第一篇：the definition of freedom 英語作文 自由的定義

Freedom

There are few words which are used more loosely than ‘freedom’.What dose it

mean? It means equal statuses in the same society.It means carefree way to live with

people’s own style, independence to deal with things, and fulfillment to achieve their

goals.It is a kind of fairness that everyone is equal in front of law.People would not be

lower position, they have their own rights and obligations to do things.There is no

more slavery and there is no more racial discrimination in society.It is a satisfactory fulfillment that people have the right to say what they have in

their mind and do what they dream of doing.People can express their own thoughts to

others, they can publish the book which is written by themselves, and they can vote

for their candidate or even take part in the competition.It is a carefree way that people get someone’s permission and do what they like

without restriction.It is delight that people borrow a camera from someone and can

photograph everything they like.It is enjoyable that they use something randomly

because they have gotten the permission and nobody would be annoyed at them.It is a kind of independence that people would do what they prefer and would not

be affected by anyone else.In colleges, people can choose what kind of elective

courses they prefer to learn.In restaurants, people can order what they prefer to eat on the menu.At home, people can enjoy themselves and choose what time to have a rest

and what time to do the housework.In conclusion, freedom is a kind of feeling with which people feel themselves like

birds flying in the sky happily, with which people feel they are just the way they are

and they would dominate everything about them with their own.[word count: 309]

第二篇：自由英語作文

自由英語作文

在生活、工作和學(xué)習(xí)中，大家都跟作文打過交道吧，作文是從內(nèi)部言語向外部言語的過渡，即從經(jīng)過壓縮的簡要的、自己能明白的語言，向開展的`、具有規(guī)范語法結(jié)構(gòu)的、能為他人所理解的外部語言形式的轉(zhuǎn)化。怎么寫作文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是小編幫大家整理的自由英語作文，僅供參考，歡迎大家閱讀。

“哥哥，你看，我抓到了一只小鳥！你快來看呀！”弟弟一進(jìn)門便大呼小叫，真的，那只鳥漂亮極了，黑白相間的羽毛閃閃發(fā)亮，它在弟弟手中拼命地掙扎著，弟弟把它一把塞進(jìn)了鳥籠，它拼命地啄著鳥籠，我知道，它渴望飛回藍(lán)天，它渴望自由，看著這只鳥，我不禁想到了自己，我又何嘗不是那只渴望飛向藍(lán)天的鳥呢……

“Brother, look, I caught a bird!Come and see!” As soon as my brother entered the door, he cried loudly.Really, the bird was very beautiful.Its black and white feathers were shining.He struggled desperately in his hands.My brother stuffed it into the cage.He pecked at the cage desperately.I knew that he wanted to fly back to the blue sky.He wanted to be free.Looking at this bird, I couldn't help thinking of myself.I was not the one who wanted to fly to the blue sky What about birds?

“媽，我想出去玩會(huì)兒！”我央求媽媽?！白鳂I(yè)做完了嗎？”“做完了。”“功課復(fù)習(xí)完了嗎？”“復(fù)習(xí)完了?！薄肮φn預(yù)習(xí)完了嗎？”“還，還沒呢?！薄澳沁€不快去預(yù)習(xí)！”媽媽板著臉說。我只好灰溜溜地退回去預(yù)習(xí)?！皨?，預(yù)習(xí)完了?！蔽以俅握?qǐng)示媽媽?！澳窃偃タ纯磿?，快考試了，不要只想著玩！”我只好垂頭喪氣地看書去了。

“Mom, I want to go out and play!” I begged my mother.“Have you finished your homework?” “Done.” “Have you finished reviewing your lessons?” “The review is over.” “Have you finished your homework preparation?” “Not yet, not yet.” “I don't want to go to the preview soon!” Mother said with a straight face.I had to go back to the preview in the dark.“Mom, it's over.” I asked my mother again.“Then go to read books again.It's almost time for the exam.Don't just think about playing!” I had to go to the book in desperation.回到房間，我卻怎么也靜不下心來了，我望著那在空中自由飛翔的鳥兒，突然想：如果我是一只鳥兒該有多好啊，我就能自由自在地飛翔了，而不受拘束了…… “你快把它放了！”我對(duì)弟弟說，“為什么？這時(shí)我好不容易抓到的！”“當(dāng)時(shí)它需要自由?。　薄昂玫艿?，你把它放了，我就把我的玩具全給你。”弟弟勉強(qiáng)答應(yīng)了…… 望著那遠(yuǎn)飛的小鳥，我默默地對(duì)它說：“飛吧，飛吧，自由地飛吧！”

Back to my room, I couldn't help myself.Looking at the bird flying freely in the air, I suddenly thought: if I were a bird, how nice it would be, I could fly freely without any restraint “You're going to let it go!” I said to my brother, “why? At this time, I had a hard time catching it!” “It needed freedom then!” “Good brother, if you let it go, I will give you all my toys.” My brother reluctantly agreed Looking at the bird flying far away, I said to it silently, “fly, fly, fly freely!”

第三篇：英語作文關(guān)于自由

宿策

水利電力學(xué)院 2015-10-

Freedom form pressure

The freedoms of we still cherish today : freedom from want, freedom from fear , freedom of speech , freedom from religion and freedom to be one’s best.But a number of other questions appear in our life frequently.Now only a handful of person who pursue a job with high salary, a kind and generous mates, could the feeling of happiness chronically.Peers pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behavior in order to conform to group norms.Though the idea that “everyone’s doing it” can sometimes strengthen our sense of competition , it can also mislead us to leave our judgment, or our common sense behind.At home and throughout the world’s colleges and universities are altering their education model from cultivation of special talent to inter-disciplinary and innovative talent gradually.The unemployment rate among university graduates is soaring.Those lead to a kind of phenomenon that students, reluctantly, have to using even more time to learn their professional knowledge in order to accept the unprecedented challenges of the age.But there is a basic freedom which we are in danger of losing is learning the traditional culture and using of time to read book of cultivate one's morality raises a gender.Some people have to give up their dreams to do some things that could make money to play the daily spending.We should have always highly valued our freedom from pressure and fought hard to protect it bravely.The first is optimistic attitude which benefits us on many aspects, such as it good for our emotional health, so we can see our study and work from a new angle frequently.The second is perseverance, in other words, never giving up and with the practical action to prove himself and infect others to pursue themselves dreams.

第四篇：英語中詞的定義

、名詞

表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱的詞都叫做名詞。名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。

名詞在句子中可擔(dān)任除謂語外的任何成分，即主語、標(biāo)語、賓語（動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語）、狀語、賓補(bǔ)、定語等。

【舉例】桌子，凳子，椅子，沙發(fā)，桌子

2、冠詞

冠詞是虛詞，本身無詞義，也不能單獨(dú)使用，它用在名詞前，幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞只有三個(gè)，分別是定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a、an)【舉例】因無詞義，所以無法舉例

3、數(shù)詞

表示數(shù)目多少的詞叫做數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。

數(shù)詞在句子中可作主語、賓語、定語、表語和同位語（同位語僅限基數(shù)詞）

【舉例】一、二、三、第一、第二、第三

4、代詞

代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按起意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種

【舉例】我、你、他的、我自己

5、形容詞

形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物/人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常，可將形容詞分為性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定在名詞

形容詞可在句中可作表語、定語、賓補(bǔ)、狀語，需要注意的是作定語修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前面。但是如果形容詞以-thing（如something）為字尾的詞語時(shí)，要放在這些詞語之后

【舉例】小的，大的（翻譯時(shí)詞尾一定是“的”）

6、副詞

副詞和形容此一樣，也具有修飾的功能。形容詞是修飾名詞，而副詞是修飾動(dòng)詞，此外副詞還可以修飾形容詞和其它的副詞。副詞在句子中修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。用來表示時(shí)間、場(chǎng)所、狀態(tài)、程度等。

副詞在句中可作定語、狀語、表語和賓補(bǔ)

【舉例】小心地，仔細(xì)地（翻譯時(shí)詞尾一定是“地”）

7、介詞

介詞是一種虛詞，它不能單獨(dú)擔(dān)任句子成分，必須和名詞或代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句構(gòu)成介詞短語，才能擔(dān)任句子成分

【舉例】在……里，在……上

8、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為“可能”、“必要”等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有詞義，但詞義不完全，氣候一定要跟“不帶to”的動(dòng)詞不定式（即動(dòng)詞原形）（ought to除外）。另外情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有數(shù)和人稱的變化

【舉例】can（能），may（可能）

1、主語

主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式等充當(dāng)。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜歡看電視。

2、謂語

謂語說明主語的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。

一般可分為兩類：

1)，簡單謂語

由動(dòng)詞(或短語動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成。

可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我們?yōu)槿嗣駥W(xué)習(xí)。

2)，復(fù)合謂語：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以說一點(diǎn)英語。

3、表語

表語是謂語的一部分，它位于系動(dòng)詞如be之后，說明主語身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語等充當(dāng)。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是護(hù)士。

4、賓語

賓語表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，能作賓語的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我們喜歡英語。

有些及物動(dòng)詞可以帶兩個(gè)賓語，往往一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，指人的叫間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。

Hegavemesom'eink.他給了我一點(diǎn)墨水。

有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語后面還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我們選他當(dāng)班長。

5、定語

在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。

用作定語的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是個(gè)新生。

但副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時(shí)，則放在被修飾的詞之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房間里的自行車是我的。

6、狀語 修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語。用作狀語的通常是副詞，介詞短語，不定式和從句等。狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語時(shí)可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。

HelivesinLon'don.他住在倫敦

句子成分

現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和

補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有六種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語

（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）和狀語(adverbial)。

英語句子成分中,有些具有形態(tài)標(biāo)志。如第一人稱代詞作主語就用主格“I”，作賓語用賓格“me”，作定語用所有格“my”。這些形態(tài)變化對(duì)分析辨認(rèn)成分

很有幫助。

漢語與英語就句子成分表面上看來差不多，實(shí)際上有不少差別。例如：

(1)Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home.小李回家后, 立刻就睡覺了。

(2)I'll go when I have had my dinner.我吃了飯就去。

在英語中，同一個(gè)主語在第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí)不能省略，必須把每個(gè)謂語所陳述的對(duì)象都表示出來。而在漢語中，同一個(gè)主語在句中第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，就可以省

略。如例（1）中，漢語說“小李回家后立刻就睡覺了”，省去了第二個(gè)分句的主語，倒可以避免造成誤解。若將第二次出現(xiàn)的主語補(bǔ)出來，說成“小李回

家后，他立刻就睡覺了”。聽的人反而可能把那個(gè)“他”誤會(huì)成另一個(gè)人。

英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。

英語五種基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一：SV（主＋謂）

基本句型二：SVP（主＋謂＋表）

基本句型三：SVO（主＋謂＋賓）

基本句型四：SVoO（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

基本句型五：SVOC（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)）

基本句型一

此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。

這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。

┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（不及物動(dòng)詞）┃

┠———————————————┼———————————————┨

┃1.The sun│was shining.┃

┃2.The moon │rose.┃

┃3.The universe │remains.┃

┃4.We all │breathe, eat, and drink.┃

┃5.Who│cares?┃

┃6.What he said │does not matter.┃

┃7.They │talkedfor half an hour.┃

┃8.The pen│writessmoothly┃

1.太陽在照耀著。2.月亮升起了。

3.宇宙長存。4.我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。

5.管它呢？ 6.他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。

7.他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。8.這支筆書寫流利。

基本句型二

此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意*

思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的*

意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一*

類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒*

有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。

┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（是系動(dòng)詞）│P┃

┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨

┃1.This │is│an English-Chinese dictionary.┃

┃2.The dinner │smells│good.┃

┃3.He │fell│in love.┃

┃4.Everything │looks │different.┃

┃5.He │is growing│tall and strong.┃

┃6.The trouble│is│that they are short of money.┃

┃7.Our well │has gone│dry.┃

┃8.His face │turned│red.┃

┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1.這是本英漢辭典。2.午餐的氣味很好。

3.他墮入了情網(wǎng)。4.一切看來都不同了。

5.他長得又高又壯。6.麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。

7.我們井干枯了。8.他的臉紅了。

基本句型三

此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完

整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。

┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（及物動(dòng)詞）│ O ┃

┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨

┃1.Who│knows │the answer? ┃

┃2.She│smiled│her thanks.┃

┃3.He │has refused │to help them.┃

┃4.He │enjoys│reading.┃

┃5.They │ate │what was left over.┃

┃6.He │said│“Good morning.” ┃

┃7.I│want│to have a cup of tea.┃

┃8.He │admits│that he was mistaken.┃

┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1.誰知道答案？ 2.她微笑表示感謝。

3.他拒絕幫他們的忙。4.他喜歡看書。

5.他們吃了剩飯。6.他說：“早上好！”

7.我想喝杯茶。8.他承認(rèn)犯了錯(cuò)誤。

基本句型四

此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。

通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承

受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。

┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（及物）│ o（多指人）│ O（多指物）┃

┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨

1.She│ordered │herself │a new dress.┃

┃2.She│cooked│her husband │a delicious meal.┃

┃3.He │brought │you │a dictionary.┃

┃4.He │denies│her │nothing.┃

┃5.I│showed│him │my pictures.┃

┃6.I│gave│my car│a wash.┃

┃7.I│told│him │that the bus was late.┃

┃8.He │showed│me│how to run the machine.┃

┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1.她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2.她給丈夫煮了一餐美饌。

3.他給你帶來了一本字典。4.他對(duì)她什么都不拒絕。

5.我給他看我的照片。6.我洗了我的汽車。

7.我告訴他汽車晚點(diǎn)了。8.他教我開機(jī)器。

基本句型五

此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還

不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。

┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃ S │V（及物）│ O（賓語）│C（賓補(bǔ)）┃

┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨

┃1.They │appointed │him │manager.┃

┃2.They │painted │the door│green.┃

┃3.This │set │them│thinking.┃

┃4.They │found │the house │deserted.┃

┃5.What │makes │him │think so? ┃

┃6.We │saw │him │out.┃

┃7.He │asked │me│to come back soon.┃

┃8.I│saw │them│getting on the bus.┃

┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1.他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。2.他們把門漆成綠色。

3.這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。4.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。

5.他怎么會(huì)這樣想？ 6.我們送他出去。

7.他要我早點(diǎn)回來。8.我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。

但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而

加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是

各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。下面以基本句

型五為例：

We found the hall full.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)禮堂坐滿了。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen-

ing to an important report.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽一個(gè)重要報(bào)告。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen-

ing to an important report made by a comrade from the People's

Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽人民日?qǐng)?bào)的一位同志作有關(guān)

東歐局勢(shì)的重要報(bào)告。

不同的動(dòng)詞使用的句型也不盡一樣，因此在學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)掌握動(dòng)詞的類

型。以 get 為例：

He's getting angry.(S V C)

He got through the window.(S V M)

You'll get a surprise.(S V O)

He got his shoes and socks wet.(S V O C)

He got himself into trouble.(S V O M)

He got her a splendid present.(S V o O)

在句子中詞類和詞的位置也影響句子的句型和意思:

I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了這本書。（S V O M）

I found the book easy.我覺得這本書很容易。（S V O C）

I have to do something.我得做點(diǎn)事。

I have something to do.我有點(diǎn)事做。

表語從句就是“表句是個(gè)句子”,同理,賓語從句,定語從句都這樣理解.表語從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語/

下面是我找到的材料,參考一下吧.================== 基本概念

1． 定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。

2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句

3． 引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：

(1)從屬連詞that。如：

The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。

(2)從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來還與十年前一樣。

The question is whether they will be able to help us.問題是他們是否能幫我們。

注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句，如：

All this was over twenty years ago, but it′s as if it was only yesterday.這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。

能跟表語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be, seem, look等。如：

It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。

(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

連接副詞 where, when, how, why。

如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。

The question is how he did it.問題是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。

重點(diǎn)疑難

1． 連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語從句。如：

I think it is because you are doing too much.我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?/p>

2． 在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示，should可省略。如：

My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。

英語里的基本的6個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：

用動(dòng)詞原型表示，但單數(shù)第三人稱后要加-s，在詞尾加-s時(shí)要注意： 1． 一般情況：加-s 例：reads，writes，says

2． 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的詞加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses

3． 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es 例：try—tries，carry—carries。

這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的疑問句一般以句首加助動(dòng)詞do，does構(gòu)成。句中動(dòng)詞要用原型動(dòng)詞be提前：

do you know it？

are you students？

does she have a pen？

1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作：

we always care for each other and help each other。

they cycle to work every day。

2．現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)：

he loves sports。

do you sing？a little。

i major in english。

3． 遍真理：

light travels faster than sound。

two and four makes six。

the moon moves round the earth。

有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞常?？捎糜谝话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think（以為），feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look（看起來），see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show（說明），prove，mind（在意），have（有），sound（聽起來），taste（嘗起來），matter，require，possess，desire等等。

i feel a sharp pain in my chest。

the soup contains too much salt。

you see what i mean？

the coat fits you very well。

how do you find the book？

有些表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞間或可用于這一時(shí)態(tài)，表示現(xiàn)刻的動(dòng)作，由于動(dòng)作持續(xù)時(shí)間機(jī)短，用于進(jìn)行時(shí)不自然：

i send you my best wishes。

i salute your courage。

now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you。

在口語中這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)用來表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排發(fā)生的情況（這是都有一個(gè)表示未來時(shí)間的狀語）：

when do the train leave（stop at jinan）？

the plane take off at 11 am。

tomorrow is saturday。

is there a firm on tonight？ 但這只限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在時(shí)間或條件從句中，將來動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)多用這一時(shí)態(tài)表示：

tell her about that when she come。

turn off the light before you leave。

we?ll start as soon as you are ready。

在口語中，這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)間或可以用來表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作（這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在說話人腦中處于很不重要的地位）：

they say xiao wu is back。is that true？

xiao yu tells me you?re going abroad。

oh，i forget where he lives。

yes，you answer quite well。

此外一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)還多用于報(bào)刊、電影、電視解說等其他幾種情況。

二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用助動(dòng)詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，它的肯定、否定、疑問形式如下：

i am working。

i am not working。

am i working？

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

where are they having the basket-ball match？

they are putting up the scaffolding。

he?s showing a foreign guest round the city。

在不少情況下，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的漢語句子，并沒有“正在”這樣的字，在譯為英語時(shí)卻必須用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)：

how are you getting on with the work？

the work is going fairly smoothly。

you are making rapid progress。

it is blowing hard。

who are you waiting for？

whenever i see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她時(shí)，她總是在花園里干活。

在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞，一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)樗麄儾荒鼙硎菊谶M(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。但如果詞義轉(zhuǎn)變，能表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就能夠用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，試比較下面的句子：

do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人嗎？

are you seeing someone off？你在給誰送行嗎？

i hear someone singing。我聽見有人唱歌。

they are hearing an english talk？他們?cè)诼犚粋€(gè)英語報(bào)告。

what do you think of it？你覺得這怎么樣？ what are you thinking about？你在想什么？

另外，表示無法持續(xù)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞，一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等：

he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳著。

the train is arriving?；疖嚲鸵M(jìn)站了。

the old man is dying。老頭病危了。

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可用來表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃或安安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這是多有一個(gè)表示未來時(shí)間的狀語）：

we are leaving on friday。

are you going anywhere tomorrow？

a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。

xiao hong！coming。

who is interpreting for you？

we are having a holiday next monday。

但這僅限于少量動(dòng)詞，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。

另外，“be going+不定式”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算（準(zhǔn)備）做的事：

i am afraid it is going to rain。

it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。

she is not going to speak at the meeting。

在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中過去有許多人不贊成用go和come這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，感到很別扭，主張不說are you going to go anywhere tomorrow？而說are you going anywhere tomorrow？不說is she going to come？而說is she coming？但現(xiàn)在在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的人越來越多，這種用法基本上被大家接受了。

此外，在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，間或也可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來的情況或一般情況：

do not mention this when you are talking with him。

remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always working。

if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一個(gè)經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，這是或是為了表示一種感情（a）如贊嘆、厭煩等，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)情況的暫時(shí)性（b）。

a． how are you feeling today？（比how do you feel today？更顯親切）

xiao hua is doing fine work at school。（比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富贊美）

he is always thinking of his work。表贊許

he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是亂扔?xùn)|西。（表不滿）

he is always boasting。他老愛說大話。（表厭煩）

b．he is sleeping in the next room now。他現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在是在隔壁房間睡了（不再原來房間睡了）。

the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。

where is he working？他現(xiàn)在在那里工作？（可能剛換工作）for this week we are starting work at 7：30。

he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。

be間或可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示一時(shí)的表現(xiàn)：

you are not being modest。

he is being silly。

she is being friendly。

xiao hong is being a good girl today。

do not talk rot。i am being serious。

注： 在there和here引起的句子中，?？捎靡话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：

here comes the bus。（=the bus is coming.）

there goes the bell.(=the bell is ringing.)

在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用，沒有多少差別：

i wonder(am wondering)how i should answer then.does your leg hurt?(is your leg hurting?)it itches(is itching)terribly.my back aches(is aching).i write(am writing)to inform you.不定代詞

是不指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞，英語中不定代詞有：some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone），no（nothing，nobody，no one），every（everything，everybody，everyone），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either，neither等 物主代詞

表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞。物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。物主代詞有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)的物主代詞還有性的變化

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語, 只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語。

不定代詞：anything、everything、nothing 物主代詞：my mine his his her hers our ours their theirs 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can could should may

小學(xué)差不多這個(gè)水平，其實(shí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還有很多

第五篇：行政管理專業(yè)名詞英語定義

Proverbs：

1、A burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。

2、A clear conscience laughs at false accusations.白日不做虧心事，夜半敲門心不驚。

3、Give a thief rope enough and he will hang himself.多行不義必自斃。

4、Good watch prevents misfortune.有備無患。

5、Hardships never come alone.禍不單行。

6、He who makes himself a dove is eaten by the hawk.弱肉強(qiáng)食。

7、Offence is the best defence.進(jìn)攻是最好的防御。

8、One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘，謬以千里。

9、Laugh before breakfast you'll cry before supper.樂極生悲。

10、Diseases come on horseback, but go away on foot.病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。

11、Justice has long arms.天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏。

Definition:

1、A nonprofit organization(NPO)is an organization that uses surplus revenues to achieve its goals rather than to distribute them as profit or dividends.非營利組織是指通過使用剩余收入實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而不是為組織所有者營利為目的的組織。

2、Policy analysis is determining which of various alternative policies will most achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals.政策分析是在考慮政策和目標(biāo)的關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上，決定哪種政策更有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)一系列的目標(biāo)的分析手段。

3、Citizen participation refers to the ability of individuals to have a voice in decision-making, defining and addressing problems, and the dissemination of information gathered on them.公民參與意指?jìng)€(gè)體通過確定問題、解決問題和傳播信息，而參與決策制定的能力。

4、E-government(short for electronic government)includes the use of

electronics in government as large-scale as the use of telephones and fax machines, as well as surveillance systems, tracking systems such as RFID tags, and even the use

of television and radios to provide government-related information and services to the citizens.電子政務(wù)，就是應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代信息和通信技術(shù)，將管理和服務(wù)通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上實(shí)現(xiàn)組織結(jié)構(gòu)和工作流程的優(yōu)化重組，超越時(shí)間和空間及部門之間的分隔限制，向公民提供與政府有關(guān)的信息和服務(wù)。

5、Good governance is used to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights.善治，是被用來描述為公共組織如何處理公共事務(wù)，管理公共資源來保證公民權(quán)利的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

6、Public administration is the activity that public organizations deal with public affairs according to laws.公共行政就是國家行政機(jī)構(gòu)依法管理社會(huì)公共事務(wù)的有效活動(dòng)。

7、Checks and balances is a democratic political thought means that Legislative Branch、Executive Branch and Judicial Branch separate from each other and keep balance with each other.三權(quán)分立是立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)和司法權(quán)相互獨(dú)立并互相制衡的民主政治思想。

8、Public policy as government action is generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.公共政策作為政府的行動(dòng)，是由國家行政機(jī)關(guān)或政府行政權(quán)的行使者在符合法律和制度習(xí)慣的行動(dòng)指南下做出行政行為的一般的原則。

9、Public value is the equivalent of shareholder value in public management.公共價(jià)值觀是相當(dāng)于在公共管理中的股東價(jià)值。

10、Sustainable development(SD)is a pattern of economic growth in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.可持續(xù)發(fā)展是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的格局，在這種格局下，資源利用旨在滿足人類的需求，保護(hù)環(huán)境的同時(shí)，不僅可以在滿足目前的需要，而且使這些需求也能滿足子孫后代的需要。

Paragraph1、There are three clear limitations beyond which the division of work cannot go to advantage.The first is practical and arises from the volume of work involved in man-hours.The second limitation arises from technology and custom at a given time and place.The third limitation is that the subdivision of work must not pass beyond physical division into organic division.分工有三個(gè)明顯的限制，超過這些限制分工就不能有利地進(jìn)行。首先是實(shí)際工作中限制，是由與人員和工作時(shí)間有關(guān)的工作量產(chǎn)生的。第二種限制是由某一時(shí)刻和某一地點(diǎn)的技術(shù)和習(xí)慣造成的。第三種限制在于，越來越細(xì)的分工不能超出身體分工的范圍變成器官的分工。

2、The basic needs of human are physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs in order.And human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of prepotency.That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, more intensive need.人的基本需要依次為生理需要、安全需要、愛的需要、尊敬需要和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要。人的需要本身按照強(qiáng)烈程度梯狀排列。即是說，一種需要的出現(xiàn)通常取決于優(yōu)先滿足另一個(gè)更為強(qiáng)烈的需要。

3、There are, then, in all governmental systems two primary or ultimate functions of government, the expression of the will of the state and the execution of that will.There are also in all states separate organs, each of which is mainly busied with the discharge of one of these functions.These functions are, respectively, Politics and Adminis-tration.因此，在所有的政府體制中都存在著兩種主要的或基本的政府職能，即國家意志的表達(dá)職能和國家意志的執(zhí)行職能。在所有的國家中都存在著分立的機(jī)關(guān)，每個(gè)分立的機(jī)關(guān)都用它們的大部分時(shí)間行使著兩種職能中的一種。這兩種職能分別就是：政治與行政。