出樣品,并函告對方:“4月8閂前復(fù)到有效?!?月3日,G公司回函表示按受發(fā)盤的全部內(nèi)容,4月10日送達A公司。經(jīng)辦人員視其為逾期接受,故末作任何表示。7月6日,A公司收到C公司開來的信用證,并請求盡可能早的航班出運。此時因原料價格上漲,公司己將價格調(diào)整至每打110美元,故于7月8日回復(fù)稱:“我公司與你方此前未達成任何協(xié)議,你方雖曾對我方發(fā)盤表示接受,但我方4月10日才收到,此乃逾期接受,無效.請恕我方不能發(fā)貨.信用證已請銀行退回.如你方有意成交,我方重新報價每打CIF新加坡110美元,9月份交貨其他條件不變?!?月12日C公司來電;“我方曾于4月3日接受你發(fā)盤,雖然如你方所言,4月10日才送達你方,但因你我兩地之郵程需三天時間,盡管我方接受在傳遞過程中出現(xiàn)了失誤,你我兩國均為《聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約》,的締約國,按《公約》第21條第2款規(guī)定,你方在收到我方逾期接受后未作任何表示,這就意味著合同已經(jīng)成立,請確認你方將履行合同,否則,一切后果將由你方承擔(dān)?!闭埛治鯣公司的上述觀點是否正確?

      第五篇:國際貿(mào)易理論習(xí)題集

      《國際貿(mào)易理論》練習(xí)題第一章國際貿(mào)易概述 一單項選擇

      1、能夠比較確切地反映一國對外貿(mào)易實際規(guī)模,便于各個時期進行比較的是(D)指標。

      A貿(mào)易順差 B對外貿(mào)易額 C對外貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu) D對外貿(mào)易量

      2、海島國家,如英國、日本,也常用(D)來表示對外貿(mào)易。A國外貿(mào)易 B外國貿(mào)易 C商業(yè)貿(mào)易 D海外貿(mào)易

      3、一國在其境內(nèi)設(shè)有自由港和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)時,其關(guān)境(B)A 大于國境 B 小于國境 C 等于國境 D 與國境無關(guān)

      4、一國關(guān)境與其國境相比(D)

      A關(guān)境可以小于國境 B關(guān)境可以大于國境 C關(guān)境可以等于國境 D以上都對

      5、以貨物通過關(guān)境為標準統(tǒng)計的進出口標準稱為(D)A有形貿(mào)易

      B無形貿(mào)易

      C總貿(mào)易

      D專門貿(mào)易

      6、轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易又稱(A)

      A間接貿(mào)易

      B進口貿(mào)易

      C出口貿(mào)易

      D對外貿(mào)易

      7、貿(mào)易順差是指(A)

      A.出口總額大于進口總額

      B.進口總額大于出口總額 C.國際收支為正

      D.國際收支為負 元,這—年該國貿(mào)易依存度為(C)。

      A.出口貿(mào)易依存度力16.6%

      B.進口貿(mào)易依存度為20% C.對外貿(mào)易依存度為36.6%

      D.對外貿(mào)易依存度為16.6%

      9.能指明一國出口貨物和服務(wù)的去向與進口貨物和服務(wù)的來源,并能反映出一國與其他國家或國家集團之間經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易聯(lián)系程度的指標是:(B)

      A、對外貿(mào)易方向

      B、國際貿(mào)易地理方向

      C、對外貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)

      D、國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)

      10、當(dāng)一定時期內(nèi)一國進口總額超過出口總額時,稱為(B)

      A貿(mào)易順差

      B貿(mào)易逆差

      C貿(mào)易失衡

      D貿(mào)易平衡

      11、在世界貿(mào)易中,(A)國家是世界貿(mào)易的主體,是各國主要市場。

      A發(fā)達資本主義

      B發(fā)展中

      C不發(fā)達資本主義

      D轉(zhuǎn)型

      12、通常所說的國際貿(mào)易額是單指(B)而言。

      A世界進口總額

      B

      世界出口總額

      C世界進出口總額

      D世界進口差額

      13、一個單位的出口商品可以換回多少個進口商品,即出口價格與進口價格之間的比率是(B)

      A貿(mào)易依存度

      B貿(mào)易條件

      C貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)

      D貿(mào)易比率

      14、具體商品的進出口屬于(A)

      A有形貿(mào)易

      B無形貿(mào)易

      C進出口貿(mào)易

      D商品貿(mào)易

      15、當(dāng)貨物運輸?shù)倪^程中經(jīng)過第三國的國境,對第三國來說這種貿(mào)易是(C)

      A進口貿(mào)易

      B出口貿(mào)易

      C過境貿(mào)易

      D轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

      二、多項選擇題

      1、當(dāng)進口總額超過出口總額時,可稱之為(B C E)

      A.貿(mào)易順差

      B.貿(mào)易逆差

      C.貿(mào)易赤字

      D.出超

      E.入超

      2、反映國際貿(mào)易地理方向的指標有(A B)

      A.一國的出口額占世界出口總額的比重 B.一國的進口額占世界進口總額的比重

      8、某國1988年國民生產(chǎn)總值為1 200億美元,同年該國出口貿(mào)易為240億美元,進口貿(mào)易額為200億美

      C.各國的制成品出口額占世界出口總額的比重 D.各國的制成品進口額占世界進口總額的比重 E.各國的進出口總量占世界進出口總量的比重

      3、按貨物移動方向不同,國際貿(mào)易可分為(BCD)

      A.直接貿(mào)易

      B.進口貿(mào)易

      C.出口貿(mào)易

      D.過境貿(mào)易

      E.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

      4、某國在1992年貿(mào)易規(guī)模為:出口380億美元,進口312億美元,這一年該國貿(mào)易狀況為(ABE)。

      A.順差68億美元

      B.凈出口68億美元

      C.入超68億美元

      D.凈進68億美元 E.貿(mào)易總額692億美元

      5、按貿(mào)易是否有第三國參加,國際貿(mào)易可分為(ADE)

      A.直接貿(mào)易

      B.進口貿(mào)易

      C.出口貿(mào)易

      D.間接貿(mào)易

      E.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

      6、下列屬于無形貿(mào)易是(BCDE)

      A服裝貿(mào)易

      B技術(shù)服務(wù)

      C勞務(wù)輸出

      D運輸

      E保險

      7、按參加國的情況國際貿(mào)易可分為(CD)

      A單方貿(mào)易

      B多方貿(mào)易

      C雙邊貿(mào)易

      D多邊貿(mào)易

      E單邊貿(mào)易

      8、對外貿(mào)易依存度的指標包括(ABC)

      A外貿(mào)總依存度

      B出口依存度

      C進口依存度

      D進口比例

      E出口比例

      9、關(guān)于貿(mào)易條件的說法正確的有(ABC)

      A又稱交換比價

      B又稱貿(mào)易比價

      C其值大于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

      10、補償貿(mào)易的方式有(ABC)

      A返銷

      B互購

      C部分補償

      D以貨換貨

      E協(xié)作生產(chǎn)

      三、名詞解釋

      1、國際貿(mào)易:是指不同國家(或地區(qū))之間進行的商品交換活動。

      2、對外貿(mào)易量:

      從某個國家或地區(qū)的角度來看,是指該國(或地區(qū))同別國(或地區(qū))進行的商品交換活動。3國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu):

      一國在一定時期里(如一年)各類商品在進出口貿(mào)易額中所占的比重,叫做該國的對外貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)。

      4、易貨貿(mào)易:

      是指兩國之間不使用貨幣而是以貨物作為償付工具的商品交換活動,即以貨換貨。

      四、簡答題

      1、簡述國際貿(mào)易與對外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別。

      答:國際貿(mào)易與對外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別是看待問題的角度不同。國際貿(mào)易是從整個世界范圍來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的;而對外貿(mào)易是從一個國家或地區(qū)的角度來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的。

      2、簡述總貿(mào)易與專門貿(mào)易的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別。

      答:總貿(mào)易與專門貿(mào)易對進出口的統(tǒng)計標準不同??傎Q(mào)易是以貨物經(jīng)過國境作為統(tǒng)計進出口的標準;而專門貿(mào)易是以貨物經(jīng)過關(guān)境作為統(tǒng)計進出口的標準。

      3、簡述轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易與間接貿(mào)易的差異。

      答:由于某些原因,商品的生產(chǎn)國與消費國不能直接進行交易,而只能通過第三國商人轉(zhuǎn)手來間接地進行買賣。對于生產(chǎn)國和消費國來說進行的是間接貿(mào)易,而對第三國來說進行的是轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易。

      4、簡述過境貿(mào)易與轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易的區(qū)別。

      答:過境貿(mào)易中第三國不直接參與商品的交易過程,只對過境的商品收取少量的手續(xù)費和印花稅;而轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易是由轉(zhuǎn)口商人來完成的交易,是以營利為目的的。

      5、貿(mào)易差額與一國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展有何關(guān)系。

      答:一個國家的貿(mào)易收支是其國際收支中經(jīng)常項目的主要部分,貿(mào)易差額對一國的國際收支有著重大的影響。長期的貿(mào)易不平衡對一國國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展會產(chǎn)生一定的影響。

      D其值小于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

      E其值等于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

      6、簡述當(dāng)代國際貿(mào)易的主要特點。

      答:

      1、國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展速度很快

      2、國際貿(mào)易集團化

      3、自由貿(mào)易是世界貿(mào)易發(fā)展的主流

      4、科學(xué)技術(shù)在國際貿(mào)易中的地位日益重要

      5、“綠色環(huán)?!比找媸艿街匾?/p>

      7、對外貿(mào)易依存度指標說明什么問題?

      答:對外貿(mào)依存度反映了一國對外貿(mào)易在國民經(jīng)濟中的地位,同其它國際經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系的密切程度及該國加入國際分工、世界市場的廣度和深度。

      五、論述題

      1、論述對外貿(mào)易與國內(nèi)貿(mào)易的異同?

      要點:國際貿(mào)易與對外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別是看待問題的角度不同。國際貿(mào)易是從整個世界范圍來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的;而對外貿(mào)易是從一個國家或地區(qū)的角度來看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動的.2、如何正確看待國際貿(mào)易地理方向的集中與分散?

      要點:一國與某個或某幾個國家的貿(mào)易額占其對外貿(mào)易總額的比重比較高,則對外貿(mào)易地理方向比較集中;反之,則比較分散。說明對外貿(mào)易地理方向集中與分散的優(yōu)劣。

      3、試述國際貿(mào)易對一國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的作用。

      要點:

      1、促進一國經(jīng)濟增長

      2、提高各國的勞動生產(chǎn)率

      3、調(diào)節(jié)各國市場的供求關(guān)系

      4、促進生產(chǎn)要素的充分利用

      5、優(yōu)化國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)

      6、加強各國經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系

      4、談?wù)劗?dāng)今我國對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的概況及特點。

      六、計算題:

      1、如果以2003年為基期(即2003年出口單位價格為100),2004年和2005年中國的出口價格指數(shù)分別為

      105和107.8,同期出口額分別為5933.2億美元和7620億美元,請通過計算貿(mào)易量來判斷中國2004年相對于2005年出口的實際規(guī)模的變動幅度。

      中國2004年的貿(mào)易量=(2004年的貿(mào)易額/以2003年為基期的出口價格指數(shù))×100=5933.2 ÷ 105 ×100 =5650.67(億美元)

      要點:

      1、貿(mào)易規(guī)模不斷擴大

      2、貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)繼續(xù)優(yōu)化

      3、貿(mào)易的商品結(jié)構(gòu)和地理方向在不斷地調(diào)整

      中國2005年的貿(mào)易量=(2005年的貿(mào)易額/以2003年為基期的出口價格指數(shù))×100=7620 ÷ 107.8 ×100 =7068.65(億美元)

      2005比2004出口實際規(guī)模變動幅度=(7068.65-5650.67)/5650.67×100%=25.09% 答:中國2005年相對2004年出口的實際規(guī)模增加了25.09%。

      2、以2002年為基準年,某國進出口價格指數(shù)均為100,到2006年該國出口價格上漲了9%,進口價格下降了6%,其貿(mào)易條件如何變化?

      貿(mào)易條件=(出口價格指數(shù)/進口價格指數(shù))×100=[(1+9%)/(1-6%)]×100 =116 答:貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好。

      第二章、國際分工與世界市場

      一.單項選擇題:

      1、國際分工形成的階段是在(D)世紀時期。

      A.11-12

      B.14-15

      C.16-18

      D.18-19

      2、國際分工產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)是(D)。

      A.自然條件

      B.人口規(guī)模

      C.資本的國際化

      D.國家的出現(xiàn) 3、各國的(A)決定著其在國際分工中的地位。

      A.生產(chǎn)力水平

      B.市場規(guī)模

      C.自然條件

      D.社會制度

      4、在資本原始積累時期,國際分工主要是在(D)之間進行的。A.發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家

      B.發(fā)達國家與發(fā)達國家 C.發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)展中國家

      D.宗主國與殖民地

      5、以自由競爭為特征的世界市場是(B)

      A.封閉市場

      B.自由市場

      C.壟斷市場

      D.北美市場

      6、幾個發(fā)達國家進行專業(yè)化協(xié)作,聯(lián)合生產(chǎn),這是(A)國際分工

      A.水平型

      B.垂直型

      C.混合型

      D.交叉型

      7、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平不同的國家之間的縱向分工是一種(A)

      A.垂直型分工

      B水平型分工

      C混合型分工

      D三大產(chǎn)業(yè)分工

      8、絕對利益論和相對利益論都是一種主張(A)的傳統(tǒng)理論。

      A.自由貿(mào)易 B.保護貿(mào)易 C.國家干預(yù) D.國家干預(yù)與自由放任相結(jié)合

      9、絕對利益論提出的國際分工基礎(chǔ)是各國間(B)的差異。

      A.比較成本 B.絕對成本 C.要素稟賦 D.要素組合比例

      10、在相對利益論中,國與國之間進行分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國(A)的差異。

      A.產(chǎn)品比較優(yōu)勢 B.產(chǎn)品壟斷優(yōu)勢 C.產(chǎn)品密集程度 D.產(chǎn)品保護程

      11、赫克歇爾——俄林提出(D)學(xué)說。

      A.絕對成本

      B.比較成本

      C.動態(tài)比較成本

      D.要素稟賦

      12、根據(jù)比較利益論假定A、B兩國生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本分別為100和90人勞動一年,生產(chǎn)Y產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本分別為120和80人勞動一年,則(C)

      A.B國同時生產(chǎn)X、Y 產(chǎn)品,A國不生產(chǎn)

      B.A國生產(chǎn)Y 產(chǎn)品,B國生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品

      C.A國生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品,B國生產(chǎn)Y產(chǎn)品

      D.A國同時生產(chǎn)X、Y 產(chǎn)品,B國不生產(chǎn)

      13、里昂惕夫反論說明了什么之間存在的矛盾(C)。

      A.絕對利益論,相對利益論

      B.相對利益論,要素稟賦論

      C.實踐的驗證結(jié)果,要素稟賦論理論結(jié)論

      D.實踐的驗證結(jié)果,相對利益論理論結(jié)論

      14、在當(dāng)代的國際分工格局中(C)

      A發(fā)達國家之間的分工占主要地位

      B發(fā)展中國家之間的分工占主要地位

      C發(fā)展中國家與發(fā)達國家之間的分工占主要地位

      D發(fā)展中國家內(nèi)部的分工占主要地位

      15、國際市場價格由于受到供求關(guān)系的影響,總是圍繞著:(D)A國內(nèi)價值上下波動

      B國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)價格上下波動

      C個別價值上下波動

      D國際生產(chǎn)價格上下波動

      二、多選題:

      1、按照參加國際分工的各國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展水平狀況,國際分工可分為:(ABD)

      A垂直型分工

      B水平型分工

      C國際三次產(chǎn)業(yè)分工

      D混合型分工

      E技術(shù)分工

      2、隨著國際分工的發(fā)展,國際商品結(jié)構(gòu)與各國的進出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)不斷發(fā)生變化,表現(xiàn)在(ABCD)

      A工業(yè)制成品在國際貿(mào)易中的比重上升

      B發(fā)展中國家出口產(chǎn)品的工業(yè)制成品增長 C中間性機械產(chǎn)品的比重提高

      D服務(wù)貿(mào)易迅速發(fā)展

      E貨物貿(mào)易比重上升

      3、自然條件是國際分工產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),這種條件包括(BCDE)

      A人口分布

      B地理地質(zhì)條件

      C氣候

      D自然資源狀況

      E國土面積(AC)。

      A.各國要素稟賦的差異

      B.各國規(guī)模經(jīng)濟程度差異

      C.各國要素組合比例不同

      D.各國貿(mào)易政策不同

      E產(chǎn)品價格

      5、若德國和英國在同一勞動時間內(nèi)分別生產(chǎn)8碼毛呢,15碼麻布和10碼毛呢,20碼麻布,那么,基于比較利益原則的分工格局為(BC)。

      4、要素稟賦論認為,在國與國之間勞動生產(chǎn)率相同的條件下,形成各國間比較成本差異的原因有

      A.英國生產(chǎn)并出口毛呢

      B.英國生產(chǎn)并出口麻布

      C.德國生產(chǎn)并出口毛呢

      D.德國生產(chǎn)并出口麻布

      E兩種產(chǎn)品都由德國生產(chǎn)并出口

      6、對于“里昂惕夫之迷”的解釋,其中有代表性的觀點包括(BCE)

      A. 決對成本說

      B. 技術(shù)差距說

      C.要素價格均等化說

      D. 勞動熟練說

      E. 人力資本說

      7. 世界市場中有固定組織形式的國際貿(mào)易市場包括(ABCD E)

      A.商品交易所

      B拍賣

      C博覽會

      D展覽會

      E集市

      8、國際市場價格根據(jù)商品交易中的競爭狀況,有世界“封閉市場”價格和世界“自由市場”價格之分,在“封閉市場”價格中又可分為(ABCD)

      A 調(diào)撥價格

      B壟斷價格

      C區(qū)域性貿(mào)易集團內(nèi)的價格

      D商品協(xié)定下的協(xié)定價格

      E國際價格

      9、影響國際分工的因素有(ABC)

      A社會生產(chǎn)力

      B自然條件

      C政治、文化因素

      D人口因素

      E地理因素

      10、穆勒的相互需求論的觀點包括(ABDE)

      A國際供求關(guān)系決定商品的國際價值

      B國際價值是國際商品交換的比例

      C需求決定于國際供給

      D供給決定于國際需求

      E一國的商品需求是另一國的供給

      三、名詞解釋:

      1、世界市場:

      是世界各國交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、科技的場所,是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過國際分工聯(lián)系起 來的各個國家內(nèi)部及各國之間的市場綜合組成。

      2、國際分工:

      是指超越了國家界限的專業(yè)化勞動分工,是社會分工的延伸和發(fā)展。

      3、絕對成本論

      認為國際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國商品之間存在絕對成本差異。

      4、壟斷價格

      是指在世界市場具有一定壟斷地位的跨國公司,利用其經(jīng)濟力量和市場控制力量所決定的價格

      四、簡答題

      1、國際分工分成哪幾個階段?

      答:國際分工的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是一個漫長的歷史過程,是社會生產(chǎn)力不斷發(fā)展提高的必然產(chǎn)物。國際分工的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)歷了萌芽、形成、發(fā)展與深化四個階段

      2、簡述世界市場的含義及其分類構(gòu)成。

      答:世界市場是世界各國交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、科技的場所,是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過國際分工聯(lián)系起來的各個國家內(nèi)部及各國之間的市場綜合組成。世界市場是由各種類型的國家、訂約人、商品和勞務(wù)、國際食品生產(chǎn)與銷售渠道、國際生產(chǎn)運輸與信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和各種市場組織機構(gòu)構(gòu)成。

      3、影響國際分工發(fā)展的因素有哪些?

      答:

      1、社會生產(chǎn)力是國際分工形成和發(fā)展的決定因素;

      2、自然條件對國際分工有一定的影響;

      3、政治、文化等因素也會制約著國際分工的發(fā)展;

      4、國際分工的性質(zhì)受國際生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的制約。

      4、為什么說社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展是國際分工形成和發(fā)展的決定因素?

      答:因為一國的社會生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平高,技術(shù)水平也就高,而技術(shù)水平?jīng)Q定了一國在分工中的位置。生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平高的國家在國際分工中就處于領(lǐng)先的位置。

      5、在亞當(dāng).斯密的絕對利益論中,對外貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的原因主要表現(xiàn)在哪些方面?

      答:

      1、國際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國商品之間存在絕對成本差異

      2、以絕對優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品去進行貿(mào)易,能使各國的資源、勞動力和資本得到最有效的利用,將會大大地提高勞動生產(chǎn)率和增加各國的物質(zhì)福利。

      6、絕對利益論和比較利益論在闡述國際貿(mào)易分工格局的決定方面有何不同

      答:絕對利益論強調(diào)國際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國商品之間存在絕對成本差異,而比較成本論強調(diào)各國按生產(chǎn)力比較差異和生產(chǎn)成本比較差異進行分工和交換。

      7.大衛(wèi).李嘉圖的比較利益論是在什么樣的背景下產(chǎn)生的?

      答:在斯密的絕對成本論無法解釋幾乎所有產(chǎn)品都處于絕對優(yōu)勢的發(fā)達國家與幾乎所有產(chǎn)品都處于絕對劣勢的經(jīng)濟不發(fā)達國家之間仍然存在貿(mào)易現(xiàn)象時,李嘉圖提出了比較利益論。

      五、論述題

      1. 試述國際分工對國際貿(mào)易的影響。

      要點:

      1、國際分工的發(fā)展與國際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展速度成同方向變化

      2、國際分工導(dǎo)致國際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了較大的變化

      3、國際分工極大地影響著國際貿(mào)易的地區(qū)分布和地理流向

      4、國際分工使各國對外貿(mào)易依存度不同程度地提高

      2.試述世界市場形成的特點。

      要點:世界市場的萌芽和初步形成時期的特點 世界市場的迅速擴大時期的特點

      世界市場的最終形成時期的特點

      3. 試述當(dāng)代世界市場的基本特征。

      要點:

      1、參與世界市場競爭的國家和地區(qū)增多,世界市場在動蕩中不斷擴大

      2、世界市場在全方位開放的同時,集團化趨勢在發(fā)發(fā)展

      3、國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易、合作方式的多樣化

      4、世界市場以價格競爭為主轉(zhuǎn)向以非價格競爭為主

      4、對里昂惕夫反論加以評述。

      要點:里昂惕夫反論是西方國際貿(mào)易理論發(fā)展史上的一個重大轉(zhuǎn)折點,它引發(fā)了人們對二戰(zhàn)后國際貿(mào)易新現(xiàn)象、新問題的深入探索,使當(dāng)代國際貿(mào)易理論的研究更接近現(xiàn)實,補充了生產(chǎn)要素稟賦理論。

      六、計算題分析

      1.假設(shè)有甲、乙兩國生產(chǎn)小麥和布匹,在國際分工前各國的投入產(chǎn)出如下:

      小麥

      布匹

      勞動投入量 產(chǎn)出量 勞動投入量 產(chǎn)出量

      甲 15

      120

      乙 10

      120

      問:甲、乙兩國分別在哪種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)上具有絕對優(yōu)勢?

      要點:甲國在生產(chǎn)布匹上有絕對優(yōu)勢,乙國在生產(chǎn)小麥上有絕對優(yōu)勢。

      2.在古典貿(mào)易模型中,假設(shè)A國有120名勞動力,B國有50名勞動力,如果生產(chǎn)棉 花的話,A國的人均產(chǎn)量是2噸,B國也是2噸;要是生產(chǎn)大米的話,A國的人均產(chǎn)量是10噸,B國則是16噸。分析兩國中哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對優(yōu)勢?哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢?

      要點:A國生產(chǎn)大米有絕對優(yōu)勢,B國生產(chǎn)大米有比較優(yōu)勢。

      5、世界市場上商品的相對性過剩和結(jié)構(gòu)性的供給不足并存

      2、非關(guān)稅壁壘比關(guān)稅更能直接達到限制進口的目的

      3、非關(guān)稅壁壘比關(guān)稅更具有隱蔽性和歧視性

      2、技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的主要措施及應(yīng)對策略的分析

      要點:(1)嚴格、繁雜的技術(shù)法規(guī)和技術(shù)標準

      (2)衛(wèi)生檢疫標準

      (3)復(fù)雜的合格評定程序(4)嚴格的商品包裝和標簽規(guī)則(5)信息技術(shù)壁壘

      3、試論述非關(guān)稅壁壘不斷強化的原因與對策。

      要點:

      1、分清非關(guān)稅壁壘各種措施的性質(zhì)

      2、應(yīng)付進口配額的辦法

      3、提高科技水平

      4、增強與貿(mào)易伙伴國家的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系

      5、完善外貿(mào)管理制度

      4、論述關(guān)稅壁壘與非關(guān)稅壁壘對國際貿(mào)易的影響

      要點:從對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的速度上、范圍上以及對發(fā)展中國家的貿(mào)易影響上加以討論。

      六、計算題

      1、美國進口鎢砂5000磅,單價200美元,征收40%的從價稅或每磅征收60美元的從量稅,試計算征收的稅額并選擇征稅的方式。

      從價稅=200×5000×40%=40(萬美元)從量稅=60×5000=30(萬美元)答:選擇從價稅。

      2、日本進口手表300只,單價5,000日元,每只征收從價稅15%,并加征從量稅150日元。計算應(yīng)征收的稅額。

      應(yīng)征收的稅額=5000×300×15%+150×300=27(萬日元)答:應(yīng)征收的稅額27萬日元。

      第五章鼓勵出口和出口管制措施

      一、單選題

      1、買方信貸是指(B)A.出口方銀行向本國出口商提供的貸款 B.出口方銀行向外國進口商提供的貸款

      C.進口方銀行向外國出口商提供的貸款

      D.進口方銀行向本國進口商提供的貸款

      2、買方信貸是為了促進商品的出口,是一種約束性貸款,其貸款必須用于(C)

      A進口商品

      B出口商品

      C購買債權(quán)國的商品

      D購買債務(wù)國的商品

      3、賣方信貸是指(A)

      A.出口方銀行向本國出口商提供的貸款 B.出口方銀行向外國進口商提供的貸款 C.進口方銀行向外國出口商提供的貸款 D.進口方銀行向本國進口商提供的貸款

      4、賣方信貸是一種向進口商提供(D)的方式

      A短期貸款

      B中期貸款

      C長期貸款

      D延期付款

      5、出口信貸國家擔(dān)保制為政治風(fēng)險提供擔(dān)保的金額一般為合同金額的(A)

      A、80%—95%

      B、70%—85%

      C、75%—90%

      D、80%—90%

      6、出口信貸國家擔(dān)保制的擔(dān)保期限可分為短期、中期和長期,其短期的期限為(A)A半年左右

      B一年

      C一年左右

      D二年

      7、出口直接補貼的形式是(D)A.提供給廠商比其在國內(nèi)銷售貨物時更優(yōu)惠的運費 B.退還或減免出口商品的直接稅 C.超額退還間接稅

      D.給予廠商現(xiàn)金補貼

      8、出口補貼問題是貿(mào)易談判的長期話題,在烏拉圭回合任何產(chǎn)品禁止使用出口補貼,(B)除外。

      A工業(yè)品

      B農(nóng)產(chǎn)品

      C半制成品

      D制成品

      9、關(guān)于掠奪性傾銷,下列說法中正確的是(C)

      A.以傾銷方式在國外時常拋售“剩余貨物”

      B.長期以低于國內(nèi)市場上的價格在國外市場上出售商品

      C.通過傾銷排擠競爭者后再提高價格

      D.對進口國損害相對較小

      10、出口企業(yè)以低于國內(nèi)市場價格,甚至低于商品生產(chǎn)成本的價格,在國外市場拋售商品,打擊競爭對手以占領(lǐng)市場的行為,稱為(D)

      A出口配額

      B出口國家壟斷

      C出口行政組織措施

      D商品傾銷

      二、多選題

      1、在出口信貸中,按照借貸關(guān)系可劃分為(DE)

      A長期信貸

      B 短期信貸

      C中期信貸

      D賣方信貸

      E 買方信貸

      2、買方信貸的是向(BC)提供貸款

      A 出口商

      B進口商

      C進口方銀行

      D出口方銀行

      E商業(yè)銀行

      3、出口信貸國家擔(dān)保制的擔(dān)保項目主要包括(AB)

      A 政治風(fēng)險

      B經(jīng)濟風(fēng)險

      C商業(yè)風(fēng)險

      D市場風(fēng)險

      E經(jīng)營風(fēng)險

      4、間接補貼是政府對某些出口商品給予財政上的優(yōu)惠等措施,主要包括(ABCD)A 減免或退還有關(guān)的國內(nèi)稅

      B 暫時免稅進口

      C 退還進口關(guān)稅

      D免出口稅

      E 免運費

      5、按傾銷的具體目的將商品傾銷可分為(ABC)

      A持續(xù)性傾銷

      B掠奪性傾銷

      C偶然性傾銷

      D暫時性傾銷

      E永久性傾銷

      6、外匯傾銷對出口的促進作用受到多因素的制約,出現(xiàn)下列情況作用被抵消的是(ABC)A 國內(nèi)價格上漲

      B 進口國同等程度貶值貨幣

      C進口國征報復(fù)性關(guān)稅

      D 調(diào)整生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)

      E 減少進口

      7、經(jīng)濟特區(qū)的基本形式有(ABCDE)

      A 貿(mào)易型經(jīng)濟特區(qū)

      B工業(yè)型經(jīng)濟特區(qū)

      C 保稅區(qū)

      D自由邊境區(qū)

      E 過境區(qū)

      8、出口管制的形式主要有(AB)

      A單邊出口管制

      B多邊出口管制

      C自動出口管制

      D共同出口管制

      E國別出口管制

      9、屬于對外貿(mào)易管理的經(jīng)濟杠桿調(diào)控措施的是(BCDE)A 貨幣政策

      B 價格

      C 稅收

      D信貸

      E 匯率

      10、對外貿(mào)易管理的主要行政措施有(ACE)

      A進出口配額管理

      B 進出口價格管理

      C 進出口許可證管理

      D進出口生產(chǎn)管理

      E 對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營權(quán)管理

      三、名詞解釋題

      1、出口信貸

      是指出口國為了鼓勵商品出口,加強本國商品在國際市場上的競爭能力,通過銀行對本國出口廠商或外國進口廠商提供的貸款。

      2、出口信貸國家擔(dān)保制

      是出口國政府為了擴大出口,對于本國出口廠商或銀行向國外進口廠商或銀行提供的信貸,由國家設(shè)立的專門機構(gòu)出面擔(dān)保。

      3、外匯傾銷

      就是利用本國貨幣對外貶值來擴大出口。

      4、多邊出口管制

      四、簡述題

      1、簡述買方信貸與賣方信貸的異同。

      相同:都是為了鼓勵出口而提高信貸,放貸者都是出口方銀行。

      不同:貸款對象不同,買方信貸對象是進口國的商人和銀行,其風(fēng)險較?。毁u方信貸的對象是出口商,風(fēng)險較大。

      2、為什么出口信貸國家擔(dān)保制可以起到促進出口的作用。

      當(dāng)外國債務(wù)人由于政治或經(jīng)濟原因拒絕付款時,國家擔(dān)保機構(gòu)即按照承保的數(shù)額給予補償,降低了出口商的風(fēng)險。這是出口國政府為鼓勵出口而較為常用的一種手段。

      3、簡述政府在促進出口中的作用。

      1、設(shè)立機構(gòu)研制出口戰(zhàn)略

      2、建立商業(yè)情報網(wǎng)

      3、組織國際貿(mào)易中心和貿(mào)易展覽會

      4、組織貿(mào)易代表團互訪

      5、組織出口商的評優(yōu)評獎活動

      4、商品傾銷有哪幾種?判斷商品傾銷的條件是什么?

      答:傾銷可分為:偶然性傾銷;間歇性或掠奪性傾銷;持續(xù)性傾銷。

      條件:(1)進口國生產(chǎn)同類產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)是否受到低價沖擊,以使其市場份額明顯減少;(2)進口國同類企業(yè)的利潤水平是否明顯降低;(3)是否威脅進口國新興工業(yè)的建立。

      5、外匯傾銷發(fā)揮作用的條件是什么?

      (1)、貨幣貶值遲早會引起國內(nèi)價格的上漲,當(dāng)國內(nèi)價格上漲的程度趕上或超過貨幣對外貶值的程度時,外匯傾銷的條件也就不存在了;(2)如果其他國家也實行同幅度的貨幣貶值或采取提高關(guān)稅等其他報復(fù)性的措施,外匯傾銷的作用也將被抵消;

      6、各國的經(jīng)濟特區(qū)有何共同點?

      1、目的相同

      2、投資環(huán)境開放

      3、具有一定的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

      4、具有良好的社會經(jīng)濟條件

      5、有良好的自然條件

      7、出口限制的具體措施一般有哪些?

      1、國家專營

      2、征收出口稅

      3、實行出口許可證制

      4、實行出口配額制

      5、出口禁運

      五、論述題

      1、聯(lián)系實際論述建立經(jīng)濟特區(qū)的作用。

      要點

      1、促進對外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,2、鼓勵轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易和出口加工貿(mào)易,3、繁榮本地區(qū)和鄰近地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟,4、增加本國的財政收入和外匯收入。

      2、聯(lián)系實際論出口管制的利與弊。

      要點:利:可以維護本國或國家集團的政治利益與安全,限制某些短期 和重要物資的外流,保護本國文化藝術(shù)遺產(chǎn)。

      弊:助長了國內(nèi)壟斷集團,限制了貿(mào)易自由化的進程。

      3、聯(lián)系實際談?wù)勀銓ι唐穬A銷的認識。

      要點(1)存在傾銷事實

      (2)存在損害國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的事實(3)傾銷與損害之間有因果關(guān)系

      4論述一國貨幣貶值對進出口的作用。

      要點:這種手段也能起到限制進口的作用。因為,本幣對外幣貶值,出口商用外幣表示的價格就會下降,從而提高了商品的競爭能力,有利于擴大出口。

      1、根據(jù)重商主義的觀點一國必須保持貿(mào)易順差在兩國模型中是否可能為什么? 思路:在兩國模型中一國的貿(mào)易順差等于另一國的貿(mào)易逆差不可能出現(xiàn)兩國都順差的情況 重商主義貿(mào)易順差的目標必有一國無法實現(xiàn)。

      2在分析中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織WTO的利弊時有人說為了能夠打開出口市場我們不得不降 關(guān)稅進口一些外國產(chǎn)品這是我們不得不付出的代價請分析評論這種說法? 思路:這種說法實際是重商主義認為出口有利進口受損實際上降低關(guān)稅多進口本國不具有比較優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品把資源用在更加有效率的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中去再出口能大大提高一國的福利,對一國來說反而是好事。下表列出了加拿大和中國生產(chǎn)1單位計算機和1單位小麥所需的勞動時間。假定生產(chǎn)計算機和小麥都只用勞動,加拿大的總勞動為600小時,中國總勞動為800小時。

      計算機

      小麥

      中國 100小時 4小時

      加拿大 60小時 3小時

      1】 計算不發(fā)生貿(mào)易時各國生產(chǎn)計算機的機會成本。

      中國生產(chǎn)計算機的機會成本為100/4=25,加拿大為60/3=20 棉花

      大米 A國 240 100 B國 800 1200

      2】 哪個國家具有生產(chǎn)計算機的比較優(yōu)勢?哪個國家具有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢?

      因為加拿大生產(chǎn)計算機的機會成本比中國低,所以加拿大具有生產(chǎn)者計算機的比較優(yōu)勢,中國就具有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢。

      3】 如果給定世界價格是1單位計算機交換22單位的小麥,加拿大參與貿(mào)易可以從每單位的進口中節(jié)省多少勞動時間?中國可以從每單位進口中節(jié)省多少勞動時間?如果給定世界價格是1單位計算機交換24單位的小麥,加拿大和中國分別可以從進口每單位的貨物中節(jié)省多少勞動時間?

      如果各國按照比較優(yōu)勢生產(chǎn)和出口,加拿大進口小麥出口計算機,中國進口計算機出口小麥。加拿大進口一單位小麥需要出口1/22單位計算機,折合成勞動時間來算,生產(chǎn)一單位小麥本國要用3小時,但生產(chǎn)1/22單位計算機本國要用60/22小時勞動,所以加拿大進口一單位小麥相當(dāng)于用60/22小時的勞動換回本國3小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,節(jié)省了3-60/22=3/11小時的勞動時間。中國進口一單位計算機需要出口22單位小麥,相當(dāng)于用22*4=88小時勞動換回本國需用100小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,節(jié)省了100-88=12小時。

      如果世界價格是1單位計算機交換24單位的小麥,則相當(dāng)于用60/24小時的勞動換回本國3小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,節(jié)省了3-60/24=1/2小時的勞動時間。中國進口一單位計算機需要出口24單位小麥,相當(dāng)于用24*4=96

      小時的勞動換回本國需用100小時生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品,節(jié)省了100-96=4小時的勞動時間。

      4】在自由貿(mào)易的情況下,各國應(yīng)生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品,數(shù)量是多少?整個世界的福利水平是提高還是降低了?試用圖分析。(以效用水平來衡量福利水平)加拿大應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)計算機,數(shù)量為600/60=10單位;中國應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)小麥,數(shù)量為800/4=200單位。中國的福利水平從U01上升到U11,加拿大的福利水平從U02上升到U12,整個世界福利水平上升了。

      4、在古典貿(mào)易模型中,假設(shè)A國有120名勞動力,B國有50名勞動力,如果 生產(chǎn)棉花的話,A國的人均產(chǎn)量是2噸,B國也是2噸;要是生產(chǎn)大米的話,A國的人均產(chǎn)量是10噸,B國則是16噸。畫出兩國的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線并分析兩國中哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對優(yōu)勢?哪一國擁有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢?

      思路:B國由于每人能生產(chǎn)16噸大米,而A國每人僅生產(chǎn)10噸大米,所以B 國具有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對優(yōu)勢。從兩國生產(chǎn)可能性曲線看出A國生產(chǎn)大米的機會成本為0.2,而B國為0.125,所以B國生產(chǎn)大米的機會成本或相對成本低于A國,B國生產(chǎn)大米具有比較優(yōu)勢。

      5、兩種產(chǎn)品多個國家的情況。下表給出了4個國家生產(chǎn)1單位大米和小麥的 勞動投入量。

      美國 法國 中國 泰國 大米 2 5 9 8 小麥 0.5 2 3 6

      已知國際市場均衡的大米相對價格為2,則按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則,各國的貿(mào)易模式如何?當(dāng)國際市場對大米需求增加導(dǎo)致大米的相對價格上升至3.5,各國貿(mào)易模式會受到影響嗎?如果有,怎樣變化?

      思路:各國大米的相對成本按照從低到高排列依次為美國4,中國3,法國2.5, 泰國4/3, 國際市場均衡的大米相對價格為2,介于法國和泰國之間,所以按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則,泰國出口大米進口小麥,美國、中國和法國出口小麥進口大米。當(dāng)大米的國際價格上升到3.5時,就只有美國出口小麥進口大米,其它國家出口大米進口小麥。

      6、兩個國家多種產(chǎn)品的情況。下表給出了兩國生產(chǎn)四種產(chǎn)品所需的單位勞動 時間。

      芯片 香蕉 單放機 汽車 美國 25 5 10 50 菲律賓 100 1 20 250

      如果美國工資是$10/小時,菲律賓的工資水平是$3/小時,兩國發(fā)生貿(mào)易,按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則,各應(yīng)生產(chǎn)和出口什么產(chǎn)品?如果美國的工資上升為$11/小時,貿(mào)易模式會受影響嗎?

      思路:美國生產(chǎn)這四種產(chǎn)品的相對勞動生產(chǎn)率從高到低為汽車5,芯片4,單放 機2,香蕉0.2, 而同時美國的相對工資為10/3,介于芯片和單放機之間,按照比較優(yōu)勢的原則,美國應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口汽車和芯片,進口單放機和香蕉;菲律賓應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口單放機和香蕉,進口汽車和芯片。如果美國的工資上升為$11/小時,美國的相對工資還是介于芯片和單放機之間,所以貿(mào)易模式不會受影響。

      7、假設(shè)A、B兩國生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相同且在短期內(nèi)不變:生產(chǎn)一單位衣服需要的資本為1,需要的勞動為3;生產(chǎn)一單位食品需要的資本為2,需要的勞動為2。A國擁有160單位勞動和100單位資本;B國擁有120單位勞動和80單位資本。則

      (1)哪個國家為資本充裕的國家?(2)哪種產(chǎn)品為勞動密集型產(chǎn)品?

      (3)假設(shè)所有要素都充分利用,計算各國各自最多能生產(chǎn)多少服裝或多少食 品?(4)假設(shè)兩國偏好相同,兩國間進行貿(mào)易,哪個國家會出口服裝?哪個國家 出口食品?

      思路:(1)由于B國的資本勞動比例高于A國,所以B國為資本充裕的國家。(2)由于衣服的勞動資本比例高于食品,所以衣服為勞動密集型產(chǎn)品。

      (3)A國最多能生產(chǎn)160/3單位的衣服和50單位的食品;B國最多能生產(chǎn) 40單位的衣服和40單位的食品。

      (4)根據(jù)H-O模型的結(jié)論,服裝是勞動密集型的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)由勞動充裕的國定 即A國出口,食品為資本為密集型的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)由資本充裕的國家即B國出口。

      8、假設(shè)A國是個勞動力充裕的國家,以勞動力和土地兩種要素生產(chǎn)服裝和玉 米。服裝是勞動密集型產(chǎn)品,玉米是土地密集型產(chǎn)品。給定A國作為一個小國參加自由貿(mào)易。

      (1)A國會出口什么產(chǎn)品?

      (2)A國國內(nèi)服裝和玉米的價格會發(fā)生什么變化?

      (3)假設(shè)突然有大批移民進入A國,對該國的生產(chǎn)、貿(mào)易量和福利有什么影響?請簡要說明。

      (4)如果A國是個大國,上述3題的結(jié)論還會一樣嗎? 思路:(1)A國會出口服裝。

      (2)A國作為一個小國參加自由貿(mào)易后會出口服裝進口玉米,從而導(dǎo)致服 裝價格上升,玉米價格下降。

      (3)由羅勃津斯基定理,大量移民的涌入會使該國密集使用勞動的品— —服裝的生產(chǎn)增加,同時使另一種產(chǎn)品——玉米的生產(chǎn)下降,貿(mào)量擴大,社會總體的福利也會擴大。

      (4)如果A國是大國,則前兩問不變。由于大國的貿(mào)易條件會隨著進出口 量的變化而變化,第三問的結(jié)論有被大國貿(mào)易條件惡化所抵消,這種貿(mào)易條件惡化的程度取決于進出口產(chǎn)品的供需彈性。

      9、設(shè)中國是汽車進口的小國,對汽車的需求和供給分別Dc = 2000-0.02P Sc = 1200 + 0.02P 并設(shè)國際市場上汽車的價格為10000,請用數(shù)字和圖形說明下列問題:

      1】貿(mào)易前,中國汽車的產(chǎn)量和價格; 令Dc =Sc,得貿(mào)易前中國汽車價格為20000,產(chǎn)量為2000-0.02×20000=1600。

      2】自由貿(mào)易下,中國汽車的產(chǎn)量及進口或出口量; 自由貿(mào)易下中國進口汽車,由于假設(shè)中國為汽車進口小國,則國內(nèi)汽車價格等于國際市場價格10000,汽車的需求為Dc =1800,生產(chǎn)為Sc =1400,進口量為1800-1400=400。3】自由貿(mào)易對國內(nèi)消費者、廠商和整個社會的福利影響價格

      消費者福利增加a+b=1/2*(1800+1600)*10000=1.7*107

      生產(chǎn)者利潤減少a=1/2*(1400+1600)*10000=1.5*107 社會福利增加b=(a+b)-a=2*106

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