第一篇：翻譯練習(xí)及答案參考

漢翻英：重點(diǎn)翻譯紅色字體部分，其它部分也可翻譯。

之一:題目：不要拋棄學(xué)問（胡適1929年中國公學(xué)18級(jí)畢業(yè)贈(zèng)言）

諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué)：

你們現(xiàn)在要離開母校了，我沒有什么禮物送給你們，只好送你們一句話罷。

這一句話是：“不要拋棄學(xué)問?！币郧暗墓φn也許有一大部分是為了這張畢業(yè)文憑不得已而做的。從今以后，你們可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了。趁現(xiàn)在年富力強(qiáng)的時(shí)候，努力做一種專門學(xué)問。少年是一去不復(fù)返的，等到精力衰時(shí)，要做學(xué)問也來不及了。即為吃飯計(jì)，學(xué)問絕不會(huì)辜負(fù)人的。吃飯而不求學(xué)問，三年五年之后，你們都要被后進(jìn)少年淘汰掉的。到那時(shí)再想做點(diǎn)學(xué)問來補(bǔ)救，恐怕已太晚了。

有人說：“出去做事之后，生活問題亟須解決，哪有工夫去讀書?即使要做學(xué)問，既沒有圖書館，又沒有實(shí)驗(yàn)室，哪能做學(xué)問?”

我要對(duì)你們說：凡是要等到有了圖書館方才讀書的，有了圖書館也不肯讀書。凡是要等到有了實(shí)驗(yàn)室方才做研究 的，有了實(shí)驗(yàn)室也不肯做研究。你有了決心要研究一個(gè)問題，自然會(huì)撙衣節(jié)食去買書，自然會(huì)想出法子來設(shè)置儀器。至于時(shí)間，更不成問題。達(dá)爾文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一點(diǎn)鐘的工作。你們看他的成績(jī)!每天花一點(diǎn)鐘看十頁有用的書，每年可看三千六百多頁書，三十年讀約十一萬頁書。

諸位，十萬頁書可以使你成一個(gè)學(xué)者了。可是，每天看三種小報(bào)也得費(fèi)你一點(diǎn)鐘的工夫；四圈麻將也得費(fèi)你一點(diǎn)半鐘的光陰?？葱?bào)呢，還是打麻將呢，還是努力做一個(gè)學(xué)者呢?全靠你們自己的選擇!

易卜生說：“你的最大責(zé)任是把你這塊材料鑄造成器?！?/p>

學(xué)問便是鑄器的工具。拋棄了學(xué)問便是毀了你自己。

再會(huì)了!你們的母校眼睜睜地要看你們十年之后成什么器。

漢翻英之二：桂林位于廣西壯族自治區(qū)的東北角，被譽(yù)為“最美的和最值得外國游客觀光的中國城市”。中國廣泛流傳這樣一句話：桂林山水甲天下。巖溶峰林地貌，晶瑩剔透的江水，經(jīng)常浮現(xiàn)與中國藝術(shù)作品中，而神奇獨(dú)特的洞穴更為桂林美景增添不少景致。

英漢翻譯 ： Mother's Letter to the World Dear World：

My son starts school today．It’s going to be strange and new to him for a while．And I wish you would sort of treat him gently． You see，up to now，he’s been king of the roost．He’s been boss of the back yard．I have always been around to repair his wounds，and to soothe his feelings．

But now― things are going to be different．

This morning，he’s going to walk down the front steps，wave his hand and start on his great adventure that will probably include wars and tragedy and sorrow．To live his life in the world he has to live in will require faith and love and courage．

So，World，I wish you would sort of take him by his young hand and teach him the things he will have to know．Teach him―but gently，if you can．Teach him that for every scoundrel，there is a hero；that for every crooked politician there is a dedicated leader；that for every enemy there is a friend．Teach him the wonders of books．Give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky，bees in the sun，and flowers on the green hill．Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat．Teach him to have faith in his own ideas，even if everyone else tells him they are wrong．Teach him to sell his brawn and brains to the highest bidder，but never to

put a price on his heart and soul．Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob．．．a(chǎn)nd to stand and fight if he thinks he’s right．Teach him gently，World，but don’t coddle him，because only the test of fire makes fine steel．

This is a big order，World，but see what you can do．He’s such a nice little fellow．

英譯漢之：新聞材料

（注意：標(biāo)題的翻譯要出彩）

How China Does 'The Bachelor'

More than 50,000 young beauties from across China have lined up to win a date with one of 18 young, millionaire bachelors.The contest is the latest in a trend of beauty contests for the rich that has been criticized heavily in the media, on the net, and even by the government.The new contest was organized online, and its first round was held simultaneously in several major cities.Most contestants have already gone home in defeat, having failed an examination by feng shui masters to see whether they have a 'lucky face', according to an article on the People's Daily's

English website.Only 18 finalists will ultimately datethe eligible young men.Editorials in the online edition of China Daily, mirroring the overwhelmingly negative public reaction, blast the contest as 'money worship' and accuse it of treating women as sex objects.Editorialist Zhang Tianpin complains that the contest is the kind of scandalous behavior that makes many Chinese hate wealthy people.Elites should not to flaunt their money to seek beautiful women as partners but invest their money in activities for the benefit of society,' he argues.Some defend the contest by saying that at least the women are mature and chosen not solely for their looks.Men are looking for the whole package: 'beauty, good temperament, psychological balance, sound character, good educational qualification, high moral values, love, and respect for the institution of marriage,' asserts freelance journalist Huang Yunxiang.Indeed, most of the contestants are between 28 and 30, college-educated and have steady jobs.China has seen a steady expansion of elite dating contests, TV shows and websites in recent years.Golden Bachelor

Matchmakers, a high-end dating site, hires 'Love Hunters' to scour the country for attractive women between 5 feet,5 inches and 5 feet, 8 inches.Then, luxurious parties with steep entrance fees pair up rich men with these carefully selected beauties.It is not like they use money to find true love.They just want to have the best options,' Golden Bachelor Chairman Xu Tianli told China Daily.Vocal critics, however, are uncomfortable with the impact of these beauty contests on Chinese culture.According to an online article in the Global Times, the government has ordered all TV stations to stop showing 22-year-old fashion model Ma Nuo after she made comments that Chinese audiences deemed 'too materialistic.'

On a TV dating show, Ma refused an unemployed man's offer of a bicycle ride, saying: 'I would rather weep in a BMW than smile on your bicycle.'

中國各地五萬多名年輕美女報(bào)名應(yīng)征與18位年輕的單身男富豪約會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì)，這是美女爭(zhēng)嫁富豪潮流的新一波，媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)甚至中國政府一直在對(duì)這種活動(dòng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)。

ZUMApress.com舟山國際海洋小姐大賽的參賽選手為拍攝合影擺姿勢(shì)。這次活動(dòng)是在線組織的，第一輪競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在幾個(gè)大城市同步舉行。據(jù)《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》(People's Daily)英文網(wǎng)絡(luò)版報(bào)道，大多數(shù)應(yīng)征者未能通過風(fēng)水師審查她們是否有“旺夫相”這一關(guān)，已失敗回家。

僅有18名進(jìn)入決賽的美女將最終獲得約會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)，如果幸運(yùn)的話，還將嫁給合適 的年輕男士。

《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》(China Daily)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版評(píng)論反映出多數(shù)公眾對(duì)這一事件持完全否定態(tài)度，抨擊這種活動(dòng)是“拜金”，并指責(zé)這種作法是將女性視為性玩物。評(píng)論人張?zhí)祛l（音）批評(píng)說，這是一種可恥的行徑，使得眾多中國人仇視富人。

他說，精英人士不應(yīng)化大錢找美女結(jié)婚，而應(yīng)將錢用于造福社會(huì)等活動(dòng)。

有人為這類活動(dòng)辯解說，至少這些女性是成熟的，不光憑外表入選。自由撰稿人黃云翔（音）說，男性追求的女性條件是：相貌好、有氣質(zhì)、心態(tài)平和、性格好、受過良好教育、有高尚的價(jià)值觀、有愛心而且要尊重婚姻。的確，大多數(shù)應(yīng)征者年齡為28至30歲之間，受過大學(xué)教育，且有穩(wěn)定的工作。

近年來，中國的精英婚戀活動(dòng)、電視婚戀節(jié)目及婚戀網(wǎng)絡(luò)呈逐漸增加趨勢(shì)。一家高端婚戀網(wǎng)站鉆石王老五征婚網(wǎng)(Golden Bachelor Matchmakers)雇傭“愛情獵頭”在全國搜尋1.65米至1.72米的魅力女性。而后舉行入場(chǎng)費(fèi)昂貴的奢侈派對(duì)將這些精心挑揀出來的美女與富豪配對(duì)。

鉆石王老五征婚網(wǎng)總裁徐天立接受《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》采訪時(shí)說，富豪們用錢不可能找到真愛。他們只是想有最好的選擇。

但直言不諱的評(píng)論家們，就美女爭(zhēng)嫁富豪類征婚活動(dòng)對(duì)中國文化的沖擊非常不安。據(jù)《環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)》一篇在線文章稱，政府已下令所有的電視臺(tái)封殺22歲的時(shí)裝模特馬諾，此前她的言論讓中國觀眾認(rèn)為“過于功利化”。

之前在一個(gè)電視婚戀節(jié)目《非誠勿擾》中，馬諾拒絕了一位失業(yè)男士的求婚，她說，“我寧愿坐在寶馬里哭，也不坐在自行車后座上笑”。

不要拋棄學(xué)問

Never give up the pursuit of learning.諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué)：

Dear students of the Graduating Class，你們現(xiàn)在要離開母校了，我沒有什么禮物送你們，只好送你們一句話罷。

As you are leaving your alma mater, I have nothing to offer you as a gift except a word of advice.這一句話是：“不要拋棄學(xué)問?！币郧暗墓φn也許有一大部分是為了這張畢業(yè)文憑，不得已而做的，從今以后，你們可以依自己的心愿自由去研究了。趁現(xiàn)在年富力強(qiáng)的時(shí)候，努力做一種專門學(xué)問。少年是一去不復(fù)返的，等到精力衰時(shí)，要做學(xué)問也來不及了。即為吃飯計(jì)，學(xué)問決不會(huì)辜負(fù)人的。吃飯而不求學(xué)問，三年五年之后，你們都要被后來少年淘汰掉的。到那時(shí)再想做點(diǎn)學(xué)問來補(bǔ)救，恐怕已太晚了。My advice is, “Never give up the pursuit of learning.” You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma, or, in other words, out of sheer necessity.However, from now on you are free to follow your own bent in the choice of studies.While you are in the prime of life, why not devote yourselves to a special field of study? Youth will soon be gone never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.Knowledge will do you a good turn even as a means of subsistence.If you give up studies while holding a job，you will in a couple of years have had yourselves replaced by young people.It will then be too late to remedy the situation by picking up studies again.有人說：“出去做事之后，生活問題急需解決，哪有工夫去讀書？即使要做學(xué)問，既沒有圖書館，又沒有實(shí)驗(yàn)室，哪能做學(xué)問？” Sone people say, “Once you have a job, you'll come up against the urgent problem of making a living.How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or laboratory available?” 我要對(duì)你們說：凡是要等到有了圖書館方才讀書，有了圖書館也不肯讀書。凡是要等到有了實(shí)驗(yàn)室方才做研究的，有了實(shí)驗(yàn)室也不肯做研究。你有了決心要研究一個(gè)問題，自然會(huì)撙衣節(jié)食去買書，自然會(huì)想出法子來設(shè)置儀器。

Now let me tell you this.Those who refuse to study for lack of a liabrary will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library.And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available.As long as you set your mind on studies, you

will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments.至于時(shí)間，更不成問題。達(dá)爾文一生多病，不能多作工，每天只能做一點(diǎn)鐘的工作。你看他的成績(jī)！每天花一點(diǎn)鐘看10頁有用的書，每年可看3600多頁書，30年可讀11萬頁書。Time is no object.Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health.Yet what a remarkable man he was!If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3,600 pages a year, and 110,000 pages in 30 years.諸位，11萬頁書可以使你成一個(gè)學(xué)者了。可是，每天看三種小報(bào)也得費(fèi)你一點(diǎn)鐘的工夫，四圈麻將也得費(fèi)你一點(diǎn)半鐘的光陰?？葱?bào)呢？還是打麻將呢？還是努力做一個(gè)學(xué)者呢？全靠你們自己的選擇！

Dear students, 110000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of you.It will take you one hour to read three tabloids a day, and one and half hours to finish four rounds of mah-jong a day.Reading tabloids, playing mah-jongs or striving to be a learned man, the choice lies with you.易卜生說：“你的最大責(zé)任是把你這塊材料鑄造成器。” Henrik Ibsen says, “It's your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implement.” 學(xué)問便是鑄器的工具。拋棄了學(xué)問便是毀了你們自己。Learning is the casting mould.Forsake learning, and you will ruin yourself.再會(huì)了！你們的母校眼睜睜地要看你們十年之后成什么器。Farewell!Your alma mater is watching eagerly to see what will become of you ten years from now.①“不要拋棄學(xué)問”在這里的意思是“不要放棄對(duì)學(xué)問的追求”，因此不能直譯為 Never Give up Learning，必須加字：Never Give up the Pursuit of Learning.②“你們可以依自己的心愿自由去研究了”譯為you are free to follow your own bent in the choice of studies，其中 to follow one's own bent 是成語，和 to follow one's inclination 同義，作“做自己感興趣或愛做的事”解。③“做學(xué)問”譯為 to go into scholarship, 等于 to engage in learning。

④“學(xué)問決不會(huì)辜負(fù)人的”譯為 Knowledge will do you a good turn，其中 to do one a good turn 是成語，作“"做對(duì)某人有益的事”解。

⑤“撙衣節(jié)食”即“省吃省穿”，現(xiàn)譯為 cut down on food and clothing, 其中 to cut down on 是成語，與 to economize on 同義，作“節(jié)約”解。又，上語也可譯為 to live frugally.⑥“至于時(shí)間，更不成問題”譯為 Time is no object, 其中 no object 是成語，等于 no problem, 作“不成問題”或“不在話下”解。

⑦“全靠你們自己的選擇”譯為 the choie lies with you 或 it is up to you to make the choice.⑧“你們的母校眼睜睜地要看......”中的“眼睜睜地”通常的意思是“無可奈何地”，現(xiàn)在這里做“熱切地”解，故譯為eagerly。

漢翻英：桂林位于廣西壯族自治區(qū)的東北角，被譽(yù)為“最美的和最值得外國游客觀光的中國城市”。中國廣泛流傳這樣一句話：桂林山水甲天下。巖溶峰林地貌，晶瑩剔透的江水，經(jīng)常浮現(xiàn)與中國藝術(shù)作品中，而神奇獨(dú)特的洞穴更為桂林美景增添不少景致。

Situated in the northeast corner of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Gulin is hailed by many as the most beautifu place in China and one of the must-see destinations for most foreign tourists.There is a popular Chinese saying,”Guilin’s scenery bests all others in the world”.Its shapely-rising limestone towers and crystal-clear waters are often portrayed in Chinese artworks.Adding to its natural beauty are many fascinating caves.英譯漢之一：

How China Does “The Bachelor”

More than 50,000 young beauties from across China have lined up to win a date with one of 18 young, millionaire bachelors.The contest is the latest in a trend of beauty contests for the rich that has been criticized heavily in the media, on the

net, and even by the government.中國各地五萬多名年輕美女報(bào)名應(yīng)征與18位年輕的單身男富豪約會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì)，這是美女爭(zhēng)嫁富豪潮流的新一波，媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)甚至中國政府一直在對(duì)這種活動(dòng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)。

The new contest was organized online, and its first round was held simultaneously in several major cities.Most contestants have already gone home in defeat, having failed an examination by feng shui masters to see whether they have a 'lucky face', according to an article on the People's Daily's English website.Only 18 finalists will ultimately datethe eligible young men.ZUMApress.com舟山國際海洋小姐大賽的參賽選手為拍攝合影擺姿勢(shì)。這次活動(dòng)是在線組織的，第一輪競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在幾個(gè)大城市同步舉行。據(jù)《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》(People's Daily)英文網(wǎng)絡(luò)版報(bào)道，大多數(shù)應(yīng)征者未能通過風(fēng)水師審查她們是否有“旺夫相”這一關(guān)，已失敗回家。

僅有18名進(jìn)入決賽的美女將最終獲得約會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)，如果幸運(yùn)的話，還將嫁給合適的年輕男士。

Editorials in the online edition of China Daily, mirroring the

overwhelmingly negative public reaction, blast the contest as 'money worship' and accuse it of treating women as sex objects.Editorialist Zhang Tianpin complains that the contest is the kind of scandalous behavior that makes many Chinese hate wealthy people.Elites should 'not to flaunt their money to seek beautiful women as partners but invest their money in activities for the benefit of society,' he argues.《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》(China Daily)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版評(píng)論反映出多數(shù)公眾對(duì)這一事件持完全否定態(tài)度，抨擊這種活動(dòng)是“拜金”，并指責(zé)這種作法是將女性視為性玩物。評(píng)論人張?zhí)祛l（音）批評(píng)說，這是一種可恥的行徑，使得眾多中國人仇視富人。

他說，精英人士不應(yīng)化大錢找美女結(jié)婚，而應(yīng)將錢用于造福社會(huì)等活動(dòng)

Some defend the contest by saying that at least the women are mature and chosen not solely for their looks.Men are looking for the whole package: 'beauty, good temperament, psychological balance, sound character, good educational qualification, high moral values, love, and respect for the institution of marriage,' asserts freelance journalist Huang Yunxiang.Indeed, most of the contestants are between 28 and 30, college-educated and have steady jobs.有人為這類活動(dòng)辯解說，至少這些女性是成熟的，不光憑外表入選。自由撰稿人黃云翔（音）說，男性追求的女性條件是：相貌好、有氣質(zhì)、心態(tài)平和、性格好、受過良好教育、有高尚的價(jià)值觀、有愛心而且要尊重婚姻。的確，大多數(shù)應(yīng)征者年齡為28至30歲之間，受過大學(xué)教育，且有穩(wěn)定的工作。

China has seen a steady expansion of elite dating contests, TV shows and websites in recent years.Golden Bachelor Matchmakers, a high-end dating site, hires 'Love Hunters' to scour the country for attractive women between 5 feet, 5 inches and 5 feet, 8 inches.Then, luxurious parties with steep entrance fees pair up rich men with these carefully selected beauties.'It is not like they use money to find true love.They just want to have the best options,' Golden Bachelor Chairman Xu Tianli told China Daily.近年來，中國的精英婚戀活動(dòng)、電視婚戀節(jié)目及婚戀網(wǎng)絡(luò)呈逐漸增加趨勢(shì)。一家高端婚戀網(wǎng)站鉆石王老五征婚網(wǎng)(Golden Bachelor Matchmakers)雇傭“愛情獵頭”在全國搜尋1.65米至1.72米的魅力女性。而后舉行入場(chǎng)費(fèi)昂貴的奢侈派對(duì)將這些精心挑揀出來的美女與富豪配對(duì)。

鉆石王老五征婚網(wǎng)總裁徐天立接受《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》采訪時(shí)

說，富豪們用錢不可能找到真愛。他們只是想有最好的選擇。

Vocal critics, however, are uncomfortable with the impact of these beauty contests on Chinese culture.According to an online article in the Global Times, the government has ordered all TV stations to stop showing 22-year-old fashion model Ma Nuo after she made comments that Chinese audiences deemed 'too materialistic.'

On a TV dating show, Ma refused an unemployed man's offer of a bicycle ride, saying: 'I would rather weep in a BMW than smile [on your] bicycle.'但直言不諱的評(píng)論家們，就美女爭(zhēng)嫁富豪類征婚活動(dòng)對(duì)中國文化的沖擊非常不安。據(jù)《環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)》一篇在線文章稱，政府已下令所有的電視臺(tái)封殺22歲的時(shí)裝模特馬諾，此前她的言論讓中國觀眾認(rèn)為“過于功利化”。

之前在一個(gè)電視婚戀節(jié)目《非誠勿擾》中，馬諾拒絕了一位失業(yè)男士的求婚，她說，“我寧愿坐在寶馬里哭，也不坐在自行車后座上笑”。

鉆石王老五征婚：美女蜂擁 媒體炮轟

中國各地五萬多名年輕美女報(bào)名應(yīng)征與18位年輕的單

身男富豪約會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì)，這是美女爭(zhēng)嫁富豪潮流的新一波，媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)甚至中國政府一直在對(duì)這種活動(dòng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)。

ZUMApress.com舟山國際海洋小姐大賽的參賽選手為拍攝合影擺姿勢(shì)。這次活動(dòng)是在線組織的，第一輪競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在幾個(gè)大城市同步舉行。據(jù)《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》(People's Daily)英文網(wǎng)絡(luò)版報(bào)道，大多數(shù)應(yīng)征者未能通過風(fēng)水師審查她們是否有“旺夫相”這一關(guān)，已失敗回家。

僅有18名進(jìn)入決賽的美女將最終獲得約會(huì)機(jī)會(huì)，如果幸運(yùn)的話，還將嫁給合適的年輕男士。

《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》(China Daily)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版評(píng)論反映出多數(shù)公眾對(duì)這一事件持完全否定態(tài)度，抨擊這種活動(dòng)是“拜金”，并指責(zé)這種作法是將女性視為性玩物。評(píng)論人張?zhí)祛l（音）批評(píng)說，這是一種可恥的行徑，使得眾多中國人仇視富人。

他說，精英人士不應(yīng)化大錢找美女結(jié)婚，而應(yīng)將錢用于造福社會(huì)等活動(dòng)

有人為這類活動(dòng)辯解說，至少這些女性是成熟的，不光憑外表入選。自由撰稿人黃云翔（音）說，男性追求的女性條件是：相貌好、有氣質(zhì)、心態(tài)平和、性格好、受過良好教育、有高尚的價(jià)值觀、有愛心而且要尊重婚姻。的確，大多數(shù)應(yīng)征者年齡為28至30歲之間，受過大學(xué)教育，且有穩(wěn)定的工作。

近年來，中國的精英婚戀活動(dòng)、電視婚戀節(jié)目及婚戀網(wǎng)

絡(luò)呈逐漸增加趨勢(shì)。一家高端婚戀網(wǎng)站鉆石王老五征婚網(wǎng)(Golden Bachelor Matchmakers)雇傭“愛情獵頭”在全國搜尋1.65米至1.72米的魅力女性。而后舉行入場(chǎng)費(fèi)昂貴的奢侈派對(duì)將這些精心挑揀出來的美女與富豪配對(duì)。

鉆石王老五征婚網(wǎng)總裁徐天立接受《中國日?qǐng)?bào)》采訪時(shí)說，富豪們用錢不可能找到真愛。他們只是想有最好的選擇。

但直言不諱的評(píng)論家們，就美女爭(zhēng)嫁富豪類征婚活動(dòng)對(duì)中國文化的沖擊非常不安。據(jù)《環(huán)球時(shí)報(bào)》一篇在線文章稱，政府已下令所有的電視臺(tái)封殺22歲的時(shí)裝模特馬諾，此前她的言論讓中國觀眾認(rèn)為“過于功利化”。

之前在一個(gè)電視婚戀節(jié)目《非誠勿擾》中，馬諾拒絕了一位失業(yè)男士的求婚，她說，“我寧愿坐在寶馬里哭，也不坐在自行車后座上笑”。

英漢翻譯 ： Mother's Letter to the World Dear World：

My son starts school today．It’s going to be strange and new to him for a while．And I wish you would sort of treat him gently． You see，up to now，he’s been king of the roost．He’s been boss of the back yard．I have always been around to repair his wounds，and to soothe his feelings．

But now― things are going to be different．

This morning，he’s going to walk down the front steps，wave his hand and start on his great adventure that will probably include wars and tragedy and sorrow．To live his life in the world he has to live in will require faith and love and courage．

So，World，I wish you would sort of take him by his young hand and teach him the things he will have to know．Teach him―but gently，if you can．Teach him that for every scoundrel，there is a hero；that for every crooked politician there is a dedicated leader；that for every enemy there is a friend．Teach him the wonders of books．

Give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky，bees in the sun，and flowers on the green hill．

Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat．Teach him to have faith in his own ideas，even if everyone else tells him they are wrong．Teach him to sell his brawn and brains to the highest bidder，but never to put a price on his heart and soul．Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob．．．a(chǎn)nd to stand and fight if he thinks he’s right．Teach him gently，World，but don’t coddle him，because only the test of fire makes fine steel．

This is a big order，World，but see what you can do．He’s such a nice little fellow． 親愛的世界：

我的兒子今天開始上學(xué)。在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，他都會(huì)感到既陌生又新鮮。我希望你能對(duì)他溫柔一點(diǎn)。

你知道，直到現(xiàn)在，他一直是家里的小皇帝；一直是后院的主人。我一直在他身邊，為他料理傷口，給他感情上的慰藉。

可是現(xiàn)在———一切都將發(fā)生變化。今天早晨，他將走下屋前的臺(tái)階，揮揮手，踏上他偉大的冒險(xiǎn)征途，途中也許會(huì)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、悲劇和傷痛。要在他必須生存的世界中生活需要信念、愛心和勇氣。

所以，世界，我希望你握住他稚嫩的手，教他必須知道的一些事情。教他———但如果可能的話，溫柔點(diǎn)兒。教他知道，世界上有一個(gè)惡棍，就有一個(gè)英雄；有一個(gè)奸詐的政客，就有一個(gè)富有奉獻(xiàn)精神的領(lǐng)袖；有一個(gè)敵人，就有一個(gè)朋友。教他感受書本的魅力。給他時(shí)間，去安靜地思索自然界中永恒的神秘：空中的小鳥，陽光下的蜜蜂，青山上的花朵。教他知道，失敗比欺騙要光榮得多。教他要堅(jiān)信自己的思想，哪怕別人都予以否定。教

他可把自己的體力和腦力以最高價(jià)出售，但絕對(duì)不要出賣自己的心靈和靈魂。教他對(duì)暴徒的嚎叫置若罔聞??并且在認(rèn)為自己是對(duì)的時(shí)候站出來戰(zhàn)斗。以溫柔的方式教導(dǎo)他，世界，但不要溺愛 他，因?yàn)橹挥辛一鸩拍軣挸稣驿摗?/p>

這是個(gè)很高的要求，世界，但請(qǐng)你盡力而為。他是一個(gè)多么可愛的小伙子。

第二篇：翻譯練習(xí)+答案

翻譯練習(xí)

1．我們必須不斷學(xué)習(xí)，這樣才能與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。(so that)

2．意大利足球隊(duì)非常強(qiáng)調(diào)團(tuán)隊(duì)精神，這是他們贏得世界杯的關(guān)鍵。(1ay emphasis on)

3．她不聲不響離家出走，使她的父母心煩意亂。(without)

4．小男孩對(duì)展覽會(huì)上的那輛汽車很著迷。(fascinate)

5．使劉翔迷們感到興奮的是，劉翔在瑞士洛桑創(chuàng)造了12秒88的男子110米欄的世界紀(jì)錄。(To?)

1.We should/ must continue to learn more so that we can keep pace/up with the development of times.2.The Italian Football Team laid great emphasis on team spirit, which was the key to winning the World Cup.3.Her leaving home without saying a word upset her parents.4.The little boy was fascinated by the car on the exhibition.5.To his fan’s excitement, Liu Xiang set a new world record of 12.88 seconds in the men’s 110-metre hurdles in Lausanne, Switzerland.我最后一次看見杰克的時(shí)候，他一個(gè)人在街上走。(The last time)

7．幾乎每一個(gè)人都承認(rèn)犯罪不可能被徹底消滅。(the fact，wipe out)

8．如果公眾失去了對(duì)這家公司的信任，那么他們的銷售會(huì)下降得很快。(1ost trust)

9．給我印象最深的是磁懸浮列車的速度是多么的快啊。(impress，magnetic suspension train)

10．我爸爸不愿用新手機(jī)來替換他那只磨損不堪的老手機(jī)。(substitute)

6.The last time I saw Jack, he was walking down the street alone.7.Almost everyone accepts the fact that crime can never be wiped put entirely.8.If the public lose trust in the company, sales will fall sharply.9.What impressed me most is how fast the speed of a magnetic suspension train is.10.My father isn’t willing to substitute the new cell phone for his worn-out one.11．盡管天氣很寒冷，學(xué)生們還是在6點(diǎn)正準(zhǔn)時(shí)出操。(Despite)

12．每個(gè)人，不管是年輕人還是老年人都應(yīng)銘記“驕者必?cái)　薄?keep)

13．雖然他們是好朋友，但他不愿意幫助修理電腦。(reluctant)

14．那位臉色蒼白的婦女站在大樓頂上，這使在場(chǎng)的人都很擔(dān)心。(at the top of)

15．他必定是這次競(jìng)賽中最可能獲獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生。(likely)

11.Despite the cold weather, the students did morning exercises at 6 o’clock sharp.12.Everyone, young or old, must keep in mind that pride goes before a fall.13.Though they are close friends, he is reluctant to help fix the computer.14.At the top of the building stood a woman whose face was pale, which frightened everyone on the scene.15.He is sure to be the most likely student to win the prize in the competition.16在我陷于困境時(shí)，對(duì)于你的幫助我表示萬分感激。(grateful)

17．這所學(xué)校在藝術(shù)教育方面建立了很好的聲譽(yù)。(reputation)

18．她放棄了這次機(jī)會(huì)僅僅是因?yàn)槿鄙僮銐虻腻X。(1ack)

19．這個(gè)到2009年末完成的項(xiàng)目將使我們?cè)诎雮€(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)就能到達(dá)杭州。(不定式)

20．那男孩是如此的調(diào)皮，他奶奶對(duì)他束手無策。(so?that)

16.I’m deeply grateful to you for your help, when I was in trouble.17.The school has built up a good reputation in art education.18.She gave up the chance merely because of her lacking enough money.19.The project to be accomplished by the end of 2009 will enable us to reach Hangzhou in 30 minutes.20.The boy was so naughty that his grandmother didn’t know how to deal with him.21．你說的也就是我所想的。(what)

22．不管他父親是否同意，他將選擇教師作為他的職業(yè)。(whether)

23．根據(jù)他提供的線索，警察很快抓到了逃犯。(according)

24．當(dāng)你們到達(dá)那里時(shí)，你們會(huì)知道他發(fā)生了什么事。(the moment)

25．不要把今天的事留到明天做。(名詞性從句)

39.may just as well stay at home

40.stain the new carpet

41.didn??t do anything

42.play indispensable roles

43.Even so

44.are being developed

45.remembering all my life

46.lose contact with

47.second only to

48.such fine weather

49.have never resorted to

50.not to speak of/not to mention/let alone going abroad

51.delaying making

52.should adapt himself to

53.to hearing your story again

54.is now being turned

55.Could you take a blank sheet of paper?

第三篇：中級(jí)口譯翻譯練習(xí)+答案

中級(jí)口譯翻譯練習(xí)

1.Bill Gates is smiling again.The boyish enthusiasm is back, and the grueling burdens of monopoly lawsuits and dotcom downturns are receding.America’s best-known billionaire is back to doing what he has always done best-designing exciting new products and making barrels of money.The Launch of Office XP,a sophisticated rethink of Microsoft’s most popular business toll at the end of this May,marks merely the opening shot in a forthcoming technological blitz that Gates is serenely convinced will cement his companuy’s status as the unshakable colossus of computing.“It’s great to see people enthused about what we are doing.”Gates happily declares.2.China,the world’s most populous nation,joined the World Trade Organization on November 10,2001,thus ending 15 years of negotiations,offering China a new place at the table of nations and giving new life to centuries of dreams.The admission is one of China’s most significant diplomatic achievements since it displaced Taiwan and took a seat on the United Nations Securities Council in 1971,soon after which then President Richard Nixon made his famous trip to Beijing.Admission means China will enjoy protection against the imposition of barriers on its goods.The United States will cease the annual review

procedure

in

which

Congress considers ending”normal trade relations” with China based on its human rights performance.中口翻譯答案

1.比爾。蓋茨又一次微笑了。他那孩童般的熱情又回來了。那場(chǎng)另人身心疲憊的反壟斷訴訟案以及網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司低迷徘徊的局面正在接近尾聲。美國這們聞名遐邇的億萬富翁重新做起了他一貫最拿手的工作－設(shè)計(jì)激動(dòng)人心的新產(chǎn)品并賺得大把的鈔票。

5月底，微軟將其最受歡迎的辦公商務(wù)軟件的經(jīng)典改進(jìn)版Office XP投放市場(chǎng)，打響了該公司即將閃電式推出一系列新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的第一炮。蓋茨深信，這些產(chǎn)品將鞏固其公司作為計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)不可動(dòng)搖的“航空母艦”地位。

蓋茨不無驕傲地說：“看到人們對(duì)我們所從事的工作如此熱心，真是太棒了。”

2．中國這個(gè)世界上人口最多的國家，于2001年11月10加入了世界貿(mào)易組織，從而結(jié)束了15年的漫長(zhǎng)談判，為中國在國際上贏得了一個(gè)新的席位，并為幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來的夢(mèng)想注入了新的活力。

加入WTO是自1971年中國取代臺(tái)灣獲得聯(lián)合國安理會(huì)席位（那以后不久，理查德。尼克松總統(tǒng)便開始了其著名的北京之行）以來中國所取得的最為重大的外交成就之一。

加入WTO表明中國將得以保護(hù)其商品免遭懲罰性貿(mào)易關(guān)卡。美國將停止其一年一度的對(duì)華貿(mào)易審查程序。在這個(gè)審查程序中，美國國會(huì)總是以中國的人權(quán)狀況為由來審議終止與中國的“正常貿(mào)易關(guān)系”。

第四篇：CET46 翻譯練習(xí)1答案

孔子（Confucius）是春秋時(shí)期（the Spring and Autumn Period）的大思想家、大教育家和儒 家學(xué)派（Confucianism）的創(chuàng)始人，是古代中國人心目中的圣人?？鬃拥难哉摵蜕交顒?dòng)記 錄在由他的弟子或再傳弟子編成的《論語》（The Analects）一書中?！墩撜Z》是中國古代 文化的經(jīng)典著作。在孔子之后幾千年的中國歷史上，沒有哪一位思想家、文學(xué)家和政治家不 受《論語》的影響。不研究《論語》，就不能真正把握中國幾千年的傳統(tǒng)文化。

As a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people.His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects.As an enduring classic of Chinese culture, The

Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years’ Chinese history after Confucius.No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book.2

大約在兩千多年前，中國就出現(xiàn)了蠟染（wax printing）。在中國服飾中，蠟染是一種流傳 時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、流行范圍大、使用領(lǐng)域廣的服裝工藝。蠟染是在布匹著色的過程中，以蜂蠟（beeswax）作為防止染色的材料。蜂蠟干了之后，會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些裂紋，這些裂紋在染色過程中滲透進(jìn)靛藍(lán) 色，于是形成了如冰花式樣的美妙紋理。這樣自然天成的紋理可以說是蠟染的靈魂所在。

Wax printing appeared in China about 2,000 years ago.Wax printing has long been a widespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion.During the dyeing process, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed.When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the process of dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice.These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and soul of wax printing.3

景泰藍(lán)（cloisonné）是馳名中外的傳統(tǒng)工藝，它集青銅藝術(shù)、瓷器和雕刻諸種工藝制作技巧 于一身，是一門地道的北京絕活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人們居家使用的精美物品。這項(xiàng)工藝始創(chuàng)于明代景泰年間，初創(chuàng)時(shí)的顏色主要是藍(lán)色，故得名“景泰藍(lán)”。到了成化年 間，景泰藍(lán)技術(shù)進(jìn)一步成熟，這個(gè)時(shí)期的作品沉穩(wěn)凝重又透明靈動(dòng)，而且銅胎也極為講究。

Cloisonné is a traditional art widely known in and outside China.It is a kind of superb local expertise form of Beijing, which combines the skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts.It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments for daily use.The making of cloisonné first appeared during the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used being blue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on.By the time of the Chenghua reign, the techniques for making cloisonné were further developed, with products of this period looking heavy and dignified yet not lacking in eloquence or vividness.Moreover, its cast was always made of choice copper.4

西塘在浙江嘉興，位于上海和杭州之間。這個(gè)占地規(guī)模并不大的古鎮(zhèn)有著悠久的歷史，它初 建于春秋時(shí)期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吳國和越國的交界處。西塘的大致規(guī) 模在宋代之前就已經(jīng)形成，今所見西塘著名的橋梁望仙橋（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的 遺跡。在明清時(shí)期，西塘既是遠(yuǎn)近聞名的魚米之鄉(xiāng)，又是著名的絲綢制造之地，還以制陶業(yè)（ceramics）而享譽(yù)全國。

Xitang is located in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, between Shanghai and Hangzhou.Though small in size, this ancient town boasts a long history.It was first built during the Spring and Autumn Period, at the border between the states of Wu and Yue.The present layout had already taken shape before the Song Dynasty, and the famous Wangxian Bridge in Xitang is a legacy of the Song.By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xitang had become a well-known trade centre for farm products, silks and ceramics, all produced in the surrounding areas and famous throughout the country.5

秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中國漢族的一種傳統(tǒng)民間舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者 通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動(dòng)作迅速有力。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上觀看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過跳舞來保持健康，同時(shí)他們也 樂在其中。

The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces.Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their

movements are vigorous and quick.During holidays, such as the lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside.In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.6

中國的青銅器時(shí)代（Bronze Age）從夏開始，經(jīng)歷商、西周到春秋時(shí)期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持續(xù)了一千五百多年的時(shí)間。大量出土的青銅器物表明，中國創(chuàng)造了燦爛的 青銅文明。這些青銅器物不僅有豐富的政治和宗教內(nèi)涵，而且還具有很高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。今藏 于中國歷史博物館的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中國青銅器時(shí)代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）時(shí)期的作品，距今大約有三千多年。

The Bronze Age in China lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, to the Spring and Autumn Period.Large numbers of unearthed artifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilization in the country.They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artistic value.A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is now preserved in the Museum of Chinese History.It was cast about 3,000 years ago during the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty.7

1911年，中國爆發(fā)了歷史上的第一次資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命——辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中國封建社會(huì)的最后一個(gè)朝代——清朝，廢除了中國延續(xù)了2000多年的封建帝制，建立了中國的第一個(gè)民主共和國——中華民國。民國政府成立以后，要求全國人民都剪掉頭 上的辮子（queues），選擇自己喜歡的發(fā)型。至此，在中國延續(xù)了280多年的辮子法令終于 被解除。

In 1911, the first bourgeois revolution in Chinese history — the Revolution of 1911 broke out.The last dynasty of the Chinese feudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had a history of more than 2,000 years was abolished.The Republic of China, the first democratic republic in China, was founded in 1912.After its foundation, the government of Republic of China had required the citizens to cut off their queues and make the haircut they liked.Since then, the wearing-queue order that had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished.8

出現(xiàn)在中國五代時(shí)期的婦女纏足（foot-binding），雖然最初是宮廷舞女為了方便跳舞而采用 的一種行為，但由于有人認(rèn)為腳裹起來更好看，所有很多人就開始效仿起來。到了宋代，封 建社會(huì)的綱常思想非常嚴(yán)重，受到男尊女卑的封建禮教的影響，女子裹腳的風(fēng)氣被傳承下來，并逐漸成為一種習(xí)俗。為了與婦女的小腳相適應(yīng)，宋代還出現(xiàn)了專門為裹足婦女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。

The practice of foot-binding for women appeared in the Five Dynasties, but in the beginning, it was only adopted by the court dancers for convenience while dancing.Since people thought the foot-binding made women’s feet look more beautiful, many females rushed to follow suit.By the Song Dynasty, due to the importance of feudal ethical thoughts and influence of the feudal male superiority conception, the practice of foot-binding was inherited and became a custom.In the Song Dynasty, to meet the needs of women’s small feet, a kind of specially designed shoes gongxie was made.9

據(jù)中國古代史書記載，治水有功的大禹通過禪讓制接替舜成為部落聯(lián)盟首領(lǐng)。但大禹死后，他的兒子夏啟卻破壞禪讓的傳統(tǒng)，自立為國王，建立了中國歷史上第一個(gè)奴隸制國家——夏。從此，王位實(shí)行世襲制度，中國社會(huì)從此步入階級(jí)社會(huì)。夏代處在中國社會(huì)從原始社會(huì)向奴 隸社會(huì)過渡的時(shí)期，社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面依然保存著原始社會(huì)的種種痕跡。

According to the Chinese ancient documents, the legendary leader Shun abdicated and handed over his leadership to Da Yu who had made great contribution to controlling the flood of the

Yellow River of China.When Da Yu died, his son Xia Qi breached the tradition of demise system and set himself as the king.Xia, the first slavery nation in Chinese history, was founded.Since then, the hereditary system had been practiced.Thus, China stepped into a class society.The Xia Dynasty was a transition from primitive society to slave society.At that time, all aspects of social life still reserved traces of primitive society.10

北京烤鴨是自封建帝王時(shí)代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被認(rèn)為是中國的一道國菜。這道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及廚師們?cè)诳腿嗣媲捌喿拥恼鎸?shí)情形而著稱。專門用于制作 烤鴨的鴨子在養(yǎng)殖65天后就被屠宰了，鴨子在烤制前要先用調(diào)料腌制（season），然后才送 進(jìn)燜爐或者掛爐。鴨肉通常配上蔥（scallion）、黃瓜和甜面醬，用薄餅卷著食用。

Peking duck is a famous duck dish that has been popular since the imperial era in Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China.The dish is prized for the thin, crisp skin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced in front of the diners by the cook.Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven.The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweet bean sauce.11

秦始皇是中國歷史上一位很有作為的皇帝，他生前動(dòng)用了大量人力、物力為自己修造陵墓。秦陵兵馬俑（Terracotta Warriors and Horses）就是為陪葬這位皇帝而制作的陶兵和陶馬。秦 始皇陵兵馬俑被發(fā)現(xiàn)于1974年。三個(gè)兵馬俑坑（terracotta figurines pits）占地約20,000多平方米，8,000多個(gè)與真人真馬一般大小的陶俑陶馬，排列成整齊的方陣，再現(xiàn)了秦始皇統(tǒng)一 中國時(shí)兵強(qiáng)馬壯的雄偉軍陣。秦始皇陵兵馬俑被稱作世界第八大奇跡。

The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, known as Qing Shi Huang, made great achievements in Chinese history.While still alive, he mobilized huge manpower and used a great deal of materials to build his tomb.The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were made as burial objects to accompany the emperor in the after world.They were first discovered in 1974.Archaeologists had unearthed some 8,000 lifelike soldiers and horses from three terracotta figurines pits occupying about 20,000 square metres.Standing in formation, they indicate the powerful array of troops of Qin Shi Huang when he unified China.They are regarded as the eighth wonder of the world.12

筷子是廣泛適用于東亞各國的傳統(tǒng)餐具?？曜拥臍v史起源于中國古代，最早可以追溯到商代。筷子通常由竹子、塑料、木材或不銹鋼制成。第一雙筷子可能用于烹飪，撥火而不是作為飲 食器具。直到漢代，筷子才開始用作餐具。直到明代，筷子才開始被普遍使用于上菜或者吃 飯。然后它們被取名“筷子”，并擁有了今天的形狀。

Chopsticks are used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China and dates back to as early as the Shang Dynasty.They are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood or stainless steel.The first chopsticks were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire and not as eating utensils.Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty.It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks were widely used for both serving and eating.They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape.13

公元960年，宋朝建立，后統(tǒng)一了中國大部分地區(qū)。宋朝的統(tǒng)治者建立了有效的中央集權(quán)制； 廣泛任用民間的學(xué)術(shù)文人；地方的軍事官員及其黨羽都被中央任命的官員所替代。宋朝在城 市發(fā)展方面是非常顯著的，這不單指其在管理上的職能，而且還包括其作為貿(mào)易、工業(yè)和海 上貿(mào)易的中心的職能。在文化上，宋朝發(fā)展了歷史文獻(xiàn)、繪畫、書法及堅(jiān)硬光滑的瓷器等。

In 960, Song Dynasty was founded, and later it reunified most of China.The rulers of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials.The Song Dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry and maritime commerce.Culturally, the Song refined historical writings, painting, calligraphy and hard-glazed porcelain, etc.14

中國科舉制度（Chinese Imperial Examination System）是指中國古代官僚機(jī)構(gòu)選拔行政官員 的考試制度。古代的中國人要想成為一位官員首先必須通過多種考試?？婆e考試的歷史可以 追溯到隋朝，在唐朝得到進(jìn)一步鞏固和完善，在清朝走到了盡頭?？婆e制度在中國已經(jīng)存在 了約1300年。它對(duì)中國古代的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和政治體制有深刻的影響。即使是現(xiàn)代選拔公務(wù)員 的考試制度也是間接地從科舉制度演變而來的。

Chinese Imperial Examination System refers to an examination system of selecting the

administrative officials for the ancient Chinese bureaucracy.Ancient Chinese who wanted to be an official had to pass multiple of examinations first.Its history dates back to the Sui Dynasty.During the Tang Dynasty, the system had been further consolidated and perfected.The system came to an end during the Qing Dynasty.The Imperial Examination System has existed for about 1,300 years in China.It exerts deep influence on social structure and political system in ancient China.Even the modern examination system for selecting civil service staff also indirectly evolved from the imperial one.15

唐代文化是中國文化的一個(gè)高峰。尤其是古典詩歌到唐代發(fā)展到全盛時(shí)期。在唐代300余年 的歷史中，產(chǎn)生的流傳于后世的詩歌就有48,900多首。如此豐富的作品也使2,300多位詩人 在歷史上留下了他們的名字。唐詩在創(chuàng)作方法上，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義與浪漫主義并舉。唐代最著名的 詩人是李白和杜甫，他們都是具有世界聲譽(yù)的詩人，后人將他們合稱為“李杜”。

The Tang Dynasty witnessed a peak in Chinese culture.Especially, ancient poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty.In more than 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, some 48,900 poems were handed down and remain widely known today.So many works also made more than 2,300 poets famous in history.As far as the writing technique is concerned, the Tang poetry combined realism and romanticism.The best-known poets of the Tang Dynasty were Li Bai and Du Fu, who are very prestigious in the whole world and people of later generations called both of them as “Li Du” collaboratively.16

江蘇菜，又叫淮陽菜，流行于長(zhǎng)江下流區(qū)域，以水產(chǎn)作為主要原料，注重原料的鮮味。其雕 刻技術(shù)十分珍貴，其中瓜雕（melon carving）尤其著名。烹飪技術(shù)包括燉、烤、焙、煨（simmering）等。江蘇菜的特色是淡、鮮、甜、雅。江蘇菜系以其精選的原料，精細(xì)的準(zhǔn)備，不辣不溫的 口感而出名。因?yàn)榻K氣候變化很大，江蘇菜系在一年之中也有變化。味道強(qiáng)而不重，淡而 不溫。

Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach region of the Yangtze River.Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials.Its carving

techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well-known.Cooking techniques consist of stewing, roasting, baking and simmering, etc.The flavor of Huaiyang

Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance.Jiangsu Cuisine is well-known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation, and its “not-too-spicy, not-too-bland” taste.Since the climate varies considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year.The flavor is strong but not too heavy;light but not too bland.17

王安石，北宋宰相、政治家、文學(xué)家、江西臨川人。1042年，王安石考中進(jìn)士，踏上了仕 途，從此積極投身于改革大業(yè)。他曾給宋仁宗寫了一封萬字的諫書（remonstrance），主張 朝廷全面改革法度，卻沒有得到重視。直到宋神宗時(shí)，王安石才得以有計(jì)劃制定新的法度，大刀闊斧地展開以富國強(qiáng)兵為目的的變法運(yùn)動(dòng)。這就是中國歷史上著名的“王安石變法”。

Born in Linchuan, Jiangxi province, Wang Anshi was a statesman, poet and prose writer in the Song Dynasty.In 1042, Wang Anshi outstood others in the feudal exam and became a Jinshi，marking his first step in his political career and the beginning of his commitment to the reform.He once wrote a remonstrance of ten thousand characters to Emperor Renzong, advocating an all-out reform of the feudal laws and systems.The letter, however, was neglected.It was not until the reign of Emperor Shenzong that he finally got the opportunity to carry out the reform aimed to strengthen the country’s power.This is the famous “Wang Anshi’s Reform” in the Chinese history.18 秦腔（Qingqiang Opera）起源于唐、宋年間的陜西農(nóng)村，經(jīng)明、清兩代的發(fā)展，演變成現(xiàn)在 以“直起直落，慷慨激昂，蕩氣回腸”為主要特征的表現(xiàn)形式。在陜西境內(nèi)，根據(jù)不同語言 特色和生活習(xí)慣，秦腔又分為東、中、西、南四路。西安秦腔吸取東、西兩路秦腔的長(zhǎng)處和 京劇等外來劇種的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，既有高亢激昂、粗獷豪放的風(fēng)格，又有柔和清麗、精致細(xì)膩的格調(diào)。

Qinqiang Opera originated in the Tang and Song dynasties from the rural areas of the ancient Shaanxi in China and took shape in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Now this folk opera is featured by melodies that do not have many changes yet sound impassioned and soul-stirring.Since the dialects and living habits vary from place to place within Shaanxi province, Qinqiang opera is classified into four schools: the eastern school, the central school, the western school and the southern school.Qinqiang opera performed in Xi’an has absorbed the merits of the eastern and western schools as well as those of other operas such as Peking opera.Thus it sounds loud and rough sometimes, soft and gentle at other times.19

根據(jù)中國的陰陽五行學(xué)說，世界上所有的事物都是由金、木、水、火、土五種元素構(gòu)成，這 五種元素相生相克，白色代表金，綠色代表木，黑色代表水，紅色代表火，黃色則代表土。中國社會(huì)發(fā)展到漢代以后，黃色開始被人所接受，并認(rèn)為是最尊貴的顏色。唐代以后，服飾 制度規(guī)定只準(zhǔn)皇室穿黃色的服飾，其他人一概不允許。

According to the Chinese thought of yin, yang and the five elements(metal, wood, water, fire and earth), all things in the universe consist of the five elements;there is a phenomenon of mutual promotion and restraint among the five elements.The white stands for metal, the blue for wood, the black for water, the red for fire and the yellow for earth.Since the Han Dynasty in Chinese history, the yellow had been accepted by all people and regarded as the most distinguished colour.By the Tang Dynasty, the clothing system stipulated that all the people were prohibited from wearing yellow clothes except the royal family.20

張擇端是北宋時(shí)期的一位宮廷畫師，擁有大量杰出作品，但最著名的應(yīng)當(dāng)是被后人稱為“神 品”的《清明上河圖》（A River Scene at Qingming Festival）。它是一部寫實(shí)主義的精品，以當(dāng)時(shí)開封城的景象為題材繪制而成。圖中人物多達(dá)500余人，真實(shí)地再現(xiàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)開封清明 時(shí)節(jié)的盛況。全圖結(jié)構(gòu)完整，描繪準(zhǔn)確，被傳為稀世珍品?！肚迕魃虾訄D》將那個(gè)時(shí)代的繪 畫藝術(shù)推向了頂峰。

Zhang Zeduan is a royal painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, he left many outstanding works, but the most renowned one is A River Scene at Qingming Festival.With various scenes in Kaifeng

as raw materials, the painting paints more than 500 people and thus is a lively portrayal of Kaifeng on the day of Qingming Festival.So complete in organisation and so vivid in painting, A River Scene at Qingming Festival is deemed as the peak of painting at that time.21

清朝是中國的最后一個(gè)封建王朝。它由滿族人（Manchus）建立，是中國歷史上第二個(gè)由非 漢族人創(chuàng)建的統(tǒng)一王朝。滿族人以前也被稱為女真（Jurchen），他們居住在明朝境內(nèi)東北 部、長(zhǎng)城關(guān)外。在努爾哈赤（Nurhaci）統(tǒng)一女真各部落并建立了一個(gè)獨(dú)立的部落之后，他 們成為了明朝晚期的主要威脅。滿族人聯(lián)合明朝的將軍吳三桂打下了北京，并將其作為清朝 的首都。在這之后他們繼續(xù)南下剿滅（subdue）明朝的殘余反抗勢(shì)力。在滿族征戰(zhàn)中國的過 程（1618—1683）中，總共造成了2500萬人喪生。

The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China.Founded by the Manchus, it was the second non-Han Chinese dynasty that ruled the whole country.The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchen, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall.They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming Dynasty after Nurhaci had united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent one.The Manchu allied with the Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing Dynasty, and then proceeded to subdue the remaining Ming’s resistance in the south.22

明朝是中國歷史上最后一個(gè)由漢族建立的王朝，歷經(jīng)十二世、十六位皇帝，國祚276年。明 朝初期明太祖朱元璋定都于南京市。1421年由明成祖朱棣遷都至北京市。明朝是繼漢唐盛 世后又一個(gè)興盛的中原王朝，也曾是手工業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)最繁榮的國家之一?！睹魇贰罚═he History of Ming）認(rèn)為洪武、永樂在位時(shí)期，“治隆唐宋”、“遠(yuǎn)邁漢唐”。明朝時(shí)期，無漢唐之 和親，無兩宋之歲幣，天子御國門，君主死社稷，為后世子孫所敬仰。

The Ming Dynasty is the last dynasty established by the Han Chinese in Chinese history.It had 16 emperors of 12 generations in its 276 years.Zhu Yuanzhang, founder of the Ming Dynasty, set its capital in Nanjing in the early years.Emperor Zhudi moved its capital to Beijing in 1421.The Ming Dynasty is a follow-up to the prosperous Han and Tang dynasties, when the handicraft industry and economy flourished.The History of Ming suggests that during the reign of Emperor Hongwu and Yongle, the Ming Dynasty was much more developed than the Han, the Tang and the Song dynasties.The Ming Dynasty was never forced to establish marital relationships with neighboring kingdoms like Tang Dynasty, neither did it pay any tribute like the Song did.Emperors in the Ming Dynasty all dedicated to its country and are respected by their descendants.23

年畫（New Year Painting）是中國畫的一種，始于古代的門神畫（door god painting），在清 朝光緒年間正式被稱為年畫。北宋年間，每逢過年過節(jié)家家戶戶貼年畫已成為一種風(fēng)尚。木 板年畫歷史悠久，堪稱中國民間藝術(shù)寶庫中的一顆明珠。木版年畫，顧名思義，就是用木板 印出來的年畫，不但具有極高的收藏價(jià)值，而且還極具觀賞性。朱仙鎮(zhèn)木板年畫和天津楊柳 青、山東濰坊、江蘇桃花塢年畫并稱中國四大年畫。朱仙鎮(zhèn)木版年畫采用的是手工木刻制作，制作工藝非常地講究。

New Year Painting is a kind of Chinese painting originated from ancient door god painting.In the period of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, it was formally known as New Year Painting.In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was a trend to paste new year paintings on New Year festivals and other holidays.The wood panel new year painting has a long history.It can be called a pearl of the treasures of folk art in China.The wood panel new year paintings, as its name implies, are painted with wood panels.They not only have very high artistic value, but also are highly ornamental.Wood panel new year paintings in Zhuxian Town, together with new year painting in Yangliuqing of Tianjin, Weifang of Shandong and Taohuawu of Jiangsu are collectively known as the four famous new year paintings in China.Wood panel new year paintings in Zhuxian Town are made of hand-made wood and the production process is very demanding.24

在中國古代社會(huì)，官服是權(quán)力的象征，歷來受到統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的重視。因?yàn)槊鞒实坌罩?，所?官員的官服是以大紅為主的（紫色從此不在官服中使用），且樣式近似唐代圓領(lǐng)服。最有特 色的是用“補(bǔ)子”（buzi）表示官員的品級(jí)。補(bǔ)子是一塊約40-50厘米的正方形絲綢材料，可織繡上不同的紋樣，然后被分別縫綴在官服的胸前和背后。文官的補(bǔ)子用飛禽，武官用走 獸，分成九個(gè)等級(jí)。平常穿的圓領(lǐng)袍衫則憑衣服長(zhǎng)短來區(qū)分身份，衣服長(zhǎng)的人地位高。

In ancient China, the official dress was a symbol of power, and was taken seriously by the ruling class of ages.In the Ming Dynasty, as the emperor’s family name was Zhu meaning red, the

official dress was mostly bright red;as a result, the colour purple was no longer used as the colour for the official dress during the period.The Ming official dress looked quite similar to the

round-neck dress in the Tang Dynasty.The “buzi” was the most special characteristic of the Ming official dress, which was used to show the grade of officials.The buzi was a piece of square silk about 40-50cm, which was embroidered with different flower patterns and then sewn to the front part and back part of the official dress.The buzi of the civilian was embroidered with the figure of fowls, and that of the military officer was embroidered with the figures of beasts, which was

divided into nine grades.The ordinary round-neck gowns and robes were distinguished according to the length of the dress.The longer the clothes the higher the position.25

孫權(quán)，字（courtesy name）仲謀，今浙江富陽人。15歲時(shí)就開始征戰(zhàn)沙場(chǎng)。他是一位善于 納賢的英杰，勇敢果斷，選拔官員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是唯賢任能。他大膽任用了一批年輕有為的將領(lǐng)，從而幫助孫權(quán)成就了一代宏圖大業(yè)。孫權(quán)統(tǒng)治江東50年，對(duì)開發(fā)建業(yè)和整個(gè)江南地區(qū)做出 了重大貢獻(xiàn)。他發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，興修水利，疏浚（dredge）和擴(kuò)大了秦淮河水道。他還發(fā)展了航 海事業(yè)，派人到夷洲（今臺(tái)灣?。鍪惯|東半島（peninsula）及南海諸國，還為西域僧人 建造了金陵的第一座佛寺——建初寺。

Sun Quan, whose courtesy name is Zhongmou, was born in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province.Sun began to fight on the battlefield when he was only 15 years old.Later, when he became a leader, he was brave, decisive and impartial in appointing officials.As a result, a lot of young yet talented men were promoted to important position, which helped Sun a lot in building his kingdom.During his fifty years’ rule, Sun Quan contributed a lot to the development of Jianye(present Nanjing)and the south China as a whole by developing agriculture, building irrigation projects as well as dredging and widening the waterway of the Qinhuai River.What’s more, he helped to develop China’s navigation industry by sending off convoys to Yizhou(modern Taiwan Province)，Liaodong Peninsula and some island countries around South China Sea.Under his order, the first Buddhist temple which was named Jianchu Temple was built for monks from the Western Regions.26 祖沖之，429年生于建康（今南京），他從小就顯示出過人的才學(xué)。他最偉大的貢獻(xiàn)就是把 圓周率的數(shù)值精確計(jì)算到3.141,592,6和3.141,592,7之間。這個(gè)數(shù)值在當(dāng)時(shí)是世界上最精準(zhǔn) 的圓周率數(shù)值。直到大約一千年后，歐洲數(shù)學(xué)家才求得同樣的結(jié)果。由于祖沖之在計(jì)算圓周 率方面的重大貢獻(xiàn)，圓周率又被稱為“祖率”。國際科學(xué)界還將月球上的一座環(huán)形山（lunar crater）命名為“祖沖之山”（Tsu Chung-chi）。國際行星中心還以他的名字命名了一顆小 行星（asteroid）。這些都是為了紀(jì)念這位偉大的科學(xué)巨匠。

Born in Jiankang(present Nanjing)in 429, Zu Chongzhi(Tsu Chung-chi)displayed unusual talent from his childhood.Based on others’ achievements, he calculated out that the precise value of π shall be between 3.141,592,6 and 3.141,592,7.This was the most precise approximation at that time and it was not until one thousand years later that a European mathematician came up with the same result.For all his great contribution, π is also called the Zu ratio in honor of Zu Chongzhi.What’s more, the international scientific circle named one lunar crater as “Tsu Chung-chi”.And the International Planet Centre named one asteroid after his name.All these efforts are done to commemorate this great scientist.27

編鐘（Bianzhong）是中國傳統(tǒng)的樂器，由青銅鑄成，它由不同的鐘依照大小排列。這些鐘 懸掛在一個(gè)巨大的木制鐘架上。這些編鐘曾被用作和弦樂器（polyphonic musical instruments），其中一些鐘的歷史可以追溯到2,000到3,000年前。迄今為止最重要的一套 編鐘在挖掘曾侯乙（Marquis Yi）的古墓時(shí)出土，它由65個(gè)大小編鐘組成，保存完好。曾 侯乙編鐘鑄造于兩千五百多年前的戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代（Warring States），制作精美，總重量達(dá)到兩千 五百多公斤，今天它仍然能夠演奏樂曲，在這世界文化史上也是極為罕見的。

Bianzhong is an ancient Chinese musical instrument consisting of a set of bronze bells which are placed by size and hung in an enormous wooden frame.These sets of chime bells were used as polyphonic musical instruments and some of these bells can be dated back to 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.Among the most important sets of Bianzhong discovered are a complete ceremonial set of 65 zhong bells, found in a near-perfect state of preservation during the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng.Made in the Warring States about 2,500 years ago, the bells of Marquis Yi of Zeng which feature exquisite workmanship and have a total weight of over 2,500 kilograms can still be played today, which is rare even in the history of world culture.28

在英文中，“中國”與“瓷器”是一個(gè)詞，這說明，很早的時(shí)期歐洲人就把中國與瓷器聯(lián)系 在一起的了。瓷器15世紀(jì)時(shí)就傳入歐洲，在中外交流中占有重要位置。德國卡塞爾郎德（Keisel Randy）博物館至今還藏有一件中國明代青瓷（blue-and-white）碗。歷史上，中國 和亞洲的其他國家以及歐洲國家的瓷器交易極為頻繁，而且數(shù)量巨大。據(jù)今人研究，在 1602-1682年間，僅荷蘭東印度公司（the Dutch East India Company）從中國販運(yùn)到歐洲的瓷 器就有一千六百多萬件。瓷器以其優(yōu)雅精致的品質(zhì)，為中國贏得了好名聲。

In English, china has the same meaning as porcelain.This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relation to porcelain.Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries.The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty.Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain.From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company alone transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain from China to Europe.Porcelain earned a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance.29

中國人為什么要修長(zhǎng)城？在秦始皇時(shí)代，每二十個(gè)人中，就有一個(gè)人參與修建過長(zhǎng)城。中國 人經(jīng)歷了無數(shù)次毀滅性的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，他們深知，保護(hù)生靈的城墻總比掩埋尸體的壕溝（trench）好。修建長(zhǎng)城有說不盡的艱辛，甚至不少人還因此付出了生命。但與慘烈的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)相比，人們 更愿意選擇前者。長(zhǎng)城在中國歷史上發(fā)揮的作用是巨大的。在冷兵器時(shí)代，長(zhǎng)城在軍事防御 上起到了不容置疑的作用，尤其在防御北方民族所謂的“馬背上的進(jìn)攻”方面，效果是明顯 的。

Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall? During the reign of the First Emperor of Qin, one out of every 20 people took part in the project.Suffering from the devastating damage of wars, people realized that building a wall to protect lives was better than burying the dead in trenches.Building walls was extremely hard labor, sometimes even at the cost of life itself.Compared with bloody wars, however, people would rather choose the former.The Great Wall played a significant role in history.It certainly served the purpose of military defense in the age of cold steel, especially in preventing attacks from northern peoples on horseback.30

圍棋（go）于四千多年前起源于中國，是一種重要的棋盤游戲，并在一千多年前就先后傳到 朝鮮半島（peninsula）和日本，為東北亞人們普遍喜愛。每年中、日、韓之間有多種圍棋比 賽，圍棋成為文化交流的工具。圍棋不僅是競(jìng)賽項(xiàng)目，也是一種游戲活動(dòng)，文人（literati）的案臺(tái)上常常備有圍棋。客人來了，除了有酒，還有圍棋。舊時(shí)，無論在農(nóng)村還是在市井，人們常?？梢砸姷竭@樣的場(chǎng)面：兩個(gè)人在對(duì)弈，旁邊站著一大片觀棋的人，觀棋的人得到的 快樂絲毫不比下棋的人少。

Go is an important board game with origins in China from more than 4,000 years ago.It was introduced to the Korean peninsula and Japan over 1,000 years ago, and has since become a favorite pastime of many people there.Today, go still serves as a means of cultural exchange between the peoples of China, Japan and Korea, as they engage in numerous tournaments every year.Go is not only a competitive event but also a game of entertainment.The literati would usually have a set of go pieces on their desks.When a friend came around, both the host and the guest would enjoy a game of go, along with fine wine.In ancient countryside and towns, a pair of go players in an open space would often attract an attentive crowd, with the onlookers enjoying the game no less than the players.31

在中國，小孩子的抓周（one-year-old catch）儀式獨(dú)具風(fēng)格，在孩子的成長(zhǎng)過程中，這個(gè)儀 式具有里程碑式的重要意義。抓周儀式在小孩滿一周歲的時(shí)候舉行，最早記載于北齊。小孩 子滿周歲的那天，在吃中午的長(zhǎng)壽面之前，家里的長(zhǎng)輩們會(huì)將書、筆、錢幣、首飾、玩具和 食物等擺出來，由大人將小孩抱過來，令其端坐，大人們不給予任何的引導(dǎo)或暗示，任孩子

任意挑選，并以此為依據(jù)來預(yù)測(cè)孩子可能存在的志趣和將要從事的職業(yè)以及發(fā)展，也寄寓了 長(zhǎng)輩們對(duì)孩子的美好期待。

In China, the one-year-old catch of a baby is of unique characteristic.The ceremony is of milestone-like significance in the growing process of a baby.The ceremony usually celebrates when the baby is one year old.The earliest historical record about one-year-old catch appeared during the Northern Qi Dynasty.On the day when a baby is one year old, the family of the baby will lay out books, pens, coins, jewelries, toys and foods, etc.The parents then put the baby in front of these articles and make him/her sit up.Nobody will give any instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by himself/herself.According to the articles the baby catches, the family try to make predications about the baby’s potential interests, future career and development.The ceremony also represents that the elder place good wishes and hope on the baby.32

武則天是中國歷史上空前絕后的唯一一位女皇帝，她創(chuàng)造了中國歷史的奇跡。她是中國歷史 上杰出的政治家、軍事家，同時(shí)也是一位詩人。武則天出生于唐朝的大戶人家，她擁有蓋世 的美麗和絕頂?shù)穆斆鳎⑾矚g讀書。童年時(shí)曾隨父母游歷了名山大川，這培養(yǎng)了她的眼界和 才干。她14歲入宮，在經(jīng)歷了很多坎坷和磨難之后，終于當(dāng)上了皇后。690年，武則天改 國號(hào)（the title of the dynasty）唐為周，正式做了皇帝。她執(zhí)政期間，經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化繁榮發(fā)展，邊疆穩(wěn)固，人民生活幸福。

Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in Chinese history, created the miracle of Chinese history.She was an outstanding politician, strategist as well as a poet in Chinese history.Born in a wealthy family in Tang Dynasty, she was the most beautiful and intelligent of her time, and she also liked reading.She had visited famous mountains and great rivers with her parents when she was a child, which had broadened her horizon and developed her talents.She was sent to the palace when she was 14.After many difficulties and hardships, she became the empress finally.In 690, Wu Zetian changed the title of the dynasty Tang to Zhou, and became the emperor herself.During her reign, the economy and culture developed rapidly, the frontier got stable and people led a happy life.33 玉雕（jade carving）是中國最古老的雕刻品種之一。玉石歷來被人們當(dāng)作珍寶，在中國古代，玉被看作是美好品質(zhì)和君子風(fēng)范的象征。玉石加工雕琢成為精美的工藝品，稱為玉雕。工藝 師在制作的過程中，根據(jù)不同玉料的天然顏色和自然形狀，經(jīng)過精心設(shè)計(jì)、反復(fù)琢磨，才能 把玉石雕制成精美的工藝品。玉雕的品種主要有人物、器具、鳥獸、花卉等大件作品，也有 別針（brooch）、戒指、印章等小件作品。中國的玉雕作品在世界上享有很好的聲譽(yù)。

Jade carving is one of the oldest carving arts in China.Jade was always treated as treasure.In ancient China, jade was regarded as a symbol of refinement and moral ethics.Jade carving refers to the process to carve a piece of jade into a fine article of art.A carving artist has to thoroughly examine a piece of jade, cudgel his brains to make a design according to its natural colors and shape, and turn it into an artistic work.Jade can be carved into human figures, containers, images of birds, animals, flowers as well as small things like brooches, rings or seals.Chinese jade carving works enjoy a high reputation in the world.34

生活在中國黃河中上游的黃土高原上（the Loess Plateau）的人們，利用那里的黃土層建造了 一種獨(dú)特的住宅——窯洞（cave-dwellings）。窯洞分為土窯、石窯、磚窯等幾種。土窯是 靠著山坡挖掘成的黃土窯洞，這種窯洞冬暖夏涼，保溫和隔音效果最好。石窯和磚窯是先用 石塊或磚砌成拱形洞，然后在上面蓋上厚厚的黃土，既堅(jiān)固又美觀。由于建造窯洞不需要鋼 材和水泥，所以窯洞的造價(jià)較低。隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人們對(duì)窯洞的建造不斷改進(jìn)，黃土高原 上冬暖夏涼的窯洞越來越舒適美觀了。

People living in the Loess Plateau which lies in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River make use of the solid to build unique residences called cave-dwellings.These can be further

divided into earthen, rock-walled and brick-walled types.Earthen cave-dwellings are hollowed out of mountain slopes;they are warm in winter and cool in summer, and are also sound-proof.Stones or brick-walled cave-dwellings are usually built with stones or bricks first into arch-shaped house and then covered with a thick layer of earth.Since there is no need for steel and cement, the building cost is low.As society progresses, construction of carve-dwelling keeps improving, and today, such houses are more comfortable inside and more pleasant in appearance.35

轎子（sedan chair）是中國古代很重要的交通工具，主要由人來肩扛手抬。漢代的權(quán)貴（bigwig）們坐在由人像背包那樣背著的輕便竹椅中行進(jìn)。在北魏和南北朝時(shí)期，山水卷軸中出現(xiàn)了綁 在竹竿上的木制轎子。轎子在種類上有官轎、民轎和喜轎等。轎子最重要的用途可能就是用 作喜轎了。傳統(tǒng)的中國婚禮上，新娘子被雇來的人用轎子抬到婚禮現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。喜轎裝飾華麗、喜 慶（jubilant），通常這些轎子還裝飾有一個(gè)由紅色絲綢制成的簾子，用來防止新娘子的閨 容被旁觀者看見。

The sedan chair can be regarded as a crucial vehicle of ancient China.It mainly has the virtue of lifting with shoulders and hands.In Han Dynasty, the bigwigs travelled in light bamboo seats supported on a carrier’s back like a backpack.In the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Song dynasties, wooden carriages on bamboo poles appeared in painted landscape scrolls.As for its kind, the sedan chair can be classified into three types: sedan chair for officials, the civilian and weddings.The chair with perhaps the greatest importance was the bridal chair.A

traditional bride is carried to her wedding ceremony by a “shoulder carriage”, usually hired.These were richly ornamented and jubilant, and were equipped with red silk curtains to screen the bride from onlookers.36

龍袍（imperial robe），從字面上理解就是繡（embroider）有龍形花紋的袍服，在中國古代 服飾文化史上占有重要地位。龍紋最早出現(xiàn)在周朝，當(dāng)時(shí)出現(xiàn)畫有龍紋的服裝，但沒有出現(xiàn) 真正意義上的龍袍。秦漢時(shí)期，上下相連的袍服出現(xiàn)，但袍服上仍沒有龍形的花紋。直到隋 唐時(shí)期冕服上才開始出現(xiàn)龍紋，但是帝王平時(shí)穿用的常服上并沒有龍紋。只有到了元明時(shí)期，帝王袍服上繡有龍紋的現(xiàn)象才越來越多，自此也就出現(xiàn)了真正意義的龍袍。

Imperial robe literally means a robe that is embroidered with images of Chinese dragon, which played an important role in the history of Chinese ancient dress culture.The design of Chinese dragon appeared as early as in the Zhou Dynasty but the real imperial robe had not yet existed.By the Qin and Han dynasties, the robe with upper and lower parts as a whole was designed, but still no flower pattern of Chinese dragon on the robe.By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the crown clothing that consisted of both upper clothes and lower skirt began to have the flower pattern of Chinese dragon.However, the ordinary dress worn by the emperor wasn’t embroidered with the flower pattern of Chinese dragon.Only by the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, imperial robe

embroidered with the flower pattern of Chinese dragon began to become more common and the real imperial robe came into being.37

西安作為十二朝古都，見證了歷史的榮辱興衰。歷史在這里留下的文物景觀和遺址不勝枚舉，如兵馬俑（Terracotta Warriors and Horses）、大雁塔（the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda）、華清 池等都是人類文化藝術(shù)的瑰寶。大雁塔位于西安南郊，建于唐代，是唐朝太子李治為了追念 他的母親文德皇后而建立的，至今已經(jīng)有1000多年的歷史。大雁塔塔身由青磚砌成，結(jié)構(gòu) 堅(jiān)固，外觀簡(jiǎn)單又不失莊嚴(yán)，最初建立的時(shí)候只有5層，后來又經(jīng)過多次重修，現(xiàn)在的塔是 7層，高達(dá)64米。

As the capital of twelve dynasties, Xi’an had witnessed the rise and fall of history.There are numerous cultural relics and historical sites throughout the history.Among them are Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and the Huaqing Pool, which are all precious treasures of humankind’s culture and art.Located in the south suburbs of Xi’an, the Giant Wild Pagoda was built by Li Zhi, a prince of the Tang Dynasty in memory of his mother Empress Wende and has stood there ever since for more than one thousand years.Simple yet solemn, the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda is of a firm structure built of grey brick.Originally built with only 5 stories, the Pagoda now measures 64 metres high with additional two stories after several repairs.38

中國人有在清明節(jié)掃墓祭祖和踏青插柳的習(xí)俗。每到清明節(jié)，家家戶戶都要到郊外去祭掃祖 先的墳?zāi)埂Ｈ藗優(yōu)閴災(zāi)钩ルs草，添加新土，在墳前點(diǎn)上香（incense），擺上食物和紙錢，表示對(duì)祖先的思念和敬意。清明時(shí)節(jié)，樹木發(fā)芽，到處一片新綠，呈現(xiàn)出生機(jī)盎然的景色。人們會(huì)到郊外呼吸新鮮空氣，觀賞藍(lán)天、綠樹、小草和鮮花，或者折根柳枝在戴在頭上，叫 做“插柳”。據(jù)說，插柳可以驅(qū)除鬼怪和災(zāi)難，祈求平安幸福。

The Chinese people have the custom of sweeping the tombs, taking an outing and wearing a willow twig on the head on the Tomb-sweeping Day.When the Tomb-sweeping Day comes, every family will go to the country side to hold a memorial ceremony at their ancestors’ tombs.People get rid of any weeds growing around the tomb, add new earth, burn incense and offer food and spirit money to show their remembrance and respect for their ancestors.At this time, the grass and trees have put forth new buds, with fresh green everywhere, which reflects the vitality of spring.It is a good time for people to breathe the fresh air in the countryside and appreciate the blue sky, green trees, grass and flowers.People like to wear a willow twig on the head because it is supposed to be able to drive away ghosts and disasters and bring safety and happiness.39

618年6月18日，唐朝由高祖建立，是中國文明的黃金時(shí)代，在藝術(shù)，文學(xué)，尤其是在詩 歌和科技上發(fā)展顯著。佛教成為普通百姓的主要宗教。長(zhǎng)安（今西安）是唐朝的首都，是當(dāng) 時(shí)世界上最大的城市。第二任皇帝太宗發(fā)動(dòng)了軍事行動(dòng)來化解游牧（nomadic）部族的威脅，擴(kuò)展邊界，使鄰國服從朝貢（tributary）制度。唐朝在塔里木盆地（Tarim Basin）軍事上的

勝利保持了絲綢之路暢通，連接長(zhǎng)安到中亞地區(qū)，并遠(yuǎn)至西部。在南方，利潤(rùn)豐厚的海上（maritime）貿(mào)易路線從港口城市開始，如廣州。

Tang Dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu on 18 June 618.It was a golden age of Chinese civilization with significant developments in art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology.Buddhism became the predominant religion for common people.Chang’an(modern Xi’an), the national capital, was the largest city in the world of its time.The second emperor, Taizong, launched military campaigns to dissolve threats from nomadic tribes, extended the border, and submitted neighboring states into a tributary system.Military victories in the Tarim Basin kept the Silk Road open, connecting Chang’an to Central Asia and areas far to the west.In the south, profitable maritime trade routes began from port cities such as Guangzhou.40

中華民族是龍的傳人，而實(shí)際上根本沒有龍這種動(dòng)物存在，它只是人們臆想出來的一種動(dòng)物 象征，結(jié)合了許多種其他不同動(dòng)物的特征，包括：鹿、魚、老虎、獅子、馬、牛、驢、蛇、和禿鷹（vulture）。龍被人們看作是一種具有神性的動(dòng)物，時(shí)常與云朵、雷電和降雨聯(lián)系在 一起，它可以在陸地行走，在海里游泳，在天空翱翔，化作風(fēng)神和雨神。中國人不僅認(rèn)為龍 是一種福神（mascot），還是權(quán)力、尊嚴(yán)、運(yùn)氣、力量和成功的化身。

The Chinese people consider themselves descendents of the dragon, which is in fact a fictitious animal combining some features of the deer, fish, tiger, lion, horse, ox, donkey, snake and vulture.This divine animal is always associated with clouds, thunderbolts and rainfall.It can walk on the land, swim in the sea and fly in the air and is the deity of wind and rain.Chinese people believe it is a mascot, as well as the embodiment of power, dignity, luck, strength and success.

第五篇：翻譯練習(xí)及實(shí)戰(zhàn)演習(xí)部分答案

練習(xí)1： 他說法語。

他說他要去打排球。他說謊。

他說得多做得少。他怎么也說不明白。他是搞法律的。這把我搞糊涂了。

這篇文章的中心意思是什么？ 我的意思還是不去的好。天有點(diǎn)要下雨的意思。

練習(xí)1答案： He speaks French.He said he was going to play volleyball.He told a lie./ He tells lies.He talks much but does little.He can’t make it clear.She is in the law.This made me quite confused.What’s the central idea of this article? In my opinion, it’s better not to go.It looks like rain.To the mother’s surprise，the boy’s ideas worked。

We walked miles to see him, only to find that he had just left for the countryside.Fancy meeting so many old friends here!They were so insolent /rude as to tell us that we had no business there.練習(xí)2：

三思而后行。

離這兒最近的郵局有兩里遠(yuǎn)。我第一次是在北京見到他的。你兩星期完成這項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)不容易。

我們認(rèn)為理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合是十分重要的。我們必須幫助他們解決工作問題和學(xué)習(xí)問題。咱們車站見吧。太陽在冉冉升起。

要想成功必須要有充分的準(zhǔn)備。她害羞的用手蒙住了臉。

練習(xí)2答案

Think before you leap.It’s two miles from here to the nearest post office.It was in Beijing that I first met him.It was not easy for you to finish this design in two weeks.We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice.We must help them solve their problems of work and study.Let’s meet at the station.The sun is rising slowly.To be successful, one must be fully prepared In shyness, she covered her face with her hands

練習(xí)3：

他不反對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃。父母愛子女無微不至。我們深信這計(jì)劃行得通。這封信是用英語寫成的。他和從前比體重減輕了。他支持這個(gè)建議，而我反對(duì)。

她臉色蒼白，說明了此刻她內(nèi)心的想法。獨(dú)立思考對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)是絕對(duì)必要的。那個(gè)花園晚會(huì)成功極了。交流想法是十分重要的。

練習(xí)3答案：

He had no objection to our plan The love of parents for their children is perfect and minute.We were all convinced that the plan would work This is a letter written in English He weighs less than he used to.He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.That garden-party is a great success The exchange of idea is of great importance

實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：

1.在金庸和古龍的武俠小說中，古代社會(huì)即復(fù)雜又簡(jiǎn)單，充斥著比武論劍、門派紛爭(zhēng)、掌門之爭(zhēng)以及愛恨情仇。然而，在這個(gè)虛構(gòu)的世界中，只有武林和俠客，官府、百姓、柴米油鹽和功名利祿似乎都與之無關(guān)。

武術(shù)，在中國又稱國術(shù)或武藝，在國外則以功夫聞名，是中國傳統(tǒng)的體育項(xiàng)目。它也是一種完整的文化意識(shí)形態(tài)，融合了中國古典哲學(xué)、倫理學(xué)、美學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)和兵法在內(nèi)的諸多元素。峨眉、少林和武當(dāng)是中國武術(shù)界的三大門派。

In martial arts themed novels written by Chinese writers Jin Yong and Gu Long, the ancient world is both complicated and simple.The world is full of swordfight competitions, martial arts schools disputes, leadership contentions, love and hatred.At the same time, there are only swordsmen and their Wulin in this fictional world, no government, civilians, daily necessities, livelihoods, or fame is included.Chinese Wushu(martial arts), also called Guoshu or Wuyi in Chinese, and popularly known as Kung Fu abroad, is a traditional sport in China.It is also a complete cultural ideology, which consists of a variety of elements including Chinese classical philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, medicine, and military science.Emei, Shaolin, and Wudang are called top three schools of Chinese martial arts.2.走過“高考”這座獨(dú)木橋意義何在？在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的現(xiàn)代化中國，高考仍是開啟光明前途的一扇大門。但它同時(shí)也意味著一次接近你心中女神的機(jī)會(huì)，哪怕是一線渺茫的機(jī)會(huì)。這就是《青春派》，這樣一部講述高中生情竇初開的影片，畫面精良，引人入勝。

該片并沒有什么令人印象深刻的大明星，相對(duì)于日韓片，高中題材的影片在中國尚屬“新生事物”。即便如此，在拍而優(yōu)則導(dǎo)的劉杰手中，片中人物以及老套的劇情竟呈現(xiàn)出令人耳目一新之感。在一個(gè)半小時(shí)的電影中，故事情節(jié)相當(dāng)緊湊，充滿歡笑和淚水。

What’s the meaning of passing the university entrance exam? In today’s modern and competitive China, it’s still a gateway to a better, more promising life.But it may also mean the chance — even a slight one — to get closer to the girl of your dreams.That’s what Young Style, a charming and beautifully shot movie about first love in high school, is all about.The movie has no major stars to impress audiences with, and compared with Japan and South Korea, the high-school movie is a relatively new genre in China.Even so, cinematographer-turned-director Liu Jie gives the characters and the cliched story a fresh feel on the screen, packing a tight hour-and-a-half full of laughter and tears.3.八月末清華大學(xué)迎來了2013屆新生，他們?cè)趫?bào)到時(shí)遇到的第一個(gè)問題便是：“你是自己來的還是跟父母一起來的？” 根據(jù)清華大學(xué)公布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，在該校第一批報(bào)到的539名新生中，有超過半數(shù)的人獨(dú)自來報(bào)到。今年，清華大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)陳吉寧在致2013級(jí)新生的信中，鼓勵(lì)他們“自主自立地開始新的奮斗歷程?！?/p>

為幫助新生們盡快成長(zhǎng)，高校紛紛出臺(tái)了一系列新舉措。例如，清華大學(xué)要求新生獨(dú)自報(bào)到并入住宿舍。這一流程通常需要兩三個(gè)小時(shí)，而在這段時(shí)間里，志愿者會(huì)帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)來參觀校園。

When Tsinghua University’s new 2013 freshmen arrived on campus late last month, the first question they were confronted with at the registration desk was: “Did you come alone or with your parents?”

According to statistics released after the first batch of the freshmen enrolled in the university, more than half of the 539 students came alone.In a letter to freshmen this year, Chen Jining, the president of Tsinghua University, encouraged them to “start this new adventure by standing on your own two feet.”

To help freshmen grow up, some universities have thought of new methods.At Tsinghua, for example, freshmen need to register and find their dormitory by themselves.The process requires two to three hours, during which volunteers take parents on a tour of the campus.4.近年來，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲風(fēng)靡大學(xué)生人群。對(duì)于很多網(wǎng)游好愛者而言，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲帶來的不僅僅是新奇的游戲體驗(yàn)，更是一種社交手段和生活時(shí)尚。由國內(nèi)游戲資訊門戶網(wǎng)站17173.com發(fā)布的《2012年中國網(wǎng)游玩家調(diào)查報(bào)告》也證明了這點(diǎn)。該報(bào)告稱，19至25歲的大學(xué)生人群占網(wǎng)游玩家總?cè)藬?shù)的58%，而這一比例正在逐年增加。

For university students like Chen, online gaming has become more than a fad-it’s part of life and a way of socializing.A 2012 research report on online gamers in China released by 17173.com, the country’s leading game information portal, supports this notion.According to the report, university students aged between 19 and 25 make up 58 percent of online gamers, and the proportion is rising every year.5.支付寶于1月15日發(fā)布了個(gè)人賬單，列出了用戶的個(gè)人開銷以及在線支付方式，這隨即引起轟動(dòng)。微博上人們（其中大部分為“淘寶控”）紛紛曬出網(wǎng)購賬單以及看到自己消費(fèi)額后的感想。正如你所料，多數(shù)人都被自己的賬單雷到了。賬單反映出一個(gè)人的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣和生活方式，但這同樣也是種警告：在網(wǎng)購為我們帶來便利與新鮮生活方式的同時(shí)，我們也要謹(jǐn)慎消費(fèi)，尤其是在網(wǎng)購時(shí)，因?yàn)樵诰W(wǎng)上，金錢只是個(gè)數(shù)字。

The annual statement, which shows consumers’ personal spending and online payment patterns, caused a stir when it was released by Alipay on Jan 15.Many micro-bloggers shared how much money they spend shopping online, mostly on Taobao, and how they felt after discovering the extent of their consumption.As you may have guessed, most of them were shocked by their statement.An annual statement reflects a person’s consumption habits and lifestyle.But it’s also a warning that, while online shopping provides us with convenience and a refreshing way of living, we should be cautious about our consumption, especially when it comes to online shopping where money is just a number.6.國際連鎖咖啡公司星巴克再次在中國引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議，這次的矛盾主要集中在商業(yè)與古跡之間的博弈，而事件起因是星巴克在華東地區(qū)一間著名古剎旁的新店開張。上周六，這家坐落在風(fēng)景優(yōu)美、與世隔絕的靈隱寺風(fēng)景區(qū)中的星巴克連鎖店在一片爭(zhēng)議聲中開門營業(yè)。靈隱寺位于浙江杭州西湖岸邊的一片樹林之中。星巴克于周一下午在其官方微博上發(fā)布聲明，解釋了該咖啡店的位置，并表達(dá)了其對(duì)中國歷史與傳統(tǒng)文化的尊重。

International coffee company and coffeehouse Starbucks has again brewed debate over business versus historical interests in China after its opening of an outlet near a famed Buddhist temple in East China.The controversial Starbucks outlet opened on Saturday in the scenic zone of the quiet, secluded Lingyin Temple, or the Temple of Soul`s Retreat, which is located in a wooded area on the bank of the West Lake in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province.The cafe released a statement on its official Weibo account on Monday afternoon, explaining the cafe`s location and professing its respect for Chinese history and traditional culture.7.今年3月5日是雷鋒逝世50周年紀(jì)念日。1963年，毛主席宣布這天為“學(xué)雷鋒日”，從而掀起一場(chǎng)全民學(xué)習(xí)雷鋒事跡的運(yùn)動(dòng)熱潮。此后的幾十年間，一直存在這樣一種爭(zhēng)論：在物質(zhì)社會(huì)中，雷鋒精神是否長(zhǎng)存？這種無私楷模的形象是否還有價(jià)值？有些人認(rèn)為雷鋒精神已經(jīng)過時(shí)。評(píng)論人士則指出，那些認(rèn)為雷鋒精神過時(shí)的人其實(shí)是誤解了其真正的意義。學(xué)習(xí)雷鋒可以是一種相互關(guān)心，彼此受益的行為，是文明社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)?！?/p>

March 5 will mark the 50th year of Lei’s death.In 1963, Chairman Mao Zedong designated the day as “Learn From Lei Feng Day” and started a national campaign for people to copy his deeds.Several decades after the campaign was initiated, there has been a debate about whether the spirit of Lei lives on, and whether an altruistic role model is relevant anymore in a materialist society.Some think it no longer rings a bell.Commentators, however, point out those who regarded Lei’s spirit as being outdated have misinterpreted its meaning.Learning from Lei Feng could be a mutually caring and benefiting act, which is the basis of civilized society.8.在出臺(tái)成年子女須定期探望年邁父母這一法律大約一個(gè)月后，中國決策者開始考慮通過立法鼓勵(lì)另一項(xiàng)被國人忽視的活動(dòng)：閱讀。自從今年3月中國召開立法會(huì)議以來，該條例便一直在醞釀中，而這么做的動(dòng)力來自一份新研究調(diào)查。調(diào)查顯示，盡管中國是世界上最多產(chǎn)的圖書生產(chǎn)國之一，但中國人的閱讀率偏低?？紤]到中國人長(zhǎng)久以來就有重視求學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)，當(dāng)下的中國人為什么對(duì)讀書如此提不起興趣還沒有明確的解釋，不過有些人說，正是中國人對(duì)教育的投入以及考大學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈造成了這種現(xiàn)狀。

Roughly a month after passing a law requiring adults to regularly visit their elderly parents, Chinese policy makers are considering legislation to encourage another activity the country’s people have neglected: reading.The regulation, which has been in development since the country’s annual legislative conclave in March, is motivated by new research showing Chinese people reading books at a relatively low rate despite the country being one of the world’s most prolific book producers.Given China’s long history of valuing scholarly pursuits, it isn’t clear why Chinese people have such a weak appetite for the written word, though some say it is precisely the country’s obsession with education and stiff competition on the college entrance exams ─ that’s to blame.