第一篇：中石化高級英語

一、短文（閱讀理解）

1、How to be Happy如何獲得幸福

In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make).This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.Step 1: Peace and quiet：Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling)and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council.Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite.If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.Step 2: Relationships：This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient.Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others.A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned.A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery.When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.Step 3: Share：If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends.Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.過去兩周我們研究了一項幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學(xué)家馬丁·塞利格曼定義的。在這個公式中，H（幸福）=S（個人生理幸福感受的固定指數(shù)）+C（個人生活狀態(tài)）+V（個人主觀選擇）。本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數(shù)的生活狀態(tài)。

第一步：平和寧靜：喬納森·海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作《幸福假說》當中提到，研究調(diào)查顯示，我們不可能完全適應(yīng)噪音污染，無論是新近的還是長期的。巨大噪聲會引發(fā)我們面對恐懼的某種本能反應(yīng)（另一種是對于墜落的恐懼），如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完全放松。每日保持平和與寧靜事關(guān)重要。如果你不幸生活在比較嘈雜的環(huán)境中，請一定要堅持去居委會投訴。另外，嘗試使用耳塞，可能會緩解噪聲。如果你需要用大音量看電視、聽收音機或放音樂的話，記得戴上耳機，別影響鄰里，這樣可以使雙方都感到舒適。

第二步：人際關(guān)系：這是增加幸福指數(shù)的一條至關(guān)重要的外部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因，往往就是人際關(guān)系欠佳。與搭檔或者愛人的關(guān)系陷入激烈的沖突中，會讓我們產(chǎn)生遭到背叛和遺棄的感覺。父母和孩子之間如果缺乏同情心和無私關(guān)懷，會產(chǎn)生隔閡與痛苦。當我們面臨這類問題時，最好的辦法就是直面難題，修復(fù)關(guān)系，或者學(xué)著繼續(xù)前行。

第三步：分享：如果你發(fā)覺生活狀態(tài)或者做的某項決定對幸福生活有重大幫助的話，記得與你的朋友們分享。將有用的發(fā)現(xiàn)與更多人分享，這對增進自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有積極作用。

1、What's the happiness formula according to the passage? The formula refers to H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make).2、Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.3、How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors.4、Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others.5、What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you can to do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.2、City Design城市設(shè)計

When I'm being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.The world's cities are in trouble.In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism.In just a few years,many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-base rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.Cars promise mobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city.After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car.Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars.A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted---all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this disaster, we'd better start designing sustainable cities.當我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會議中心時，映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數(shù)以百計的城市日常生活的質(zhì)量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅(qū)車時因街道和道路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。

針對上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內(nèi)，許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車，新建和改造了更多的停車場，建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎(chǔ)的極為成功的快速運行系統(tǒng)，興建了數(shù)百公里的自行車道和步行街，高峰時段的交通擁擠得以減緩，種植了更多的樹木，并吸收當?shù)厥忻裰苯訁⑴c社區(qū)的改善工作。城市設(shè)計以人為本的理念使這些城市的生活質(zhì)量有了很大的提高。

現(xiàn)在，各地政府的規(guī)劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是為汽車設(shè)計城市的方法。汽車應(yīng)帶給人們活動的便捷。但是在一個不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之間的矛盾。超過一個臨界點之后，隨著汽車數(shù)量的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而是停滯。

基于這個觀點，無論在發(fā)達的工業(yè)國家還是發(fā)展中國家，一些城市將會通過遠離汽車來極大增加市區(qū)的通暢。讓我再次提醒你，城市是為了人，不是為了汽車而建設(shè)的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的——全是機械，沒有人性。為了避免這場災(zāi)難，我們最好開始設(shè)計可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市。

1、What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center? He takes a bus.2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam.3、What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not(for)cars.4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars

5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all cars(mechanism)no human.3、Population人口

A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet.The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”.You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”.“Death Control” is something rather different.It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases.Through a wide variety of technological innovations that “include farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die.However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem.If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 50,000 square meters.This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have.More than three-fifths of the world's land cannot produce food.Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further.But we are not!Instead, we are consuming its ”capital“---its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades.We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.在我們這個星球上居住的人越來越多，是一個很重要的全球問題。如果繼續(xù)按照現(xiàn)有的增長率發(fā)展下去，那么有限的土地及土地資源很快不能養(yǎng)活這么巨大的人口。

那么為什么會出現(xiàn)人口的大量增長呢？這的確是因為知識的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結(jié)果。毫無疑問，你肯定聽到過“生育控制”這個術(shù)語?！八劳隹刂啤笔谴蟛幌嗤?。它承認了醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家的工作，現(xiàn)在他們能夠留住那些患有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過大范圍的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，其中包括耕作方法和對絕癥的控制，我們已經(jīng)找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是這項成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。

如果計算一下維持不斷增長的人口所需的土地量，我們就能意識到這個問題。如果這個星球上的每個人都平均分一塊土地，我們每個人會擁有五萬平方米。這個數(shù)字看似相當振奮人心，而當我們計算一下每個人的實際可用耕地之后，就知道情況不太樂觀了。因為世界上超過3/5的土地都不能生產(chǎn)糧食。

顯然，能夠養(yǎng)活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應(yīng)該想方設(shè)法不要讓耕地繼續(xù)減少下去。但是，我們并沒有這樣做！反而我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏，它們是在幾百萬年的時間里才形成的，然而現(xiàn)在，幾十年內(nèi)就會被消耗殆盡。我們對待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百萬與我們共同居住在地球上的物種。

1、What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase at its present rate.2、According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control

3、What is the doctors' job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.4、Why isn't there enough land to support human beings? Because the world's land has already been taken up by the ever-increasing population.5、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as ___.nonrenewable

4、Earthquake地震

Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men;since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in millions and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation.The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas.One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses.The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions.They may happen anywhere at any time.This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible.By analyzing changes in animal behavior, pattems of movements in the earth's crust, variations in the force of gravity and the earth's magnetic field and the frequency with which minor earth tremors are observed, scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike.As a result, worldwide earthquake warning network is already in operation and has helped to prepare for the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected.It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether, but as how and why earthquakes happen become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.地震是人類所知的最具有破壞力的自然災(zāi)害之一。自從有記載以來，估計由地震造成的死亡達數(shù)百萬以上，地震造成的破壞更是不計其數(shù)。地震造成的破壞如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引發(fā)的建筑物倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、火災(zāi)、疾病等現(xiàn)象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。

大多數(shù)地震發(fā)生在兩個獨特的地理位置。一個是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)及相鄰的大陸架，另一個是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯山脈，其中包括喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)。那里隨時隨地都可能發(fā)生地震。

幾個世紀以來，這種對于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐懼性。但近幾年來已有跡象表明地震預(yù)測是可能的。通過分析動物行為的變化，地殼運動的方式，地球磁場和地心引力的變化以及監(jiān)測到的輕微地震的頻率，科學(xué)家在預(yù)測地震發(fā)生的時間和地點上已取得了不斷的成功。因此，世界性地震預(yù)警網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)運轉(zhuǎn)，而且已經(jīng)幫助人們對大范圍的破壞做好準備，而這些破壞也可能是完全不能預(yù)料的。

人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞力還未可知。但是，隨著我們對地震發(fā)生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震發(fā)生之前，我們就能更好地應(yīng)對可能造成的破壞。

1、What are the causes of the great part ofthe damage and loss of life? Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena from earthquakes.2、Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world? The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses, East Indians to the Atlas Mountains.3、What fact does “element of the unknown” in paragraph 3 refer to? It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time.4、What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity? a)analyzing changes in animal behavior b)patterns of movements in the earth's crust c)variations in the force of gravity and the earth's magnetic field d)observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors

5、What is the author's attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions? Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.5、The Aftermath of BP Gulf Oil Spill英國石油公司墨西哥灣原油泄漏

In the aftermath of the BP oil spill, President Obama voiced the concerns of countless scientists, environmentalists, and Gulf Coast residents when he declared, “We're dealing with a massive and potentially unprecedented environmental disaster.” The sheer size of the oil spill---210,000 gallons a day contaminating the Gulf of Mexico---has many people worried about the short and long-term environmental harm it is causing.The oil spill could severely damage fragile ecosystems for years, possibly decades.Beaches fouled by oil spills are very difficult to clean up.To make matters worse, the spill threatens beaches just as shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles are coming ashore to lay their eggs.Even worse is the effect the oil spill could have on.sensitive salt marshes and mangrove coastlines, which would be practically impossible to clean and that some fear might be permanently destroyed.These wetlands are considered the nurseries for the fishing and seafood industry and are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.Because they cover much more land area than beaches, the risk oftheir exposure to damage is greatly increased.Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexico depend on estuaries, which are coastal waters where freshwater from rivers and streams mix with sea water.Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.Many species depend on wetlands for food, shelter and breeding.The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are homes to hundreds of species of aquatic life.The longer the oil fouls the water, the more polluted the food chain becomes, which could result in large fish kills and seafood too contaminated for consumption.英國石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的一次公開講話表達出了無數(shù)科學(xué)家、環(huán)保主義者以及墨西哥灣居民的心聲。他在講話中提到，“我們正在應(yīng)對的是一場巨大的、史無前例的環(huán)境災(zāi)難”。每天足足有21萬加侖的原油泄漏并污染著墨西哥灣，這使得很多人為這次事件對環(huán)境所造成的短期和長期的危害感到擔憂。

這次原油泄漏事件對脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來的嚴重破壞會持續(xù)很多年，甚至數(shù)十年。被石油污染的海灘很難被清理干凈。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油對海灘造成污染的時間正是海鳥筑巢和海龜游到岸上孵蛋的季節(jié)。

還有更糟的事情，石油污染還可能影響敏感的濕地和紅樹林海岸，而這將是幾乎不可能被清理干凈的，有些人甚至擔心這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕魚業(yè)和水產(chǎn)品工業(yè)的搖籃，也是多種野生動物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面積遠遠大于海灘的面積，所以它們面臨破壞的風(fēng)險就大大增加了。

在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚類和貝類中足有98%依靠河口生存，這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地保證其水的質(zhì)量并為水產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈提供基礎(chǔ)。濕地是很多物種覓食、棲息和繁殖的場所。

墨西哥灣水域也是成百上千種水棲動物的家園。石油對海水造成污染的時間越長，水產(chǎn)品食物鏈被污染的程度就會越大，這最終會造成大量的魚類死亡以及水產(chǎn)品被嚴重污染而無法食用。

1.In the first sentence “President Obama voiced the concems ofcountless scientists...” what does the word “voice” mean? Voice here means “to express an idea of...” 2.How long could the damage to the ecosystem last? The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.3.How important are the wetlands to the wildlife? The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.4.Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands? Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains.5.How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico? Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.6、Green Computers“綠色”電腦

Computer manufacturers, chipmakers and software companies are developing “greener” products for environmentally conscious consumers.While some tech companies are developing more energy-efficient product lines, others are releasing software to make existing computers consume less.And electronics manufacturers are expanding_ways to make new computers out of recycled materials, as well as encourage customers to recycle old machines.Consumers may pay a slight premium for some eco-friendly electronics, but many prices will be comparable with traditional offerings.Several factors are pushing companies to be greener.Many want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to garner favor with green investors.And with energy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses.The computer industry has been working on improving energy consumption for years.The newer focus has been on toxins and recycling.For example, Lenovo Group Ltd.uses 10% to 25% recycled plastics harvested from water bottles.Last month, Intel Corp.introduced new chips that it says will speed up computing performance without sucking up additional power.The company also developed technology, called Remote Wake, to keep computers in a low-energy mode until users need them for retrieving files over the Internet.Hewlett-Packard Co.has developed a new feature called Auto-On / Auto-Off that puts inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once they are used again.This feature has been added to HP's personal desktop laser printers in 2009.Attention to manufacturing materials is a priority.HP introduced an ink-jet printer that is made of 83% recycled plastics.Experts say that keeping your old computer out of the landfill is better for the environment than buying a new one.目前，電腦生產(chǎn)商、芯片制造者和軟件公司都紛紛開發(fā)“綠色”產(chǎn)品來滿足那些環(huán)保意識強烈的消費者的需求。一些科技公司開發(fā)了更節(jié)能的生產(chǎn)線，還有一些公司推出了減少現(xiàn)有電腦耗電量的軟件。電子制造企業(yè)不斷擴展工藝利用循環(huán)材料生產(chǎn)新電腦，并鼓勵消費者循環(huán)利用舊電腦。某些環(huán)保類電子產(chǎn)品可能需要消費者多花些錢，但仍有很多環(huán)保電腦的價格跟傳統(tǒng)電腦差不多。

有幾大因素推動著電腦公司更注重環(huán)保。許多企業(yè)希望走在環(huán)保法規(guī)的前面，贏得環(huán)保投資者的支持。同時，隨著能源價格上漲，他們正嘗試吸引那些設(shè)法節(jié)省費用的消費者。

計算機工業(yè)多年來一直致力于減少能源消耗，新焦點已經(jīng)放到了毒性和循環(huán)利用上來了。例如，聯(lián)想集團使用的塑料中有10%至25%是用回收的水瓶制造的。上個月，英特爾集團將新款芯片投放市場，據(jù)稱這些芯片不用耗費更多的能量就可以加快計算的速度。該公司還開發(fā)了一種叫做“遠程喚醒”的技術(shù)可以使計算機在使用者不需要通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)檢索文件的時候保持低耗能的模式?；萜臻_發(fā)了一個叫做自動開關(guān)的新功能，可以不在工作狀態(tài)的打印機進入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又會很快地恢復(fù)到工作模式?；萜?009年生產(chǎn)的個人桌面激光打印機就已經(jīng)安裝了這項功能?；萜展具€將注意力優(yōu)先放在了制造材料上，他們生產(chǎn)的一款噴墨打印機就是由83%的回收塑料制造的。

專家表示，就對環(huán)境的影響而言，對舊電腦再利用，讓其避免流入垃圾場填埋比買臺新電腦更好。

1.Why are computer manufacturers considering developing greener products? Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers.2.Compared to the old computer, the price of the greener machine is_____.A little bit more expensive.3.From the three examples, Lenovo, Intel and HP, we can know that_______.Companies want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to get good impression from green investors.On the other hand they are trying to appeal to people who want to save their expenses because of high energy price。4.What is the function of Auto-On /Auto-Off? It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.5.What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean? Don't throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.7、Cell Phones手機

What would life look like without cell phones? Today's hottest selling mobile phones are now loaded with features such as MP3 music players, TV, music and wireless photo printing.Cell phones have changed so much in the past few years that with every new product launch comes another big dilemma for the cellular manufacturers.How do you create the next big hit? How does the manufacturer separate the hits fiom the gimmicks, while trying to decipher what cell phone users really want or need in the near future? Industry insiders say the most popular phones will have advanced functions that are simple to customize for individual tastes.Manufacturers believe that the success of the cell phone lies in the building and development of high-speed networks-to deliver services like video, music and high speed Internet.While these networks are now in operation the industry insiders are considering radical redesigns to phones, displays and services to ensure the new features are simple to use.Such developments, combined with software that allows users to customize their cell phone browser for services such as sports scores or news, could replace PDAs and other-gadgets.Cellular companies are also betting consumers will soon use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.Developers should now concentrate on designing exciting new looks for phones, since few things have more direct influence over a consumer's fickle buying behavior than the emotional response that the shape,color or look of a phone evokes.沒有手機的生活會變得怎么樣呢？今天暢銷的手機都有MP3播放器、電視、音樂、無線相片打印等功能。手機在過去幾年里的變化非常大，隨著每次新產(chǎn)品的問世，手機制造商們都會再次陷入苦惱之中。該怎么創(chuàng)造下一代人氣商品呢？制造商該怎樣做才能了解手機使用者們不久的將來真正想要的東西，并且區(qū)分暢銷與滯銷的產(chǎn)品呢？業(yè)內(nèi)人士指出最受歡迎的手機是具有能夠簡單地迎合顧客個人喜好的尖端功能的手機。

制造商相信手機的成功取決于高速網(wǎng)絡(luò)的構(gòu)建和開發(fā)以提供如影像或視頻、音樂、高速互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)。在這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營的同時，業(yè)內(nèi)人士正在考慮將電話、顯示屏以及服務(wù)進行徹底的重新設(shè)計，使其新的功能使用簡化。這些開發(fā)產(chǎn)品結(jié)合了一種讓使用者可以在手機瀏覽器上定制體育比賽得分或新聞等服務(wù)的軟件，可以代替PDA（掌上電腦）和其它裝置。手機制造商確信，在不久的將來，消費者將用手機完成一切事務(wù)，從看電視到學(xué)習(xí)和學(xué)校考試。開發(fā)商們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當集中精力設(shè)計外形更吸引入的新手機，因為除了手機的外形、顏色或款式所引起的情緒反應(yīng)外，還幾乎沒有別的東西對消費者多變的購買行為起到更直接的影響。

1、What are the features of today's mobile phones? They are loaded with(features such as)MP3 music players, TV, music and wireless photo printing.2、What will manufactures face if they produce a new product? They will face a big dilemma.3、What should the most popular phones have? The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customize for individual tastes.4、What will people do with cell phones in the future? People will use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.5、Why does the writer mention “the emotional response” in the last sentence? Because he thinks that it affects customers' buying behavior.8、Touch Tech觸屏技術(shù)

For mobile touch technology, it's only the beginning.Apple Inc.'s phone revolutionized the mobile phone with easy-to-use touch-screen technology that allows users to surf the Web, tap out messages or control any number of inventive applications.Developers are working on new applications for “multi-touch” screens.These screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger, which broadens the possibilities for application.Other developers are working on advances in “haptic” feedback---vibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she's reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard.And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications.Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone.But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games.Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications.In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they're controlling on the screen.In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them.The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications.For now, at least many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen.A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.就移動觸摸技術(shù)而言，現(xiàn)在只是剛剛開始。蘋果公司的電話產(chǎn)品使移動電話行業(yè)產(chǎn)生了突破性變革，其便利的觸摸屏技術(shù)可以便于用戶瀏覽網(wǎng)絡(luò)、發(fā)送短信或者掌控許多新穎應(yīng)用軟件。

開發(fā)人員正致力于新“多觸點”屏幕的應(yīng)用研究。這些屏幕可以處理用戶用多手指同時給出的指令，這也增加了這項技術(shù)被應(yīng)用的可能性。其他開發(fā)人員正在研究“觸覺”反饋的升級技術(shù)——即現(xiàn)在所應(yīng)用的震動和其它物理感知技術(shù)，它們不但可用來提醒游戲玩家已經(jīng)過關(guān)，也可以用來進行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使觸摸屏具有真實鍵盤的觸覺。對于那些更喜歡使用手機鍵盤的人來說，即便傳統(tǒng)的鍵盤也將能發(fā)揮與觸摸指令相對應(yīng)的功能。

軟件開發(fā)人員開始研發(fā)多觸點應(yīng)用軟件。例如，有些軟件可以使用戶在電話上彈奏虛擬樂器。但是多觸點開發(fā)人員主要以開發(fā)游戲為主。

觸覺技術(shù)已經(jīng)在非移動領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。例如，在視頻游戲中，它可以讓游戲玩家感到自己好像真的在駕駛他們所控制的熒屏賽車。在醫(yī)療培訓(xùn)中，它可以讓在模擬器上操作的內(nèi)窺鏡檢測法等程序感覺異常真實，從而使醫(yī)療人員能更自如地操作這些儀器。觸覺技術(shù)在手機方面的使用仍然處于初創(chuàng)階段，但是觸覺技術(shù)手機的廣泛運用將為這項技術(shù)得以更多、更新的應(yīng)用開辟新的途徑。

目前看來，至少還有許多手機用戶仍然偏愛物理鍵盤的準確性，他們對觸摸屏并不十分感興趣。開發(fā)人員正在設(shè)計一項可以兼顧這兩種需求的新技術(shù)：即可以同時回應(yīng)觸摸指令的物理鍵盤。

1、Why do we say Apple's iPhone is a revolution Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen.2、What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger.3、What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations.4、What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The gamers feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games.5、Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.9、Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料與我們的生活

Oil and natural gas are an important part of our everyday life.Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector(cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.)comes from fuels made from oil.Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol.However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products.Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products.World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations.Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand.Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020.World population is currently around 6 billion peoplet but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020.That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.石油與天然氣是我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹闹匾M成部分。它們不僅使我們出行方便，它們還可以使我們的住所冬暖夏涼并且為我們提供電力。我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械脑S多物品都是由石油和天然氣制成的，如塑料、治病救人的藥品、服裝、化妝品等等。

在美國，交通運輸系統(tǒng)（私人汽車、公共汽車、地鐵、火車、飛機等）的運行所依賴的能源中有97%來自石油煉制的燃料。雖然汽車制造商們正在研制使用像電、氫氣和乙醇這樣的替代能源作為燃料的汽車，但是，汽車電池需要充電而且電池發(fā)電所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然氣。燃料電池所需要的氫氣也可能是由天然氣或石油產(chǎn)品制成的。所以，盡管人們在研制開發(fā)替代燃料，在可預(yù)測的將來，能夠確保人們出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。

在全世界的發(fā)展中地區(qū)，不論企業(yè)還是個人，不論是為了自己方便還是為銷售公司的產(chǎn)品，對交通出行的需求都大大增加。據(jù)預(yù)測世界汽車保有量將由1999年的每千人122輛增加至2020年的每千人144輛，這些增加的部分都是來自發(fā)展中國家。同樣在這些發(fā)展中國家，由于機場也在擴建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不斷增長。在可預(yù)測的將來，石油仍將是世界各地交通的主要能源，預(yù)計到2020年交通燃料將占全世界石油消耗總量的57%。

目前世界人口為60億，但是到2020年將會增至約76億。這將意味著人們對石油和天氣制成的交通燃料、電力以及其它消費產(chǎn)品需求的大量增加。

1.According to the text, how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.They can also be made into many products that we use every day.2.What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles? They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.3.Can altemate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? Why? No, it can't.Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.4.Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership? In the developing world.5.What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.10、Carbon Emissions碳排放

The task---in which carbon emissions are pumped into underground reservoir rather than released---is challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas.Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second most common fuel used for electricity generation.In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is even worse.Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green.But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages.But progress has not been promising.The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe.Many have likened carbon capture's road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon.Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its ‘moon landing'.Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local issue.Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site, calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety.A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.將燃料燃燒排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空氣中這項任務(wù)對于任何一種燃料的碳排放處理都是一件艱巨的工作。尤其對于煤炭來說，這項任務(wù)就更為困難，因為煤炭燃燒比石油和天然氣燃燒所排放出的二氧化碳更多。

在最佳燃燒狀況下，每發(fā)一個單位電所燃燒煤炭而產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳是燃燒天然氣的兩倍。天然氣是發(fā)電使用的第二大燃料。在發(fā)展中國家，情況則更糟，因為那里所使用的煤炭及發(fā)電設(shè)備都是低檔次的。

如果不進行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成為綠色能源。但是解決這一問題不僅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花費數(shù)以十億計甚至更多的投資，而沒有任何一個國家和公司愿意花費這筆投資。

雖然在歐洲和美國人們?yōu)榇诉M行了一些小規(guī)模的試驗項目，但這些項目都剛剛興起，并沒有取得什么實質(zhì)性的進展。歐盟已經(jīng)承諾在歐洲建設(shè)12個試驗性碳捕獲項目。很多國家也已經(jīng)將碳捕獲這項任務(wù)從實驗室轉(zhuǎn)化為安全、低價的實際應(yīng)用，但他們都把這項任務(wù)比作把人送往月球那么難。挪威正在對此大量投資做技術(shù)測試，他們就把碳捕獲稱為“月球登陸計劃”。

碳捕獲之后面臨的問題就是碳封存。碳封存從某種程度上來說則屬于地域問題。地質(zhì)學(xué)家們需要確定地下是否有合適的地點，計算其對二氧化碳的存儲量，然后再配備設(shè)施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以確保安全。地下二氧化碳一旦發(fā)生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一樣危險。1.In paragraph l, what does the underlined word “so” refer to? The word “so” refers to “challenging”.2.What can be learned about carbon emissions in the coal plants in developing countries? The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient.As a result, produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3.How can the use of coal become “green”? Coal can become 'green' through carbon capture and storage.4.According to the text, what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5.What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site? The carbon stored at an underground site could leak, and a large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.11、Marine Pollution海洋污染

By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 12 billion.Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea.The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas.One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution.The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea.Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources(including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources and radioactive discharges).Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms” of algae in coastal waters.As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water, this led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones”.Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations.Radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some sea foods unfit for human consumption.到2050年，估計世界人口可能會增加到120億。其中大約有60%的人口居住在距離海洋60公里的范圍內(nèi)。為養(yǎng)活這些人口而進行的農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)活動將會加大富饒的沿海地區(qū)已面臨的巨大壓力。

人類活動產(chǎn)生的一個重大影響是海洋污染。最顯而易見和為人熟知的是油輪事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。

雖然這些影響有一定的規(guī)模、且顯而易見，但是，與其它直接和間接的海洋污染源（包括民用污水、工業(yè)排放物、廢料堆泄漏、都市和工業(yè)污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋傾泄垃圾的行為、石油生產(chǎn)、采礦、農(nóng)業(yè)肥料和殺蟲劑、熱源廢料和放射性排放物）相比，一系列油輪發(fā)生災(zāi)難性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物質(zhì)總量還是顯得很少。

污水排放物和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)所造成的肥料污染使海岸水域里的藻類開出難看而且可能危險的花朵。這些花朵死亡和腐爛將耗盡水里的氧氣，使這些地區(qū)變成了“逐漸蔓延的死亡區(qū)”。

放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常運轉(zhuǎn)的核電站。遠在格陵蘭島西部海岸的海草里都能發(fā)現(xiàn)核燃料再處理所產(chǎn)生的放射性元素。

金屬采礦、生產(chǎn)和加工所造成的微量金屬污染會損害海洋植物和動物的健康，使一些海產(chǎn)品不再適合人類食用。

1.Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050? Because 60% of the world's population will live within 60km of the sea.2.How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the passage? What are they? There are four: marine pollution, nutrient pollution, radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution.3.What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution? Oil pollution.4.Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of____.Oxygen.5.The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by _____.Radioactive elements.12、China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中國的經(jīng)濟增長與清潔能源技術(shù)

China's unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price.Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking.Just l in 100 of China's nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe.At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields.The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China: The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categories.Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power.The country is the world's second largest market for wind turbines.In car-making, China's BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first mass-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet.Understanding they are in a global race, China's leaders are supporting businesses with policies and incentives.Beijing recently hiked China's auto mileage standards to a level the U.S.is not expected to reach until 2020.Beijing also says it will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020 from 16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe.Beijing's green intentions will soon be put to the test.China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history.A study estimates that over 350 million people will migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025.Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers---equal to 10 New York Cities.And as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants.中國近年來史無前例的經(jīng)濟增長是以可怕的代價換來的。中國2/3的河流湖泊污染嚴重，無法用于工業(yè)，更別說農(nóng)業(yè)或飲用了。中國近6億城市人口中只有1%的人呼吸著按歐洲標準堪稱安全的空氣。在可耕地緊缺之際，受到污染的洪水又毀壞了大量良田。

諸如此類的眾多問題卻產(chǎn)生了一個令很多國外人士感到驚訝的結(jié)果：中國逐漸成為清潔技術(shù)的培育基地，在若干領(lǐng)域走到了前列。憑借尚德太陽能電力有限公司等本土廠商，中國現(xiàn)在是世界上最大的光電太陽能電池板生產(chǎn)國。中國也是全球第二大風(fēng)電機組市場。在汽車制造方面，中國的比亞迪汽車有限公司已超過全球汽車巨頭，推出了第一款可大批量生產(chǎn)的充電式混合動力車。

中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人認識到了他們正處于一場全球競賽中，于是以各種政策和激勵措施對企業(yè)予以扶持。北京前不久將中國的汽車里程標準大幅提高到美國估計要到2020年才能達到的水平。北京還表示，到2020年，中國的可再生性資源發(fā)電量所占比例將從目前的16%上升到23%，與歐洲的類似指標不相上下。北京的綠色環(huán)保意向很快將受到考驗。中國正處于有史以來最大的建筑熱潮中。一項研究估計，到2025年，中國將有超過3.5億人從農(nóng)村遷入城市。中國將新增500萬幢建筑，包括5萬幢摩天大樓，相當于10座紐約市的規(guī)模。隨著新建辦公室和房屋的成倍增長，那些耗費能源的計算機、電視、空調(diào)等設(shè)備也要裝備到這些建筑中，這就大量增加了電力的需求，而大部分電力是來自以煤做燃料的發(fā)電廠。

1、What are some of the downsides to China's growth? Rivers, lakes and air are seriously polluted.Water and agricultural land have been poisoned.2、According to the passage, how many people in China breathe safe air? 6 million.3、What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic(homegrown)manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels.4、What are Beijing's green intentions? Beijing will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020.5、What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population.13、Market Economy市場經(jīng)濟

There are pros and cons for command and market economies.Let's look at the command economy first.The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralized government.A command economy means that the government is involved in every step.There are other downsides to a command economy.Often factories don't meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on.Basically things have to be adjusted.Production and prices might have to be increased or decreased;there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy.Now let's look at the market economy.That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.Here's how it works.We'll use the example of clothing.Maybe somebody---say Jack---decides to open a company making clothes.He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them.If the clothes become popular then Jack can mcrease the price and keep increasing it.By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his business to make even more money.At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businesses in competition.This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing less.The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with less profit to stay in business.In this case the market economy is the way to go.With a command economy the government runs everything and everybody, but with a market economy the government supposedly provides assistance only to correct problems that can't be solved by the market.With a command economy come chronic shortages, inefficiencies.On the other hand, the market economy offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity.計劃經(jīng)濟和市場經(jīng)濟各有利弊。首先我們來看一下計劃經(jīng)濟。計劃經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)是由中央集權(quán)的政府指導(dǎo)和控制。計劃經(jīng)濟意味著政府涉足經(jīng)濟生活的每一步。計劃經(jīng)濟還有其它的負面影響。工廠經(jīng)常會達不到配額，市場的需求會被低估，一種產(chǎn)品可能會很快銷售一空等等?？偟膩碚f必須做出調(diào)整：產(chǎn)品和價格可能不得不或升或降；也可能會限制人們購買產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量等等。

現(xiàn)在我們來看一下市場經(jīng)濟。這意味著企業(yè)私有制而政府并不能為它們做任何決定。我們用服裝行業(yè)的例子來說明它的運行方式。假如某人，我們就叫他杰克，決定開一家服裝制造公司。他設(shè)計和制造時尚的服裝，使人們愿意購買和穿著。如果服裝受歡迎，杰克會提高價格，并維持價格的攀升。通過這種方式，杰克可獲取更大的利潤。或者通過擴展業(yè)務(wù)，創(chuàng)造更多的財富。與此同時，別人將注意到他做的很優(yōu)秀，于是這些人將創(chuàng)辦新的企業(yè)與杰克競爭。這樣價格將穩(wěn)定下來，甚至可能降低，因為人們都愿意買更便宜的衣服。各家公司將不得不降低成本、減少利潤，使自己在行業(yè)內(nèi)得以生存。在這種情況下，市場經(jīng)濟才是正確的方向。

在計劃經(jīng)濟下，政府掌管每件事和每個人：而在市場經(jīng)濟下，政府提供幫助來解決市場不能解決的問題。計劃經(jīng)濟逐漸導(dǎo)致長期物質(zhì)短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市場經(jīng)濟能夠更大程度地帶來經(jīng)濟增長、技術(shù)進步和社會繁榮的良機。

1.What is the role of government in the command economy? The economy is directed, controlled by the centralized government.2.What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy.3.What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.4.Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtual person who owns a company that makes clothes.5.What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides / offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity.14、CPI消費者物價指數(shù)

If the CPI, Consumer Price Index was 2.1% in a country, what does that mean? In a nutshell, it means that consumers in that country paid 2.1% more than in the previous year for the goods and services included in the CPI basket.Although prices of goods and services rise and fall over time, when prices change too dramatically, they can have negative effects on an economy.In order to tell if an economy is experiencing inflation, deflation or stagflation, we use the CPI as a gauge of the prices ofgoods and services.When the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistic releases the CPI data monthly, the CPI's results are widely anticipated and watched.Who would eagerly await the results, you might ask? Well, the CPI plays an important role for many key financial decision makers, including individual investors, the Central Banks and the Federal Reserve in the U.S.The CPI helps central banks forecast the interest-rate policy and other decisions of major banks and corporations.I mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to expand on what this basket is and how we get the information.The base-year market basket, which makes up the CPI, comes from detailed expenditure information collected from surveys of thousands of families.The information is not randomly collected, instead, the information is gathered through interviews and diaries kept by participants who have agreed to disclose their buying habits.The basket is divided into eight groups: food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication and other goods and services, and includes more than 200 categories.Finally, the prices of 80,000 items in the market basket are collected monthly from thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors' offices.如果某個國家的消費者物價指數(shù)為2.1%，那意味著什么？簡單地說，這意味著這個國家的消費者為消費者物價指數(shù)籃子里的商品及服務(wù)的支出比上一年多了2.1%。雖然商品和服務(wù)的價格隨時間而上下波動，但是如果價格變動幅度過大，則會給經(jīng)濟帶來負面影響。為了說明經(jīng)濟是否正在經(jīng)歷通貨膨脹、通貨緊縮或者是滯脹，我們把CPI作為衡量商品及服務(wù)價格的尺度。

勞工部勞動數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計局每月公布CPI數(shù)據(jù)的時候，很多人都期待并關(guān)注CPI結(jié)果。你或許會問什么人會熱切地等待著這些結(jié)果？CPI對許多重要的財政決策者來說起著重要的作用，其中包括個人投資者、中央銀行和美國聯(lián)邦貯備銀行。CPI幫助中央銀行預(yù)測主要銀行和企業(yè)的利息政策和其它決策。

前面提到過CPI籃子，現(xiàn)在我想進一步說明一下這個籃子是什么，以及我們?nèi)绾潍@取信息。組成CPI的基本年度市場籃子是在調(diào)查了成千上萬戶家庭的詳細支出信息之后得出的。這些信息不是隨機搜集來的，而是通過對那些愿意公開自己購買習(xí)慣的消費者所進行采訪和記錄中得到的信息?；净@子可分為8個組，包括了200多個種類，食品和飲料、住宅、服裝、交通工具、醫(yī)療、休閑、教育和通訊以及其它商品的服務(wù)。最后，市場籃子中的8萬件物品的價格是從成千上萬個零售商店、服務(wù)部門、租賃店、診所等的每個月匯總中得來的。1.What is CPI short for? Consumer Price Index.2.What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country this year? Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3% more than in the previous year for the goods and services.3.What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on an economy.4.Who are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why? Many key financial decision makers.Because the CPI plays an important role for them.5.How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interviews and diaries kept by the participants.15、The Internet互聯(lián)網(wǎng) The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources.The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources.The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication.The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services, such as science, education, business, history, law, art, and entertainment, etc.The most commonly used network service is electronic mail.Mail permits network users to send textual messages to each other.Computers and networks handle delivering the mail, so that communicating mail users do not have to handle details of delivery, and do not have to be present at the same time or place.Before you can use the Internet, you must choose a way to move data between the Internet and your PC.This link may be a high-speed data communication circuit, a local area network(LAN), a telephone line or a radio channel.Most likely, you will use a Modem attached to your telephone line to talk to the Internet.Worldwide web(004km.cnmunity.So we can say that the Internet is your PC's window to the rest of the world.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是最大的信息寶庫，它可以提供非常巨大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源。這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源可分為網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備資源和網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息資源。網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備資源使我們能夠進行遠程計算和通信。網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息資源為我們提供各種各樣的信息服務(wù)，如科學(xué)、教育、商務(wù)、歷史、法律、藝術(shù)和娛樂等等。

最常被使用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)是電子郵件。電子郵件允許網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶彼此傳送文本消息。計算機和網(wǎng)絡(luò)負責(zé)傳遞郵件，這樣一來，郵件用戶不必關(guān)心傳遞的細節(jié)，而且沒有必要在同一時間或地點出現(xiàn)。

在上網(wǎng)之前，你必須選擇一種方法，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)和你自己的電腦之間移動數(shù)據(jù)。這個連接可能是一個高速數(shù)據(jù)通信線路、局域網(wǎng)(LAN)、電話線或無線頻道。大多數(shù)情況下，你可以使用一個連接到你的電話線上的調(diào)制解調(diào)器來實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接。

萬維網(wǎng)(004km.cnputation and communication and also provide us all kinds of information services 3.Why do most people choose the Internet to deliver e-mails nowadays? Because it is the fastest and most convenient way 4.What is the most possible way you choose to move data between the Internet and your PC? Using a Modem attached to the telephone line.5.Why do people regard the Net as a community in the near future? Because people can get and do whatever they want at home as more and more systems join the Internet and more and more forms of information are available to the amount of Internet users.16、Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision 蘋果公司用iPad延續(xù)夢想

The launch of Apple’s iPad in the US is a polarizing moment.The television news lingers on the queues outside Apple stores, and fans are seen drooling over these latest shiny objects of techno-lust.Doubters, meanwhile, point out that general purpose tablet-style computers such as this have always bombed beforewithout major technological breakthroughs2010 targets.The practical conclusion is that if global warming is potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.全球變暖或許是也或許不是21世紀的環(huán)境大危機。但不管是與否，我們都不會采取什么措施。我們會對其爭論不休，甚至作為一個國家發(fā)表一些聽起來莊重的誓言來避免全球變暖。但這些誓言聽起來越激動人心、越意味深長，實現(xiàn)它們的可能性卻越小。

美國前副總統(tǒng)戈爾將全球變暖稱作“令人不快的真相”，似乎只要我們認識到這個真相就可以找到解決這一問題的途徑。但是實際的真相是我們并沒有足夠的能力消除全球變暖；若沒有重大的科技突破，我們根本無能為力。

2003年至2050年世界人口預(yù)計將增長42%，即從64億增長至91億。如果人均消耗能源和科技水平不變，到2050年，能源消耗總量和溫室氣體排放將增加42%。但是這只是一個保守數(shù)字，因為社會的進步和富足意味著更多的能源消耗。經(jīng)濟發(fā)展是必需的，除非不再提高人們的生活水準，讓世界上的貧困人口永遠過貧窮的生活。但即使經(jīng)濟保守地發(fā)展，到2050年，能源消耗及溫室氣體排放也會增加一倍多。

任何政府都不會采取剛性的措施限制經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和個人自由（如：限制用電量、開車出行、外出旅行等），盡管這樣的措施會減緩全球變暖。但是政治家們依然想證明他們沒有對全球變暖“置之不理”?！熬┒甲h定書”就是個實例。其中規(guī)定所有簽約國家有權(quán)利懲罰那些非簽約國。但是“京都議定書”并沒有使二氧化碳的排放有所減少，況且很多簽約國也并沒有采取足夠嚴厲的措施以實現(xiàn)2008witness the damage wreaked by apparently small misjudgments about subprime mortgages.This is Nassim Nicholas Taleb's message when he warns of “black swans”.Every now and then something unlikely but very important happens.當肆虐的冰島火山噴發(fā)把我困在赫爾辛基時，我注意到與我有類似遭遇的同事和那些沒有旅行計劃的同事之間存在嚴重的意見分歧。對于我，這就是世界末日。對于那些安全地待在英國的同事而言，火山灰云不過是關(guān)注歐元危機和英國大選等重要事件之余的一點談資而已。

我開始設(shè)想一些可怕的場景。還有什么是依賴于航空的？肯尼亞的鮮花業(yè)務(wù)依賴于航空，但它對肯尼亞人的重要性要遠遠超過我們。沒有沙拉，我們同樣可以生存。但別的呢？我依賴手機，但假若手機網(wǎng)絡(luò)在倫敦的哈克尼出現(xiàn)了故障，而知道如何修理的系統(tǒng)工程師也被困在了赫爾辛基，該怎么辦？如果伯明翰的生產(chǎn)線出現(xiàn)故障，而修理所需的零配件在名古屋怎么辦？情況開始看上去比惹惱一些脾氣暴躁的旅客更為嚴重，特別是埃亞菲亞德拉火山可能持續(xù)爆發(fā)幾年。而附近矗立的另一座更大的火山卡特拉顯示出了在埃亞菲亞德拉火山噴發(fā)后不久也會噴發(fā)的跡象。我剛看過一幅關(guān)于冰島9座“主火山”的地圖，埃亞菲亞德拉不在其中。

即使火山灰云經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，市場經(jīng)濟往往也具有驚人的活力。日本神戶大地震或者9.11恐怖襲擊等可怕事件幾乎都沒有對全球經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生持久性影響。盡管航空旅行的持續(xù)中斷會損害一些行業(yè)，但其它行業(yè)會從中受益。我們會用本地蔬菜替代沙拉，企業(yè)可以將核心員工遷往別處，持有更多庫存以防航空服務(wù)中斷，我們會順應(yīng)環(huán)境。

我們真的會嗎？在一個像歐洲經(jīng)濟一樣復(fù)雜的體系中，我們很難對某一事件所產(chǎn)生的影響抱有絕對信心，看看對次級抵押貸款做出的明顯微小的誤判所帶來的損害吧。這就是納西姆·尼古拉斯·塔雷伯對“黑天鵝”發(fā)出警告時所傳遞的信息。一些看似不可能但又非常重要的事件時有發(fā)生。

1.What is the different impact of ash cloud on the author and the people in UK? For the author, it was the end of the world.But for the people who stay safely in the UK, the ash cloud was not a very important thing at all, comparing with the Euro crisis and British election.2.Summarize all the categories of things that depended on air travel? The Kenyan flower business, salads, the system engineer, the components to fix certain machines and frequent flyers.3.Why have “market economies tended to be surprisingly resilient”? Because other sectors would benefit if some sectors would suffer from sustained disruption to air travel.4.What does the author mean by “others would benefit”? For example, we'd substitute local vegetables for salads, while businesses would relocate essential staff and hold more inventory to allow for disruptions.5.What does “black swans” mean in the passage? Every now and then something unlikely but very important happens.30、Project Management項目管理

Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes of initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing.The project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives.Managing a project includes: identifying requirements;establishing clear and achievable objectives;balancing the competing demands for quality, scope, time and cost and adapting the specifications, plans, and approach to the different concerns and expectations of the various stakeholders.Project managers often talk of a “triple constraint”---project scope, time and cost---in managing competing project requirements.Project quality is affected by balancing these three factors.High quality projects deliver the required product, service or result within scope, on time, and within budget.The relationship among these factors is such that if any one of the three factors changes, at least one other factor is likely to be affected.Project managers also manage projects in response to uncertainty.Project risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on at least one project objective.The project management team has a professional responsibility to its stakeholders including customers, the performing organization, and the public.It is important to note that many of the processes within project management are iterative because of the existence of progressive elaboration in a project throughout the project's life cycle.That is, as a project management team learns more about a project, the team can then manage to a greater level of detail.項目管理就是將各種知識、技能、手段和技術(shù)應(yīng)用到項目活動中，以滿足項目的各項要求。項目管理是通過啟動、計劃、執(zhí)行、監(jiān)控和關(guān)閉這幾個階段的實施和整合來實現(xiàn)的。項目經(jīng)理則是對實現(xiàn)項目目標負責(zé)的那個人。

管理一個項目包括以下幾個部分：分析項目要求，確立清晰并可實現(xiàn)的目標，權(quán)衡質(zhì)量、范圍、時間和成本間的競爭水平，并依照行業(yè)規(guī)范和項目計劃采取相應(yīng)辦法滿足利益相關(guān)者的要求和期望。

項目經(jīng)理們經(jīng)常談到的“三重制約”是指項目的范圍、時間和成本。這三者的權(quán)衡關(guān)系到項目完成的質(zhì)量。高質(zhì)量項目一定是在計劃的范圍、時間和預(yù)算成本之內(nèi)完成并達到項目要求。這三個因素間有著密切的關(guān)系，其中一個因素的改變會影響到至少其它一個因素也發(fā)生變化。項目經(jīng)理的另外一項責(zé)任就是應(yīng)對項目的不確定因素。項目風(fēng)險就是一種不確定的事件或條件，一旦出現(xiàn)風(fēng)險，它可能會給至少一個項目目標帶來正面或負面的影響。項目管理團隊還對客戶、組織機構(gòu)和公眾等這些利益相關(guān)者負有職業(yè)責(zé)任。

還需要注意的一點是項目管理的很多階段是重復(fù)發(fā)生的，這是因為在項目建設(shè)周期中需要不斷地對項目進行完善。也就是說，隨著項目管理團隊對項目了解的增多，項目管理團隊就能達到更精細化經(jīng)營的水平。

1.What are the processes of project management? Initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing.2.What are the four things a project manager should do when managing a project? Identify the requirements;establish clear and achievable objectives;balance the competing demands for quality, scope, time and cost and adapt the specifications, plans, and approach to the different concerns and expectations of the various stakeholders.3.What does “triple constraint” imply? And how does it affect the quality of project? “Triple Constraint” implies the project scope, time and cost.Project quality is affected by balancing these three factors.4.Who are the stakeholders to the project management team? Customers, the performing organization, and the public.5.Why are the processes of project management often iterative? Because the project has to be progressively elaborated throughout the project's life cycle and as a project management team learns more about a project, the team can then manage to a greater level of detail.二、短文英譯漢

l、Origin of Oil and Gas石油和天然氣的成因

Oil and gas result mostly from dead microorganisms buried quickly in anoxic environments, where oxygen is so scarce that they do not decompose.This lack of oxygen enables them to maintain their hydrogen-carbon bonds, a necessary ingredient for the production of fossil fuels.Newly developing ocean basins, formed by plate tectonics and continental rifting(deformation), provide just the right conditions for rapid burial in anoxic waters.Rivers fill these basins with sediments carrying abundant organic remains.Because the basins have constricted water circulation, they also have lower oxygen levels than the open ocean.Plate tectonics is also responsible for creating the “pressure cooker” that slowly matures the organics into oil and gas.This process usually takes millions ofyears, giving the oil and gas deposits time to migrate around the globe on the back of plate movements.Because these hydrocarbons are much more buoyant than water, they eventually force their way to the surface.Alternatively, rifting, collisions between landmasses, and other tectonic forces can free the mature oil and gas from deep within sedimentary basins and then trap these organic fluids in reservoirs before they escape to the earth's surface.We know these reservoirs as oil and gas fields.The same plate tectonics that creates the locations and conditions for anoxic burial is also responsible for the geologic paths that these sedimentary basins subsequently take.Continental drift, subduction(where one plate thrusts under another)and collision with other continents provide the movement from swamps, river deltas and mild climates---where most organics are deposited---to the poles and deserts, where they have ended up today by coincidence.石油和天然氣大多是由缺氧環(huán)境下迅速被掩埋的死亡微生物生成的。這種環(huán)境氧氣奇缺致使這些微生物無法分解。氧氣的缺乏能夠使那些死去的微生物保持它們的碳氫鍵——這是產(chǎn)生化石燃料的一種必要組分。由板塊構(gòu)造運動和大陸裂谷作用（變形）而新近演化形成的大洋盆地，正好為在缺氧水域的快速埋藏提供了合適環(huán)境。河流攜帶著豐富的有機殘余物充填這些盆地。由于這些盆地的水循環(huán)受到局限。因此，它們的含氧量比開闊大洋更低。

板塊構(gòu)造還形成了一個使有機質(zhì)緩慢成熟演化成石油和天然氣的“壓力鍋”。油氣生成過程通常要經(jīng)歷數(shù)百萬年，從而為在板塊運動背景下油氣的運移提供了時間。因為烴類化合物比水的浮力大，所以它們最終會竭力上升到地表。同時裂谷作用，板塊之間的碰撞以及其它構(gòu)造力可以將沉積盆地深處成熟的石油或者天然氣釋放出來，并在這些有機流體逸散到地表之前，將它們?nèi)﹂]在油氣藏中，我們稱這些油氣藏為油氣田。

為缺氧條件下微生物的埋藏提供了空間和條件的板塊構(gòu)造運動同樣對這些沉積盆地的后期地質(zhì)演化起著重要作用。大陸漂移、俯沖（一個板塊俯沖到另一板塊之下的過程）以及和其它大陸的碰撞作用能使沼澤、河流三角洲和溫帶氣候區(qū)（大部分有機質(zhì)沉積的地方）恰巧演變成現(xiàn)今的極地和沙漠環(huán)境。

2、Evolution of Petroleum Exploration Concepts and Techniques石油勘探概念和技術(shù)的演變

From the days of Noah to OPEC, the role of the petroleum geologist has become more and more skilled and demanding.In the early days oil was found by wandering about the countryside with a naked flame, optimism, and a sense of adventure.One major U.S.company, which will remain nameless, once employed a chief geologist whose exploration philosophy was to drill on old Indian graves.Another oil finder used to put on an old hat, gallop about the prairie until his hat dropped off, and start drilling where it landed.History records that he was very successful(Cunningham-Craig, 1912).One of the earliest exploration tools was “creekology”.It gradually dawned on the early drillers that oil was more often found by wells located on river bottoms than by those on the hills.The anticlinal theory of oil entrapment, which explained this phenomenon, was expounded by Hunt(1861).Up to the present day the quest for anticlines has been one of the most successful exploration concepts.Experience soon proved, however, that oil could also occur off structure.Carll(1880)noted that the oil-bearing marine Venango sands of Pennsylvania occurred in trends that reflected not structure, but paleo-shorelines.Thus was borne the concept that oil could be trapped stratigraphically as well as structurally.Stratigraphic traps are caused by variations in deposition, erosion, or diagenesis within the reservoir.Through the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth, oil exploration was based on the surface mapping of anticlines.Stratigraphic traps were found accidentally by serendipity or by subsurface mapping and extrapolation of data gathered from wells drilled-to test structural anomalies.Unconformities and disharmonic folding limited the depth to which surface mapping could be used to predict subsurface structure.The solution to this problem began to emerge in the mid-1920s, when seismic(refraction), gravity, and magnetic methods were all applied to petroleum exploration.Pure geological exploration methods advanced slowly but steadily during the first half of the twentieth century.One of the main applications to oil exploration was the development of micropaleontology.The classic biostratigraphic zones, which are based on macrofossils such as ammonites, could not be identified in the subsurface because.of the destructive effect of drilling.New zones had to be defined by microfossils, which were calibrated at the surface---with macrofossil zones.The study of modem sedimentary environments in the late 1950s and early 1960s, notably on Galveston Island(Texas), the Mississippi delta, the Bahama Bank, the Dutch Wadden Sea, and the Arabian Gulf gave new insights into ancient sedimentary facies and their interpretation.This insight provided improved prediction of the geometry and intemal porosity and permeability variation of reservoirs.The 1970s saw major advances on two fronts: geophysics and geochemistry.The advent of the computer resulted in a major quantum jump in seismic processing.Instead of seismologists poring painfully over a few bunched galvanometer traces, vast amounts of data could be displayed on continuous seismic sections.Reflecting horizons could be picked out in bright colors, first by geophysicists and later even by geologists.As techniques.improved, seismic lines became more and more like geological cross-sections, until stratigraphic and environmental concepts were directly applicable.In the 1980s increasing computing power led to the development of 3D seismic surveys that enabled seismic sections of the earth's crust to be displayed in any orientation, including horizontal.Thus it is now possible to image directly the geometry of many petroleum reservoirs.Similarly enhanced processing methods made it possible to detect directly the presence of oil and gas.These improvements went hand in hand with enhanced borehole logging.It is now possible to produce logs of the mineralogy, porosity, and pore fluids of boreholes, together with images of the geological strata that they penetrate.從圣經(jīng)里的諾亞時代到OPEC（石油輸出國組織）時代，石油地質(zhì)學(xué)家這一職業(yè)需要越來越多的技能，要求越來越高。早期石油都是人們滿懷熱情、樂觀和冒險精神，在鄉(xiāng)村信步游蕩時發(fā)現(xiàn)的。一個大型的美國公司（匿名）曾聘用了一位首席地質(zhì)學(xué)家，他的勘探哲學(xué)是在印第安人古墓上進行鉆探。另一個石油探尋者習(xí)慣于帶上一頂舊帽子，然后在草原上騎馬狂奔直至他的帽子掉落，并在他帽子落地的地方開始鉆井。據(jù)歷史記載，他是非常成功的（坎寧安一克雷格，1912）。“溪濱學(xué)”是最早的石油勘探工具之一，早期鉆井工程師逐漸明白在河流底部鉆井比山頂鉆井更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)石油。由亨特創(chuàng)立的(1861)石油捕集的背斜理論可以解釋這種現(xiàn)象。直至今日，背斜鉆探一直是最成功的石油勘探概念之一。

然而，經(jīng)驗很快證實，石油也能出現(xiàn)在偏離構(gòu)造的地方?？?1880)指出，賓夕法尼亞含油的海相韋南戈砂巖分布帶反映的不是構(gòu)造，而是古海岸線。因此，石油能賦存于地層圈閉和構(gòu)造圈閉的勘探概念誕生了。地層圈閉是由沉積、侵蝕或儲層內(nèi)部的成巖作用的變化形成的。19世紀末到20世紀初，石油勘探是以對背斜構(gòu)造的地面繪圖為依據(jù)。地層圈閉偶爾靠運氣發(fā)現(xiàn)，或是通過地下繪圖和對為檢驗構(gòu)造異常體而進行鉆井所得到的數(shù)據(jù)推斷而來。不整齊和不規(guī)則的褶皺作用限制了地表繪圖對地下構(gòu)造推斷的深度。20世紀20年代中期，當?shù)卣穑ǚ瓷洌⒅亓痛帕Ψ椒ǘ紤?yīng)用于石油勘探時，該問題才開始得以解決。

20世紀上半葉，純粹的地質(zhì)學(xué)勘探方法發(fā)展緩慢但穩(wěn)步前行，石油勘探的主要應(yīng)用之一是微體古生物學(xué)的發(fā)展。基于菊石等大化石的傳統(tǒng)生物地層帶不能夠在地表下鑒定，因為鉆井具有毀壞性作用。新的生物帶不得不由微體化石來確定，微體化石帶在地表由大化石帶校準。20世紀50年代末60年代初的現(xiàn)代沉積環(huán)境研究，特別是在加維斯頓島（德克薩斯州）、密西西比三角洲、巴哈馬堤岸、荷蘭瓦登海、阿拉伯灣的研究，為古沉積相及其解釋提供了新的見解。這種新視野提高了預(yù)測儲層幾何形狀、內(nèi)部孔隙度和滲透率變化的能力。

20世紀70年代，見證了兩個前沿領(lǐng)域——地球物理學(xué)和地球化學(xué)的主要發(fā)展。計算機的出現(xiàn)帶來了地震處理技術(shù)的巨大飛躍。地震學(xué)家不再對幾束檢波器記錄苦思冥想，大量數(shù)據(jù)可以顯示在連續(xù)的地震剖面上。地球物理學(xué)家首先將反射層位挑出來用鮮明的顏色標示，后來甚至地質(zhì)學(xué)家也能這么做。隨著技術(shù)的進步，地震測線變得越來越像地質(zhì)剖面，直至地層學(xué)概念和環(huán)境概念直接應(yīng)用于此。

20世紀80年代，計算機計算能力的提高促進了三維地震勘探技術(shù)的發(fā)展，這就使得地震剖面能夠從任意方位進行顯示，包括水平顯示。因此，現(xiàn)在可以對許多油藏的幾何形態(tài)直接成像。同樣增強了的處理方法使得直接探測油氣的存在成為可能。這些技術(shù)進步與先進的測并技術(shù)齊頭并進?，F(xiàn)今，可以測到礦物、孔隙度、井眼孔隙流體的測井曲線，以及鉆井所穿過地層的圖像。

UNIT 3 Exploration Methods勘探方法

In the early 1900s drillers finally realized that petroleum occurred in the tiny pore spaces in subsurface reservoir rocks and was concentrated in traps within the reservoir rocks.According to the so-called anticlinal theory, oil accumulates in large, upward folds formed in reservoir rocks.Anticlines are often identified by the pattern ofrock layers cropping out onto the surface of the ground.In the early 1900s oil and gas were found by mapping and drilling anticlines and domes identified at the ground's surface.Geophysicists use three methods of oil exploration: magnetic, gravity, and seismic exploration.In magnetic exploration a magnetometer is used to determine the strength of the Earth's magnetic field at a specific point on the Earth's surface.In gravity exploration a gravity meter, or gravimeter, is used to determine the strength of the Earth's gravity at a location.The magnetometer and gravity meter are used to locate hidden, subsurface petroleum traps.In seismic exploration sound is transmitted into the ground by an explosive, such as dynamite, or by a thumper truck.As the sound passes into the subsurface, it is reflected off by subsurface rock layers and returns to the surface as echoes.The echoes are detected and recorded at the surface with microphones.The recordings are processed to form a picture of subsurface rock layers.Seismic exploration also works well in the ocean.Computers are used to enhance the subsurface picture formed from sound waves.十九世紀初，鉆探家最終認識到石油存在于地下儲集巖的微小孔隙中，并且聚集在儲集巖的圈閉中。根據(jù)所謂的背斜理論，石油聚集在儲集巖石中形成的大型上隆褶皺中。背斜構(gòu)造通常可根據(jù)出露地面的巖層產(chǎn)狀來識別。十九世紀初，油氣就是通過對地表上識別的背斜和穹窿構(gòu)造的繪圖和鉆探而發(fā)現(xiàn)的。

地球物理學(xué)家通過三種方法進行石油勘探：磁力、重力和地震勘探。在磁力勘探中，用磁力儀測定地球表面某一點的地球磁場強度。在重力勘探中，用重力測定儀或重力計測定某一點的地球重力場強度。磁力計和重力計用來確定地下隱藏的石油圈閉的位置。在地震勘探中，通過用爆炸物（如甘油炸藥或重錘車）將聲波傳入地下。當聲波向地下傳播時，被地下的巖層反射回地面，稱為反射波。反射波在地面可用檢波器進行檢測和記錄，這些記錄經(jīng)過處理可以形成地下巖層的圖像。地震勘探在海洋中也很有效。計算機可用來提高聲波形成的地下圖像的質(zhì)量。

4、Relationship of Petroleum Geology to Petroleum Exploration and Production石油地質(zhì)學(xué)和石油勘探、開發(fā)之間的關(guān)系

Geologists, in contrast to some nongeologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthermore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonymous, which they are not.Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted.If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted, then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search.In 1982 a successful oil finder from Texas, admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them, all it did was increase their costs per barrel of oil found.The South African state oil company(SOEKOR)was under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to test every claim to an oil-finding method, be it dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique.These examples are not isolated cases, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the application of scientific pnnciples.Petroleum geology is only one aspect of petroleum exploration and production.Leaving aside atypical enterprises, petroleum exploration now involves integrated teams of people possessing a wide range of professional skills.These skills include political and social expertise, which is involved in the acquisition of prospective acreage.Geophysical surveying is involved in preparing the initial data on which leasing and, later, drilling recommendations are based.Geological concepts are applied to the interpretation of the geophysical data once they have been acquired and processed.As soon as an oil well has been drilled, the engineering aspects of the discovery need appraisal.Petroleum engineering is concerned with establishing the reserves of a field, the distribution of petroleum within the reservoir, and the most effective way of producing it.Thus petroleum geology lies within a continuum of disciplines, beginning with geophysics and ending with petroleum engineering, but overlapping both in time and subject matter.與非地質(zhì)學(xué)家相比，地質(zhì)學(xué)家相信地質(zhì)學(xué)的概念知識能夠幫助尋找石油，并且通常認為石油地質(zhì)學(xué)和石油勘探是同義詞，盡管它們不是同義的。關(guān)于石油不是由沉積物中的有機質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化而來的理論已經(jīng)引起了人們的注意。如果石油地質(zhì)學(xué)家關(guān)于石油生成和運移的觀點沒有被接受，那么現(xiàn)行的石油勘探方法將需要進行大幅度的調(diào)整。

一些石油勘探家仍不承認他們需要地質(zhì)學(xué)家的幫助進行石油勘探。1982年，一位德克薩斯州成功的石油勘探者聲稱不需要地質(zhì)學(xué)家，因為當他的競爭對手在雇用了地質(zhì)學(xué)家之后，結(jié)果只是增加了每桶原油的發(fā)現(xiàn)成本。南非國家石油公司在國家政府法律的強行規(guī)定下，對每種發(fā)現(xiàn)石油的方法必須進行驗證，以便確認它們是找礦方法還是復(fù)雜的科學(xué)技術(shù)。這些例子都不是孤立的情況，人們一直在爭論，使用隨機鉆井可能比采用科學(xué)原理更好地找到石油。

石油地質(zhì)學(xué)只是石油勘探和生產(chǎn)的一個方面。除去非典型的公司，現(xiàn)今的石油勘探需要掌握廣泛專業(yè)技能的人員組成的綜合團隊。這些技能包括政治和社會知識，以便用于遠景區(qū)塊的并購。地球物理勘探為區(qū)塊租賃以及后來的鉆井建議提供原始數(shù)據(jù)。地質(zhì)學(xué)概念應(yīng)用于解釋已采集的和處理的地球物理資料。一旦油井完鉆，即需要對油氣發(fā)現(xiàn)進行工程方面的評價。石油工程要考慮油田的儲量，油藏中油氣分布以及最有效的生產(chǎn)方式。因此，石油地質(zhì)學(xué)位于一個連續(xù)的學(xué)科體系中，始于地球物理學(xué)、止于石油工程，但是在時間和主題上有交叉。

5、Geophysical Methods of Exploration地球物理勘探方法

Petroleum exploration and production are largely concerned with the geological interpretation of geophysical data, especially in offshore areas.Petroleum geologists need to be well acquainted with the methods of geophysics.For many years a large communication barrier existed in many oil companies between the two groups, which were usually organized in different departments.This separation has now largely disappeared, as a new breed of petroleum geoscientist appears--– half geologist and half geophysicist.Unfortunately, a new division has developed within the geophysical world between the mathematicians, physicists, and computer programmers(who acquire and process geophysical data)and those who use geological concepts to interpret this information.The following account of geophysical methods of petroleum exploration has two objectives.It seeks to explain the basic principles and to illustrate the wonders of modem geophysical display.What it does not pretend to do, however, is explain the arcane mathematics(神秘的數(shù)學(xué))and statistical gymnastics(統(tǒng)計學(xué)的技巧)that are used to get from first principles to the finished brightly colored geophysical image(色彩鮮明的地球物理圖像).This account is probably sufficient for petroleum reservoir engineers seeking to know the origins of the maps by which fields are found and reserves assessed.For petroleum geologists, however, it is only an introduction and will be followed by courses in geophysics in general and in seismic interpretation in particular.Three main geophysical methods are used in petroleum exploration: magnetic, gravity, and seismic.The first two of these methods are used only in the predrilling exploration phase.Seismic surveying is used in both exploration and development phases and is by far the most important of the three methods.石油勘探和生產(chǎn)很大程度上與地球物理資料的地質(zhì)解釋密切相關(guān)，特別是在海上區(qū)域。石油地質(zhì)學(xué)家需要非常熟悉地球物理學(xué)方法。多年來，在很多石油公司，通常隸屬不同部門的地質(zhì)和地球物理兩個小組之間存在很大的交流障礙。而今，隨著石油地球科學(xué)家這一新的群體的出現(xiàn)，他們既是半個地質(zhì)學(xué)家，又是半個地球物理學(xué)家，原有的兩派分化現(xiàn)象在很大程度上已經(jīng)消失。令人遺憾的是，在地球物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域，數(shù)學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家及計算機程序員（采集和處理地球物理資料）和那些應(yīng)用地質(zhì)學(xué)概念解釋這些信息的人員之間又出現(xiàn)了新的分化。

以下所述的石油勘探的地球物理方法有兩個目的。一是尋求解釋基本現(xiàn)象，二是展示現(xiàn)代地球物理學(xué)的技術(shù)奇跡。但它并不解釋從基本現(xiàn)象到最終色彩鮮明的地球物理圖像中所運用的神秘的數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計學(xué)技巧。該描述可能足以幫助油藏工程師了解發(fā)現(xiàn)油田及進行儲量評估所用的圖件。但是，對于石油地質(zhì)學(xué)家而言，這只是個基礎(chǔ)，還要接著學(xué)習(xí)一般的地球物理學(xué)的課程，尤其是地震解釋的課程。石油勘探中的三種主要的地球物理學(xué)方法是磁力勘探、重力勘探和地震勘探。前兩種方法僅用于鉆井之前的勘探階段。地震勘探用于勘探和開發(fā)兩個階段，是目前這三種方法中最重要的方法。

6、Shale Gas頁巖氣

Shale gas production, which had continued steadily since 1821, underwent renaissance during the energy crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s and continues to increase.U.S.shale gas production has accelerated from 195 Bcf(billion cubic feet)in 1992 to 300 Bcf in 1995.Extensive research has been undertaken in the exploration for and production of shale gas.It is now known that the regional distribution of shale gas is controlled by the quantity, quality, and level of the maturation of organic matter in the shale formations.Local concentrations of shale gas occur either in siltstone strata or in fracture systems.Siltstone beds commonly occur in the syndepositionallows that are carefully avoided in conventional petroleum exploration.Fracture systems may be best developed where strata are stretched over the crest of anticlines, but they also occur along regional fault and basin hinge-line trends.These can be located by remote sensing and by seismic surveys.Conventional seismic surveys are inappropriate to locate low velocity gas-charged shale zones.Specific methods of shooting and processing seismic data have now been developed.Conventional drilling with a mud-filled hole will seldom locate shale gas.The weight of the mud forces the gas away from the well bore.Such gas as may escape into the drilling mud is recorded as “background gas”, with little thought that it may be commercial.Shale gas is found by air drilling.Production is only established after specialized well stimulation techniques have been applied.自1821年起穩(wěn)步增長的頁巖氣生產(chǎn)，在20世紀70年代末和80年代初的能源危機時期經(jīng)歷了一次復(fù)興，并繼續(xù)增長。美國頁巖氣生產(chǎn)由1992年的195Bcf(十億立方英尺)，增加到1995年的300Bcf。

在頁巖氣勘探和生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)開展了廣泛的研究。現(xiàn)在已知頁巖氣的區(qū)域分布是由頁巖層中有機質(zhì)的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和成熟度水平來控制的。頁巖氣在粉砂巖地層或裂縫系統(tǒng)中局部聚集。粉砂巖地層通常出現(xiàn)在同沉積期的低洼地帶，而常規(guī)油氣勘探會特意避開這些地方。

裂縫系統(tǒng)最有可能發(fā)育在背斜脊部地層拉張的地方，但是沿著區(qū)域斷層和盆地樞紐線走向也有可能發(fā)育。可以通過遙感和地震勘探來確定這些裂縫的位置。常規(guī)的地震勘探不適用于確定低速含氣頁巖區(qū)域。特定的激發(fā)和地震資料的處理方法現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來了。

因為泥漿的重量會迫使頁巖氣遠離井筒，所以傳統(tǒng)的泥漿鉆井方法很難找到頁巖氣。這些頁巖氣可能逃逸到鉆井泥漿里而被記錄為“背景氣體”，沒有人想到這些氣體會有商業(yè)價值。頁巖氣是由空氣鉆井發(fā)現(xiàn)的。只有應(yīng)用了特殊的油井增產(chǎn)技術(shù)，才能進行頁巖氣生產(chǎn)。

7、Petroleum System含油氣系統(tǒng) A petroleum system is defined as a natural system that encompasses a pod of active source rock and all related oil and gas and which includes all the geologic elements and processes that are essential if a hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist.This once-active source rock may now be inactive or depleted.Petroleum here includes high concentrations of(1)thermal or biogenic gas found in conventional reservoirs or in gas hydrate, tight reservoirs, fractured shale, and coal;or(2)condensates, crude oils, and asphalts found in nature.The term system describes the interdependent elements and processes that form the functional unit that creates hydrocarbon accumulations.The essential elements include a petroleum source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock, and overburden rock, and the processes are trap fonnation and the generation-migration-accumulation of petroleum.The functions of the first three essential elements are obvious, however, the function of the overburden rock is subtler because, in addition to providing the overburden necessary to thermally mature the source rock, it can also have considerable impact on the geometry of the underlying migration path and trap.These essential elements and processes must occur in time and space so that organic matter included in a source rock can be converted to a petroleum accumulation.A petroleum system exists wherever the essential elements and processes occur.含油氣系統(tǒng)可以定義為一個天然系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)包括一套有效烴源巖和與之相關(guān)的所有石油和天然氣，以及油氣藏存在所必需的所有地質(zhì)要素和地質(zhì)作用。這一套曾經(jīng)有效的烴源巖目前可能已不再有效或已排烴殆盡。這里的“油氣”包括高濃度的：(1)在常規(guī)儲集層、天然氣水合物、致密儲集層、裂縫性頁巖和煤層中發(fā)現(xiàn)的熱成因或生物成因氣；(2)在自然界發(fā)現(xiàn)的凝析油、原油和瀝青。“系統(tǒng)”一詞指油氣成藏的功能單元形成所需的相互依存的地質(zhì)要素和地質(zhì)作用。

“基本要素”包括烴源巖、儲集層、蓋層和上覆巖系?！暗刭|(zhì)作用”包括圈閉的形成和油氣的生成一運移一聚集。前三種基本要素的作用是顯而易見的，但上覆巖系的作用比較難以捉摸，它不僅提供烴源巖熱成熟必須的上覆條件，而且還對其下伏的運移通道和圈閉的幾何形態(tài)產(chǎn)生很大的影響。這些基本要素和地質(zhì)作用必須發(fā)生在一定的時間和空間，從而使烴源巖中的有機質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為油氣藏。含油氣系統(tǒng)存在于具備這些基本要素和地質(zhì)作用發(fā)生的地方。

8、Offshore Development海上開發(fā)

Onshore development wells are drilled on various types of geometric arrangement at spacings determined by the permeability of the reservoir and of drainage anticipated for each well.Offshore, however, this procedure is not feasible.Various types of production facilities are now used.These include floating buoys, ships, floating production platforms, and fixed production platforms.Fixed platforms have been used for water depths of up to some 450 m;below that floating production facilities are used.Petroleum production has already been achieved from 890m of water, and production systems are planned for water depths of 1650m in the Mensa field of the Gulf of Mexico.Offshore petroleum production requires the ability to drill a multitude of wells that radiate out from a single platform.In the old days wells could be deviated from vertical by dropping a steel wedge or “whipstock” down the borehole.Nowadays with motorized drill bits and sophisticated navigation systems it is possible to steer a well in any orientation that is required.Though this technology was largely developed to facilitate drilling many wells off a single offshore platform, it has now been reintroduced onshore and applied to drilling horizontal wells.Such wells can be drilled to penetrate individual channel reservoir sands or to cross-cut fault systems that may serve as natural conduits for petroleum production.Horizontal drilling has been widely applied, for example, to the Austin Chalk of Texas, where petroleum is produced from fault-related fracture systems in a rock that has porosity, but normally lacks permeability.陸上開發(fā)井是按照各種不同類型的幾何布局進行鉆井的，井間距離取決于油藏的滲透率和每口井預(yù)期的泄油半徑。然而，這個過程在海上不可行。目前海上使用不同類型的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，包括浮標、輪船、浮式采油平臺和固定式采油平臺。固定式生產(chǎn)平臺用于水深約450米以內(nèi)的區(qū)域，更深水域使用浮式生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。目前在水深達890米的地方已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了原油生產(chǎn)，在墨西哥灣的Mensa油田，已經(jīng)計劃實施水深1650米的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。

海上石油生產(chǎn)需要具備在一個平臺向四周鉆多口井的能力。以前可以通過向井眼里放入一個鋼楔或者“造斜器”的方法來造斜?，F(xiàn)在使用電動鉆頭和先進的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)”可以按照要求控制鉆井的任意走向。盡管這種技術(shù)在很大程度上是為了達到在一個海上平臺上鉆探多口井的目的，現(xiàn)在它卻被重新引入陸上應(yīng)用于水平鉆井。水平井鉆井可以穿透單個河道儲集砂體，或可以穿越與斷層相關(guān)的層面使之成為石油生產(chǎn)的天然渠道。水平井鉆井已經(jīng)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，如德克薩斯州的奧斯丁白堊層，這種巖石多孔隙但滲透率較低，水平鉆井使得石油從與斷層相關(guān)的裂縫系統(tǒng)中生產(chǎn)出來

9、Pressure of the Reservoir油藏的壓力

For oil to move through the pores of the reservoir rock and out into the bottom of a well, the pressure under which the oil exists in the reservoir must be greater than the pressure at the bottom of the well.As long as this difference in pressure can be maintained, the oil with its associated dissolved gas will continue to flow into the well bore.Some free gas or water may flow into the well with the oil and these additional fluids tend to reduce the amount of oil produced by well.The rate at which the oil will move through the rock towards the well will depend on the reservoir pressure, the pressure at the bottom of the well, the permeability of the rock and the viscosity of the oil.The greater part of the flow will take place through the zones of highest permeability as these offer the path ofleast resistance into the well.This is most marked in a fractured reservoir where the fractures will carry almost the entire flow into the well, while the oil in the matrix continues to replenish the fractures.As oil is removed from the rock, the pressure of the reservoir will decrease, and consequently the rate of production will tend to decline unless the pressure is sustained by a natural water drive.The rate at which the pressure decreases will affect the total amount of oil which can be moved from the reservoir in a given period of time.油藏中原油的壓力必須大于井底壓力，原油才能流經(jīng)儲層巖石中的孔隙進入井底。只要維持這種壓力差，原油及其伴生的溶解氣就會源源不斷地流入井筒。一部分游離氣或水可能會隨石油一起流入井筒。這些伴生流體的產(chǎn)出常常會減少井的產(chǎn)油量。石油通過巖石流向井筒的速度取決于油藏壓力、井底壓力、巖石的滲透率和原油的粘度。大部分石油將通過滲透率最高的層段流動，因為這些層段提供了流入井筒阻力最小的通道。這種情況在裂縫性儲層中最為顯著。幾乎所有流體都通過裂縫流入井筒。同時，儲層孔隙中的原油持續(xù)不斷地補充到這些裂縫中。

隨著石油的開采，油藏的壓力就會降低，如果沒有天然水驅(qū)來維持壓力，石油的產(chǎn)量就會降低。壓力下降的速度會影響一定時間內(nèi)從油藏中采出的原油總量。

10、Oil Extraction采油

In most cases-the reservoir has sufficient pressure for oil or gas to flow to the surface.In this situation casing is generally run below the producing zone, and perforations are shot through it by explosive charges opposite the hydrocarbon pay interval.Steel tubing is hung from the well head to the producing zone, and the annulus between tubing and casing sealed off with a packer.The productivity of many wells may be stimulated, either initially or worked over later during their life.Typical stimulation techniques involve fracturing the formation, generally by high-pressure pumping of metallic or plastic shrapnel into fractures to wedge them open.For a finale, hydrochloric or some other acid may then be injected to enlarge the fractures and hence increase permeability and productivity.These techniques are largely, but not exclusively, applied to carbonate reservoirs.At the well head a system ofvalves, termed the Christmas tree, is installed from which a flowline leads to a tank in which produced oil and gas are separated at atmospheric pressure.If the reservoir pressure is too low for oil to flow to the surface, a pumping device is used: either a nodding donkey at the well head, or a downhole pump installation.A diesel or electrically powered beam engine raises and lowers a connected string of sucker rods, which are connected to a piston at the base of the borehole.Altematively, an electrically driven centrifugal pump may be installed at the bottom of the hole.在大多數(shù)情況下，油藏有足夠的壓力，可以使石油和天然氣流出地面。在這種情況下，套管通常安裝到生產(chǎn)層之下，在生產(chǎn)層對應(yīng)的位置用射孔彈將套管射穿。油管懸掛在井口和生產(chǎn)層之間，油管和套管之間的環(huán)形空間被封隔器所密封。許多油井都采取了增產(chǎn)措施，可以在生產(chǎn)剛開始的時候，也可以在稍后的時候。典型的增產(chǎn)措施包括地層造縫，通常通過高壓噴出金屬性或塑性的物體使之炸開。最后，將鹽酸或者其它酸液注入，以便擴大裂縫，從而提高滲透率和生產(chǎn)能力。這些技術(shù)主要應(yīng)用于碳酸鹽巖油藏，但并不局限于這類油藏。

在井口裝有一整套閥門，它被稱作采油樹，連著它的一根出油管將油導(dǎo)入一個油罐，采出來的石油和天然氣在那里進行常壓下分離。

如果油藏的壓力太低，不能使石油流出地面，就需要安裝一個抽吸裝置：井口的抽油機或者井下泵。柴油或者電力驅(qū)動的游梁舉起和放下抽油桿，抽油桿另一端與井筒內(nèi)的活塞相連?；蛘咭部梢栽诰追乓粋€電動的離心泵。

11、Artificial Lift and Enhanced Recovery人工舉升和提高采收率

Not all fields produce by natural drive mechanisms, and even these natural drive mechanisms do not recover all the oil.Artificial methods are used to produce oil from fields lacking natural drive, and enhanced recovery methods increase the recoverable reserves.A well will flow oil to the surface if the static pressure at the bottom of the well exceeds the pressure of the column of mud and the frictional effect of the borehole.In many shallow fields with low reservoir pressure and in depleted fields, the wells do not flow spontaneously.In such instances the oil is pumped to the surface using the nodding donkey or bottom hole pumps.Once a field becomes depleted, it may be abandoned or subjected to a secondary recovery program to step up production.In due course even a tertiary recovery program may be initiated.Today the practice is to initiate an enhanced recovery program when a field first goes on stream.There are many enhanced recovery techniques.Some of the methods are briefly discussed as follows.One of the main objectives of enhanced recovery is to maintain or reestablish the original reservoir pressure.This objective can be accomplished in one of several ways.Gas may be injected, either petroleum gas from the same or adjacent field or naturally occurring or industrially manufactured inert gases, such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen.Alternatively, liquids may be injected;these liquids may be seawater or connate waters from adjacent strata.Careful chemical analysis and treatment of injected waters is essential to prevent and monitor unwanted chemical changes taking place within the reservoir.Some waters damage permeability by precipitating salts in pore spaces and causing clays to swell.Seawater must be treated to destroy bacteria, since they degrade oil and increase its viscosity.More elaborate enhanced recovery methods involve the injection of detergents(micellar floods)to emulsify heavy oil and move it to the surface.Electric radiators have been used to mobilize oil from shales and from conventional petroleum reservoirs.并不是所有的油田都能依靠天然驅(qū)動機理進行生產(chǎn)，而且即便采用了天然驅(qū)動機理，也不能采出所有的石油。人工舉升方法用于天然驅(qū)動不足的油田中采油。提高采收率的方法可以增加可采儲量。

如果井底的靜態(tài)壓力大于泥漿柱壓力和井眼的摩阻，油井內(nèi)的原油就會流到地面。但在許多油藏壓力低的淺層油田和枯竭油田，油井不能自動流出原油。在這種情況下，原油是用抽油機或者井底抽油泵抽到地面的。

一旦油田枯竭了，要么報廢該油田，要么進行二次采油來提高產(chǎn)量。在適當?shù)臅r候，甚至還要實施三次采油?，F(xiàn)在的做法是，在油田剛開始投入生產(chǎn)時就采用提高采收率措施。提高采收率技術(shù)有很多，以下簡要討論其中一些方法。

提高采收率的主要目標之一是保持或者重新恢復(fù)原始油藏壓力。這個目標可以通過好幾種方式來實現(xiàn)?？梢宰⑷霘怏w，要么注入來自相同或相鄰油田的石油天然氣，要么注入天然或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的惰性氣體，例如二氧化碳或氮氣。另一種方式是注入液體，這些液體可以是海水或相鄰地層中的原生水。對注入水進行仔細的化學(xué)分析和處理對于預(yù)防和監(jiān)控油藏內(nèi)發(fā)生不必要的化學(xué)反應(yīng)是非常重要的。一些水因為會在孔隙空間內(nèi)沉淀鹽以及造成粘土礦物的膨脹而破壞滲透率。因為細菌會降解原油而增加其粘度，海水必須經(jīng)過處理殺死細菌。更復(fù)雜的提高采收率的方法包括注入乳化劑（膠束驅(qū)油）使重油乳化，然后采出。電熱輻射已經(jīng)被用來驅(qū)動頁巖和常規(guī)油層中的原油。

12、Reservoir Simulation of Incised Valley Fill深切谷充填的油藏模擬

The principal aim of reservoir simulation at outcrop is to quantify the impact that lithological heterogeneity on a scale of one to hundreds of meters has on the production ofhydrocarbons from incised valley fill reservoirs.Excellent exposure of an incised valley fill unit in the Kaiparowits Plateau region of southem Utah has enabled high-resolution interpretations of the lithofacies distributions to be adapted as two-dimensional flow simulations.The outcrop section through incised valley fill strata is oriented approximately perpendicular to paleoflow and is above the A sandstone sequence boundary within the Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation.The lithofacies, identified as shale, heterolithics, and sand bodies with bounding surfaces, give rise to heterogeneity, predominantly in the vertical direction.The direction of least variability is horizontal and parallel to the paleocurrent.Petrophysical properties of the lithofacies have been varied by altering the flow properties, thus generating different scenarios and realizations for comparison.This allows the impact of each rock type on the fluid-flow simulation to be quantified.Our simulation results indicate that for linear drive, where horizontal flow is induced by an injector-producer pair, the distributions of zero-and low-permeability shale and heterolithic bodies only affect flow significantly if sand body properties vary significantly.For vertical flow, however, these lithological units strongly affect the flow because of their effects on flow-path tortuousity.The simulations show that horizontal well placement, parallel to the paleocurrent(i.e., in the direction of least variability), offers the best sweep efficiency, although the well location must be optimized.根據(jù)露頭區(qū)進行油藏模擬研究的主要目的是量化1米至數(shù)百米尺度的巖性非均質(zhì)性對深切谷充填油藏油氣產(chǎn)量的影響。猶他州南部Kaiparowits高原地區(qū)的深切谷充填單元出露完好，這使高分辨率的巖相分布解釋成果能應(yīng)用于二維流體流動模擬。穿過深切谷充填地層的露頭剖面大致與古水流方向垂直，并位于白堊紀直崖組地層內(nèi)的A砂巖層序邊界之上。其巖相為泥巖、異粒巖和帶邊界面的砂體，主要在垂直方向產(chǎn)生非均質(zhì)性。變化最小的方向是與古水流平行的水平方向。

通過改變流體特性可以改變巖相的巖石物理特征，因此生成不同的模擬情景來進行對比。這樣，可以將每種巖性對流體流動模擬的影響進行量化。我們的模擬結(jié)果表明，對于線性驅(qū)動，其水平流動是由注入井——采油井的井組引起的，零滲透率和低滲透率的泥巖以及異粒巖體的分布僅僅在砂體特性變化明顯的情況下對流體流動產(chǎn)生顯著影響。但是，對于垂直流動，由于這些巖性單元對流動路徑彎曲度的影響，其對流體流動的影響很大。模擬表明，盡管井的位置必須進行優(yōu)化，但與古水流平行（即巖相變化最小的方向）進行水平井的布署能夠獲得最佳的驅(qū)油效率。

13、Outline of Natural Gas Gathering and Transmission天然氣集輸概述

Gathering and transrmssion of natural gas is an important production course at well sites.Gathering of gases is referred to be the course from well heads to the gathering station through the pipelines.By the rough treatment, natural gas can be transmitted to the inlet of purification station, this course is called the transmission or transportation(not including the transmission of pure commercial gases after purification).Pipelines used to transmit natural gas from well head to gathering station and purification station are called gathering pipe network, which connected to all the gas wells to provide the passages for gathering and pre-treatment of natural gases.All the pipelines are closed to keep the gases flowing continuously.The pattem of pipeline basically includes three types: radial, branch and loop-shape pattems, they are combined sometimes.If there were two or more gas reservoirs need to be developed at the same time, several sets ofpipe networks would be put according to the quality and pressure of natural gases.The pressure kept inside the pipelines can be determined by formation pressure, technology of gas-liquid separation and pressure requirement of transmission system.In some gas fields that contain H2S, the pipe networks need to be constructed with low carbon steel pipe or sulfide resistant low-alloy steel pipes, to prevent the stress corrosion caused by sulfide.Stations for gathering and pre-treatment of natural gas are the specific sites, including gathering station(single well station included), dehydration station, pressure-adjusting and metering station, distribution station, booster station, storage station, valves room, pipe cleaner station and cathode protection station, etc.The patterns, numbers, spots of stations and equipment are determined by the quality of natural gas, gas well locations and pre-treatment techniques.在井場進行天然氣集輸是非常重要的生產(chǎn)過程。集氣是指天然氣從井口通過管網(wǎng)到達集氣站的過程。預(yù)處理后將天然氣輸送到凈化站入口，這個過程稱為天然氣的傳輸或運輸（不包括凈化處理后純凈商業(yè)天然氣的輸送）。

用于把天然氣從井口傳輸?shù)郊瘹庹竞蛢艋镜墓艿婪Q為集氣管網(wǎng)，它連接所有產(chǎn)氣井，為天然氣集氣和預(yù)處理提供通道。所有的管網(wǎng)都是密閉的，以使天然氣保持持續(xù)流動。管網(wǎng)布局的基本樣式包括放射狀、枝狀和環(huán)狀三種，有時也組合使用。如果有兩個或更多氣藏需要同時開采，應(yīng)根據(jù)天然氣的品質(zhì)和壓力設(shè)置幾套管網(wǎng)。管網(wǎng)內(nèi)的壓力可由地層壓力、氣液分離工藝和輸氣系統(tǒng)的壓力要求來確定。在有些含硫化氫氣田，管網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)要用低碳鋼管或抗硫低合金鋼管來建造，以防止硫化物造成應(yīng)力腐蝕。

天然氣采集和預(yù)處理廠站包括集氣站（含單井站）、脫水站、調(diào)壓計量站、分輸站、增壓站、儲配站、閥室、清管站和陰極保護站等。廠站的樣式、數(shù)量、布點、設(shè)備配置由天然氣的品質(zhì)、氣井位置和預(yù)處理工藝來確定。

14、H2S and Hydrocarbon Monitors H2S和油氣監(jiān)測 Safety equipment in the gas purification plant consists of pressure relief devices, continuous H2S monitors, personal H2S monitors, continuous hydrocarbon monitors, fire hydrants, fire monitors, fire extinguishers, self contained breathing apparatus, utility stations and safety showers.Continuous H2S monitors are installed in throughout the plant.The exact location of these monitors will be determined during detailed engineering.The monitors need to be located near potential leak sources of H2S where the concentrations of H2S could be at toxic levels.This includes nearly all equipment and piping within the sulfur recovery complex.Monitors are to be located approximately 0.4 meters above ground or platforms since H2S is heavier than air.The monitors should be wired back to the DCS and to horns and beacons in the units.Beacons are typically located near normal access points to the unit.H2S monitors are required at all elevations where personnel may routinely be required for normal operation monitoring.In addition to the permanent area H2S monitors, personnel working in the plant should carry H2S monitors at all times during normal plant operation.These portable monitors are necessary because the area H2S monitors can not safely monitor all areas ofthe plantat all elevations.Continuous hydrocarbon monitors are also installed.The monitors need to be located near potential leak sources of hydrocarbons.Fire hydrants, monitors and extinguishers should be strategically located throughout the plant.The location of this equipment should be based on fire fighting plans and practices.Self contained breathing apparatus(SCBA)should be strategically located throughout the plant.The exact location of the SCBAs will be determined during detailed engineering.The SCBAs are used when responding to toxic gas leaks.SCBAs are typically located at the main entrances to the units.This location is required so that operators can put the SCBAs on before entering the units to rescue downed personnel or isolate leaking equipment or pipe Utility stations should be located throughout the plant.Utility stations include connections for low pressure steam, nitrogen, plant air and service water.The steam connections can be used for steam lances.天然氣凈化廠的安全設(shè)備包括泄壓裝置、H2S連續(xù)監(jiān)測儀、個人H2S監(jiān)測儀、油氣連續(xù)監(jiān)測儀、消防栓、防火探測器、滅火器、自給式呼吸器、公用工程站及安全淋浴器。

整個天然氣凈化廠到處都安裝有H2S連續(xù)監(jiān)測儀。這些監(jiān)測儀的確切安裝位置在具體工程施工中確定。這些監(jiān)測儀需安裝在H2S濃度可能達到有毒級別的H2S泄漏源附近。幾乎包括硫回收裝置的所有設(shè)備和管線。因為H2S比空氣重，所以監(jiān)測儀安裝在大約高于平臺或地面0.4m的位置。應(yīng)將監(jiān)測器用電線連回到設(shè)備中的數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)、報警器和信號燈上。信號燈通常安裝在通往設(shè)備的常經(jīng)之路上。H2S監(jiān)測儀要求安裝在員工通常進行正常操作檢查作業(yè)時要到達的所有高度的地方。

除了這些H2S固定的監(jiān)測儀外，在廠區(qū)工作的職工在正常生產(chǎn)期間必須一直攜帶個人H2S監(jiān)測儀。這些便攜式監(jiān)測儀是必要的，因為固定H2S監(jiān)測儀不能監(jiān)測工廠內(nèi)所有高度上的各個區(qū)域。

油氣連續(xù)監(jiān)測儀也要安裝。檢測儀須安裝在可能的油氣泄漏源附近。

整個工廠內(nèi)應(yīng)有策略地放置消防栓、監(jiān)控器和滅火器。這些設(shè)備的位置應(yīng)根據(jù)消防計劃和演習(xí)的情況而定。

整個工廠內(nèi)還應(yīng)有策略地放置自給式空氣呼吸器(SCBA)。這些呼吸器的確切安裝位置將在詳細工程施工中確定。呼吸器在毒氣泄漏時可以用到。自給式空氣呼吸器通常放置在裝置的主要入口處。要求將呼吸器放在這里，以便操作人員在進入裝置區(qū)營救暈倒的員工或者隔離泄漏設(shè)備和管線前就可以佩戴上呼吸器。

整個工廠都應(yīng)有公用工程站，包括連接低壓蒸汽、氮氣、廠用空氣和工廠用水的管線。蒸汽管線可以用于蒸汽吹掃。

15、Intelligent Well智能井 The term intelligent well generally refers to the migration down hole of fundamental process control.Today's intelligent well systems are real-time production and injection management networks that provide in well monitoring, data assessment and action in the form of remote flow control.Intelligent well systems acquire date parameters from advanced in well sensors and allow the operator to change flow characteristics without need for well intervention.The closer measurements are made to the zone of interest, the greater their resolution and ultimate value.Thus, in-well permanent sensors also contribute to a better understanding of specific production and/or injection zones, and near-and inter-well reservoir characteristics.Most intelligent systems well are paying out in less than six months.This quick payback adds value beyond the cost of intervention, as production and reservoir personnel now apply the system to manage the asset.Intelligent well systems now deliver real-time buildup and draw down profiles on demand.Injection programs can be evaluated quickly to determine whether they deliver modeled rates.In many cases, reservoir structures, specifically sealing faults, have been confirmed by intelligent well systems data parameters.The ability to isolate specific zones within an asset, pressure up the well and establish whether there is any communication to surrounding zones has tremendous benefit.智能井通常指將基本的過程控制移到井下進行。當今的智能井系統(tǒng)是一個實時注采管理網(wǎng)絡(luò)，能提供井內(nèi)監(jiān)測、數(shù)據(jù)評價及流量遙控作業(yè)的功能。智能井系統(tǒng)通過先進的井內(nèi)傳感器獲得數(shù)據(jù)，操作者無需進行井的作業(yè)便能改變流動特性。測量點離目標層越近，其分辨率越高，最終價值越大。這樣，井內(nèi)的永久性傳感器還有助于更好地了解特定產(chǎn)層和／或注水層以及鄰井和井間油藏的特征。

大多數(shù)智能井系統(tǒng)的成本不到6個月就可以收回?？焖俚某杀净厥账黾拥膬r值超過了進行井的作業(yè)所需的成本，所以現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)和油藏管理人員使用智能井系統(tǒng)進行資產(chǎn)管理。如今智能井系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)需要提供實時壓力恢復(fù)和壓降曲線，快速完成注入方案評價，從而確定它們是否與模擬的速率一致。在許多情況下，智能井系統(tǒng)獲取的數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)可以確定油藏構(gòu)造，尤其是封堵性斷層。智能井系統(tǒng)具備分隔開特定的產(chǎn)層、提高油井壓力和確定是否與周圍產(chǎn)層連通等方面的功能，對油氣生產(chǎn)大有益處。Target constraints of air drilling空氣鉆井目的層的限制

The types of lithologies that can be drilled with air are limited, with older, consolidated rocks the most applicable to air drilling.Some of these hard rock formations do not need the pressure forces of fluid to support the borehole wall.Less consolidated formations are not well-suited to air drilling because they may have a tendency to slough.The amount of water that can be accommodated in an air-drilled hole is limited because too little can lead to sticking and too much can negate the benefits of air drilling.With the lack of a cost-effective steerable system, thin reservoirs cannot be drilled efficiently with air.A target thickness of 50 ft is a minimum when using rotary assemblies because the build and drop tendencies of rotary-hold assemblies are

。difficult to maintain below 0.25/100 ft.In thin targets, too many motor-correction runs would be required to make air drilling beneficial.Air drilling horizontal wells can be a beneficial altemative for certain applications.The operator must be aware of the limitations and advantages of air drilling to optimize its drilling operations.Many standard practices used in air-drilling vertical holes have to be modified continuously as the hole angle increases to horizontal.As with any horizontal drilling operation, careful planning is one of the keys to a successful well.能采用空氣鉆井的巖性類型是有限的，最適合用空氣鉆井的是較老的固結(jié)的巖石。這些硬的巖層有些不需要液體壓力來支撐井壁。而固結(jié)較差的地層不太適合用空氣鉆井，其原因是這些地層可能有坍塌的傾向性?？諝忏@井的用水量一定要適當，用水量太少會導(dǎo)致卡鉆，過多又會降低空氣鉆井的優(yōu)勢。

由于缺乏性價比高的導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)，薄油層不能有效地采用空氣鉆井。當使用旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆具組合時目的層的最小厚度為50英尺，原因是旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆具組合能增加和減少的傾向很難維持在0.25度/100英尺以下。對于薄的目的層，為了使空氣鉆井更有效，會要求很多次馬達方向的修正。

在某些情況下，用空氣鉆水平井是有效的。為了優(yōu)化鉆井作業(yè)，作業(yè)人員必須要了解空氣鉆井的優(yōu)點和局限性。隨著井斜角度變大直到水平，空氣鉆直井時許多標準化的作業(yè)方法不得不連續(xù)地進行改進。和任何水平井鉆井作業(yè)一樣，精細的計劃是鉆一口成功井的關(guān)鍵要素之一。

17、Precipitation of Salt井下鹽的析出

The precipitation of salt downhole results in substantial well productivity decline, and may culminate in total flow blockage.Relatively low produced water rates per day can still result in rapid salt deposit buildup and dramatic oil or gas

。production reduction.For example, a well with a down hole temperature of 212F, a wellhead temperature of 90。F, and producing sodium chloride brine at or near salt satufation, will precipitate about 10 lb of salt per.barrel water produced.Although halite deposits are generally easier to remove than other scales---most commonly by periodic washing with fresh or low-salinity water---rapid buildup rate requires frequent wellintervention to maintain well productivity.Deposition of sodium chloride in well systems is a significant problem in different areas of the world that can result in significant production deferment and necessitate costly well intervention.Salt scaling is particularly severe in wells producing highly saline formation brines, or brines near saturation with respect to sodium chloride.In such cases, the potential for generation large quantities of halite scale exists as produced fluids rise in the well bore and cool-precipitating salt from solution and forming salt bridges in the flow system.Like any scale deposit, these halite deposits can bridge in the tubing and restrict production capacity of the well or surface flow line.井下鹽的析出會導(dǎo)致油井的產(chǎn)能顯著下降，甚至?xí)斐闪鲃油ǖ劳耆欢氯?。油井每天相對較低的產(chǎn)水量仍可造成鹽沉積物的快速形成，明顯地降低原油或天然氣產(chǎn)量。例如，某口油井的井下溫度為212。F，井口溫度為90。F，產(chǎn)出的氯化鈉鹽水處于或接近于鹽飽和，那么每桶產(chǎn)出水中會析出大約10磅鹽。雖然巖鹽沉積物較之其它結(jié)垢物更容易清除，但由于鹽沉積物的形成較快，需要頻繁地進行洗井作業(yè)以保持油井的產(chǎn)能。最常用的方法是用淡水或低礦化度水進行定期的清洗。

在世界各地，油井系統(tǒng)中氯化鈉的沉淀都是一個嚴重的問題，因為它不僅會導(dǎo)致重大的生

第二篇：高級財務(wù)英語

英譯漢

1.Owner’s equity 所有者權(quán)益2.Charge of accounts賬目管理3.bankreconciliation銀行對帳單4.Marketable security 有價證券5.Intangible assets無形資產(chǎn)6.impairment test7.accumulate depreciation 累計折舊8.interest payable 應(yīng)付利息9.common stock 普通股10.capital supplies 資本來源11.accounting elements會計要素12.debets balance 借方余額13.posting 過賬14.net realizable value凈變現(xiàn)價值15.securities exchange 證券交易所16.amortization分期償還17.premium bonds溢價債券18.current liabilities流動負債19.partnership合資企業(yè)20.cash dividends現(xiàn)金股利

漢譯英

1.公認會計準則generally accepted accounting principle（GAAP）2．總賬generalledger3.應(yīng)收賬款receivable account4．壞賬準備Bad Debit Reserve5.存貨inventory6.固定資產(chǎn)fixed assets7.預(yù)收賬款A(yù)ccounts Received in Advance8.債券折價發(fā)行bond discount9.獨資企業(yè)individual proprietorship10股票、股利 stock dividend11.經(jīng)濟業(yè)務(wù)business transaction 12.丁字賬戶skeleton account13.調(diào)整及結(jié)賬分錄closing entry14．債券bond15.折舊率rate of depreciation16.使用壽命service life17.特許權(quán)franchise18.債券面值Face value19.優(yōu)先股 preferred stock20.實收資本paid-in capital 1．The difference between the bonds and debentures Answer:A bond is secured by physical assets in a trust in a trust deed written into the bond contract.If the bond goes into default,the trust deed provisions allow the bondholders to seize specified physical asserts and sell them to recover their investment.A debenture may be secured by something other than a physical asset that can be seized and sold in the event of default on the issue.The asset secured may be a general claim on residual assets or the issuer’s credit rating.2.What are the accounting element? Answer:Assets(what an organization owns)LiabilitiesOwner’s equityRevenueExpenseProfit(gains/losses)3.What is good will? Answer: is the difference between the actual purchase price of an acquired firm and the estimated fair market value of the identifiable net assets acquired.(Assets-Liabilities,valued at fair value)4.corporations’ advantages and disadvantages.Answer: Advantages Corporationsare separate legal entitiesHave continuity life Shareholders are not liable for the corporationOwnership rights can be esily transferred Disadvantages(1)the income of a corporation is taxed twice(2)Corporations are generally subject to more regulations than other businesses

第三篇：高級英語丘吉爾

Exercises for Unit 5

Class __________ No._________ Name ________________

Ⅰ.Multiple-choice 1.He said that everyone should turn their backs _____ a craving for fame and prestige.A.for B.down C.up D.on 2.Hitler was however wrong and we should ______ to help Russia.A.make all out B.make out all C.go all out D.go out all 3.In June 1941 Hitler suddenly ______ an attack on Russia.A.launched B.exerted C.developed D.created 4.I see the Russian soldiers standing on the ________ of their native land, guarding the fields.A.threshold B.frontiers C.entrance D.gate 5.The subjugation of the western Hemisphere______ his will… A.to B.in C.according to D.against 6.When I awoke on the morning of Sunday, the news was brought ______ me ______Hitler’s invasion of Russia.A.for…of B.to…on C.to… of D.for… on 7.Hitler was wrong and we should ______ to help Russia.A.go out all B.go all out C.make out all D.make all out 8.Winant said the same would be true ______the U.S.A.A.with B.of C.for D.to 9.The Nazi regime is devoid ______ all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.A.of B.away C.from D.for 10.We shall ______ all our friends and allies in every part of the world to take the same course and pursue it.A.appeal to B.appeal for C.appeal with D.appeal of 11.This is no time to moralize ______ the follies of countries which have allowed themselves to be struck down one by one.A.to

B.on C.by D.in 12.In June 1941 Hitler suddenly launched an attack ______ Russia.A.for

B.to C.on D.against

II.Proof-reading 1.I suppose they will be rounded out in hordes.2.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him on the air.3.The Iraqis are counting in enlisting the support of the world.4.On the contrary, we shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts to rescue mankind of his tyranny.5.If you do not commit the crime, you don’t have to go all out to concealing the evidence.III.Please identify the figures of speech used in the following sentences.1.After the failure of his last novel his reputation stands on slippery grounds.______ 2.I see also the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.______ 3.Let us learn the lesson already taught by such cruel experience.__________ 4.But can you doubt what our policy will be? _____________ 5.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air, until,...______________ 6.We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose.__________ 7.…with its clanking, heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers…__________

IV.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the following words or expressions in its proper form.Each word or expression is to be used only once.be true of, count on, devoid of, fresh from, in due course，issue，round up, thereby, to that effect

1.The great___________________ today is whether there will be war or peace.2.The sheepdog____________________ the sheep and drove them through the gate.3.Our team is ________________________ you to win the match, Joe.4.As _____________________ “due to”, “prior to” can never begin a sentence.5.He finished first in the race, _________ winning the championship for his school.6.She called him a villain or words_________________________.7.Sound waves can not travel through a space_____________________ air.8.These are eggs______________________ the hen, not preserved ones.9.I will answer all your questions______________________.V.Translation 1.Chinese to English Translation.1)他真是個好人，經(jīng)常在我媽媽面前說我的好話。(reference)

2)過去的一切——我們曾經(jīng)的承諾，曾有過的快樂，都煙消云散了。(flash)

3)我記不得他是怎么說的，但我肯定他講話的大意是那樣的。(effect)

第四篇：高級英語演講稿

1.NEW YORK SENATE RACE SPEECH

HILARY CLINTON

Youknow, you know, we started this great effort on a sunny July morning in Pinders Corner on Pat and Liz Moynihan's beautiful farm and 62 counties, 16 months, 3 debates, 2 opponents, and 6 black pantsuits later, because of you, here we are.You came out and said that issues and ideals matter, jobs matter, downstate and upstate, health care matters, education matters, the

environment matters, social security matters, a woman's right to choose

matters.It all matters and I just want to say from the bottom of my heart, thank you, New York!

Thank you for opening up your minds and your hearts, for seeing the

possibility of what we could do together for our children and for our future here in this state and in our nation.I am profoundly grateful to all of you for giving me the chance to serve you.I willabout overcrowded or crumbling schools, about the struggle to care for growing children and aging parents, about the continuing challenge of providing equal opportunity for all and about children moving away from their home towns because good jobs are so hard to find in upstate New York.Now I've worked on issues like these for a long time, some of them for 30 years, and I am determined to make a difference for all of you.You see, I believe our nation owes every responsible citizen and every responsible family the tools that they need to make the most of their own lives.That's the basic bargain.I'll do my best to honor in the United States Senate.And to those of you who did not support me, I want you to know that I will work in the Senate for you and for all New Yorkers.And to those of you who worked so hard and never lost faith even in the toughest times, I offer you my undying gratitude.2.Gettysburg Address

AbrahamLincoln

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate – we cannot consecrate – we cannot hallow – this ground.The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly

advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion;that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain;that this nation, under God,shall have a new birth of freedom;and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.3.The Declaration of Independence

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to

secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be

changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are

accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity which

constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.The history of

the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.……

第五篇：《高級英語2》教學(xué)大綱

《高級英語2》課程教學(xué)大綱

一、課程基本信息

課程編號：1511123 英文名稱：Advanced English 教材：《高級英語2 第三版》 授課對象：英語專業(yè)三四年級 開課學(xué)期：4 學(xué)分/學(xué)時：3/64 先修課程:高級英語1 教學(xué)方式：講解和演示 課程簡介：

《高級英語2》是一門訓(xùn)練學(xué)生綜合英語技能尤其是閱讀理解、語法修辭與寫作能力的課程。通過鑒賞內(nèi)容廣泛的材料，包括涉及政治、經(jīng)濟、社會、語言、文學(xué)、教育、哲學(xué)、法律、宗教及自然科學(xué)等方面的名家作品，擴大學(xué)生的知識面，加深學(xué)生對社會和人生的理解，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對名篇的分析和理解能力、邏輯思維能力與獨立思考的能力，增強對文化差異的敏感性，鞏固和提高學(xué)生英語語言技能。

二、課程教學(xué)目的和要求

通過該課程的學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生的英語水平有較大的提高，最終幫助學(xué)生通過英語專業(yè)八級。幫助學(xué)生繼續(xù)打好語言基本功，進一步擴大知識面，不斷提高學(xué)生修辭和判斷評判的能力。通過《高級英語2》的教學(xué)，使學(xué)生抓住所讀作品的要點，分析文章的結(jié)果、分清文章體裁。掌握常見修辭手法以及語言技巧，復(fù)習(xí)鞏固掌握構(gòu)詞法，進而提高他們的英語閱讀理解能力和欣賞水平。

三、教學(xué)內(nèi)容與學(xué)識分配

Lesson 1: Pub talk and the king English（8課時）

重點內(nèi)容: using many elliptical and short, simple sentences to achieve certain effect 教學(xué)方法：Introduction to the Passage 課后作業(yè)：What is the organizational pattern of this piece of narration? Lesson 2: Marrakech（6課時）

重點內(nèi)容: clever choice of words and scenes and tenses 教學(xué)方法：introduct 課后作業(yè):Know ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition Lesson 3:Inaugural Address(January 20,1961)（6課時）重點內(nèi)容:Kennedys Inaugural Address 教學(xué)方法:Make a situational dialogue.課后作業(yè):Remember the new world

Lesson 4: Love is Fallacy（6課時）重點內(nèi)容:How to understand love 教學(xué)方法:Reading 課后作業(yè):Translate the sentence Lesson 5: The sad Yong Men（6課時）重點內(nèi)容: The meaning of Logical fallacies 教學(xué)方法: tell some stories 課后作業(yè):Exercises Oral Presentation Lesson 6: Loving and Hating New York（6課時）

重點內(nèi)容: A brief introduction to his views in Culture and Technology in the Twentieth Century 教學(xué)方法: Find some pictures of it.課后作業(yè):Practice with World and Expressions Lesson 7:The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas（6課時）重點內(nèi)容:Variations on theme by William James 教學(xué)方法: make use of PPT 課后作業(yè):Word and Expressions Lesson 8;The Future of the English（6課時）重點內(nèi)容:culture and economy 教學(xué)方法:reading some history 課后作業(yè):Translation the following sentences into Chinese Lesson 9:The loons（8課時）重點內(nèi)容:The loons life 教學(xué)方法:on-the-spot investigation 課后作業(yè):question on structure and style Lesson 10:The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American（6課時）重點內(nèi)容:The way to be American 教學(xué)方法:search for date 課后作業(yè):Explain the sentences

四、教學(xué)方法

本課程要求加大課堂教學(xué)過程中的互動性、交際性的活動突破以往語言表面層次上的教與學(xué)注意學(xué)生學(xué)會對語義、語篇、修辭等深層次的理解、掌握。在更高層次上提高學(xué)生解決難字、難句、同義詞、近義詞辨義和英語釋義的能力同時要使學(xué)生理解幽默、諷刺、含蓄、夸張、比喻、象征等各種修辭手段熟悉各種寫作技巧與手法介紹使用各種高級工具書以及其他手段包括上網(wǎng)收集料、解決困難的重要性每課后都配有大量的相關(guān)練習(xí)包括閱讀理解、詞匯研究、問題分析、中英互譯和寫作練習(xí)等。

五、平時成績的分配

平時成績的分配“高級英語”課程平時成績占課程總成績的30%，成績根據(jù)學(xué)生完成作業(yè)的情況、在課堂上的綜合表現(xiàn)以及參加小組活動和其他學(xué)習(xí)中心組織的活動的情況綜合而定。除教材中的隨堂練習(xí)外，還應(yīng)至少布置三次作業(yè)，檢查學(xué)生的綜合能力，要求學(xué)生獨立完成，作為形成性考核成績的主要依據(jù)。

六、考核方式

“高級英語”課程屬于考試課程，考試成績占課程總成績的70%，考試內(nèi)容按教學(xué)大綱的要求進行，由各任課教師命題，各二級學(xué)院進行組題?？荚噧?nèi)容應(yīng)緊密結(jié)合所學(xué)教材，重點考核學(xué)生的寫作能力。

七、參考書目

《高級英語學(xué)習(xí)指南》(長江出版社）《高級英語學(xué)習(xí)手冊》（原子能出版社）執(zhí)筆人簽字： 教學(xué)院長簽字： 二級學(xué)院院長簽字：

注：中文、思政、體育、計算機基礎(chǔ)課程由執(zhí)筆者和教研室主任簽字。