第一篇：2015大學(xué)英語Ⅲ復(fù)習(xí)材料

1.Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”(whereby)factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.2.He knows that the(pursuit)of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort.3.The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to(inhibit)the spread of the disease.4.We see many special education directors trying to(maintain)the quality of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.5.People there are told it is their(patriotic)duty to support the national economy by buying their own products.6.Darwin's thinking both drew upon and(transcended)the conventional ideas of his time.7.In spite of all your(endeavors), there may be times when you encounter difficulties in the training process.8.My advice to Mr.Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career in medicine, as this is a field which requires a lot of(dedication)and long working hours.9.Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring(prestige)and economic benefits.10.It is legally possible for an elderly person to(nominate)someone to act for them, should they become incapable of looking after themselves.1.When Francis got back after Easter, he was far behind his classmates and he was(removed from)the second into the third class at his own desire.2.The president acknowledged that he had somehow(failed in)his ability to communicate to the American people.3.Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies are guilty of misconduct(in the pursuit of)profit.4.The ship(deviated from)the agreed voyage and arrived about 10 days late and in the meantime the price of sugar had fallen and the merchants lost over ￡4,000.5.Because the transcript is still under seal, the law(1)(precludes)them(2)(from)reading and discussing the evidence in detail.6.In carrying out the plan we are likely to come across difficulties, but we are determined to(triumph over)them all.7.Without increasing investment in education, it will be increasingly difficult for low-income people to(work their way into)the middle class.8.All the passengers in the plane that crashed in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were(written off)as dead.1.Kids are more likely to(intervene)in a situation if they believe their parents expect them to help.2.The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for the company was never to(underestimate)the degree of difficulty I would face in career advancement.3.Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to(recede).4.Whatever the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I(deem)it a great honor if I could study in your department.5.During one particularly(bleak)moment in my career, a senior colleague of mine said to me, “If you follow your dreams, the money will come.Follow the money, and you'll lose your dreams.”

6.Unless we can find a way to(appraise)nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support systems are going to collapse.7.The blizzard(暴風(fēng)雪)moved south, turning into an icy rain that(paralyzed)the airports for three days.8.In this introduction we have diagnosed some of the causes of the illness and, in the following chapters, we will draw attention to its various unpleasant(symptoms).9.In those days, divorce under any circumstances was socially unacceptable and there was great(dismay)in the family who went through it.10.Every time she talked about being rejected in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the(brink)of tears, and I would quickly switch the conversation to another topic.1.When the bus(pulled to a stop)and I got off, I was relieved because I had finished school and I had the weekend ahead of me to enjoy myself.2.When my car crashed into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to(black out).3.All kinds of questions concerning the soaring housing price begin to(pop up)on cable television and the blogosphere(博客圈).4.The soldiers' rapid march was(stopped short)by the general's command;they were uncertain whether to go back or forward.5.A car crashed into the side of a house after the driver lost control and(plowed through)a hedge(樹籬).6.Charles reappeared, after half an hour's absence, and(threw himself into)an armchair, where he lay back for some time with his eyes shut.7.You may be out of work but that is no reason to(let yourself go)by not washing, brushing your hair and wearing clean clothes.8.As her door began to open, she(grabbed for)the telephone, and then dropped the receiver as Luke walked in.1.As a number of authors point out, the urge to migrate is a(n)

(integral)part of human nature.2.Children should be allowed to(cherish)those few years of innocence before they have to learn the truth about the real world.3.He has been(afflicted)by a horrible disease, from which one of his best friends died two weeks ago.4.The results of the survey are(noteworthy)and useful despite being from a small sample.5.The director said that they needed a young actress who could(portray)someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time.6.Praise must be used wisely to(compliment)students who perform up to expectations and to encourage students to perform to maximum levels.7.In the(domain)of research, it is an accepted fact that scientific publications have to be written or translated into English to get published, acknowledged, and cited.8.He received a(n)

(anonymous)call threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn't pay the money.9.The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed,(conscientious)man who led the US through a moral, constitutional and political crisis.10.It is understandable that the health and welfare of their family is a(n)

(perpetual)concern for this young couple.1.Clearly, most of the students there are full-time workers who would not otherwise have been able to(embark on)sustained further study.2.The court ruled that this man(be deprived of)his political rights for a further four years after he has served his 13-year sentence.3.I would love to have kids.I would(turn down)an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital.4.Richard was finally released on February 4, one year and six weeks after he'd been(taken captive).5.She hoped Vincent would understand that

her life had not been empty, because her love would(live on).6.All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or weak, privileged or deprived, are interdependent, and(share in)the common task of seeking to achieve mankind's full potential.7.In September 1944 he was able to return to his academic duties, but soon after the war ended he(was stricken by)a serious illness and did relatively little research thereafter(從那以后).8.She retired from the company where she has(led by example)and been a source of encouragement to others.1.Although secondary education is(compulsory), parents are not required to send their children to state schools.2.The economic situation has been worsening, causing economists to(contemplate)whether the present policies are sustainable.3.He was found guilty and was(imprisoned)in the Tower of London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47.4.It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to(globalize)more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce and e-entertainment are going to go for more and more markets.5.However, your current losses should soon be(offset)by gains;the fund will produce a positive return of 11.6 percent over a nine-month period.6.Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes looked marvelous on her and the other girls would(groan)their envy.7.This can be a helpful approach in discussion — someone may regard you as(stubborn)since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determined.8.At weekends, the school park is almost empty except that a few cars(cluster)near the entrance.9.In the photographer's finest pictures there is also a degree of(ambiguity), which allows them to be interpreted in a variety of ways.10.Tim stretched out a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks and was(consoled)by a firm handshake from Mark.1.Virginia was a perfectionist.She was just not prepared to(settle for)anything that was second best.2.He could be quite casual in his attitude to his wife's anxiety, and(more often than not)failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip.3.“You'll kill yourself with those things,” Arty said in a tone in which disappointment was(mingled with)disgust.4.Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural products in these remote mountainous regions can also be(traded for)other goods.5.As the market(was saturated with)a wide variety of goods, the economy became more balanced and the competition forced the prices down.6.Going with the flow doesn't mean that we don't know where we're going;it means that we(are open to)multiple ways of getting there.7.The athlete had been(endowed with)long legs and a persistent temperament so he was very successful.8.The wrongly accused man asked for extra compensation to(make up for)the stress he had suffered during the case.1.The general considered all the information that had been gathered and(gauged)what possible moves the enemy might make before issuing his orders.2.The new president said she would(dedicate)herself to protecting the rights of the old and the homeless, who are otherwise helpless and vulnerable.3.Cell phone conversations, which are fairly

(commonplace)on commuter trains, can be annoying to fellow commuters.4.Ask your doctor whether a low-fat diet and a daily walk will(suffice)to reduce your high blood pressure.5.The(revenue)from tourism is the biggest single contribution to GDP in the Maldives;every year many tourists from all corners of the world spend their holidays there.6.Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference centers with underground parking, air-conditioning and(simultaneous)translation systems.7.While advertising offers a stimulus(刺激)to buy, sales promotion offers a(n)(incentive)to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.8.In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more(prone)to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.9.A large proportion of important(innovations)are brought about by people who step outside of conventional categories or traditional assumptions.10.The habit of going to coffee houses was(fostered)by the city's relatively small size, safe streets, good public transportation, and moderate climate.1.The results of this experiment do not(correlate with)those of the studies that the team of scientists had conducted previously.2.It was a moment of overwhelming excitement when Steve was given the first prize;Tiffany couldn't(refrain from)hugging and kissing him.3.As we(count down)to tonight's presidential debate, it's time to go over the political agendas which the candidates are trying to promote.4.She spent the next 10 years taking in washing,(slaving away)to pay back the money they had borrowed from the bank.5.Indeed, it seems that the upward shift in the rate of economic growth in the mid-1990s(coincided with)a sudden, substantial and rapid decline in the prices of computers.6.As Crawford(contended with)heartbreak in his private life, his career soared to greater heights than he could have ever dreamed of.7.I am assuming that you have adequate health insurance, but someone should(be designated as)successor to take over your financial and domestic affairs if you become unable to cope with them yourself.8.Formal consent for this new type of treatment was obtained from each patient and the study(conformed to)our institution's guidelines concerning medical ethics(倫理).Where there is a will, there is a way.This proverb means that if you are really determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will(1)(eventually)find a way to do it well.The(2)(premier)point is that you must have the will to achieve success.Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved.Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any(3)(endeavor)to achieve it.So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away.On many occasions, people tend to(4)(bypass)every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain.In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the(5)(handicaps)and achieve their goals.Only those with a(n)(6)(committed)and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory.Many a famous man has the same experience.They have(7)(attained)their prestige because they have had the will to(8)(transcend)apparently insuperable(無法克服的)obstacles.Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have managed to succeed because they possess a fierce will，which has helped them to accomplish major(9)(feats).Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will.Weak-willed people never climb to the top.They collapse at the(10)(slightest)use of force against them.Strong-willed people, on the other hand, will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed.Social anxiety symptoms often begin during adolescence.It's a developmental process that is(1)(characterized)by profound psychological changes, especially in terms of how we relate to others.One of the most frustrating(2)(aspects)of the adolescent years is the tendency for self-focus and a decrease in the(3)(amount)of focus we have for the feelings and needs of others.While these changes are fairly universal, those of us who were born with a shy temperament(性格)can carry the adolescent fears, which may never(4)(recede), into adulthood.An anxious temperament causes our brains to react forcibly when(5)(exposed)to the stress of sudden awareness of our peers and gradually we become more and more vulnerable.Our brains label the fear of exposure or embarrassment as highly dangerous.This may result in a(n)(6)(vicious)circle for many years: excessive self-consciousness and inhibition when you feel you are being observed.To cope with the problem, I would like to(7)(challenge)you to strive for increased focus on other people, in place of your(8)(excessive)focus on yourself.Yes, I know, this is easier said than done.The fear may cause you to feel that you will lose control or make a fool of yourself when you are in the spotlight(聚光燈).But if you begin to build a new response, in(9)(reaction)to your fears, you will gradually build up a stronger and more positive response.Remember, don't let self-consciousness(10)(paralyze)you!Be

courageous!

Unit 3

Audrey Hepburn was a beautiful actress and model, who became one of the most successful and well-known actresses in the film(1)(domain).She was a fashion icon and role model for women all over the world, helping to(2)(define)a particular type of fresh, vulnerable, elfin(小精靈似的)beauty.Today's(3)(popularity)of the slim fashion model is due to Audrey Hepburn's influence.Although she appeared frail(脆弱的), she was(4)(mentally)strong.At the end of her acting career when she entered a(n)(5)(diplomatic)career as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF, she was so solidly(6)(committed)to her cause that she was held in highest esteem(尊重)by even the most hardened politicians.Audrey originally started working for UNICEF in 1954, doing radio presentations.She always said it was happy to(7)(devote)her life to helping impoverished(窮困的)children after her own good fortune in(8)(surviving)the hardship of the Nazi occupation of Holland.She began her permanent ambassadorship in 1988 and(9)(embarked)on trips to many countries.She was always positive: “People in these places don't know Audrey Hepburn, but they recognize the name UNICEF.When they see UNICEF their faces light up, because they know that something is happening.” In 1992, her(10)(humanitarian)work with those in need was recognized when she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for her contribution to humanity.Unit 4 “Why would you leave behind your comfortable bed, your home, your family and friends? Why do you want to go alone?” When you are living out of a backpack for a period of time, you may often get questioned why.I seldom get time to sit down and(1)(contemplate)the reason I travel, but I believe that you only begin to truly live once you step outside of your(2)(comfort)zone.My first overseas trip was at 14 years old, which(3)(sparked)my curiosity for the world.Since finishing high school I have(4)(ventured)through various countries and been amazed by all the(5)(diverse)cultures scattered around the globe.My eyes are my greatest asset as they have(6)(witnessed)the most beautiful scenes that replay in my mind every day:(7)(stunning)landscapes, friendly locals, breath-taking architecture, and food that makes your mouth water once your eyes catch a(n)(8)(glimpse).Traveling teaches you to be independent in the most(9)(positive)way.I know how to depend on myself, go out and meet people, and not let anyone else's expectations(10)(dictate)my life.Every day I see my dream and every day it's in a new place.I am 22 years young.I quite agree with Anthony Bourdain, “If you're 22, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel.Find out how other people live and eat and cook.Learn from them, wherever you go.”

Unit 5 In a study conducted in the UK, it was found that only four out of every five(1)(employees)were happy at work.Surprisingly, contrary to popular(2)(notion), friendly, supportive colleagues and a good manager, instead of the salary or the love for the work, have been found to be the(3)(primary)causes of happiness at work.So, how do you keep your spirits up and, at the same time,(4)(foster)a

sense of joy on the job? Here is one of the tips to help you on your way to finding happiness and complete job satisfaction in the workplace.Start with a positive outlook.Happiness is a state of mind;it(5)(reflects)an attitude, though not many people realize it.Staying happy at work is totally based on your(6)(motivations)and on a positive outlook toward your job, not on(7)(monetary)rewards or material gain.Dwelling on(老是想著)the good(8)(aspects)of the work rather than rattling on and on(對...喋喋不休)about what makes you unhappy is the basic key to happiness.Negativity and(9)(gossiping)about bad things may be easy, but it is looking at the bright side that makes for the challenging part of a job.As Francesca Reigler puts it, “Happiness is an attitude.We either make ourselves(10)(miserable), or happy and strong.The amount of work is the same.”

閱讀理解

Unit 1 – Unit 5 Text B 其中一篇

翻譯 Unit 1

英譯漢

Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices.世界公民是指一個(gè)人承認(rèn)自己是新興的全球社區(qū)的一分子，而且其行動(dòng)對全球社區(qū)的價(jià)值打造和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)有所貢獻(xiàn)。Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially one and each individual has the power to change things.世界公民相信人類從本質(zhì)上來說是一個(gè)整體，每 個(gè)人都有改變事物的能力。In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other.在我們這樣一個(gè)相互依賴的世界中，世界公民意識鼓勵(lì)我們認(rèn)識到對彼此的責(zé)任，并從對方身上學(xué)習(xí)。Global citizens care about education, disease，poverty，and environmental issues around the world.世界公民關(guān)心全球的教育、疾病、貧窮和環(huán)境問題。Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community.在當(dāng)今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌發(fā)世界公民的意識，讓他們擁有對全球社區(qū)的歸屬感。This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and

transportation technologies.這種不斷發(fā)展的世界公民意識在很大程度上來講，要 歸功于現(xiàn)代信息、通信和交通技術(shù)的力量。Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action.世界公民意識致力于給予人們力量，讓他們付諸行動(dòng)。Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be

pro-active in making a positive difference in the world.世界公民除了要從世界問題中學(xué)習(xí)知識和價(jià)值觀，還要擁有必需的 技能，使他們擁有能力和自信，積極推動(dòng)世界的發(fā)展。

漢譯英

如今，很多年輕人不再選擇“穩(wěn)定”的工作，他們更愿意自主創(chuàng)業(yè)，依靠自己的智慧和奮斗去實(shí)現(xiàn)自我價(jià)值。Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs.Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.青年創(chuàng)業(yè)（young entrepreneurship）是未來國家經(jīng)濟(jì)活力的來源，創(chuàng)業(yè)者的成功不但會(huì)創(chuàng)造財(cái)富、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、改善大家的生活，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，對于國家更是一 件好事，創(chuàng)業(yè)者正是讓中國經(jīng)濟(jì)升級換代的力量。Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future.The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term.Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy.尤其是在當(dāng)前，國家鼓勵(lì)大眾創(chuàng)業(yè)、萬眾創(chuàng)新，在政策上給予中小企業(yè)支持，這更加激發(fā)了年輕人的創(chuàng)業(yè)熱情。Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses.This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2 英譯漢

The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特質(zhì))of the United States.美國夢是美利堅(jiān)合眾國的民族精神。The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.該詞有各種各樣的用法，但其根本含義是，在美國任何人都可以通過努力獲得成功，都有可能過上幸福而成功的生活。Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships.許多人對 美國夢的概念加以拓展和提煉，涵蓋了像自由、自我實(shí)現(xiàn)和深厚的人際關(guān)系等方面的內(nèi)容。The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants.美國夢的思想比美國本身更為久遠(yuǎn)，可以追溯到17世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)的歐洲移 民面對這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)的、未經(jīng)開發(fā)的廣袤

大陸，開始紛紛懷揣希望，追逐夢想。And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision.隨著歷史的發(fā)展，美國夢的含義也已改變，既包含了個(gè)人

元素，也包含了全局視野。But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing.但 并不是每個(gè)人都對美國夢持肯定態(tài)度。Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone.一些人認(rèn)為美國的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)決定了不是每個(gè)人都能擁有這樣的理想目標(biāo)。Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone.批評者常常舉以實(shí)例，揭露植根于階級、種族、宗教 和民族的不平等現(xiàn)象，指出美國夢并非每個(gè)人都可企及。

漢譯英

實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興（rejuvenation）是近代以來中國人民最偉大的夢想，我們稱之為“中國夢”，其基本內(nèi)涵是實(shí)現(xiàn)國家富強(qiáng)、民族振興、人民幸 福。中國夢，是讓每一個(gè)積極進(jìn)取的中國人形成世世代代的信念：只要經(jīng)過不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好的生活。Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times.It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort.人們必須通過自己的勤奮、勇氣、創(chuàng)意和決心邁向繁 榮，而不是依賴于社會(huì)和他人的援助。People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people.每個(gè)中國人都是中國夢的參與者和創(chuàng)造者。中國夢是民族的夢，也是每個(gè)中國人的夢。Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.Unit 3 英譯漢

Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.萊奧納多?達(dá)?芬奇是意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期最偉大的思想家之一，也許也是迄今最多才多藝的人。A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is

famous for a wide range of accomplishments.他是畫家、雕刻家、建筑家、數(shù)學(xué)家、工程師和發(fā)明家，因成就廣 泛而聞名。His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of “Renaissance Master”.他的天賦跨越多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，為其贏得了“文藝復(fù)興大師”的稱號。Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter.萊奧納多主要作為畫家而著名。Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time.在其所有作品中，《蒙娜·麗莎》最為有名，而《最后的 晚餐》則是歷來復(fù)制最多的宗教畫作。What make Leonardo's drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind.萊奧納多作品的獨(dú)特之處主要在于其創(chuàng)新性的技巧和敏銳的科學(xué)思維。Perhaps only 15 of his paintings have survived, partly because his constant

experimentation

with

new

techniques made his total output quite small.他的畫作大約只有15幅流傳了下來，其部分原因是他 不斷試驗(yàn)新的技巧，所以作品總量很小。Although not a prolific(多產(chǎn)的)painter, Leonardo was a most productive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams.萊奧納多雖然不是多產(chǎn)畫家，卻是一位最高產(chǎn)的繪圖家，他在日記中畫滿了各種草圖、圖畫和圖表。These notebooks, often referred to as da Vinci's manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention.這些筆記通常被稱為達(dá) ?芬奇手稿，記錄了他的各種發(fā)明、觀察，以及他對自己感興趣的事物提出的理論。Leonard's genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook.萊奧納多的天賦使他幾乎在涉足的每一領(lǐng)域都成了先驅(qū)。His paintings, together with his notebooks, have contributed significantly to the history of art.他的畫作，連同他的筆 記，在藝術(shù)史上貢獻(xiàn)斐然。

漢譯英

水墨畫（ink and wash painting）是中國獨(dú)具特色的傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)形式之一，是中國國畫的代表。Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms

of

China，is representative of Chinese painting.它大約始于唐代，興盛于宋代和元代，距今已有一千多年的歷史，其間經(jīng)歷了不斷的 發(fā)展、提高和完善。It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties.With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection.水墨畫的創(chuàng)作工具和材料是具有濃厚中國特色的毛筆、宣紙和墨，其作品特點(diǎn)也與此緊密相關(guān)。The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e.brushes, rice paper，and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings.例如，水和墨相互調(diào)和，使作品具有干濕濃淡的 層次。For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness.水墨和宣紙的交融滲透也使畫作善于表現(xiàn)豐富的意象，從而達(dá)到獨(dú)特的審美效果。

The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.水墨畫在中國繪畫史上具有很高的地位，甚至被認(rèn)為是衡量東方繪畫藝術(shù)水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings.Unit 4

英譯漢

Venice is the world's famous island city in northern Italy.威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界聞名的島城。Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century.威尼斯建立于公元5世紀(jì)，在公元10世紀(jì)時(shí)成為一支重要的海上力量。In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs.在中世紀(jì)和文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，威尼斯曾是重要的商 貿(mào)中心，是當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲極為富裕的城市，在政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)中居領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century.幾百年的興盛之后，威尼斯在15世紀(jì)開始衰落。Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world.如今，威尼斯被公認(rèn)為是全世界最美的城 市之一，也是全世界最重要的旅游勝地之一。Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style.威尼斯的建筑風(fēng)格豐富多樣，其中最出名的是哥特式風(fēng)格。Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period.威尼斯還因歷史上的幾次重要的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)而聞名，特別是文 藝復(fù)興時(shí)期。The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable.威尼斯對建筑和藝術(shù)的發(fā)展影響巨大。Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures.至今，威尼斯仍對現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)和流行文化的發(fā)展起著重要作用。In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site.1987年，威尼斯被列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of

China's Suzhou City.1980年3月，威尼斯與中國蘇州結(jié)為“友好城市”。

漢譯英

Lijiang is a mountainous city in northwest Yunnan Province.麗江地處云南省西北部，境內(nèi)多山。The old town of Lijiang, located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, is a town of scenic beauty and known for its history and culture.It is also a well-preserved old town with features of ethnic minorities.麗江古城坐落在玉龍雪山腳下，是一座風(fēng)景秀麗的歷史文化名城，也是我國保存完好的少數(shù)民族古城之一。The construction work of the old town was started from the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years from now.麗江古城始建于南 宋，距今約有800年的歷史。Not only does Lijiang boast a long history, but also it boasts many ethnic minorities who make up over a half of the total population in the region.麗江不僅歷史悠久，而且民族眾多，少數(shù)民族人口占全區(qū)人口的半數(shù)以上。With the booming of Lijiang tourism, the old town of Lijiang is receiving a growing number of tourists from home and abroad.隨著麗江旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，到麗江古城觀光游覽的中外游客 日益增多。In December 1997, the old town succeeded in applying to be named a World Cultural Heritage Site, filling the gap of lacking a noted historical and cultural city in China on the World Cultural Heritage List.1997年12月，麗江古城申報(bào)世界文化遺產(chǎn)獲得成功，填補(bǔ)了中國在世界文化遺產(chǎn)中無歷史文化名城的空白。

Unit 5 英譯漢

The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s.The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time.英式下午茶的儀式可以追溯到19世紀(jì)40年代，該傳統(tǒng)是由之前英國的茶飲儀式和習(xí)慣發(fā)展而來的。Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost.茶最初在17世紀(jì)50年代晚期被引入英國，但由于價(jià)格昂 貴，所以很長一段時(shí)間里，只有皇家和貴族才能享用。The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later.直到將近200多年之后，英國人才養(yǎng)成吃下午茶的習(xí)慣。In those days, the British ate only two daily meals: a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 o'clock in the evening.在當(dāng)時(shí)，英國人一日兩餐：快接近中午時(shí)分的豐盛 早餐和晚上八點(diǎn)左右的晚餐。Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the

tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper.據(jù)說第七代貝德福德公爵夫人安娜開創(chuàng)了下午茶的傳統(tǒng)，以此來緩解晚餐前的饑餓感。She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to

five o'clock.她邀請朋友和她一起在下午四五點(diǎn)鐘吃下午茶。The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches.下午茶中包括茶和一些點(diǎn)心，比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast.這些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛裝。Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life.下午茶很快就流行開來，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為優(yōu)雅英國生活方式的一個(gè)象征。As novelist Henry James wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.”正如小說家亨利?詹姆斯寫道的那樣：“人生鮮有比全心全意享用下午茶這一儀式更愜意的時(shí)刻了?！?/p>

漢譯英

China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture.中國是茶的故鄉(xiāng)，也是茶文化的發(fā)源地。Since ancient times, tea has been known as the “national drink” of China.自古以來，茶就被譽(yù)為中華民族的“國飲”。In both the Chinese scholars' seven daily necessities, namely music, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea and common people's seven ones, namely firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea, tea is listed as one of the necessities.無論是文人墨客生活中的“琴棋書畫詩酒茶”，還是平民百姓生活中的“柴米 油鹽醬醋茶”，茶都是必備品。Meanwhile, China is a country with ancient civilization and a land of courtesy.同時(shí)，中國又是文明古國，禮儀之邦。The practice of making and serving tea is essential whenever there are guests or friends.凡是來了客人或朋友，沏茶、敬茶的禮儀必不可少。With the development of cultural exchange, commerce and trade between China and other countries, Chinese tea and tea culture spread to the world.隨著中外文化交流和商業(yè)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，中 國茶及茶文化傳向了全世界。Today, a number of countries across the five continents grow tea plants, and many countries import tea from China.現(xiàn)在五大洲有不少國家種茶，也有很多國家從中國進(jìn)口茶。Chinese tea, like Chinese silk and chinaware, has become synonymous with China in the world.中國茶和中國的絲綢及瓷器一樣，已經(jīng)成為中國在全世界的代名詞。

第二篇：大學(xué)英語寫作復(fù)習(xí)word版

一、大學(xué)英語四級測試作文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（15分）

2分：條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分：基本切題，表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。

8分：基本切題，表達(dá)思想較清楚，文章尚連貫，但語言錯(cuò)誤較多，其中有少量的嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分：切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。

14分：切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好，基本上無語言錯(cuò)誤。

字?jǐn)?shù)不夠扣分。（各段已給出的主題句均不得計(jì)入）

段落不夠扣分。

二、評分樣卷

評分樣卷(1)Women in the Modern World

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.In today, many women have a work.They worked as well as men playing an important part in factories.There are many women in govener also.They lead other people comtral, and make out plans.There are many women scientist also.They event new things to improve our life.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.In ancient, women’s position in family is pity.They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do.But now it is changed.They are equal to her husband.They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion things with her husband, do what she wants to do.In spite of these changes, the liberation of woman has not been completely realized.We also should realize, women’s likerty are limited.For example, many factories want men become its workers but the chance of women is less than men.Everyone should do their best to change this condition.I’m sure, the liberation of women would be increased.評分樣卷（2）

Women are playing an increasing important part in society today.More and more women go to work to earn money instead of keeping the house or looking after the children.Women have entered many fields of society including scientific field.As we know, many women sports teams have won the world’s champion such as Chinese Women’s Volleyball Team.With the changes in their social role, woman’s position in the family has been improved as well.Husbands are not the masters of wives in many places.Husbands and wife are equal now.They join together to overcome difficulties and share happiness

In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Also in some places, women are considered being ―things‖ belong to men.They have little chance to find jobs.They don’t get equal pay for equal job.This is a problem must be solved not only by society but also by women themselves.評分樣卷（3）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Many women today are playing an important part at works that was thought only could be done by the men before.For example, some women are not secretary in the office, instead , they become manager of a company.With the changes in their social role, woman’s position in the family has been improved as well.In the world today, more and more women have their own jobs.They get their own salary, and become more independent from their husband.With the economic situation improved, their

family position is improving.In spite of these changes, the liberation of woman has not been completely realized.Many husbands only want his wife to stay at home, and do some works or do some shopping.They only want their wife to be a housewife, but not a manager of a company.評分樣卷（4）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.In many countries, more and more women are acting as workers, farmers, scientists and even leaders.We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done perfectly by women.Women are no longer looked down upon by society.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Husband and wife are now equal in the family.They cope with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each other.Also, you can hardly find out that in today’s families, women are being busy with dinners, whereas men are comfortably sitting in armchairs, reading newspapers.In spite of these changes, the liberation of woman has not been completely realized.A number of men still jealously guard their rights, and regard women as incapable creature.Few women are allowed to attend important international meeting dominated by men.That’s really the problems we should solve immediately.三、檢查語法

1.動(dòng)詞 — 時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)是否正確

2.名詞 — 單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)、可數(shù)、不可數(shù)，專有名詞大小寫

3.主謂一致 — 分清主句和從句，使各自的主謂一致

4.形容詞、副詞 — 用法是否正確，比較級與最高級是否得當(dāng)

5.介詞、連詞 — 搭配是否正確

6.其他關(guān)聯(lián)詞 — 用法是否正確

7.單詞拼寫8.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號

四、注意基本句型五、九句話模板

六、套用九句話模板

Stop smoking

（1）吸煙的問題越來越受到人們的關(guān)注

（2）吸煙的害處

（3）你的想法

Model

(1)There has never been an agreement as to the issue of smoking.(2)Recently, however, more and more people begin to pay attention to this question.(3)They have realized that smoking does great harm to health.(4)The harm of smoking can be seen from the following.(5)First, it can cause cancer.(6)Second, it pollutes the environment.(7)Third, it causes great waste of money.(8)In short, smoking does great harm to health.(9)Effective measures should be taken to stop smoking.Model(developed one)

(1)There has never been an agreement as to the issue of smoking.(2)Recently, however, more and more people begin to pay attention to this question, and some even write to the government calling for policies to stop smoking.(3)They have realized that smoking does great harm tothe health of smokers and non – smokers as well.(4)The harm of smoking can be seen from the following.(5)First, it can cause cancer.A recent survey by the WHO shows, of the diseases which cause death every year, nearly one third has to do with smoking.(6)Second, it pollutes the environment.Cigarettes ends may dirty our air and water.(7)Third, it causes great waste of money.Is it wise to spend nearly thirty yuan each day for something which will kill you eventually?

(8)In short, smoking does great harm to health.(9)It is high time thateffective measures be taken to stop smoking.

第三篇：大學(xué)英語3期末復(fù)習(xí)(2012-12)

大學(xué)英語3期末復(fù)習(xí)

1.If either of you had been able to _______ your anger the fight would have been avoided.a.hold backb.hold onc.hold outd.hold up

2.Many students are taking part in extracurricular activities in their ______ to enhance their communicative skills.a.questb.strainc.temptationd.campaign a.scatterb.dedicatec.give offd.hand out a.hopefulb.definitec.productived.super

5.We can’t ________ her to be able to take responsibility just because she has been working for her boss for two years.a.interpretb.grantc.detachd.assume

6.He left the office, still ______ by the way she had spoken to him.a.annoyedb.been annoyed

c.being annoyedd.to be annoyed

7.__________ is the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.a.It is made rather disturbingb.what makes it rather disturbing

c.It makes rather disturbingd.It is rather disturbing

8.You ______ at the door before you come in.a.mean knockingb.are meant knocking

c.mean to knockd.are meant to knock

9.Mary has ____ a couple of hours on Saturdays to help her mother with her computer.a.put awayb.set asidec.get offd.take on a.likesb.realizesc.imaginesd.considers

11.The statistics show that those who prefer electronic dictionaries _________ 55 percent.a contributedb.amounted toc.headed ford.took in

12.Set your mind at ease.____ you get accustomed to the noise here.a.It will be soon afterb.It wouldn’t be long before

c.It is a short time whend.It is in a short time before

13.All the questions the police asked _____ where she had been on the night of the murder.a.brought upb.revolved around

c.built ond.singled out

14.Give them an inch, ________________.a.and they will make a mileb.they will make a mile

c.so they will make a miled.or they will make a mile

15.Let’s stop taking nonsense and _______ analyzing the tough situation.a.go onb.go offc.go intod.go about

Key

1-5 aadcd6-10 abdbc

11-15 bbbad

第四篇：英語復(fù)習(xí)材料

一、詞組翻譯

unit 2

fairy tale

神話故事，童話

wander about

徘徊，漫游

point out

指出

separate from

分出，分開

no longer

不再

unit 3

in print

（文章、書等）被印出來，被出版

as a basis for

作為……的基礎(chǔ)

prior to

在前，居先

take…into account

將……考慮進(jìn)去

up to date

現(xiàn)在的，時(shí)新的unit 4

be proud of

為……而自豪

be interested in

對……感興趣

play a part in

在……起作用

make full use of

充分利用

as the same time

同時(shí)

be free from

不受……影響，沒有……的do a great harm to

對……造成重大危害

二、選擇

三、閱讀理解

模擬一 Passage 1

C

B

D

C

A

Passage 2 B

C

D

D

A Passage 3 B

C

C

D

B Passage 4 B

C

C

B

B

模擬二 Passage 1 A

C

C

B

C Passage 2 D

A

D

B

D Passage 3 C

C

C

B

B Passage 4 D

C

A

B

A

樣題 Passage 1 B

D

B

B

B Passage 2 D

A

C

A

D Passage 3 B

A

A

D

C Passage 4 D

A

C

B

A

四、完型填空 模擬一

B

D

B

C

A

B C

C

模擬二

B

A

C

D

A

C D

B 樣題

A

A

C

A

A

B A

D

五、英譯中

Unit 2

第31頁

D

B

A B

D

C A

D

C B

D

A A

B

A D

A

C A

B

A C

A

D B

C

A D

C

A C

C

A B

A

C

童話故事對孩子們有好處嗎？

一些人們熟知的優(yōu)秀童話故事已經(jīng)流傳了幾百年。這些童話故事長期受到人們的歡迎，可見它們對兒童和成年人的想像力產(chǎn)生了多么大的影響。然而，如今的許多父母在給他們的孩子講述童話故事時(shí)卻感到不安，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這些故事太殘酷，太可怕了。他們還認(rèn)為故事中講述的某些思想或價(jià)值觀不適合年幼的孩子。

這一問題可以從童話故事《漢塞爾和格蕾特爾》中反映出來。故事講的是一個(gè)殘酷的繼母說服軟弱的丈夫，應(yīng)該將兩個(gè)孩子丟棄在森林里，讓他們死去，因?yàn)榧依锾F了，沒有足夠的食物給全家人吃。這位父親雖然不情愿，但還是將他兩個(gè)年幼孩子漢塞爾和格蕾特爾帶到了森林，然后離開了他們。

帶著孤獨(dú)、恐懼和饑餓，漢塞爾和格蕾特爾兄妹在森林里徘徊。后來他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)由姜餅做成的奇妙的房子。他們立即開始吃了起來。他們正吃著，一個(gè)老婦人走了出來。她請漢塞爾和格蕾特爾兄妹倆到房子里去，這個(gè)老婦人看上去好象很和善，兄妹倆就高高興興走進(jìn)了房子，然后這個(gè)老婦人原來是一個(gè)惡毒的女巫。她把漢塞爾關(guān)進(jìn)了一個(gè)籠子，打算將他喂胖一點(diǎn)再把他吃掉。

這個(gè)女巫每天都要來查看一次漢塞爾，看他是否胖得可以吃了，但是漢塞爾想辦法騙過了這個(gè)眼睛近視的女巫。他沒有將自己的手指伸出籠子給女巫摸，而是伸給她一根骨頭。終于有一天，妹妹格蕾特爾設(shè)法將女巫騙到了爐邊，把她推了進(jìn)去。女巫被燒死了。漢塞爾和格蕾特爾設(shè)法找到了回家的路，還帶走了女巫的珠寶和錢。那位殘酷的繼母已經(jīng)死了。從此，那位父親和兩個(gè)孩子過上了幸福的生活。

對許多讀者來說這個(gè)故事聽起來很殘忍，很兇暴。還有什么比父母將自己的孩子拋棄在森林更殘忍的呢？當(dāng)孩子們被惡毒的女巫抓到的時(shí)候，故事開始帶上了野蠻意識，即這兩個(gè)孩子極有可能被這個(gè)女巫吃掉。女巫每天去探視關(guān)在籠子里的漢塞爾，這使得故事更加緊張且令人恐怖。故事的高潮也同樣殘忍。格蕾特爾將女巫活活燒死。這樣的殘暴行為或許會(huì)對年幼的孩子產(chǎn)生不健康的恐懼心理。

然而，暴力和殘忍不是人們對童話故事提出質(zhì)疑的惟一方面。有些人反對的是童話故事通常采用的描述家庭和性別角色的那種套路。比如，《漢塞爾和格蕾特爾》同其他許多童話故事一樣，繼母總是被描繪成殘忍的害人精。童話故事中充滿了刻薄的繼母和具有魔法的惡毒女巫。童話故事中的多數(shù)婦女和女孩通常被刻畫為軟弱和需要保護(hù)?！稘h塞爾和格蕾特爾》中的繼母之所以壞，不僅僅因?yàn)樗瘫〉貙Υ齼蓚€(gè)孩子，更因?yàn)樗龜[布軟弱的丈夫，做了一個(gè)妻子不該做的事。還有，直到故事的結(jié)尾前，領(lǐng)頭的總是漢塞爾，格蕾特爾只有聽從的份。有些父母因此反對自己的孩子學(xué)習(xí)這樣的傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀。

但是，有些父母——還有心理學(xué)家們——?jiǎng)t認(rèn)為，如果我們擔(dān)心孩子們會(huì)受到童話故事的驚嚇或受故事中反面事物的影響，那我們就失去了讀童話故事的真正意義了。心理學(xué)家布魯諾·貝特爾海姆指出，所有的孩子都害怕與父母分離，更怕遭受遺棄。這種恐懼不是童話故事教他們的，是孩子們本身具有的。根據(jù)貝特爾海姆所說，《漢塞爾和格蕾特爾》實(shí)際上使孩子們增強(qiáng)自信心，因?yàn)楣适赂嬖V孩子們，他們離開了父母也能生存下來。故事告訴孩子們，他們可以學(xué)著自己照顧自己。漢塞爾和格蕾特爾兄妹倆就是靠自己戰(zhàn)勝女巫，生存了下來，而且還找到了回家的路。貝特爾海姆還指出，在故事的結(jié)尾小女孩格蕾特爾不再只是需要保護(hù)的對象了。正是她救出了哥哥，還幫助找到了回家的路。童話故事告訴人們，恐懼和困難是能夠被戰(zhàn)勝的。童話故事的結(jié)尾通常是幸福圓滿的。

Unit 3

第63頁

如何判斷信息來源的可靠性和有用性

在你從某處引用事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，你是在告知讀者你為論文所選的材料是有效的。既然如此，就不應(yīng)該隨便照搬哪篇文章或書中的信息。就因?yàn)橐殉霭娉蓵?，并不意味著作者提出的“事?shí)”是可靠的，或者他的觀點(diǎn)是有價(jià)值的。下列一些指導(dǎo)性建議可作為評價(jià)研究論文信息來源是否可靠的基礎(chǔ)。

1.要評判每位作者的可信度。作者的證明材料（如學(xué)位，目前職位，發(fā)表的其他著作）經(jīng)常附在文章中或是在書后。如果相關(guān)材料沒附在文中，就設(shè)法在人名詞典中查找該作者。如果這個(gè)方法還不能提供評判的依據(jù)，就請去詢問指導(dǎo)老師，看他（或她）是否對該作者有所了解。但是，要是你發(fā)現(xiàn)某位作者已在你的同一論題上出版了許多著作，顯然已是這一領(lǐng)域的專家，那么不要只是或是主要以他一個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)作為你論文的依據(jù)。你的觀點(diǎn)不能局限于一家之言，哪怕你必須求助于知名度較低的作者們，你也應(yīng)博采眾長從而求得理想的平衡。

2.要把作者面向的讀者群和寫作目的作為評價(jià)的內(nèi)容之一。文章是寫給專業(yè)讀者還是普通讀者看的？你經(jīng)常可以從作者所設(shè)定的讀者群來判斷文章所包含知識的專業(yè)化程度。《新英格蘭醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》是專家寫給專家看的；《現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)》是針對普通讀者的通俗雜志。如果你能從文章出處入手并確定其讀者群，你就可以從閱讀書目中剔除部分書面，從而節(jié)省時(shí)間，因?yàn)樗鼈儗δ銇碚f有的可能太普通或太專業(yè)，有的可能內(nèi)容過淺或過深。一本書所針對的讀者群可能不像文章所針對的那么明確，因?yàn)闀救狈﹄s志所具有的背景。在略讀一本書以判斷其利用價(jià)值時(shí)，可以從語言本身來確定它所針對的讀者群。如果章節(jié)的標(biāo)題中有你不認(rèn)識的術(shù)語，說明這本書可能太專業(yè)化了。相反，略看之后覺得書中的句子簡短，詞匯也簡單的話，那么整本書對你寫論文作參考可能太簡單了。

作者的寫作目的也值得考慮。一般來說，通俗雜志的文章雖然容易理解，卻缺乏學(xué)術(shù)著作的客觀及協(xié)調(diào)性。通俗文章的目的可能只是為了說服讀者，而不是為了提供知識。某些文章意在加深讀者群中已存在的偏見，對于這些文章你應(yīng)特別小心。對于那些想了解對立雙方對某一論題所持有觀點(diǎn)的研究者來說，這些文章是有幫助的；但文中的“論據(jù)”則需仔細(xì)權(quán)衡。因此，要是你正在研究電視暴力問題，應(yīng)仔細(xì)考慮如何綜合利用某些文章的不同論點(diǎn)和統(tǒng)計(jì)資料。

3.評判著作是否可靠也應(yīng)考慮其中文獻(xiàn)資料的引用量。學(xué)術(shù)性著作會(huì)引用文獻(xiàn)資料；一些專門為普通讀者所撰寫的經(jīng)過詳細(xì)調(diào)查而具可靠性的文章也會(huì)清楚標(biāo)明文中所引用的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料的來源或是所援引作者的生平材料。要遵循的一條原則是：決不要使用那些轉(zhuǎn)引文獻(xiàn)中不可靠的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料。

4.需始終考慮擬引用材料的出版時(shí)間。40年或60年前發(fā)表的研究成果有些仍然是經(jīng)典性文獻(xiàn)。但大部分，尤其是有關(guān)歷史方面的成果已經(jīng)過時(shí)，因?yàn)閷＜覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)了作者當(dāng)時(shí)未能看到的信函或是文件等。在大多數(shù)科技領(lǐng)域中，信息革命使得5年或10年之前出版的著作變得過時(shí)。如，根據(jù)1990年前的人口普查資料所作的研究就不再可靠。如果太空研究沒有利用旅行者2號提供的新信息，那么它就不再是最新成果。

Unit 4

第91頁

陽光學(xué)校

北歐人在陰冷的冬天花不少時(shí)間計(jì)劃夏天的假日。越來越多的人準(zhǔn)備在西班牙、意大利或法國南部的陽光地帶度假。到達(dá)那里后，許多人只喜歡躺在陽光下，任由陽光將自己曬成深棕色。

他們這樣做的原因是想擁有棕色皮膚，度假回來后，他們?yōu)閾碛袨樽越】档哪w色而引以為豪。當(dāng)然他們也了解適量的陽光照射對身體和健康都有好處。

在古希臘，人們就對陽光的治療功能有所了解，但這些知識已經(jīng)失傳。許多年來，歐洲的病人被關(guān)在房內(nèi)，避免陽光照射。到了19世紀(jì)末，一位丹麥醫(yī)生開始研究陽光對某些疾病尤其是皮膚病的影響。尼爾斯·拉本·芬遜出生于當(dāng)時(shí)屬丹麥管轄、地處北冰洋的法洛群島。他在哥本哈根專修醫(yī)學(xué)，后來就在那兒的大學(xué)教解剖學(xué)。他不僅對自然陽光而且對人造射線都感興趣。許多醫(yī)生對芬遜的成果產(chǎn)生興趣。在治療病人方面，陽光的作用越來越顯重要。

一位名叫奧古斯特·羅里爾的瑞士醫(yī)生在他位于萊勝的醫(yī)院里充分利用陽光的作用。萊勝是一座位于阿爾卑斯山上的小村莊。這個(gè)位置很重要：最有治療力的太陽射線是紅外線和紫外線；而紫外線很容易被霧或工業(yè)城周圍的受污染大氣所吸收。羅里爾醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)陽光、新鮮空氣及合適的食物能治愈很多種疾病。在利用陽光療法治療某些結(jié)核病方面，他特別成功。

羅里爾的醫(yī)院里有許多小孩。羅里爾醫(yī)生決定為他們開辦一所學(xué)校。在那兒，他們在接受治療的同時(shí)也可以不放棄學(xué)業(yè)。不久，他的學(xué)校就額滿了。

冬天，吃過早餐，孩子們僅穿著短褲、襪子、靴子，帶著滑橇就離開醫(yī)院。他們帶著課本，扛著小桌子、小椅子。他們的老師領(lǐng)著他們穿過雪地，找到面向太陽又背風(fēng)的山坡，安頓好課桌、椅子，然后開始上課。孩子們在燦爛的陽光下上幾個(gè)小時(shí)課，呼吸著新鮮空氣。同時(shí)他們的皮膚顏色也逐漸變深。中飯前，他們在雪地上玩半小時(shí)游戲。曬過太陽，呼吸了新鮮空氣，又鍛煉過后，他們當(dāng)然餓了。因此，他們的食量比普通孩子大一倍。大家已完全忘了，僅僅是幾個(gè)星期或是幾個(gè)月前，他們還是病人，甚至幾乎瀕臨死亡。

盡管羅里爾的學(xué)生幾乎沒穿多少衣服，但他們很少覺得冷，原因是他們體內(nèi)充滿了來自太陽的能量。但羅里爾也了解陽光會(huì)導(dǎo)致危險(xiǎn)。如，要是得了肺結(jié)核，不適當(dāng)?shù)年柟庠】赡芪：艽?。因此，他讓病人首先慢慢地接收陽光。第一天，只是一只腳暴露在陽光下5分鐘；第二天，用同樣的時(shí)間曬另一只腳。接下來是整條腿，然后是另一條腿。再繼續(xù)就是整個(gè)身體可以曬5分鐘太陽，然后是10分鐘。幾個(gè)星期后，病人可以一次曬兩、三個(gè)小時(shí)。夏天，當(dāng)陽光過分強(qiáng)烈時(shí)，病人們便在早晨進(jìn)行陽光浴，以避免射線太強(qiáng)造成的危害。

現(xiàn)在，陽光學(xué)校不止一所，光瑞典就有好幾所，而且由于瑞典并不是唯一適合創(chuàng)建陽光學(xué)校的國家，因此其他地方也出現(xiàn)了類似的學(xué)校。人們繼續(xù)研究光的作用，尤其是紅外線和紫外線的作用。比如，紫外線為什么會(huì)使大部分（不是所有）白人的膚色變成棕色？棕色是否是預(yù)防過量吸收陽光的保護(hù)色呢？

我們似乎已得到了一個(gè)很明顯的教訓(xùn)，現(xiàn)在我們應(yīng)該利用這個(gè)教訓(xùn)了，那就是由于聽任空氣遭到污染，我們正在極大地?fù)p害太多人的健康。如果我們擁有更純凈的空氣，那么，具有治療作用的陽光對我們都有好處；需要上特殊的陽光學(xué)校的人也會(huì)大大減少。

六、中譯英

Unit 2 1.許多童話故事伴隨了人們的一生。

Many fairy tales have been accompanying us for our whole life.2.這些書很適合你這樣年紀(jì)的孩子閱讀。

These books are appropriate for the children at your age.3.如今在農(nóng)村的一些地方，有一部分人太窮了，沒有足夠的錢供孩子上學(xué)。

Nowadays , in some places in the countryside , a few people are so poor that they haven’t got enough money for their children to go to school.4.獨(dú)自一人在漆黑的夜里走路會(huì)使你感到害怕。

Walking at the dark night alone , you may feel frightened.5.對他來說，沒有什么比沒有書讀更令人痛苦的了。

To him , nothing can be more cruel than having no book to read.6.她直到深夜才把那篇文章打完。

She didn’t finish typing the case until midnight.7.他認(rèn)為自己已18歲了，不再需要父母的庇護(hù)了。

He thinks that he is eighteen now , and needs no protection of his parents any longer.8.那個(gè)新來的學(xué)生十分用功，因此給全班同學(xué)帶來了好影響。

The new student was so hard-working that he infected the whole class.9.沒人敢打賭說網(wǎng)上購物絕對安全。

No one can bet it’s totally safe to do shopping on internet.10.如果你認(rèn)為病情可能很嚴(yán)重，你就不要再耽誤看醫(yī)生了。

If you think that the illness might be serious you should not put off going to the doctor.Unit 3 1.在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，我們有各種不同的信息來源，比如說報(bào)紙，電視，因特網(wǎng)等。

In modern society , we have various sources of information , such as newspaper , television and Internet.2.現(xiàn)在，人們越來越求助于通過計(jì)算機(jī)獲取最新信息，知識和進(jìn)行娛樂活動(dòng)。

Nowadays , people are turning more and more to computers for up-to-date information , knowledge and entertainment.3.正如人們經(jīng)常說的，總是先有想法再有行動(dòng)。

As is often said , the thought is always prior to the fact.4.只是有一點(diǎn)我希望你講講清楚。

There is just one point I wish you to make clear.5.那些給小孩看的書在內(nèi)容和形式上與給成人看的書不大一樣。

The books intended for children are quite different in content and form from those intended for adults.6.字典一伸手就能拿到。

The dictionary is within easy reach.7.這會(huì)兒，他沒情緒隨著音樂跳舞。

At the moment , he is not in the mood to dance to the music.8.不管年齡和性別，任何人都有權(quán)接受教育。

Everyone has the right to education regardless of age or sex.9.他的小說獲得了普遍的稱贊。

His

novel was received with universal praise.10.通過略讀我們能抓住文章的中心。

We can get the gist of an article by skimming.Unit 4 1.他的英文能力很差，那是由于他沒有充分利用在校的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)。

He is very poor at English , as he didn’t make full use of his time at school.2.那些皮膚病患者過去常常被關(guān)在房里，曬不著太陽，以為那樣有助于疾病的治療。

These patients suffering from diseases of the skin used to be kept indoors out of the sunlight , which was thought to be of help to cure them.3.建議中小學(xué)生學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)操作，因?yàn)橛?jì)算機(jī)在我們的教育中起著越來越重要的作用。

School students are advised to learn to play computers , because computers are now playing a more and more important part in our education.4.外面那么多噪音，我沒法專心寫作。

With so much noise outside , I couldn’t concentrate on my writing.5.學(xué)生們高度評價(jià)他們的新老師，說他英俊，有幽默感，知識淵博。

The students spoke highly of their new teacher , describing him as handsome , humorous and well-informed.6.他下定決心要成為大學(xué)里的一流學(xué)生。

He is firmly resolved to become a top student at university.7.到第一學(xué)年末，我們將完成6門課程。

We will have had six courses by the end of the first school year.8.他不僅是位自然科學(xué)家，還是位世界著名的作家。

He is not only a natural scientist bus also a world-famous writer.9.從實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)驗(yàn)對我們的自我提高和改善會(huì)有幫助。

The experience emerges from our practice will be of great help to improve and develop ourselves.10.學(xué)生導(dǎo)師制使過去經(jīng)常逃課的人培養(yǎng)了責(zé)任感。

Pupil-tutoring has enabled those who used to play truant to develop a sense of responsibility.

第五篇：復(fù)習(xí)英語

1.任何年滿18歲的人都有資格投票(vote)。(be eligible to)

Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote.2.每學(xué)期開學(xué)前，這些獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的申請表格就會(huì)由學(xué)校發(fā)給每一個(gè)學(xué)生。(apply for, scholarship)A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to each student How many crew does he need to sail his yacht?

4.雖然她的新書沒有上一本好，但是我還是喜歡它。(not quite as)I enjoyed her new book though it’s not quite as good as her last one.5.我從未遇到過如此善良的人。(never before)

Never before have I met such a 5.諸如打電話，聽電話一類的事情世界。占用了這位秘書的大部分時(shí)間。大學(xué)期間可以適當(dāng)考慮專業(yè)(take up)的問題。深入掌握自己感興趣的領(lǐng)Such things as making and 域的專業(yè)知識，能夠引導(dǎo)你走向成answering telephone calls take 功，除非這個(gè)專業(yè)沒有發(fā)展前途，up most of the secretary’s time或者你并不很擅長這個(gè)方面。讀研究生是獲取專業(yè)知識的一個(gè)途徑，1牛津的使命是在教學(xué)和研究的各雖然從純經(jīng)濟(jì)角度來看，大學(xué)畢業(yè)個(gè)領(lǐng)域達(dá)到并保持領(lǐng)先地位，保持后再接受教育不一定算是明智的和加強(qiáng)其世界名校的歷史地位，通投資。

before the start of each kind person.semester.1.我們得把感情放在一邊，從專業(yè)3.遵照醫(yī)生的建議，我決定戒煙。的(professional)角度來對待這件(on the advice of)

事。(from a...standpoint)On the advice of my doctor, I We have to put aside our decided to give up smoking.emotions and take it from a 4.公園位于縣城的正中央。(be professional standpoint.located in)

2.這部戲非常精彩，我很快就沉浸The park is located right in the 于激動(dòng)人心的劇情之中。(lose center of town.oneself in)

5.這所大學(xué)提供了我們所需的所The play was so wonderful that 有材料和設(shè)備。(facilities)

I soon lost myself in the The university provides all the excitement of it.materials and facilities we 3.她沒有什么愛好 —— 除非你desire.把看電視也算是一種愛好。1.警察們正忙著填寫關(guān)于這場事(unless)

故的各種表格。(fill out)

She hasn’t got any hobbies — The policemen are busy filling unless you call watching TV a out forms about the accident.hobby.2.我想在還車之前把油箱(fuel 4.他說他是直接從市長本人那里tank)加滿。(fill up)

得到這個(gè)信息的。(first-hand)I want to fill up the fuel tank He said that he had got the before returning the car.information first-hand from the 3.如果你要投訴，最好遵循正確的Mayor himself.程序。(follow the procedure)5.既然你不能回答這個(gè)問題，我們If you want to make a

最好問問別人。(since)

complaint, you’d better follow Since you can’t answer the the correct procedure.question, perhaps we’d better 4.要不是約翰幫忙，我們絕不會(huì)這ask someone else

么快就完成實(shí)驗(yàn)。(without)1.那件工作很難做，不過我想試試We couldn’t have finished the 看。(have a shot)

experiment so soon without It’s a difficult job, but I’d like to John’s help.have a shot.5.暴風(fēng)雨之后，岸邊的人們焦急地2.這是一本關(guān)于商務(wù)實(shí)踐而非理搜索湖面以期發(fā)現(xiàn)小船的蹤跡。論的書。(as opposed to)

(scan for)

This is a book about business After the storm, the people on practice as opposed to theory.the shore anxiously scanned 3.社會(huì)活動(dòng)從未耽誤她的學(xué)習(xí)。the lake for any sign of the(in the way)

boat

Social activities never get in 1.我們需要通過減少道路上的車the way of her studies.輛以降低燃料消耗。4.直到1911年人們才發(fā)現(xiàn)第一種(consumption)

維生素(vitamin)。(It is not We need to cut down on our until...that)

fuel consumption by having It was not until 1911 that the fewer cars on the road.first of the vitamins was 2.電費(fèi)上漲增加了我們的負(fù)擔(dān)。identified.(add to)

5.很明顯，自然災(zāi)害是造成這個(gè)國The rise in power costs has 家經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的原因。(crisis)added to our burden.Natural disasters have

3.你應(yīng)該自己判斷行事，別總是跟obviously contributed to the 在你哥哥的后面。(follow the country’s economic crisis lead)

.1.他并不后悔說過的話，只是覺You should judge by yourself, 得他完全可以不用這種方式表達(dá)。and not always follow your(could have done)

brother’s lead.He did not regret what he had 4.那種發(fā)型今年很流行，但是我想said but felt that he could have 明年就會(huì)過時(shí)。(in fashion)

expressed it differently.That hairstyle is in fashion this 2.我們最好等到12月14日。那時(shí)year, but I am afraid it will be 大衛(wèi)已考完試，就能和我們一起去out of fashion next year.度假了。(will have done)5.在追求真理的過程中，我們注定We’d better wait till 14

(fate to)要遭受失敗的痛苦。(in December.David will have had one’s quest for)his exam by then, so he’ll be We are fated to suffer from many able to go on holiday with us.failures in our quest for truth 3.他正在做一個(gè)新項(xiàng)目，年底前1.她在公共汽車站一直等到末班必須完成。(work on)

車進(jìn)站。(come in)

He’s working on a new project She waited at the bus stop which has to be finished by the until the last bus came in.end of the year.2.如果我們能幫得上忙，盡管和我4.他們讓我們使用他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，們聯(lián)系。(contact)

作為回報(bào)，我們則讓他們分享研究If there is any way we can be of 成果。(in return)

assistance, please do not They are letting us use their hesitate to contact us.lab, and in return, we are

3.他需要多少船務(wù)人員才能使他sharing with them the results 的游艇(yacht)航行？(crew)of our research.過其研究成果和畢業(yè)生的技能促進(jìn)地區(qū)、全國和全球的發(fā)展。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，學(xué)校將針對知識環(huán)境和整個(gè)社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要，為員工提供進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新研究所需的設(shè)施和支持；提倡既富革新精神又嚴(yán)格認(rèn)真的教學(xué)，使教學(xué)與研究環(huán)境卓有成效地互動(dòng)從而推動(dòng)教學(xué)；通過導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)和小組學(xué)習(xí)加速思想的交流，通過開發(fā)學(xué)校圖書館、博物館以及科學(xué)收藏方面的資源，使畢業(yè)生能在國內(nèi)和國際上一展身手打下基礎(chǔ)。2通過上網(wǎng)進(jìn)入一家在線房地產(chǎn)服務(wù)公司網(wǎng)站，梅洛看到了可供租用的房子的彩色照片，包括很詳細(xì)的樓面格局圖。梅洛來到哥倫比亞時(shí)，她覺得自己完全做好了準(zhǔn)備。面試成功了，第二天，她就得到了一份工作，薪金是47,8000美元?！耙蛱鼐W(wǎng)很容易使用，而且確實(shí)有效，”一個(gè)求職者說道，“你還要什么呢？”3雖然我決心讓衣服反映，而不是代表我本人，但廣告還是在左右著我。雖然我看廣告的目的是想了解最新潮流，可我還是會(huì)受到廣告的潛在信息的影響。廣告反映社會(huì)，也豐富了社會(huì)的含義。廣告給我們看到的是我們身邊的人，但他們只選擇特定的類型。通過展現(xiàn)這一類人，廣告將這極少數(shù)人定義為俊男美女。廣告利用人們不甘人后的心理，慫恿我們?nèi)W(xué)這些俊男美

女。我們想受人歡迎、想得到擁戴，這些心理正好被用來對付我們自

己。人們向往變成別的模樣，社會(huì)

又推波助瀾，廣告就利用這些來影

響我們?nèi)ハ嘈拍承┬畔ⅲ阂谴┐?/p>

與模特有差距，就不能算漂亮；要是不苗條，曲線不美，就沒有吸引力；要是其貌不揚(yáng)，就算性格再好，大多數(shù)人還是不會(huì)喜歡我們。

廣告利用我們的弱點(diǎn)告訴

我們什么最新潮，我們應(yīng)該是什么

樣子，什么最酷，什么最熱門。我們都想受人歡迎，魅力四射，這是

人性使然，所以我們會(huì)對廣告言聽

計(jì)從。這應(yīng)該怪人們相信廣告嗎？還是該怪社會(huì)縱容廣告誤導(dǎo)人？我進(jìn)入營銷業(yè)之后，經(jīng)?？紤]的就是這些問題。利用人的不甘人后的心理來促進(jìn)消費(fèi)固然是件輕而易

舉的事，但這樣做對嗎？要想找出

答案，我們就得退一步，不再讀雜

志，不再看電視。不然的話，我還

是擺脫不了廣告的左右。別的人也

是如此。4這場空難震驚了全球滑冰界以及熱愛花樣滑冰的人們。滑冰界以前從來沒有發(fā)生過類似的慘劇。為了紀(jì)念遇難者，布

拉格的冠軍賽取消了。

這次墜機(jī)對某些家庭尤其令

人悲痛欲絕。歐文家三名女性全部

喪生。除此之外，還有九個(gè)家庭至

少痛失兩名親人。

明星們的希望和夢想在一瞬間破滅了。救援人員仔細(xì)搜尋了遇難現(xiàn)場，只找到三雙已經(jīng)燒焦的冰鞋，在殘留的機(jī)翼上搖曳。5如果高中階段興趣過于集中，你會(huì)面臨兩個(gè)問題。第一個(gè)就是進(jìn)

了大學(xué)以后你很可能沒法改變。另

一個(gè)問題就是如果分?jǐn)?shù)不夠高，你

就很難考入大學(xué)，而無法向那些積

極性很高，很有才能的學(xué)生一起學(xué)習(xí)，他們可以真正幫助你了解這個(gè)

6保羅還說，英雄是需要日日維護(hù)的。要達(dá)到完美的地步，滑冰選手需苦練每個(gè)細(xì)小的動(dòng)作，日復(fù)一日不能懈怠，英雄也一樣，應(yīng)該日日奉獻(xiàn)，而不只是在危機(jī)關(guān)頭或者在眾人矚目之時(shí)才有所作為。收藏多年之后，奧運(yùn)獎(jiǎng)牌會(huì)退去它最初的光澤；若是不再關(guān)注別人的需要，英雄也會(huì)失去其知名度。和成千上萬的人們一同觀看鹽湖城冬奧會(huì)時(shí)，保羅很清楚，每個(gè)勝利的背后，每次打破記錄的背后，都有無數(shù)日日堅(jiān)持不懈英雄的故事，那種永不放棄的英雄故事。7在我看來，父親總是在奉獻(xiàn)，在分享。我們自己條件也不寬裕，沒有很多可供奉獻(xiàn)或分享，但父親堅(jiān)信，一切都會(huì)好的，即使在極其艱難的條件下也會(huì)如此。當(dāng)年阿拉巴馬有許多事情令人可怕：種族隔離很厲害；我們用的噴泉式飲水器上面標(biāo)著“黑人使用”字樣；上街時(shí)我們只能走街道的一邊。但他挺過

了這一切，沒有怨，沒有怒，沒有憎。1977年，父親過世了。要是他還健在，能親眼看到我入選議會(huì)，他一定會(huì)引以為榮，滿心歡喜的。我相信，此時(shí)此刻，他就在天堂注視著我。6.Eiection 選舉 pillar 精神支柱 gross 不雅的 surgery 外科手術(shù) reconstruction 重建 principle 原則 sway 說明影

響 fulfill 執(zhí)行 rigid 嚴(yán)格的 optimist 樂觀的7.Perfection 完美 storage 儲(chǔ)存 clap 鼓掌 observe 評論 exclusive 獨(dú)家的 defend 衛(wèi)冕 survey調(diào)查 interview 采訪 quit 停止 cover 報(bào)道1.Pursue 追求 distinct 差

別 responsibility 責(zé)任感 minimum 最低 grant 批準(zhǔn) exploxit 利用 equip裝備配備 award 頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)?wù)?restricted限制 elect選舉 2.Annual version 版本 publication出版物 detailed詳細(xì)的 financial經(jīng)濟(jì) full-time 全日

制 entry 詞條 click 點(diǎn)擊 refugee 難民 spot動(dòng)詞進(jìn)3.Attractive有吸引力 fascination 癡迷 statement 聲明despite 讓步 items消費(fèi)品 define 確定 image 想象 concerned 關(guān)心關(guān)注 belonging 物品 neccessities

生活用品4.Signal 信號 crash撞 distress 處于困境 grace 優(yōu)雅 exploded爆炸 collision 碰撞 lowered 下降 beamed微笑 scatter 散落 destruction 破壞毀壞5.Was sinking 陷入 specialty 專

長 purely 純粹的discourage 阻礙 unlikely 不可能 dynamics動(dòng)力學(xué) actually 實(shí)際上 reasonably 有理智的 have preceived 覺察意識 extended 延伸的