第一篇:圣誕節(jié)用英文怎么說
圣誕節(jié)用英文怎么說
MerryChristmas!MerryXmas!希望能在圣誕夜對你說,呵呵,“MerryChristmas” 圣誕快樂
MerryChristmas 例句:
謹向我們所有的讀者敬祝圣誕快樂!
AmerryXmastoallourreaders!他給父母打電話祝他們“圣誕快樂”。
Heplacedacalltohisparentsandsaid“MerryChristmas”tothem.謝謝你。祝你圣誕快樂!
Thankyou.Andamerrychristmastoyou!xzhufu.com 海詞廣告:學外語,交外國真朋友足不出戶英語學習之旅
圣誕快樂英文圣誕賀卡祝福語
MerryChristmas!圣誕快樂!
MerryChristmas!圣誕快樂!
Thankyou.Thesametoyou.謝謝。圣誕快樂!
MerryChristmastoyou!
祝你圣誕快樂!
Thankyou,Mr.Tom.Thesametoyou.謝謝,湯姆先生。也祝你圣誕快樂!獻祝福網
AmerryXmastoallourreaders!
謹向我們所有的讀者敬祝圣誕快樂!
MerryChristmas,CarlandDavid!
卡爾,大衛(wèi),圣誕快樂!
MerryChristmas,Mrs.Tom!
湯姆夫人,圣誕快樂!
ThechurchbellsarepealingthemessageofChristmasjoy.教堂的鐘聲洪亮地傳頌著圣誕快樂的信息。
WewishyouamerryChristmas.WewishyouamerryChristmas.我們祝你圣誕快樂。我們祝你圣誕快樂。
本文來自:豪邁范文網 【http://004km.cn】
第二篇:英文說傳統(tǒng)清明
清明節(jié)及其起源英文介紹
Qing Ming Festival and Its Origin Qing Ming, which means clear and bright in Chinese, falls on April 5th this year.It is both the fifth term in the traditional lunar calendar and a festival to hold memorial ceremony for the dead.It is a time to express one's grief for his lost relatives.An ancient elegiac poem, which described a grievous woman, was read that vines tangled in vain and weeds crept in the graveyard, and her husband slept there lonely.It was so difficult to endure for her as if summer in the day and winter at night.And her only wish was to reunite with him after death.People often go to sweep and weed graves with whole family and take a walk in the countryside as well.In Tang Dynasty, the habit of taking an excursion on this day was developed.At this time, spring returns and dominates the earth again.The feel of growing life is in the air, with sap ascending in trees and buds bursting.And the willow branches inserted on each gate add vigor and vitality to the surroundings.But it actually means more than that.This custom can be traced back to over one thousand years ago.During the Period of Spring and Autumn in the Jin Kingdom, one of the King's sons was called Chong Er.Jealous of his talent, a concubine falsely accused him of rebellion to make her son the crown prince.He had no choice but to flee and with him were some officials.They hid themselves in a mountain and went hungry for quite some time.An official named Jie Zitui took great pain to cut some flesh from his thigh and cooked it for Chong Er.When the fact was known the young master was moved to tears and knelt down in gratitude.And Jie replied his best repayment should be a just king.They lived a life of hunger and cold for three years until the evil concubine died.Many soldiers were sent to look for him and to escort him back home.Going into the carriage, he saw an official packed an old mat onto a horse, he said laughingly, 'What on earth is the use of that? Throw it away!' Jie Zitui heard it and sighed, 'It is hardship that can be shared with his majesty but not prosperity.' So he went away quietly and lived in seclusion with his old mother.As Chong Er became king, he rewarded many people but he forgot Jie Zitui.He did not realize it until was reminded.However his invitation was refused and he flared up.Soldiers were ordered to burn up the mountain to force Jie to come out.Finally they found Jie and his mother scorched under a willow.He would rather die than yield to the power.Chong Er was so overwhelmed with regret that he ordered people hold memorial ceremony for Jie.So every year on that day folks mourned for him and the day before ate cold meals, which avoided making fire.Later the custom of inserting willow branches on gates was also added.清明節(jié)的由來
清 明 節(jié)(Tomb-Sweeping Day)Qing Ming Jie(All Souls' Day)
Qing Ming is a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed.More important, it is a period to honour and to pay respect to one's deceased ancestors and family members.Because it reinforces the ethic of filial piety, Qing Ming is a major Chinese festival.清明節(jié)是一個紀念祖先的節(jié)日。主要的紀念儀式是掃墓,掃墓是慎終追遠、郭親睦鄰及行孝的具體表現;基于上述意義,清明節(jié)因此成為華人的重要節(jié)日。
Literally meaning “clear”(Qing)and “bright”(Ming), this Chinese festival falls in early spring, on the 106th day after the winter solstice.It is a “spring” festival, and it is an occasion for the whole family to leave the home and to sweep the graves of their forebears.Chinese being practical people this sweeping of the graves is given an extended period, that is, 10 days before and after Qing Ming day.Among some dialect groups a whole month is allocated.清明節(jié)是在仲春和暮春之交,也就是冬至后的106天。掃墓活動通常是在清明節(jié)的前十天或后十天。有些地域的人士的掃墓活動長達一個月。ORIGIN(起源)
Qing Ming is popularly associated with Jie Zi Zhui, who lived in Shanxi province in 600 B.C.Legend has it that Jie saved his starving lord's life by serving a piece of his own leg.When the lord succeeded in becoming the ruler of a small principality, he invited his faithful follower to join him.However, Jie declined his invitation, preferring to lead a hermit's life with his mother in the mountains.談到清明節(jié),有點歷史知識的人,都會聯(lián)想到歷史人物介子椎。據歷史記載,在兩千多年以前的春秋時代,晉國公子重耳逃亡在外,生活艱苦,跟隨他的介子椎不惜從自己的腿上割下一塊肉讓他充饑。后來,重耳回到晉國,作了國君(即晉文公,春秋五霸之一),大事封賞所有跟隨他流亡在外的隨從,惟獨介子椎拒絕接受封賞,他帶了母親隱居綿山。
Believing that he could force Jie out by burning the mountain, the lord ordered his men to set the forest on fire.To his consternation, Jie chose to remain where he was and was burnt to death.To commemorate Jie, the lord ordered all fires in every home to be put out on the anniversary of Jie's death.Thus began the “cold food feast”, a day when no food could be cooked since no fire could be lit.晉文公無計可施,只好放火燒山,他想,介子椎孝順母親,一定會帶著老母出來。誰知這場大火卻把介子椎母子燒死了。為了紀念介子椎,晉文公下令每年的這一天,禁止生火,家家戶戶只能吃生冷的食物,這就是寒食節(jié)的來源。
The “cold food” festival occurs on the eve of Qing Ming and is often considered as part of the Qing Ming festival.As time passes, the Qing Ming festival replaced the “cold food” festival.Whatever practice is observed,the basic observation of Qing Ming is to remember one's elders by making a special effort to visit their graves, ashes or ancestral tablets.To make the visit even more meaningful, some time should be spent to remind the younger members of the family of the lives and contributions of their ancestors, and the story of Jie Zi Zhui who choose death over capitulation.寒食節(jié)是在清明節(jié)的前一天,古人常把寒食節(jié)的活動延續(xù)到清明,久而久之,清明取代了寒食節(jié)。拜介子椎的習俗也變成了清明掃墓的習俗了。無論以何種形式紀念,為了使紀念祖先的儀式更有意義,我們應該讓年輕一代的家庭成員了解先人過去的奮斗歷史,當然,還要學習介子椎寧死不屈的氣節(jié)
2012各地清明節(jié)風俗習慣和來歷(雙語)
清明節(jié)的習俗是豐富有趣的,除了講究禁火、掃墓,還有踏青、蕩秋千、蹴鞠、打馬球、插柳等一系列風俗體育活動。相傳這是因為清明節(jié)要寒食禁火,為了防止寒食冷餐傷身,所以大家來參加一些體育活動,以鍛煉身體。因此,這個節(jié)日中既有祭掃新墳生別死離的悲酸淚,又有踏青游玩的歡笑聲,是一個富有特色的節(jié)日。
The custom of the qingming festival is rich interesting, in addition to pay attention to the fire, the grave, and outing, swing, a game called cuju, play polo, inserted liu and so on a series of customs sports activities.This is because tomb-sweeping day to people from the fire, in order to prevent a cold buffet injury body, so everyone to take part in some of the sports activities, and to exercise.Therefore, this festival both JiSao new born from the grave don't dead BeiSuan tears, and visit outing laughter, is a rich characteristic holiday.但是,清明作為節(jié)日,與純粹的節(jié)氣又有所不同。節(jié)氣是我國物候變化、時令順序的標志,而節(jié)日則包含著一定的風俗活動和某種紀念意義。
But, as a clear festival, and pure solar term and different.Solar term is our country phenology, seasonal change of the order of symbol, and the festival is contains certain custom of commemoration.清明節(jié)是我國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日,也是最重要的祭祀節(jié)日,是祭祖和掃墓的日子。掃墓俗稱上墳,祭祀死者的一種活動。漢族和一些少數民族大多都是在清明節(jié)掃墓。
Ching Ming festival is a traditional Chinese festival, is also the most important sacrifice holiday, is the day of worship their ancestors and the grave.The grave commonly known as ShangFen, the sacrifices of the dead an activity.The han nationality and some minority are mostly in the ching Ming festival the grave.按照舊的習俗,掃墓時,人們要攜帶酒食果品、紙錢等物品到墓地,將食物供祭在親人墓前,再將紙錢焚化,為墳墓培上新土,折幾枝嫩綠的新枝插在墳上,然后叩頭行禮祭拜,最后吃掉酒食回家。唐代詩人杜牧的詩《清明》:“清明時節(jié)雨紛紛,路上行人欲斷魂。借問酒家何處有?牧童遙指杏花村?!睂懗隽饲迕鞴?jié)的特殊氣氛。
According to the old tradition, the grave, people to carry goods such as especially fruit, paper money to the cemetery, will be food for offering in the tomb of loved ones, then the dead incineration, grave earthed up new soil, fold a few branches of the 60-foot green inserted in a grave, and then KouTou worship salute, finally eat especially home.The poets in tang dynasty DuMu poem “painting” : “time.though rain in succession, pedestrian rains fall heavily as qingming comes JieWen restaurant where you have.The most ambitious almond flowers? Village.” Write the tomb-sweeping day special atmosphere.蕩秋千
swing
這是我國古代清明節(jié)習俗。秋千,意即揪著皮繩而遷移。它的歷史很古老,最早叫千秋,后為了避忌諱,改為秋千。古時的秋千多用樹椏枝為架,再栓上彩帶做成。后來逐步發(fā)展為用兩根繩索加上踏板的秋千。打秋千不僅可以增進健康,而且可以培養(yǎng)勇敢精神,至今為人們特別是兒童所喜愛。
This is our country ancient qingming festival customs.Swing, meaning clench leather string and migration.Its history is very old, and the first call century, in order to avoid after taboo, to swing.Swing of the old tree YaZhi multi-purpose for frame, then switch to make the ribbons.Then gradually developed for use two rope and pedal swing.Play not only improves the health swing, and can cultivate the brave spirit, to now is people, especially children's favorite.蹴鞠
Game called cuju
鞠是一種皮球,球皮用皮革做成,球內用毛塞緊。蹴鞠,就是用足去踢球。這是古代清明節(jié)時人們喜愛的一種游戲。相傳是黃帝發(fā)明的,最初目的是用來訓練武士。
A ball is bowed, ball with leather skin made, the ball inside with wool plugged.A game called cuju, which is with enough to play football.This is ancient tomb-sweeping day's favorite when a game.Legend has it that the invention of the yellow emperor, original purpose is used to train warrior.踏青
outing
又叫春游。古時叫探春、尋春等。三月清明,春回大地,自然界到處呈現一派生機勃勃的景象,正是郊游的大好時光。我國民間長期保持著清明踏青的習慣。
And that spring outing.That old TanChun, XunChun, etc.During march, spring warms the earth, nature become a vibrant picture everywhere, it is the good old days for an outing.Our country folk to keep for a long time the habit of clear outing.植樹
Planting trees
清明前后,春陽照臨,春陽照臨,春雨飛灑,種植樹苗成活率高,成長快。因此,自古以來,我國就有清明植樹的習慣。有人還把清明節(jié)叫作“植樹節(jié)”。植樹風俗一直流傳至今。1979年,人大常委會規(guī)定,每年三月十二日為我國植樹節(jié)。這對動員全國各族人民積極開展綠化祖國活動,有著十分重要的意義。
Clarity around, ChunYang ZhaoLin, ChunYang ZhaoLin, spring rain FeiSa, planting trees survival rate high, grow fast.Therefore, since the ancient times, our country is clear the habit of planting trees.There are some called the qingming festival “Arbor Day”.Planting trees customs has been spread until now.In 1979, the National People's Congress standing committee regulations, 12 March each year for our country Arbor Day.The mobilization of the people of all ethnic groups in motherland green actively carry out activities, has the extremely vital significance.放風箏
Fly a kite
也是清明時節(jié)人們所喜愛的活動。每逢清明時節(jié),人們不僅白天放,夜間也放。夜里在風箏下或風穩(wěn)拉線上掛上一串串彩色的小燈籠,象閃爍的明星,被稱為“神燈”。過去,有的人把風箏放上藍天后,便剪斷牽線,任憑清風把它們送往天涯海角,據說這樣能除病消災,給自己帶來好運。
Qingming day is enjoyed by people of activities.Every qingming day, people not only BaiTianFang, also put on at night.The night wind or stability in kite hung a string of arrows color small lanterns, like the shining stars, called “the absolute being light”.In the past, some people put a kite the blue sky, then cut matchmaking, let the wind put them sent to the ends of the world, it is said that this can except disease disaster, bring you good luck.
第三篇:英女皇2013圣誕致辭中文
I once knew someone who spent a year in a plaster cast recovering from anoperation on his back.He read a lot, and thought a lot, and felt miserable.我曾認識那么一個人,他因為后背手術,打著石膏等待康復,這樣度過了整整一年的時間。這一年的時間,他讀了很多書,思考了很多,也感到很痛苦。
Later, he realised this time of forced retreat from the world had helped him to understand the world more clearly.但是后來,他意識到那段被迫從世界抽離的日子卻令他能把這個世界看的更清楚。
We all need to get the balance right between action and reflection.With so many distractions, it is easy to forget to pause and take stock.我們所有人都需要在行動和反思中找到平衡,世界煩囂,我們很容易就忘了我們需要停下腳步來反思一下自己。
Be it through contemplation, prayer, or even keeping a diary, many have found the practice of quiet personal reflection surprisingly rewarding, even discovering greater spiritual depth to their lives.通過冥想,祈禱甚至寫日記,很多人發(fā)現安靜的個人反 思可以有驚人的收獲,甚至可以在生活中探尋到自己的心靈更深處。
Reflection can take many forms.When families and friends come together at Christmas, it's often a time for happy memories and reminiscing.Our thoughts are with those we have loved who are no longer with us.We also
remember those who through doing their duty cannot be at home for Christmas, such as workers in essential or emergency services.反思可以有很多種形式。家人和朋友在圣誕節(jié)時相 聚,往往會帶來快樂美好的回憶。我們的思緒會飄向那些我們深愛卻已經不在我們身邊的人。我們也會想起那些因為工作和責任無法回家和家人團聚的人,比如那些 奮戰(zhàn)在重要和緊急服務崗位上的工作人員。
And especially at this time of year we think of the men and women serving overseas in our armed forces.We are forever grateful to all those who put themselves at risk to keep us safe.今年,我們應該特別要想一想那些在海外服役的姑娘和小伙們。對于他們冒著生命危險保護我們的安全,我們要永遠心存感激。
Service and duty are not just the guiding principles of yesteryear;they have an enduring value which spans the generations.服務與責任不只是昔日的一種指導原則,而是永遠傳承的一種永恒價值。
I myself had cause to reflect this year, at Westminster Abbey, on my own pledge of service made in that great church on Coronation Day sixty years earlier.今年,我自己也有機會在威斯敏斯特教堂反思,就在那 個神圣的教堂,60年前,我加冕并許下了服務的承諾。
The anniversary reminded me of the remarkable changes that have occurred since the Coronation, many of them for the better;and of the things that
have remained constant, such as the importance of family, friendship and good neighbourliness.60周年紀念讓我意識到自加冕后一些翻天覆地的變化,有些變得更好,有些卻從未改變,如家庭的重要性、友誼以及睦鄰友好。
But reflection is not just about looking back.I and many others are looking forward to the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow next year.但反思也不只是回顧過去。我和許多人都還在期待著明 年在格拉斯哥的英聯(lián)邦運動會。
The baton relay left London in October and is now the other side of the world, on its way across seventy nations and territories before arriving in Scotland next summer.Its journey is a reminder that the Commonwealth can offer us a fresh view of life.英聯(lián)邦運動會的接力棒10月離開倫敦,現在已經到達世 界的另一邊,它將跨越70個英聯(lián)邦國家和地區(qū)于明年夏天到達蘇格蘭。這段旅程提醒我們:英聯(lián)邦將帶來嶄新的生活。
My son Charles summed this up at the recent meeting in Sri Lanka.He spoke of the Commonwealth's “family ties” that are a source of encouragement to many.Like any family there can be differences of opinion.But however strongly they're expressed they are held within the common bond of friendship and shared experiences.我的兒子査爾斯最近在斯里蘭卡的一次會議上做過一番總結。他提到英聯(lián)邦國家之間有一種“家庭的紐帶”。這真是莫大的鼓舞。就像所有的家庭一樣,我們會有不同的想法和爭議,但是至少我們之間有很牢固的友誼和共同的經歷。
Here at home my own family is a little larger this Christmas.As so many of you will know, the arrival of a baby gives everyone the chance to contemplate the future with renewed happiness and hope.For the new parents, life will never be quite the same again.今年我們家也新添了家庭成員。你們知道的,新生兒的出生讓我們所有人都有機會帶著全新的幸福和希望思量和展望未來。對新爸爸和新媽媽來說,生活也發(fā)生了天翻地覆的改變。
As with all who are christened, George was baptised into a joyful faith of Christian duty and service.After the christening, we gathered for the traditional photograph.It was a happy occasion, bringing together four generations.跟很多人一樣,小喬治已受洗成 一名基督徒。受洗之后,我們一起拍了全家福。這是特別值得高興的時刻,我們四代同堂。
In the year ahead, I hope you will have time to pause for moments of quiet reflection.As the man in the plaster cast discovered, the results can sometimes be surprising.在未來的一年里,我希望大家都有時間駐足安靜地反思 一下,就像那個打石膏的人一樣,反思的結果有時可能令你驚訝。
For Christians, as for all people of faith, reflection, meditation and prayer help us to renew ourselves in God's love, as we strive daily to become better people.The Christmas message shows us that this love is for everyone.There is no one beyond its reach.對基督徒來說,所有人的信仰,反思,冥想和祈禱讓我們在神 的關愛下不停的完善自我,我們每天都在努力成為一 個更棒的人。圣誕節(jié)帶給我們的訊息就是:愛是給予每個人的,沒有人會漏下。
On the first Christmas, in the fields above Bethlehem, as they sat in the cold of night watching their resting sheep, the local shepherds must have had no shortage of time for reflection.Suddenly all this was to change.These humble shepherds were the first to hear and ponder the wondrous news of the birth of Christthe joy of which we celebrate today.第一個圣誕節(jié),寒冷的冬夜,牧羊人在在伯利恒(耶穌誕生地)的荒野中,看著那些休息的羊,他們一定不缺時間反思。突然一切都改變了,這群卑微的牧羊人成為了第一個聽到并且思量耶穌誕生的驚天新聞的人。這第一個圣誕節(jié),也是我們今日歡慶的來源。
I wish you all a very happy Christmas.祝大家圣誕快樂。
第四篇:2012英協(xié)圣誕晚會方案
2012年英語協(xié)會
圣誕晚會策劃方案
圣誕節(jié)正值寒冬,是西方國家的一個重要節(jié)日。作為青春的代言人,大學生總是洋溢青春活力,充滿著狂熱的激情,在圣誕節(jié)來臨之際,為了給全校學生營造一個輕松愉快的環(huán)境,豐富校園文化生活,激發(fā)全校學生的英語學習熱潮,也為了體現當代大學生積極向上的品質,并讓在校學生更真切的感受西方圣誕文化氣息和所蘊藏的神秘,英語協(xié)會特此舉辦圣誕晚會活動。具體方案如下:
一、活動主題:溫情暖寒冬,歡樂慶圣誕。
二、活動時間:2012年12月22日晚上7:30。
1、培訓禮儀小姐和主持人。還有,主持人準備好主持內容。
2、由本協(xié)會、海燕話劇社,還有魔術協(xié)會負責排練,完成各個節(jié)目的安排工作;
3、在2012/12/19,進行第一次正式彩排,進行“圣誕晚會”匯演;
4、在2012/12/20,進行第二次正式彩排,進行“圣誕晚會”匯演。
(三)晚會基調:喜慶、祥和、熱烈。
(四)贊助單位:待定。
(五)活動形式:
1、以“圣誕”為線索去貫穿整個活動。以圣誕節(jié)的標志:“圣誕老人”、“圣誕樹”以及“圣誕老人的包裹“為整個Party的串聯(lián)主
動方向(注:由兩名干事扮演圣誕老人):
2、由英協(xié)表演人員及特邀嘉賓進行舞蹈、話劇、相聲、魔術、大合唱等節(jié)目的表演,互動環(huán)節(jié)以游戲及有獎問答為主,內容積極向上。
十、活動流程:
(1)7:20 :主持人在臺后宣布晚會即將開始,讓大家保持安靜并觀看大屏幕。此時,屏幕上開始出現10秒的倒計時,即10、9、8??3、2、1.觀看協(xié)會宣傳視頻
(2)7:30 :晚會正式開始。
1、開場舞(爵士舞);
2、主持人(一男一女)介紹本晚會、嘉賓,并宣布晚會開始;(注:晚會開始前半小時確認到場嘉賓,并把最終到場的嘉賓名單送到主持人手上)
3、嘉賓發(fā)表講話,贊助商鳴謝;
4.精彩話?。ㄊフQ老人的由來),且插入一個圣誕老人跳江南Style的舞蹈。
5、嘉賓表演;
6、互動環(huán)節(jié):提前準備好有關圣誕節(jié)有關的問題,然后主持人提問在場的人,回答正確的可以得到小的禮品。(如圣誕帽)
7、相聲;
8、神奇魔術(你猜,我猜猜猜);
9、互動游戲(男生女生向前沖)。
A、活動形式:
(1)現場舉手或主持人隨機抽選號數決定人員參加游戲,優(yōu)勝組將獲得圣誕服裝一套,參與者就獲得一頂圣誕帽;
(2)共玩兩輪。兩組進行大比拼(一組兩人)。注:男女搭配。
(3)游戲分為兩個環(huán)節(jié)。第一環(huán)節(jié)是兩人合作把氣球夾到指定處,第二環(huán)節(jié)是男生背女生到凳子上回答問題。(要以最快的速度回答出)
(4)凳子只有一張,要兩組人搶位置。
(5)頒發(fā)獎品給優(yōu)勝組過程中,同時會有兩名圣誕老人在下面座位席左右兩端散發(fā)糖果。
B、游戲規(guī)則:兩組人一起游戲。每組人先用臉或背部夾氣球,把氣球夾到指定處(注:要夾到3個氣球才能進入第二環(huán)節(jié)),接著男生背女生到另一端回答主持人一個的問題。兩組人要搶位置,搶到位置的那組優(yōu)先回答問題?;卮鹫_,則這組就為優(yōu)勝者,若回答錯誤,將由第二組人來回答,直到給出正確答案,才停止游戲。
10、邁克杰克遜Show。
11、大合唱《Merry Christma》。(嘉賓和英協(xié)所有干事);
12、主持人宣布圣誕晚會結束,感謝嘉賓的到場,鳴謝嘉賓及贊助商。祝愿所有人員圣誕快樂!
13、嘉賓、表演者和各部門部長、干事留下拍照留念,同時現場播放《鈴兒響叮當》歌曲。
第五篇:墨子節(jié)用思想
簡析墨子的消費倫理思想
論文摘要:作為墨家的代表人物,墨子有其獨特而深刻的消費倫理思想,主要體現在“節(jié)用”的消費行為規(guī)范方面。墨子兼顧功利主義與節(jié)儉主義的經濟倫理思想,對構建現代市場經濟條件下的新型消費倫理,培養(yǎng)節(jié)儉之美德,有著重要的借鑒意義。
一、消費行為規(guī)范:“節(jié)用”
墨子主張的消費行為規(guī)范,概括地來說主要是“節(jié)用”。趙靖先生評價說:“在墨家的經濟思想體系中,生產論實際上成了節(jié)用論的從屬部分。在墨學十大綱領中,經濟方面的綱領只有一個:?國家貧,則語之節(jié)用、節(jié)葬。?墨翟幾乎把一切經濟問題都納入節(jié)用的范疇下,把節(jié)用看做是解決一國經濟問題的不二法門?!蹦又鲝埞?jié)用,源于他對生產與消費關系的深刻認識。那種不顧生產對消費的決定和制約,盲目追求奢侈消費的行為,是治國的七大憂患之首。傳統(tǒng)社會中,農業(yè)生產是古代經濟生活中的頭等大事,風調雨順與政通人和對一個國家和人民來說相當重要。一方面,風調雨順意味著五谷豐登,衣食有望,否則“一谷不收謂之饉,二谷不收謂之旱,三谷不收謂之兇。四谷不收謂之潰,五谷不收謂之饑”,遇到災荒之年,民則無所仰,仕者大夫亦損祿,以致“盡無祿”,“稟食(口糧)而已矣”,國家也因此岌岌可危;另一方面,政通人和對農業(yè)生產起著非常積極的作用,政治清明的時候,人民能休養(yǎng)生息,“不誤農時”,保障農業(yè)生產所需的人力、物力和時間,不像兵荒馬亂的時候,勞役和徭役繁重,疲于奔命,民不聊生。然而,農業(yè)生產有賴于天時地利,不穩(wěn)定的因素較多,自然條件又非人力所能及,要解決這個矛盾,除了加強農業(yè)生產外,在消費方面只能是盡可能地節(jié)用,“以時生財,固本而用財,則財足”作為財富的最大消耗者,統(tǒng)治階層更是要注重節(jié)用,杜絕奢侈浪費,“凡足以奉給民用,則止。諸加費不加于民利者,圣王弗為”。基于上述認識,墨子倡導節(jié)用,包括人們衣食住行的節(jié)用,以及節(jié)葬短喪。
在衣食住行方面,墨子制定了詳細的節(jié)用之法,其日:
衣:“為衣服之法:冬則練帛之中,足以為輕且暖,夏則締絡之中,足以為輕則清,謹此則止。故圣人之為衣服,適身體和肌膚而足矣。非榮耳目而觀愚民也。當是之時,堅車良馬不知貴也,刻鏤文采不知喜也。何則?其所道之然。”
食:“古者圣王制為飲食之法,日:足以充虛繼氣,強股肱,耳目聰明,則止。不極五味之調、芬香之和,不致遠國珍怪異物?!?/p>
住:“室高足以辟潤濕,邊足以圉風寒,上足以待雪霜雨露,宮墻之高,足以別男女之禮。謹此則止,凡費財勞力,不加利也,不為也?!?/p>
行:“車為服重致遠,乘之則安,引之則利;安以不傷人,利以速至,此車之利也。古者圣王為大川廣谷之不可濟,于是制為舟楫,足以將之,則止。雖上者三公諸侯至,舟楫不易,津人不飾,此舟之利也?!?/p>
墨子還指出,遇到欠收災荒之年,統(tǒng)治者還要相應地減免稅收,壓縮開支,降低生活標準,與民同甘共苦,“歲饉,則仕者大夫以下皆損祿五分之一。旱,則損五分之二。兇,則損五分之三。潰,則損五分之四。饑,則盡無祿,稟食而已矣。”
至于喪葬之禮,墨子非常反對:“又厚葬久喪,重為棺槨,多為衣衾,送死若徙。三年哭泣,扶后起,杖后行,耳無聞,目無見,此足以喪天下?!备改溉ナ?,子女要守三年之喪,對于國家和民眾的財富精力是很大的損害,因此,墨子主張節(jié)葬短喪。他說:“上士之操喪也,必扶而能起,仗而能行以此共三年。若法若言,行若道,使王公大人行此,則必不能蚤朝晏退,聽獄治政。使士大夫行此,必不能治五官六府,辟草木,實倉瘭。使農夫行此,則必不能蚤出夜人,耕稼樹藝。使百工行此,則必不能修舟車,為器皿也。使婦人行此,則必不能夙興夜寐,紡績織綞。細計厚葬,為多埋賦之財者也;計久喪,為久禁從事者也。財以成者,扶而埋之;后得生者,而久禁之。以此求富,此譬猶禁耕而求獲也,富之說無可得焉。?
從這些節(jié)用思想中,我們可以發(fā)現這樣一些特點:
第一,從衣食住行方面給出的詳細規(guī)定來看,它們主要是一些消費行為所應遵循的道德規(guī)范。在消費問題上,墨子的觀點是那些為了滿足生活的基本需要的消費,是切合實用的消費,也是正當的消費,反之,則是沒有實用價值的奢侈消費,是不正當的消費。“節(jié)用”的消費行為規(guī)范,正是對那些奢侈消費的道德約束和限制,這些行為規(guī)范連同與之相關的消費思想一起構成了墨子消費倫理的基本內容。
第二,墨子在注重節(jié)用的同時,也強調生產之重要性。他以為要使饑者得食,寒者得衣,勞者得息,使一切人民皆能維持一定的消費水平,就必須加強生產。故謂“凡五谷者,民之所仰也,君之所以為養(yǎng)也。故民無仰則君無養(yǎng),民無食則不可事。故食不可不務也,地不可不力也,用不可不節(jié)也?!背松a之外,還要注意防范不時之災,即所謂“國備”,他說:“國無三年之食者,國非其國也。家無三年之食者,子非其子也。此之謂國備。”。墨子觀察到了生產與需要之間的矛盾,一方面是要加緊發(fā)展生產,另一方面,節(jié)儉消費、抑制需要、適當積累亦是不可少的。在物質財富不豐盈的古代社會,墨子的節(jié)用不僅反映了小生產者及下層勞動人民的利益和要求,也是一種消極地適應低水平生產的有效消費方式和生活態(tài)度。第三,古代社會,廣大小生產者和平民生活貧困,節(jié)用是他們本來的持家之道。墨子對衣食住行的節(jié)用規(guī)定,主要是針對當時的統(tǒng)治階級而言的。墨子批評當時統(tǒng)治階級不滿足實用,追求享樂,形成奢侈揮霍之風,為衣服,“以為錦繡文采靡曼之衣,鑄金以為鉤,珠玉以為碾,女工作文采,男工作刻鏤,以為衣服”;為飲食,“以為美食芻豢,蒸炙魚鱉,大國累百器,小國累十器,前方丈,目不能遍視,手不能遍操,口不能遍味,冬則凍冰,夏則飾噎”;為宮室,“以為宮室臺榭曲直之望,青黃刻鏤之飾”;為舟車,“飾車以文采,飾舟以刻鏤。女子廢其紡織而修文采,男子離其耕稼而修刻鏤,故民饑”;為喪葬,“棺槨必重,葬埋必厚,衣衾必多,文繡必繁,丘隴必巨”。為滿足享樂消費,統(tǒng)治者“厚作斂于百姓,暴奪民衣食之財”,其必然結果是“富貴者奢侈,孤寡者凍餒”。尚儉節(jié)用,本為先秦各學派所推崇,而墨子及其弟子不但身體力行,自奉甚儉,還制定了具體的標準和內容,對消費行為予以規(guī)約,把矛頭直接指向了封建統(tǒng)治階級。墨子這一節(jié)用的思想已經超越了純經濟學的意義,閃爍著倫理智慧之光。
二、節(jié)用的價值指導與目的:“興天下之利”
與儒家哲學之根本觀念不同,儒家“正其誼不謀其利,明其道不計其功”,而墨家則專注重“利”,專注重“功”,”“功”和“利”是墨子思想的根本出發(fā)點。其“興天下之利”的功利主義思想,雖然不是直接思考消費倫理問題的,但客觀上還是對墨子節(jié)用、節(jié)葬等消費思想有著重要的、直接的影響。墨子言利。他說:“仁人之所以為事者,必興天下之利,除去天下之害,以此為事者也?!?/p>
“何謂三表,子墨子言日:有本之者,有原之者。有用之者。于何本之?上本之于古者圣王之事。于何原之?下原察百姓耳目之實。于何用之?發(fā)以為刑政,觀其中國家百姓人民之利?!蹦诱J為,一切行為,皆以“興天下之利”為其價值目的,而“國家百姓人民之利”則為一切價值之最終標準。與墨子相反,儒家區(qū)分了義與利:君子喻于義,小人喻于利,義與利是相對立的;墨子則認為義利是一致的,義,利也。墨子認為天下奠貴于義,有義則治,無義則亂,義是利于天下的。墨子的利,指公利,也是道德的最高原則,善惡之分皆由此為標準。在墨子看來,國家百姓人民之利,即是人民之“富”與“庶”,凡能使人民富庶之事物,皆為有用,否者皆為無益或有害,“一切價值,皆依此估定?!比嗣竦母皇热皇菄野傩杖嗣裰罄?,因而,有關富民養(yǎng)民,豐衣足食的實現方式就顯得非常重要。墨子強調,“財不足則反之時,食不足則反之用”。財利不足,就要反過來注重按農時耕種,遵循農業(yè)生產的客觀規(guī)律;食不足,則要節(jié)用,反對奢侈,去除無用之費,才能“興利多”。
以同一理由,墨子認為儒家堅持厚葬久喪,守孝三年,是對人力物力的巨大損害,使財
貧,人寡而國亂,“足以喪天下”,應該予以去除。墨子的“節(jié)用”之法之于國家百姓人民的“富”、“庶”、“興利多”的意義十分重要,于國于民都是須臾不可少的,其經濟倫理價值也因此凸顯出來。
基于“興天下之利”之價值指導,墨子倡導近于苦行主義的節(jié)用思想。當然,墨子并不是要完全的禁欲,而是節(jié)制一些人的非基本的欲望,以求天下人最基本欲望的滿足。墨子反對美服、美色、甘食、安逸,是要犧牲目前的一切享受,以求人民皆能維持生活。其“不侈于后世,不靡于萬物”,“以自苦為極”的消費倫理思想,皆是“興天下之利”,為達到利民、利國、利天下之目的。
三、墨子消費倫理思想的局限與意義
中國古代經濟思想史中,墨子的消費倫理思想獨樹一幟。墨子及其弟子以為世上人人皆須勤苦節(jié)欲,所謂“節(jié)儉則昌,淫佚則亡”。在消費問題上墨子力主節(jié)用以及自奉甚儉的生活,給人們留下了深刻的印象。墨子提倡的所謂“古者圣王制為節(jié)用之法”,是種固定的、僵化的、較低的消費標準。
墨子指望人們能遵循“節(jié)用之法”,從而抑制侈靡浪費,化解生產與需要之間的矛盾,在物質財富不充盈、饑寒交迫的古代,墨子的思想是有其積極意義的。但是,從社會發(fā)展的長遠前景來看,隨著生產的擴大,經濟的發(fā)展,財富的增多,社會需求和社會消費也在增加,這是不可遏制的歷史潮流。因而?!澳悠髨D極大地限制甚至取締人們除基本生存需要之外的一切消費,實際上就違反了社會發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律,是行不通和不會有什么結果的。而這,就正是小生產勞動者的狹隘眼界的悲劇。”從現代市場經濟的眼光來看,人為地限制消費,滿足于僅僅食飽衣暖是不可能的。消費與生產互相影響,消費已成為社會再生產的充分必要條件,成為了國民經濟運行的原動力。并且,隨著大眾消費時代的到來,以生產為主導的社會轉向了以消費為主導的社會,消費在人們的生活中扮演著愈來愈重要的角色。其次,墨子不能理解到,在以封建地主土地所有制為基礎的經濟體系下,即使勞動人民加緊發(fā)展生產,厲行節(jié)約,統(tǒng)治階級也會加大剝削力度滿足他們窮奢極欲的生活,使得在消費問題上只能是統(tǒng)治階級奢侈而勞動人民始終貧窮。這里,我們看到了墨子消費倫理思想的局限。
顯然,墨子獨特而深刻的消費倫理思想還具有不容忽視的積極意義。首先,墨子主張不論平民百姓還是統(tǒng)治階級,人人皆要節(jié)用尚儉。儒家也尚儉,但儉的具體標準是依禮而行,以禮為度,所謂“儉不違禮”,“用不傷義”。就是說,消費要符合個體名分地位和身份,是一種名副其實的等級消費,反映了儒家仁學道德觀的不平等性。而墨子相信,“官無常貴,民無終賤”,墨子希望通過推行節(jié)用的基本道德規(guī)范,限制統(tǒng)治階級的奢侈消費,消除消費上的不平等現象,實現其“兼相愛,交相利”的社會政治理想。墨子的消費思想有著統(tǒng)治階級所缺乏的重視生產,講求平等互愛的倫理精神。其次,墨子的節(jié)儉以“國家百姓人們之利”為旨歸,體現其無私奉獻和自我犧牲的精神。墨子是典型的功利主義者,但其所求之“利”是“利天下”,為了天下百姓之富庶安康個人犧牲一切亦在所不惜,由此,《淮南子·泰族訓》記載,“墨子服役者百八十人,皆可使赴湯蹈火,死不還踵”。墨子及其學派“先天下之憂而憂”,對國家社稷和人民富有強烈的責任感和道德感,把勤苦節(jié)用作為畢生的道德信念并親身踐履之。毋庸置疑,墨子這種自奉甚儉,無私奉獻的思想和行為,對于現代市場經濟條件下公民道德建設是大有裨益的。第三,墨子及其追隨者作為同廣大勞動人民有密切聯(lián)系的一個學派,重視生產勞動,尊重勞動成果,其兼顧功利主義與節(jié)儉主義的經濟倫理思想,對構建現代市場經濟條件下的消費倫理,培養(yǎng)節(jié)儉之美德,有著重要的借鑒價值。