第一篇：2012專業(yè)英語試卷答案

學(xué)號：_____________ 班級：__________ 姓名：_______________ 專業(yè)：__________

湖北醫(yī)藥學(xué)院2014-2015學(xué)年第 一 學(xué)期

專業(yè) 12 級本科課程結(jié)業(yè)考試

《

專業(yè)英語 》試卷（A）

I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D(40points)1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A.-ic

B.-al

C.-ar

D.-our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A.-cyte

B.cyt/o

C.cel/o

D.both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A.erythr/o

B.immun/o

C.hist/o

D.vascul/o 4.An-means ______.A.up

B.down

C.apart

D.without 5.The suffix-itis means _______.A.infammation

B.inflammation

C.inflammazed

D.instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________.A.radar

B.x-ray

C.radio

D.both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is_____.A.–scopy

B.–tome

C.–meter

D.–graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A.–tomy

B.-stomy

C.–tome

D.–ectomy 9.A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______.A.electroencephogram B.electromyogram

C.electrocardiogram

D.electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____.A.stethodynia

B.thoracalgia

C.thoracodynia

D.all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A.my/o

B.myel/o

C.myc/o

D.none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______.A.dem/o

B.derm/o

C.dermat/o

D.both B and C 13.Which of the following combining vowel means blood vessels ? A.vascul/o

B.angi/o

C.chromat/o

D.Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______.A.crinogenic

B.endocrine

C.crinologic

D.endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.A.leukocyte

B.leukemia

C.leukogenesis

D.erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________.A.bronchitis

B.pneumonitis

C.gastritis

D.hepatitis 17.-plasm means _______.A.treatment

B.knowledge

C.diagnosis

D.growth 18.Mammo/o refers to _______.A.mother

B.thymus gland

C.thyroid gland

D.breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A.en-

B.endo-

C.intra-

D.none of the above 20._______ means surgical repair of an organ.A.phag/o

B.–plasm

C.–plasty

D.–pathy

21.Spir/o is a combining form meaning ______.A.see

B.sight

C.breath

D.sport 22.Inflammation of lungs is known as _______.A.pneumonitis

B.pneumonia

C.pulmonitis

D.All of the above 23.Which of the following forms means “protection or safe” ?

A.immun/o

B.lymph/o

C.erythr/o

D.None of the above 24.Cardiopathy means _________.A.heart failure

B.heart disease

C.brain disease

D.skeletal disease 25.Which of the following combining forms does not refer to an organ?

A.hepat/o

B.gastr/o

C.psych/o

D.nephr/o 26.The color of something best expressed in medical terminology is _______.A.chrom/o

B.chromomat/o

C.chramat/o

D.Both A and B 27.Which of the following means “cell”?

A.cyt/o

B.cyst/o

C.–cyte

D.Both A and C 28.Bi-means ______.A.life

B.two

C.across

D.Both A and B 29.The form meaning arteries is ________.A.arter/o

B.arteri/o

C.arthr/o

D.artheri/o 30.The prefix with the meaning of bad is ______.A.mal-

B.dys-

C.polio-

D.Both A and B 31.The flesh is expressed in the combining form of _______.A.top/o

B.ten/o

C.thym/o

D.sarc/o 32.The combining vowel for angitis is ____________.A.a

B.o

C.e

D.i 33.Hypo-means having _______ of something.A.too much or too high

B.too little or too low

C.over

D.below 34.Morph/o means ______.A.many

B.maxillae

C.shape

D.head 35.“Pertaining to nourishment or development” is expressed in _________.A.–tropy

B.–trophy

C.-tropic

D.-trophic 36.The process of recording sth is expressed in _________.A.-graph

B.-gram

C.-graphy

D.-scope 37.The formation of blood is also known as ______.A.hematopoiesis

B.hemopoiesis

C.homopoiesis

D.both A and B 38.Because the strands are readily stained with dyes, they are called_______.A.chromosomes

B.protoplasm

C.cytoplasm

D.chromatin

39.The science that deals with cells on the smallest structural and functional level is called _____.A.biology

B.microbiology

C.homostasis

D.molecular biology 40.An instrument for measuring the cell counts of red blood cells is an _______.A.erythrocyte

B.erythrogenesis

C.erythrocytometer

D.erythrocytograph II.Find the best answer to the following abbreviations.(10 points)41.SARS

A.Serious Acute Respiratary Syndrome

B.Severe Acute Respiration System C.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

D.Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome 42.T.B

A.tuberclosis

B.tubercluosis

C.tubaclosis

D.tuberculosis 43.Ig A.immunoglobin

B.immunogloblin

C.immunoglobulin D.immunoglubin 44.RNA A.ribonuclear acid

B.ribonucleic acid

C.ribanucleic acid D.ribonucleic acid 45.USG A.ultrosonograhy

B.ultrasonograhy

C.ultrosonography

D.ultrasonography 46.ECG

58.光纖技術(shù)

A.optic fiber technology

B.fiber optic techonology C.fiber optic technology

D.optic fiber techonology 59.肌肉收縮

A.muscle contraction

B.muscular contraction

C..musclar contraction

D.Both A and B 60.血供

A． supply blood

B.blood supply

C.protein molecule

D.extensor IV.Reading Comprehension.(40 points)A.electrocardiogram

B.electrocardiography

C.electroencephogram D.electroencephalogram 47.CT

A.computed tomograhy B.computed tomography C.computerized tomograhy

D.computerized tomography

48.MRI

A.Magnetic resononce image

B.Magnetic resonance image

C.Magnetic resononce imaging D.Magnetic resonance imaging 49.VD

A.varied disease

B.venareal disease

C.venereal disease

D.vocal disease 50.GI

A.gastrointral

B.gastrointervention

C.gastrointestinal

D.gastrointersectional

III.Find the best answer to the following translations.(10 points)51.心血管疾病

A.cardiavasclar disease

B.cardiavascular disease

C.cardiovasclar disease

D.cardiovascular disease 52.隨意肌

A.voluntary muscle

B.involuntary muscle

C.smooth muscle

D.cardiac muscle 53 脈沖信號

A.pulse

B.impulse

C.impulsive

D.pulsive 54.轉(zhuǎn)換

A.transformation

B.transaction

C.transmute

D.transmission 55.功能失調(diào)

A.malfunction

B.dysfunction

C.maloperation

D.disoperation 56.局部化的感染

A.local infection

B.localized infection

C.local inflammation

D.localized inflammation 57.樂觀的預(yù)后

A.optimistic pregnosis

B.optimistic prognosis

C.pessimistic pregnosis D.pessimistic prognosis

第二篇：自動化專業(yè)英語試卷及答案

2008年秋冬學(xué)期研究生專業(yè)英語期末考試試卷參考答案 1.Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese ① Metric

度量 收斂 方差 隨機(jī) 等價 動態(tài)方程 判據(jù)、評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 測量模型

偏微分方程

在概率意義上，依概率 ② Convergence③ Covariance④ Stochastic⑤ Equivalence⑥ Dynamic equation⑦ Criteria⑧ Measurement Model⑨ Partial derivative equation⑩ In the sense of probability

2.Explain the following symbols in English

① ?? bmthe second order derivative ofb sub m, b

double prime sub m

②

③

④ A?BA is equivalent toapproaches aB xi?axi y?y?x

xthe partial derivative ofwith respective to

a⑤ ?b

⑥ a‖b

⑦

⑧ 3

?f

fintegral between limits b to a a is parallel to the cube root of set aAbXaaA?X is contained in b d⑨ ?a?b?c?d??edivided by

⑩ e plusminus c multiplied , allequals ??,?N,s.t ai?a as i??for any special ?, there is a respected N,such that

ai

approaches

a

as i approaches

?

二、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese Paragraph A[8 Points]

A subset

d(x,y)?M

A?X

is said to be bounded if there exists

x,y?A

M?R

such that

for all.The diameter of A is defined to be

sup?d(x,y)x,y?A?.A bounded metric space is one for which X itself is bounded.Bounded intervals in R are bounded sets.A discrete metric space is bounded(take

譯文：一個子集A

d(x,y)?M

M?1).?X

被稱為是有界的，如果存在M

x,y?A

?R

使得對所有x,y?

A

有

。A的半徑被定義為sup?d(x,y)?。有界度量空間是指X本

?1）

身有界的空間。

在R上有界的區(qū)間是一個有界集。離散度量空間是有界的（取M

Paragraph B[8 Points]

In general, it is not required that the reference dynamic model be exactly the same as the truth dynamics or that the modeling parameter

α

be equivalent to the

true modeling vector.This notation is left in place to simplify the derivation of the Kalman filter formulation.A number of innovative approaches have been developed for adapting reference model parameters to improve fidelity(逼真度)with the unknown real-world system model and can be used to enhance filter operation.譯文：一般來說，并不需要參考動態(tài)模型與實際動態(tài)模型完全相同，或模型參數(shù)

a

與實際模型矢量相等。這個記號保留下來只是為了簡化Kalman 濾波公式的推

導(dǎo)。大量的改進(jìn)方法也已被開發(fā)出來用于調(diào)整參考模型的參數(shù)使其與未知的實際系統(tǒng)更接近，這些方法也能被用于增強(qiáng)濾波器運行效果。

Paragraph C[8 Points]

It is commonly held among designers of Kalman filters that the implementation of the

formulas listed above represents only a portion of the effort required to develop an accurate and robust Kalman filter application.Once the dynamics, measurements, and partial derivatives have been coded, the task remained is to tune the noise magnitudes represented in the process noise covariance Q and the measurement noise covariance R.While the measurement noise can be based in realistic hardware performance specifications, the process noise is often used as a tuning parameter to ensure that the filter operates correctly.譯文：在Kalman 濾波器的設(shè)計者中存在著這樣一個共識：對上文所列出來的公式的實現(xiàn)只是用于建立一個精確且穩(wěn)健的Kalman濾波器應(yīng)用的一部分努力。一旦動態(tài)方程、測量方程和偏微分方程被編碼，剩下的任務(wù)就是調(diào)節(jié)在過程噪聲方差陣Q和測量噪聲方差陣R中表示的噪聲幅度值的大小。其中測量噪聲的調(diào)整可可以立足于實際系統(tǒng)的硬件性能指標(biāo)，過程噪聲常常被用于調(diào)節(jié)一些參數(shù)，以保證濾波處理過程正確。

Paragraph D[8 Points]

Suppose now that

X1

is given as a fixed function of the random

X1

variablesy(t0),...,y(t).Then

is itself a random variable and its actual value is

known whenever the actual values ofy(t0),...,y(t)are known.In general, the actual value of

X1(t1)

will be different from the(unknown)actual value of

x1(t1).To arrive

at a rational way of determiningX1, it is natural to assign a penalty or loss for incorrect estimates.Clearly, the loss should be a(i)positive,(ii)nondecreasing function of the estimation error ?

?x1(t1)?X1(t1)

.譯文：現(xiàn)在設(shè)X1是隨機(jī)變量y(t0),...,y(t)的確定函數(shù)，則X1本身就是一個隨機(jī)變量，其實際取值只有在y(t0),...,y(t)確定后才能確定。一般地，X1(t1)的實際值將與（未知的）x1(t1)的實際值不同。為了尋找確定X1的一個合理的方法，自然會為不準(zhǔn)確的估計賦予一個懲罰或損失。顯然，損失應(yīng)該是估計誤差

??x1(t1)?X

(t1的)

（i）正定、(ii)非遞減 函數(shù)。

Paragraph E[8 Points]

Definition:A lead/lag compensator is a rational function of the form

RC(s)?

K(1???s)1??s

?1

forK,?,?

?R

with ???0,1?and

K,??0

.It is a lead compensator when and a lag compensator when?

K(1???s)1??s

?1.譯文定義：一個超前/滯后補(bǔ)償器是一個形如

RC(s)?，K,?,??R，???0,1?，K,?

?0的有理函數(shù)。當(dāng)?償器。

?1時，它是一個超前補(bǔ)償器；當(dāng)??1時，它是一個滯后補(bǔ)

三、Try to write an abstract for the following article in about 150 words[20 Points]

TCP/IP Communication for Real-Time and Embedded Systems

（Article deleted here）

Abstract

Using a thermal model of a house as an example, this article describes a method for communicating with other devices via TCP/IP.The method is based on using inexpensive TCP/IP-to-serial-conversion hardware.The real-time system is xPC Target?, a bootable kernel that enables real-time execution of Simulink? models on a separate PC.The target computer is an x86 processor Intel?/AMD? standard PC that can use commercial off-the-shelf input/output interface cards.The connectivity approach described here can be used with any real-time or embedded system that supports serial communication.四、Write an Email to a foreign professor according to following requirements（In about 300 words）

Suppose that you are planning to study for a doctor degree in Sci.abroad, and you have got the email address of a famous professor in your intended studying major in an English speaking country.You have never had any contact with this professor and this is the first time you write to him(her).Now please: Write to this professor;Introduce yourself to him(her);Apply for a studying permission, Convince the

professor that you have a reliable financial support or it is worthy for him(her)to afford you a part time job to improve your financial situation if it is possible.參考：

Dear professor:

Thank you very much for your spending a few minutes reading this letter.The only aim that I write this letter is to apply for an opportunity to study for a doctor’s degree under your supervision.I am a Chinese student.My name is Dongfang Jiang.Now I am studying for my master’s degree in major automation in Northwestern Polytechnical University located in Xi’an, a famous city in the heart section of PR.China.I would graduate in April next year.I am a hard-working student;the appended Resume can help you know more about me and my study.My parents have promised to provide me fundamental financial support for my studying in your country.I also believe that I have the ability to improve my financial situation through taking part time work if it is possible.As I want to get a deeper understand of the advanced development of this science direction(which is exactly what your research field), and hope to do some related research work some day, I hope, my wish can be realized.I am looking forward to your kind reply.Your sincerely

Dongfang JiangNov.20, 2008

第三篇：專業(yè)英語答案

UNIT 4

1.土地利用與人類活動密切相關(guān)，人們通過利用土地來謀生。

The land use has to do with human activities.Peopleearn their living by using the land.2.衡量人口的指標(biāo)通常有出生率、死亡率以及人口增長率等。

There are always some indexes such as the birth rate, the death rate and the growth rate to measure the population.3.醫(yī)療條件的改善、技術(shù)的進(jìn)步以及人口的遷移導(dǎo)致人口近年來的迅速增長。The improved medical care, the progress of technology and the migration have led to the rapid increase of population in the recent years.4.人口在全球的分布是不均衡的，可以用人口密度來衡量人口分布的情況。The population distributes unevenly around world, which can be measured by the density of population.5有的發(fā)展中國家后來發(fā)現(xiàn)了其他國家和地區(qū)缺少的資源，如石油。他們利用通過石油賺取的財富來發(fā)展教育和醫(yī)療，結(jié)果是許多人的預(yù)期壽命大大延長了。Some developing counties in time discovered theresourcessuch as petroleum which are in shortages in the other countries.They use the treasures earned from petroleum to develop education and medical care, resulting in a much longer life expectancy.英語作業(yè)：環(huán)境問題的根源在于人口增長還是資源的過度消耗？

Which is the cause of the environment problem, population explosion or overuse of resources?

UNIT 5

1.在空中，你可以憑借地面閃爍的燈光將城市與其他地區(qū)區(qū)別開來。

In the air, you can tell a city from the other regions by the glowing lights on the horizon.2.世界絕大多數(shù)的人口都集中分布在城市地區(qū)，這是人口分布不均衡的顯著特征。

Most of the people in the world densely distribute in the urban areas, which is the distinguished feature of the uneven distribution of p

opulation.3.城市的區(qū)位受到很多因素的影響，包括環(huán)境、交通、防御以及接近原料和資源產(chǎn)地。

A lot of factors have influenced on the location of a city, including environment, transportation, defense and nearness to resources and raw materials.4.許多古代城市都有城墻來抵御敵人的進(jìn)攻。近代，由于新式武器的產(chǎn)生，防御對于城市來講不再像以前那么重要了。

Many ancient cities had walls to protect them against the enemy’s attack.In time, due to the invention of new weapon, defense is less important to cities than it used to.5.世界主要的宗教有基督教、佛教、猶太教和伊斯蘭教。宗教對于城市的產(chǎn)生和定位起到了十分重要的影響和作用，形成和發(fā)展了像耶路撒冷、梵蒂岡等這樣的宗教中心城市。

The major religions are Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam.The religion made a great difference location of cities, which made and developed the religious center cities such as Vatican and Jerusalem.有第四課和第五課的作業(yè)參考答案，給大家看看 吧

第四篇：專業(yè)英語試卷B答案

專業(yè)英語試卷B答案

I.1.混合經(jīng)濟(jì)

2.有限責(zé)任公司 3.經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條 4.經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī) 5.社會福利 6.法律制度7.自然資源

8.機(jī)會成本

9.首席執(zhí)行官 10.資源配置 II(I)1.One meaning of marketing conjures up the term selling, influencing, persuading.The other meaning of marketing is the concept of sensitivity serving and satisfying human needs.2.All organizations must develop appropriate products to serve their consuming groups and must use modern tools of communication to reach their consuming publics.3.To develop custom loyalties and satisfaction.4.It involves product development, pricing, distribution, and communication;and in the more progressive firms, continuous attention to the changing needs of customers and the development of new products, with product modifications and services to meet these needs.5.Serving and satisfying human needs(II)1.Managers are to get things done by and through others, while other members of an organization are to get things done by themselves.2.These functions include planning, organizing, motivating and controlling.3.In fact, each function has its champions and the mix of the functions will vary from task to task.A wise manager will implement each of the functions in whatever ways will best accomplish the goals of the organization.4.Since all managers work with people, motivating others is an extremely complex process.III ① 它包括產(chǎn)品開發(fā)、定價、推銷和產(chǎn)品信息交流；在那些觀念較新的企業(yè)里，營銷還包括關(guān)注客戶需求的不斷變化、不斷開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，并且不斷改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品、改進(jìn)服務(wù)，以滿足客戶的需求。②這種營銷概念認(rèn)為，在供應(yīng)極大豐富的年代，所有商業(yè)公司面臨的問題是培養(yǎng)客戶對產(chǎn)品的忠誠和提高客戶的滿意度，而這個問題的關(guān)鍵是把注意力集中在客戶的需求上。

③所有的機(jī)構(gòu)必須開發(fā)對路的產(chǎn)品以滿足其消費群體的需求，而且必須運用現(xiàn)代交流工具與其消費群體溝通。商業(yè)或非商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)的管理者面臨的選擇不是要不要宣傳推銷的問題，因為沒有任何一家公司或企業(yè)可以避開營銷。他們面臨的選擇是做的好壞的問題。

④說的更具體一些，一位管理人員如何安排別人把事情做好呢？要回答這個問題，我們需要了解管理工作的職能。這些職能包括計劃、組織、動員和檢查。

⑤人們常常提出這樣的問題：哪一項管理職能最重要？其實，每一項職能都有其重要的作用，任務(wù)不同，各種職能綜合程度也不同。一位聰明的管理人員為了最出色地實現(xiàn)本單位的目標(biāo)會靈活地運用各種管理職能。

第五篇：專業(yè)英語試卷

1.堿性氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐：basic oxygen furnace2.不銹鋼：stainless steel3.氧槍：oxygen lanc

4.高爐：blast furnace5.濺渣護(hù)爐：slag splashing6.LF精煉爐：Ladle—Furnace

7.造渣劑：flux8.電弧爐：electric-arc furnace9.焦比：coke rate

10.耐火材料：refractory material

1.隨著對高質(zhì)量鋼需求的增加，爐外精煉已成為當(dāng)今煉鋼過程中必不可少的步驟

As the demand for high quality steels increased , post—treatment became a routine step in the production of steel.2.煉鋼的原料為鐵水、廢鋼、海綿鐵、造渣劑、合金劑和脫氧劑。

The raw materials used for steelmaking are hot metal, steel scrap, sponge iron, slag formers, alloying agents and deoxidizer.3.爐外精煉的任務(wù)主要是：脫氣，脫碳和去除不必要的非金屬夾雜物。

The task of secondary refining are: degassing, decarburization and removing undesirable non-metallics.4.高爐煉鐵的主要含鐵原料是鐵礦石、燒結(jié)礦、球團(tuán)礦。

The major iron-bearing materials are iron ores, sinter and pellet in the blast furnace

5.氣體還原法中，還原劑是一氧化碳，氫氣或這兩種氣體的混合物。

Reducing gases are carbon monoxide, hydrogen or mixtures of two in gas reduction process.缸，爐缸四周由碳磚砌筑，底部中心復(fù)合砌筑。爐缸底部有一個或多個出鐵口，鐵水和爐渣從這些鐵口排出，鐵口的上部是渣口，在現(xiàn)代低渣量操作的情況下，渣口僅在開爐和緊急條件下使用。爐缸上部是爐腹，爐腹角在高爐設(shè)計中是一個關(guān)鍵的參數(shù)。最寬的部分是爐腰，可以通過各種方法冷卻。一般情況下，爐腹和爐身采用陶瓷內(nèi)襯。

Silica is very stable, once formed, which is not again reduced in any of the basic processes.它們在鐵液中不能溶解；第二階段，它們上升到鐵水表面并與加入的石灰形成爐渣，鋼液和爐渣可以直接得到氧化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的所有熱量。硅能被氧化成二氧化硅并放出熱量，二氧化硅加速了渣中石灰的溶解及爐渣的形成進(jìn)程，釋放出的熱量可用于熔化廢鋼。二氧化硅非常穩(wěn)定，一旦形成，就不會在任何堿性工藝下重新還原。

3.Just as in the case of the hot metal, the slag formers are used to produce a reactionable low viscosity slag capable of absorbing undesired elements.Slag formers are used at all stages of iron and steel production, such as refining, pretreatment, post-treatment, and in steel casting.Slag formers consist of lime, dolomite, fluorspar, etc.Lime(CaO)and dolomite(CaCO3, MgCO3)are the two primary fluxes.Lime is obtained by calcining the carbonate minerals in rotary kilns.As slag formers, a special limitation is that dusty materials must be avoided, since dust is carried off easily by waste gases.就如鐵水的（生產(chǎn)）情況一樣，使用造渣劑會產(chǎn)生一種反應(yīng)性好的能吸收雜質(zhì)元素的低粘度爐渣。在鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的各個階段，如精煉階段、預(yù)處理階段、爐外精煉階段以及鑄鋼階段都使用造渣劑。造渣劑有石灰、白云石、螢石等組成。石灰和白云石是兩種主要的造渣劑，石灰可以通過在回轉(zhuǎn)窯內(nèi)煅燒碳酸鹽獲得。作為造渣劑要特別注意避免使用粉末狀材料，因為廢氣很容易將粉末帶走。

4.RH process is circulation degassing in vacuum chamber.There are two circulation legs under the vacuum chamber and the steel is caused to flow up into evacuated chamber for degassing by the passage of a small but continuous flow of argon gas into one leg of the chamber.Gravity causes it to leave through the other leg and return to the ladle where the outflow creates the adequate degree of circulation.The average circulation rate is usually some 12 ton per min and 20min are required to fully treat a 100 ton ladle of steel.The temperature loss will be 40 to 50℃ for about 40 ton.RH法師循環(huán)真空脫氣工藝。脫氣室下部設(shè)有與其相通的兩根循環(huán)流管，鋼液通過一根連續(xù)吹氬的管子進(jìn)入真空室進(jìn)行脫氣。重力的作用又導(dǎo)致鋼液從另一根管子離開并返回到鋼包中。該工藝的平均循環(huán)流速通常是每分鐘12t，20min將處理完100t的鋼包，而對于大約40t鋼包來說溫度損失是40~20℃。

5.Copper removal from molten steel to FeS-Na2S slag has been studied at 1853K.The mass percentage(mass Pct)of carbon in steel samples is 0.18.For comparison, the copper removal experiments were also performed in molten iron whose carbon content(mass Pct)is 4.7.It is found that with the same slag composition, the final copper content in molten iron is much lower than that in molten steel, which implies that the copper removal is more effective in molten iron.The analysis suggests that this phenomenon may originate from the high activity coefficient of copper in molten iron, which is caused by the high carbon content.To improve the copper removal effect in molten steel, more slag was added.And the copper removal ratio can reach 48.09% when the weight ratio of slag/steel is 20%.This result may be acceptable for the industrial purpose.(引自“Copper Removal From Molten Steel With FeS-Na2S Slag”，High Temperature Materials and Process Vol.28(2009), No.1-2 pp.67-72)

在1853K條件下，對含有硫化亞鐵-硫化鈉渣的鋼水進(jìn)行了去除銅的研究。鋼樣中的碳的質(zhì)量百分率（質(zhì)量百分比）為0.18。為了比較，在熔融鐵中也進(jìn)行了去除銅的實驗，碳含量（質(zhì)量百分比）為4.7。結(jié)果顯示，與相同的爐渣組合物反應(yīng)，最終的熔融鐵中的銅含量遠(yuǎn)低于鋼水，這意味著在熔融鐵中脫銅更有效。分析表明，這種現(xiàn)象可能源于鐵水中銅的活度系數(shù)高，而這又是高碳含量所引起的。為了提高鋼水中的銅的去除效果，加入了更多的礦渣。發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)熔渣/鋼的重量比為20％，脫銅率可以達(dá)到48.09％。該結(jié)果可能被工業(yè)用途所接受。

shaft furnace.The reducing top gas flows from an outlet pipe into the top-gas scrubber where it is cooled and its dust particles are removed.The largest portion of the top gas is recompressed, enriched with natural gas ,preheated to about 400℃, and piped into the reformer tubes.In the catalyst tubes, the gas mixture is reformed to carbon monoxide and hydrogen.The hot reformed gas is then recycled to the DR furnace.（在氣體還原法中，還原劑是一氧化碳，氫氣或這兩種氣體的混合物。它們通常從天然氣中獲得。天然氣中甲烷轉(zhuǎn)化一氧化碳和氫氣的反應(yīng)如下：

豎爐法在氣體還原法中起著重要的作用。50%其上的還原過程是在豎爐中進(jìn)行的。

米德列豎爐自1969年最早建成并投產(chǎn)以來，已發(fā)展成為直接還原法的主要形式。最大的米德列豎爐年生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)到了80萬噸。）這種工藝的主要部分包括：直接還原爐、氣體轉(zhuǎn)化爐和氣體冷卻系統(tǒng)。生產(chǎn)時，還原氣通過位于還原帶底部的環(huán)形風(fēng)管進(jìn)入到還原爐內(nèi)，迎著下降爐料向上運動。固體爐料通過料封管不斷從豎爐頂部進(jìn)入。還原爐的設(shè)計使得爐料能夠依靠自身的重力作用均勻地通過預(yù)熱帶、還原帶、冷卻帶。冷卻后的直接還原鐵可以不斷地通過爐底料封管排出。冷卻氣體的流向與豎爐內(nèi)冷卻帶爐料的流向相反。從爐頂逸出的氣體流向洗滌器，在那里冷卻，洗滌除去爐塵。大部分爐頂氣體被壓縮后與天然氣混合預(yù)熱到約400℃，導(dǎo)入重整管，被重整成一氧化碳和氫氣，然后循環(huán)到直接還原爐內(nèi)。