第一篇：法律資料關(guān)于刑法修正

一是累犯成立條件的修訂，主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第6、7條的規(guī)定

第6條(一般累犯)將刑法第六十五條第一款修改為：“被判處有期徒刑以上刑罰的犯罪分子，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢或者赦免以后，在五年以內(nèi)再犯應(yīng)當(dāng)判處有期徒刑以上刑罰之罪的，是累犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰，但是過失犯罪和不滿十八周歲的人犯罪的除外?！?/p>

第7 條(特殊累犯)將刑法第六十六條修改為：“危害國(guó)家安全犯罪、恐怖活動(dòng)犯罪、黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)的組織犯罪的犯罪分子，在刑罰執(zhí)行完畢或者赦免以后，在任何時(shí)候再犯上述任一類罪的，都以累犯論處?！?/p>

二是死緩法律后果的規(guī)定，神農(nóng)百草膏價(jià)格主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第4條。其中限制減刑的規(guī)定要注意和修正案第15條結(jié)合起來復(fù)習(xí)。

第4條(死緩的法律后果)將刑法第五十條修改為：“判處死刑緩期執(zhí)行的，在死刑緩期執(zhí)行期間，如果沒有故意犯罪，二年期滿以后，減為無期徒刑；如果確有重大立功表現(xiàn)，二年期滿以后，減為二十五年有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查證屬實(shí)的，由最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，執(zhí)行死刑。

“對(duì)被判處死刑緩期執(zhí)行的累犯以及因故意殺人、強(qiáng)奸、搶劫、綁架、放火、爆炸、投放危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)或者有組織的暴力性犯罪被判處死刑緩期執(zhí)行的犯罪分子，人民法院根據(jù)犯罪情節(jié)等情況可以同時(shí)決定對(duì)其限制減刑。”

附修正案第15條的規(guī)定

第15條“減刑以后實(shí)際執(zhí)行的刑期不能少于下列期限：

“

（一）判處管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；

“

（二）判處無期徒刑的，不能少于十三年；

“

（三）人民法院依照本法第五十條第二款規(guī)定限制減刑的死刑緩期執(zhí)行的犯罪分子，緩期執(zhí)行期滿后依法減為無期徒刑的，不能少于二十五年，緩期執(zhí)行期滿后依法減為二十五年有期徒刑的，不能少于二十年?！?/p>

三數(shù)罪并罰的規(guī)定，主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第10條的規(guī)定。

第10條 將刑法第六十九條修改為：“判決宣告以前一人犯數(shù)罪的，除判處死刑和無期徒刑的以外，應(yīng)當(dāng)在總和刑期以下、數(shù)刑中最高刑期以上，酌情決定執(zhí)行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超過三年，拘役最高不能超過一年，有期徒刑總和刑期不滿三十五年的，最高不能超過二十年，總和刑期在三十五年以上的，最高不能超過二十五年。

“數(shù)罪中有判處附加刑的，附加刑仍須執(zhí)行，其中附加刑種類相同的，合并執(zhí)行，種類不同的，分別執(zhí)行。四是緩刑的有關(guān)規(guī)定，主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第11、12、13、14條。其中第12條主要對(duì)緩刑的實(shí)質(zhì)性條件：適用緩刑確實(shí)不致再危害社會(huì)進(jìn)行了明確，即“沒有再犯罪的危險(xiǎn)”，增加了一個(gè)限制條件：“宣告緩刑對(duì)所居住社區(qū)沒有重大影響”，實(shí)際變化不大。估計(jì)第11、13、14條的可考性不大，大家重點(diǎn)關(guān)注一下修正案第12條：緩刑的禁止條件。

第12條(緩刑的禁止條件)將刑法第七十四條修改為：“對(duì)于累犯和犯罪集團(tuán)的首要分子，不適用緩刑。”

五是數(shù)罪并罰的規(guī)定，有期徒刑的最高刑期發(fā)生了重大變化，大家一定注意。主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第10條。

第10條(數(shù)罪并罰的規(guī)定)將刑法第六十九條修改為：“判決宣告以前一人犯數(shù)罪的，除判處死刑和無期徒刑的以外，應(yīng)當(dāng)在總和刑期以下、數(shù)刑中最高刑期以上，酌情決定執(zhí)行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超過三年，拘役最高不能超過一年，有期徒刑總和刑期不滿三十五年的，最高不能超過二十年，總和刑期在三十五年以上的，最高不能超過二十五年。

“數(shù)罪中有判處附加刑的，附加刑仍須執(zhí)行，其中附加刑種類相同的，合并執(zhí)行，種類不同的，分別執(zhí)行?！?/p>

六是老年人犯罪的規(guī)定，主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第1、3條。

第1條(刑事責(zé)任)在刑法第十七條后增加一條，作為第十七條之一：“已滿七十五周歲的人故意犯罪的，可以從輕或者減輕處罰；過失犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)從輕或者減輕處罰。”

第3條(不適用死刑對(duì)象的增加)在刑法第四十九條中增加一款作為第二款：“審判的時(shí)候已滿七十五周歲的人，不適用死刑，但以特別殘忍手段致人死亡的除外。”

七是假釋的規(guī)定，主要體現(xiàn)在修正案第16、17、18條，大家重點(diǎn)應(yīng)關(guān)注其對(duì)原有禁止性條件的修訂，即修正案第16條的規(guī)定。

第16條(假釋的條件)將刑法第八十一條修改為：“被判處有期徒刑的犯罪分子，執(zhí)行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判處無期徒刑的犯罪分子，實(shí)際執(zhí)行十三年以上，如果認(rèn)真遵守監(jiān)規(guī)，接受教育改造，確有悔改表現(xiàn)，沒有再犯罪的危險(xiǎn)的，可以假釋。如果有特殊情況，經(jīng)最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，可以不受上述執(zhí)行刑期的限制。

“對(duì)累犯以及因故意殺人、強(qiáng)奸、搶劫、綁架、放火、爆炸、投放危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)或者有組織的暴力性犯罪被判處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假釋。

“對(duì)犯罪分子決定假釋時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮其假釋后對(duì)所居住社區(qū)的影響?！? 關(guān)于管制、前科報(bào)告、減輕處罰的考察可能性不大。

最后大家要注意兩點(diǎn)：一是坦白已經(jīng)成了一個(gè)法定裁量情節(jié)(修正案第8條)，自首后又有重大立功的應(yīng)當(dāng)減、免刑罰的規(guī)定已經(jīng)被刪除了。這主要是在一些集團(tuán)犯罪里，老大們作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，知道得多。只要心一狠出賣自己一點(diǎn)，再出賣兄弟們一點(diǎn)，就無論如何判不了死刑了，所以當(dāng)政者把這條給廢了，廢得好!二是減輕處罰一定是在法定刑里弄幅度的下一個(gè)量刑幅度內(nèi)判處刑罰，而不能減輕得沒邊。

第二篇：刑法分則期末資料

名詞解釋

1.罪狀：指刑法分則條文對(duì)具體犯罪的基本構(gòu)成特征的描述。

2.罪名：有廣義和狹義之分。廣義的罪名包括類罪名，狹義的罪名僅指具體罪名。狹義的罪名，是犯罪的名稱或者稱謂，是對(duì)犯罪本質(zhì)特征或者主要特征的高度概括。3.敘明罪狀：指條文對(duì)具體犯罪的基本構(gòu)成特征作了詳細(xì)的描述。4.選擇罪名：指因罪狀所包含的犯罪構(gòu)成的具體內(nèi)容比較復(fù)雜，罪名刑事上表現(xiàn)為并列特點(diǎn)的罪名。選擇罪名可以統(tǒng)一使用，也可以根據(jù)具體的犯罪行為分解使用。5.法定刑：指刑法分則條文對(duì)具體犯罪所確定的適用刑法的種類和刑法幅度。

6.背叛國(guó)家罪：指勾結(jié)外國(guó)或者境外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、個(gè)人，危害國(guó)家主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整和安全的行為。

7.分裂國(guó)家罪：指組織、策劃、實(shí)施分裂國(guó)家、破壞國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的行為。

8.顛覆國(guó)家政權(quán)罪：指組織、策劃、實(shí)施顛覆國(guó)家政權(quán)、推翻社會(huì)主義制度的行為。

9.投敵叛變罪：指中國(guó)公民投奔敵人營(yíng)壘，或者被捕、被俘后投降敵人，危害國(guó)家安全的行為。

10.資敵罪：指戰(zhàn)時(shí)供給敵人武器裝備、軍用物資資敵的行為。

11.叛逃罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員和掌握國(guó)家秘密的國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員以外的國(guó)家工作人員在履行公務(wù)期間，擅離崗位，叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃，危害中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家安全的行為。

12.間諜罪：指參加間諜組織，接受間諜組織及其代理人的任務(wù)，或者為敵人指示轟擊目標(biāo)，危害國(guó)家安全的行為。

13.投放危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)罪：指故意投放毒害性、放射性、傳染病病原體等物質(zhì)，危害公共安全的行為。

14.以危險(xiǎn)方法危害公共安全罪：指使用與放火、決水、爆炸投放危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)等危險(xiǎn)性相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌ｋU(xiǎn)方法，危害公共安全的行為。

15.破壞交通工具罪：是破壞火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器，足以使火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險(xiǎn)，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果或者已經(jīng)造成嚴(yán)重后果的行為。16.暴力危及飛行安全罪：指對(duì)飛行中的航空器上的人員使用暴力，危及飛行安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果或者已經(jīng)造成嚴(yán)重后果的行為。

17.非法制造、買賣、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)罪：指非法制造、買賣、運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存毒害性、放射性、傳染病病原體等物質(zhì)，危害公共安全的行為。

18.非法持有、私藏槍支、彈藥罪：指違法槍支管理規(guī)定，非法持有、私藏槍支、彈藥的行為。

21.丟失槍支不報(bào)罪：指依法配備公務(wù)用槍的人員，丟失槍支不及時(shí)報(bào)告，造成嚴(yán)重后果的行為。

22.重大飛行事故罪：指航空人員違反規(guī)章制度，致使發(fā)生重大飛行事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的行為。

23.交通肇事罪：指違反交通運(yùn)輸管理法規(guī)，因而發(fā)生重大事故，致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的行為。

24.重大責(zé)任事故罪：指在生產(chǎn)、作業(yè)中違反有關(guān)安全管理的規(guī)定，因而發(fā)生重大傷亡事故或者造成其他嚴(yán)重后果的行為。

25.生產(chǎn)、銷售偽劣產(chǎn)品罪：指生產(chǎn)者、銷售者在產(chǎn)品中摻雜、摻假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格產(chǎn)品冒充合格產(chǎn)品，銷售金額5萬元以上的行為。

26.生產(chǎn)、銷售假藥罪：指違法國(guó)家藥品管理法規(guī)，生產(chǎn)、銷售假藥，足以嚴(yán)重危害人體健康的行為。27.生產(chǎn)、銷售有毒、有害食品罪：指違反國(guó)家食品衛(wèi)生管理法規(guī)，在生產(chǎn)、銷售的食品中摻入有毒、有害的非食品原料的，或者銷售明知摻有有毒、有害的非食品原料的食品的行為。

28.走私普通貨物、物品罪：指違反海關(guān)法規(guī)，逃避海關(guān)監(jiān)管，運(yùn)輸、攜帶、郵寄普通貨物、物品進(jìn)出國(guó)（邊）境，偷逃應(yīng)繳稅額較大的行為。

29.虛假注冊(cè)資本罪：指申請(qǐng)公司登記時(shí)適用虛假證明文件或者采取其他欺詐手段虛報(bào)注冊(cè)資本，欺騙公司登記主觀部門，取得公司登記，虛報(bào)注冊(cè)資本數(shù)額巨大，后果嚴(yán)重或者其他有嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的行為。

30.虛假出資、抽逃出資罪：指公司發(fā)起人、股東違反公司法的規(guī)定，未交付貨幣、實(shí)物或者未轉(zhuǎn)移財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、虛假出資，或者在公司成立后又抽逃其出資，數(shù)額巨大、后果嚴(yán)重或者有其他嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的行為。

31．非國(guó)家工作人員受賄罪：指公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的工作人員利用職務(wù)上的便利，索取他人財(cái)物或者非法收受他人財(cái)物，為他人牟取利益，數(shù)額較大的行為。

32.對(duì)國(guó)家工作人員行賄罪：指為謀取不正當(dāng)利益，給與公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的工作人員以財(cái)物、數(shù)額較大的行為。

33.簽訂、履行合同失職被騙罪：指國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員，在簽訂、履行合同過程中，因嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任被詐騙，致使國(guó)家利益遭受重大損失的行為。

34.偽造貨幣罪：指?jìng)卧熵泿诺氖綐印⑵泵?、圖案、顏色、質(zhì)地和防偽標(biāo)記等特征，使用描繪、復(fù)印、影印、制版印刷和計(jì)算機(jī)掃描打印等方法，非法制造假貨幣、冒充真貨幣的行為。

35.高利轉(zhuǎn)貸罪：指以轉(zhuǎn)貸為目的，套取金融機(jī)構(gòu)信貸資金高利轉(zhuǎn)貸他人，違法所得數(shù)額較大的行為。

36.逃匯罪：指公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位，違反國(guó)家規(guī)定，擅自將外匯存放境外或者將境內(nèi)的外匯非法轉(zhuǎn)移到境外，數(shù)額較大的行為。

37.洗錢罪：指明知是毒品犯罪、黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)的組織犯罪、恐怖活動(dòng)犯罪和走私犯罪、貪污賄賂犯罪、破壞金融管理秩序犯罪、金融詐騙犯罪的所得及其產(chǎn)生的收益，為掩飾、隱瞞其來源和性質(zhì)，而以存入金融機(jī)構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)移資金等方式使其在市場(chǎng)上合法化的行為。38.集資詐騙罪：指以非法占有為目的，使用詐騙方法非法集資，數(shù)額較大的行為。

39.貸款詐騙罪：指以非法占有為目的，詐騙銀行或者其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)的貸款，數(shù)額較大的行為。

40.票據(jù)詐騙罪：指以非法占有為目的，利用金融票據(jù)進(jìn)行詐騙的活動(dòng)，數(shù)額較大的行為。41.保險(xiǎn)詐騙罪：指投保人、被保險(xiǎn)人或者受益人，以非法占有為目的，違反保險(xiǎn)法律、法規(guī)，采取虛構(gòu)事實(shí)、隱瞞真相的方法騙取保險(xiǎn)金數(shù)額較大的行為。

42.逃稅罪：指納稅人采取詐騙、隱瞞手段進(jìn)行虛假納稅申報(bào)或者不申報(bào)，逃避繳納稅款數(shù)額較大的并且占應(yīng)納稅額10%以上，或者扣繳義務(wù)人采取詐騙、隱瞞手段不繳或者少繳已扣、已收稅款、數(shù)額較大的行為。

43.抗稅罪：指納稅人、扣繳義務(wù)人，違反稅收征收法規(guī)，以暴力、威脅方法拒不繳納稅款的行為。

44.假冒注冊(cè)商標(biāo)罪：指違反國(guó)家商標(biāo)管理法規(guī)，未經(jīng)注冊(cè)商標(biāo)所有人許可，在同一種商品上使用與其注冊(cè)商標(biāo)相同的商標(biāo)，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。

45.假冒專利罪：指違反國(guó)家專利法規(guī)，假冒他人專利，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。

46.侵犯著作權(quán)罪：指以營(yíng)利為目的，未經(jīng)著作權(quán)人或與著作權(quán)有關(guān)的權(quán)益人許可，復(fù)制發(fā)行其作品，出版他人享有專有出版權(quán)的圖書，未經(jīng)錄音錄像制作者的許可復(fù)制發(fā)行其制作的音像制品，或者制售假冒他人署名的美術(shù)作品，違法所得數(shù)額較大的或者有其他嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的行為。

47.侵犯商業(yè)秘密罪：指違反國(guó)家商業(yè)秘密保護(hù)法規(guī)，侵犯他人商業(yè)秘密，給商業(yè)秘密權(quán)利人造成重大損失的行為。

48.提供虛假證明文件罪：指承擔(dān)資產(chǎn)評(píng)估、驗(yàn)資、會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)、法律服務(wù)等職責(zé)的中介組織人員，故意提供虛假的證明文件，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。49.故意殺人罪：指故意非法剝奪他人生命的行為。50.故意傷害罪：指故意非法損害他人身體健康的行為。

1.強(qiáng)奸罪：指暴力、脅迫或者其他手段，違背婦女意志，強(qiáng)行與婦女性交，或者故意與不滿14周歲的幼女發(fā)生性關(guān)系的行為。

51.強(qiáng)制猥褻、侮辱婦女罪：指以暴力、脅迫或者其他手段，違背婦女意志，強(qiáng)制猥褻、侮辱婦女的行為。

52.非法拘禁罪：指非法拘禁他人或者以其他方法非法剝奪他人人身自由的行為。53.綁架罪：指以勒索財(cái)物為目的的綁架他人，或者綁架他人作為人質(zhì)的行為。

54.拐賣婦女、兒童罪：指以出賣為目的，拐騙、綁架、收買、販賣、接送、中轉(zhuǎn)婦女、兒童的行為。

55.誣告陷害罪：指捏造犯罪事實(shí)誣陷他人，意圖使他人受刑事追究，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。56.非法侵入住宅罪：指未經(jīng)允許非法進(jìn)入他人住宅或經(jīng)要求退出無故拒不退出的行為。57.非法搜查罪：指非法對(duì)他人的身體或住宅進(jìn)行搜查的行為。

58.侮辱罪：指以暴力或者其他方法公然貶低他人人格，破壞他人名譽(yù)，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。59.誹謗罪：指故意捏造并散布某種事實(shí)，損壞他人人格，破壞他人名譽(yù)，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。60.刑訊逼供罪：指司法工作人員對(duì)犯罪嫌疑人、被告人使用肉刑或者變相肉刑，逼取口供的行為。

61.侵犯通信自由罪：指隱匿、毀棄或者非法拆他人信件，侵犯公民通信自由權(quán)利，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。

62.報(bào)復(fù)陷害罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員，；濫用職權(quán)、假公濟(jì)私，對(duì)控告人、申訴人、批評(píng)人、舉報(bào)人實(shí)施報(bào)復(fù)陷害的行為。

63.重婚罪：指有配偶而與他人結(jié)婚或者明知他人有配偶而與之結(jié)婚的行為。64.破壞軍婚罪：指明知是現(xiàn)役軍人的配偶而與之同居或者結(jié)婚的行為。

65.遺棄罪：指對(duì)于年老、年幼、患病或者其他沒有獨(dú)立生活能力的人，負(fù)有撫養(yǎng)義務(wù)而拒絕撫養(yǎng)，情節(jié)惡劣的行為。

66.搶劫罪：指以非法占有為目的，以暴力、脅迫或其他令被害人不能抗拒的方法，當(dāng)場(chǎng)強(qiáng)行劫取公私財(cái)物的行為。

67.盜竊罪：以非法占有為目的，秘密竊取公私財(cái)物，數(shù)額較大，或者多次盜取公私財(cái)物的行為。

68.詐騙罪：指以非法占有為目的，用虛構(gòu)事實(shí)或者隱瞞真相的方法，騙取公私財(cái)物，數(shù)額較大的行為。

69.搶奪罪：指以非法占有為目的，不使用暴力、脅迫等強(qiáng)制方法，公然奪取公私財(cái)物的，數(shù)額較大的行為。

70.侵占罪：指以非法占有為目的，將代為保管的他人財(cái)物，或者合法持有的他人遺忘物、埋藏物非法據(jù)為己有，數(shù)額較大，拒不退還的行為。

71.職務(wù)侵占罪：指公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的人員，利用職務(wù)上的便利，將本單位的財(cái)物非法占為己有，數(shù)額較大的行為。

72.挪用資金罪：指公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的人員，利用職務(wù)上的便利，挪用本單位資金歸個(gè)人使用或者借貸給他人，數(shù)額較大，超過3個(gè)月未還的，或者雖未超過3個(gè)月，但數(shù)額較大、進(jìn)行營(yíng)利活動(dòng)的，或者進(jìn)行非法活動(dòng)的行為。

73.敲詐勒索罪：指以非法占有為目的，以威脅或者要挾的方法，強(qiáng)索公私財(cái)物的行為。74.故意毀壞財(cái)物罪：指故意非法地毀滅或者損壞公私財(cái)物，數(shù)額較大或者情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。75.妨害公務(wù)罪：指以暴力、威脅的方法，阻礙國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員、人大代表、紅十字會(huì)工作人員依法執(zhí)行職務(wù)或履行職責(zé)的行為，以及故意阻礙國(guó)家安全機(jī)關(guān)、公安機(jī)關(guān)依法執(zhí)行國(guó)家安全工作的任務(wù)，雖未使用暴力、威脅方法，但造成嚴(yán)重后果的行為。

76.招搖撞騙罪：指為了謀取非法利益，假冒國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員或者人民警察進(jìn)行招搖撞騙的行為。

78.非法獲取國(guó)家秘密罪：指以竊取、刺探、收買方法，非法獲取國(guó)家秘密的行為。

79.聚眾擾亂社會(huì)秩序罪：指聚眾擾亂社會(huì)秩序，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重，致使工作、生產(chǎn)、營(yíng)業(yè)或教學(xué)、科研無法進(jìn)行，造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失的行為。

80.尋釁滋事罪：指尋釁滋事，破壞社會(huì)秩序的行為。

81.組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、參加黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)組織罪：指組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或者參加以暴力、威脅或者其他手段，有組織地進(jìn)行違法犯罪活動(dòng)，稱霸一方，為非作惡，欺壓、殘害群眾，嚴(yán)重破壞經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)生活秩序的黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)組織的行為。

82.賭博罪：指以營(yíng)利為目的，聚眾賭博或者以賭博為業(yè)的行為。

83.偽證罪：指在刑事訴訟中，證人、鑒定人、記錄人、翻譯人對(duì)與案件有重要關(guān)系的情節(jié)，故意作虛假證明、鑒定、記錄、翻譯、意圖陷害他人或者隱匿罪證的行為。

84.窩藏、包庇罪：指明知是犯罪的人，而為其提供隱藏處所、財(cái)物，幫助其逃匿或者作假證明包庇的行為。

85.掩飾、隱瞞犯罪所得、犯罪所得收益罪：指行為人明知是犯罪所得及其產(chǎn)生的收益而予以窩藏、轉(zhuǎn)移、收購、代為銷售或者以其他方法掩飾、隱瞞的行為。

86.脫逃罪：指依法被關(guān)押的罪犯、被告人、犯罪嫌疑人從被關(guān)押的處所逃逸的行為。87.走私、販賣、運(yùn)輸、制造毒品罪：指違法國(guó)家毒品管理法規(guī)，走私、販賣、運(yùn)輸、制造毒品的行為。

88.非法持有毒品罪：指違反國(guó)家毒品管理法規(guī)，非法持有毒品且數(shù)量較大的行為。89.強(qiáng)迫他人吸毒罪：指違背他人意志，強(qiáng)迫他人吸食、注射毒品的行為。

90.貪污罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員和受國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體委托管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)的人員，利用職務(wù)上的便利，侵吞、竊取、騙取或者以其他手段非法占有公共財(cái)物的行為。

91.挪用公款罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員利用職務(wù)上的便利，挪用公款歸個(gè)人使用，進(jìn)行非法活動(dòng)，或者挪用公款數(shù)額較大進(jìn)行營(yíng)利活動(dòng)，或者挪用公款數(shù)額較大，超過3個(gè)月未還的行為。

92.受賄罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員利用職務(wù)上的便利，索取他人財(cái)物的，或者非法收受他人財(cái)物，為他人謀取利益的行為。93.利用影響力受賄罪：指國(guó)家工作人員的近親屬或者其他與該國(guó)家工作人員關(guān)系密切的人，通過該國(guó)家工作人員職務(wù)上的行為，或者利用該國(guó)家工作人員職權(quán)或者地位形成的便利條件，以及離職的國(guó)家工作人員或者其近親屬以及其他與其關(guān)系密切的人，利用該離職的國(guó)家工作人員原職權(quán)或者地位形成的便利條件，通過其他國(guó)家工作人員職務(wù)上的行為，為請(qǐng)托人謀取不正當(dāng)利益，索取請(qǐng)托人財(cái)物或者收受請(qǐng)托人財(cái)物，數(shù)額較大或者有其他較嚴(yán)重情節(jié)的行為。、94.行賄罪：指為謀取不正當(dāng)利益，給予國(guó)家工作人員以財(cái)物的行為。

95.介紹賄賂罪：指在行賄人與受賄人之間進(jìn)行溝通、撮合，使行賄與受賄得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。96.巨額財(cái)產(chǎn)來源不明罪：指國(guó)家國(guó)家工作人員的財(cái)產(chǎn)、支出明顯超過合法收入，且差額巨大，經(jīng)責(zé)令說明來源，本人不能說明其來源的行為。

97.濫用職權(quán)罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員超越職權(quán)，違法決定、處理其無權(quán)決定、處理的事項(xiàng)，或者違反規(guī)定處理公務(wù)，致使公共財(cái)產(chǎn)、國(guó)家和人民利益遭受重大損失的行為。

98.玩忽職守罪：指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任，不履行或者不認(rèn)真履行職責(zé)，致使公共財(cái)產(chǎn)、國(guó)家和人民利益遭受重大損失的行為。

99.徇私枉法罪：指司法工作人員徇私枉法、徇情枉法，對(duì)明知是無罪的人而使他受追訴、對(duì)明知是有罪的人而故意包庇不使他受追訴，或者在刑事審判活動(dòng)中違背事實(shí)和法律作枉法裁判的行為。

簡(jiǎn)答題：

1、投敵叛變罪和叛逃罪的不同（主體）

（1）犯罪主體不同，投敵叛變罪的主體是中國(guó)公民，叛逃罪的主體是國(guó)家工作人員和掌握國(guó)家秘密的工作人員；

（2）犯罪的客觀方面不同，投敵叛變罪是背叛革命，投靠敵國(guó)或者敵對(duì)營(yíng)壘，叛逃罪是叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃的行為。

（3）規(guī)定時(shí)間不同，投敵叛變罪沒有規(guī)定時(shí)間，而叛逃罪只限于在履行公務(wù)期間（4）叛逃組是主動(dòng)投靠境外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織；投敵叛變罪也可以在被捕、被俘虜以后叛變

2、區(qū)別放火罪、失火罪；決水罪、過失決水罪

(1)犯罪客觀方面不同，失火罪必須造成致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的嚴(yán)重后果，才能構(gòu)成。放火罪只要實(shí)施足以危害公共安全的放火行為，放火罪即能成立。(2)放火罪有既遂、未遂之分。失火罪是過失犯罪，以發(fā)生嚴(yán)重后果作為法定要件，不存在犯罪未遂問題。

(3)犯罪主體要件處罰年齡不同，放火罪年滿14周歲不滿16周歲的人即可構(gòu)成;失火罪年滿16周歲的人才負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

(4)主觀方面不同：放火罪由故意構(gòu)成，失火罪則出于過失。這是兩種犯罪性質(zhì)的根本區(qū)別所在。

(1)主觀不同，過失決水罪是出于過失，決水罪是故意構(gòu)成。(2)客觀方面不同。過失決水罪必須造成法定的嚴(yán)重后果，即致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受重大損失，才能定罪。而決水罪是只要故意實(shí)施危害公共安全的決水行為，無論是否發(fā)生嚴(yán)重后果，都構(gòu)成犯罪。(3)決水罪有既遂、未遂之分，過失決水罪不可能出現(xiàn)未遂的形態(tài)。

3、恐怖組織是什么

三人以上為長(zhǎng)期、有計(jì)劃地實(shí)施恐怖活動(dòng)而建立的、具有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的犯罪組織

4、區(qū)別破壞交通工具破壞交通設(shè)施

破壞交通設(shè)施罪侵犯的對(duì)象是正在使用中的軌道、橋梁、隧道、公路、機(jī)場(chǎng)、航道、燈塔、標(biāo)志等保證交通工具正常行駛的交通設(shè)施，通過破壞這些交通設(shè)施來達(dá)到引起火車、汽車等交 通工具發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險(xiǎn);破壞交通工具罪侵犯的對(duì)象則直接指向正在使用中的火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器等交通工具本身，通過破壞交通工具本身，來 引起交通工具發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險(xiǎn)。

5、劫持航空器罪處以死刑的是哪些

致人重傷、死亡或者是航空器受到嚴(yán)重破壞的

6、區(qū)分劫持航空器罪和暴力危機(jī)飛行安全罪

(1)客觀行為不同。前者表現(xiàn)為使用暴力、脅迫或者其他方法劫持航空器;后者則表現(xiàn)為對(duì)航空器上的人員使用暴力。

(2)主觀目的不同。前者的目的是劫持航空器，即控制航空器;后者的目的則是加害于對(duì)方的身體。

(3)構(gòu)成犯罪的要求不同。前者為行為犯，以行為人實(shí)施完劫持航空器的行為為既遂;后者屬危險(xiǎn)犯，只要足以危及公共安全即為既遂。

(4)管轄原則不同。前者實(shí)行普遍管轄;后者不實(shí)行普遍管轄。

7、破壞交通工具罪、破壞交通設(shè)施罪什么時(shí)候構(gòu)成牽連犯，競(jìng)合犯和數(shù)罪并罰

8、非法制造、買賣、運(yùn)輸、郵寄、儲(chǔ)存槍支、彈藥、爆炸物罪是選擇性罪名（重點(diǎn)槍支）

9、違規(guī)制造、銷售槍支罪的主體是什么

依法被指定、確定的槍支制造企業(yè)和銷售企業(yè)

10、區(qū)分非法持有、私藏槍支、儲(chǔ)存槍支

非法持有槍支是不符合配備、配置槍支、彈藥條件人員，唯飯槍支管理法律法規(guī)，擅自持有槍支、彈藥的行為。

私藏槍支是依法配備、配置槍支、彈藥的人員在配置、配備槍支、彈藥條件消除后，違反槍支管理法律法規(guī)，私自藏匿所配備、配置的槍支、彈藥且拒不交付的行為。存儲(chǔ)槍支是

11、非法出租、出借槍支罪的主體和后果是什么

主體是特殊主體，只能是依法有權(quán)持有槍支的人員和單位 后果

12、丟失槍支不報(bào)罪的主體、行為特征、后果是什么

主體是依法配備公務(wù)用槍的人員行為特征：（1）行為人丟失依法配備的公務(wù)用槍（包括丟失，遺失、被盜、被搶）（2）發(fā)覺槍支丟失后，不及時(shí)報(bào)告。（3）因上訴原因造成嚴(yán)重后果 后果處3年以下的有期徒刑或者拘役

13、交通肇事罪的判刑規(guī)定

構(gòu)成交通肇事罪應(yīng)處3年以下的有期徒刑或者拘役：

（1）死亡一人或者重傷3人以上，負(fù)事故全部或者主要責(zé)任的（2）死亡3人以上的，負(fù)有事故同等責(zé)任

（3）造成公共財(cái)產(chǎn)或者他人財(cái)產(chǎn)直接損失，負(fù)有事故全部或者主要責(zé)任，無能力賠償數(shù)額在30萬元以上的。

14、交通肇事罪和危險(xiǎn)駕駛罪的區(qū)別

（1）犯罪客體不同。交通肇事罪的犯罪客體是交通運(yùn)輸安全，危險(xiǎn)駕駛罪的犯罪客體是道路公共安全。

（2）犯罪客觀方面不同。交通肇事罪的客觀方面是因違反交通運(yùn)輸管理法規(guī)，發(fā)生重大事故，致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)物遭受嚴(yán)重?fù)p害的行為，危害駕駛罪的客觀方面表現(xiàn)為在道路上駕駛機(jī)動(dòng)車追逐競(jìng)駛，情節(jié)惡劣的，或者在道路上醉駕的行為。

（3）犯罪主體不同。交通肇事罪的犯罪主體為一般主體危險(xiǎn)駕駛罪的主體是機(jī)動(dòng)車駕駛?cè)藛T

（4）犯罪的主觀方面不同。交通肇事罪的犯罪主觀方面是過失危險(xiǎn)駕駛是故意犯罪。

15、重大責(zé)任事故罪和強(qiáng)令違章冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)罪的區(qū)別

（1）犯罪客體不同。重大責(zé)任事故的主體是不特定多數(shù)人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全相關(guān)的生產(chǎn)、作業(yè)安全；強(qiáng)令違章冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)罪的區(qū)別是公共安全

（2）犯罪客觀方面不同。重大責(zé)任事故是在工作中違反有關(guān)管理規(guī)定造成事故，強(qiáng)令違章冒險(xiǎn)是采用命令、強(qiáng)迫等強(qiáng)制手段，違章冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)造成重大事故。

（3）犯罪主體不同，重大事故主體是直接從事生產(chǎn)、作業(yè)人員或者指揮生產(chǎn)、作業(yè)人員。強(qiáng)令違章冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)的主體是指揮管理負(fù)責(zé)人。

16、區(qū)別逃逸致人死亡和故意傷人 第一，兩者的主觀方面不同?！耙蛱右葜氯怂劳觥?的主觀方面包括故意與過失，故意殺人罪、傷害犯罪的主觀方面是故意;第二，兩者的行為方式不同。“因逃逸致人死亡”的行為方式是不作為，故意殺人罪、傷害犯罪的行為方式是作為;第三，兩者對(duì)法益的侵害程度不同。

17、重大勞動(dòng)事故罪是什么

安全生產(chǎn)設(shè)施或者安全生產(chǎn)條件不符合國(guó)家規(guī)定，因而發(fā)生重大傷亡事故或者造成其他嚴(yán)重后果的行為。

18、什么是走私

不遵守國(guó)家法令，運(yùn)輸或攜帶貨物、金銀、貨幣以及其他違禁品進(jìn)出國(guó)境的行為

19、國(guó)家禁止進(jìn)出口的貨物有哪些？

珍稀動(dòng)植物及其制品，古脊椎動(dòng)物化石，古人類化石，古植物化石，來自境外疫區(qū)的動(dòng)植物及其制品。

20、生產(chǎn)銷售偽劣商品罪最低銷售金額5萬元

21、走私國(guó)家禁止進(jìn)出口的貨物、物品罪有哪些

22、走私淫穢物品罪是以謀利和傳播為目的

23、簽訂、履行合同是指被騙最是指主觀上的故意過世罪名

24、偽造貨幣罪什么

是偽造行為 仿造貨幣的顏色、圖案、形狀

25、重點(diǎn)區(qū)分出售、購買、運(yùn)輸假幣罪和金融工作人員購買假幣、以假幣換取貨幣罪（1）犯罪客觀方面不同：前者表現(xiàn)為三種行為：出售、購買、運(yùn)輸偽造的貨幣；后者是表現(xiàn)在兩種行為：購買偽造貨幣，利用職務(wù)上的便利以偽造的貨幣換取真貨幣。

（2）犯罪主體不同：前者是一般主體，后者是特殊主體，主要是金融機(jī)構(gòu)的工作人員

26、持有、適用假幣罪主觀上是明知故意

27、區(qū)分變?cè)熵泿抛锖蛡卧熵泿抛?/p>

偽造貨幣是指違反國(guó)家貨幣管理法規(guī)，仿造貨幣的形狀、圖案、顏色，制造假貨幣，意圖使其冒充真貨幣流入社會(huì)。

變?cè)熵泿攀侵敢约糍N、拼接、揭層、挖補(bǔ)的方法，對(duì)真貨幣進(jìn)行加工改造，使貨幣的面值或者數(shù)量增加，數(shù)額較大的行為。

犯罪客觀方面表現(xiàn)在采用上訴方法對(duì)真貨幣進(jìn)行加工改造，這是與偽造貨幣的根本區(qū)別。

28、高利轉(zhuǎn)貸罪以轉(zhuǎn)貸牟利為目的

29、區(qū)分非法吸公眾存款罪和非法集資的區(qū)別 30、妨害信用卡管理罪與詐騙罪的區(qū)別

（1）犯罪客體不同。前者是客體是信用卡管理制度，后者是信用卡管理制度以及公私財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)

（2）犯罪的客觀方面不同。前者實(shí)施妨礙信用卡管理行為和秩序的行為；后者為利用信用卡進(jìn)行詐騙活動(dòng)

（3）犯罪主體不同。前者和后者都是一般主體，但是后者不包括單位

（4）犯罪主觀方面不同。前者是故意，過失不構(gòu)成該罪；后者是故意并且有非法占有公私財(cái)物或者騙取有償服務(wù)的目的

31、妨害信用卡管理最具體行為與關(guān)系方法

（1）明知是偽造的信用卡而持有、運(yùn)輸，或者明知是偽造空白的信用卡而持有、運(yùn)輸?shù)男袨?/p>

（2）非法持有他人信用卡，數(shù)量較大的。（3）使用虛假的身份證明領(lǐng)取信用卡（4）出售、購買、為他人提供偽造的信用卡或者以虛假身份領(lǐng)取的信用卡

32、職務(wù)侵占罪與侵占罪、貪污罪盜竊罪的區(qū)別

職務(wù)侵占罪與貪污罪 兩者的區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)為：⑴犯罪主體不同，這是職務(wù)侵占罪和貪污罪最主要、最本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，職務(wù)侵占罪的主體是非國(guó)家工作人員，貪污罪的主體是國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員以及受國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體委托管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)的人員。⑵犯罪客體和犯罪對(duì)象不同。職務(wù)侵占犯罪的客體是公司、企業(yè)或其他單位的財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)，其犯罪對(duì)象是本單位的財(cái)物，從所有制性質(zhì)上看，可以是公共財(cái)物，也可能是非公共財(cái)物。而貪污罪侵犯的是復(fù)雜客體、雙重客體，它既侵犯了公共財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有權(quán)，也侵犯了國(guó)家工作人員職務(wù)的廉法性，其犯罪對(duì)象僅限于公共財(cái)產(chǎn)。⑶構(gòu)成犯罪的數(shù)額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法定刑不同。職務(wù)侵占犯罪的數(shù)額規(guī)定高于貪污罪。依照《解釋》的規(guī)定，職務(wù)侵占罪以“5000-20000元”為數(shù)額較大的起點(diǎn)。

三、職務(wù)侵占罪與盜竊罪、詐騙罪 職務(wù)侵占罪與盜竊、詐騙罪在主觀上都以非法占有為目的，在客體上侵犯的都是財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)，職務(wù)侵占罪的犯罪行為方式可以表現(xiàn)為盜竊、詐騙行為。但職務(wù)侵占罪與盜竊罪、詐騙罪還存在著一些本質(zhì)的區(qū)別：⑴犯罪主體上，職務(wù)侵占罪的犯罪主體是特殊主體，其必須是公司、企業(yè)或其他單位的人員，而盜竊罪、詐騙罪的主體則是一般主體。⑵在客觀方面上，職務(wù)侵占罪必須利用職務(wù)上的便利，行為人實(shí)施犯罪行為必須利用自己依照職務(wù)所直接擁有的主管、管理、經(jīng)手本單位財(cái)物的便利。這是職務(wù)侵占犯罪構(gòu)成的必要要件，但是否利用職務(wù)便利則不是盜竊、詐騙犯罪的構(gòu)成要件。⑶侵犯對(duì)象的范圍不同。職務(wù)侵占罪侵占的財(cái)物必須是本單位的合法財(cái)物，而盜竊罪、詐騙罪侵占的財(cái)物既可以包括本單位內(nèi)的財(cái)物，也可以是單位以外的財(cái)物。⑷在犯罪成立上，職務(wù)侵占罪、盜竊罪、詐騙罪雖然都以數(shù)額較大為犯罪構(gòu)成要件，但在具體的數(shù)額規(guī)定上，盜竊罪、詐騙罪犯罪構(gòu)成的數(shù)額起點(diǎn)要低于職務(wù)侵占罪。根據(jù)刑法第二百六十四條的規(guī)定，盜竊雖未達(dá)到數(shù)額較大，但多次實(shí)施的，依法也構(gòu)成盜竊罪。⑸在量刑上，職務(wù)侵占罪的法定最高刑為十五年有期徒刑，且只有數(shù)額巨大的，才可以并處沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

33、挪用資金、挪用公款區(qū)別 侵犯的客體和犯罪對(duì)象不同。

挪用資金罪侵犯的客體是公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的資金的使用權(quán)，對(duì)象是公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的資金，其中，既包括國(guó)有或者集體所有的資金，也包括公民個(gè)人所有、外商所有的資金。挪用公款罪侵犯的客體是公款的使用權(quán)和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)的威信、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)的正常活動(dòng)等，既有侵犯財(cái)產(chǎn)的性質(zhì)，又有嚴(yán)重的瀆職的性質(zhì)，犯罪主體不同。挪用資金罪的主體是公司、企業(yè)或者其他單位的工作人員，但國(guó)家工作人員除外。挪用公款罪的主體是國(guó)家工作人員，包括國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)中從事公務(wù)的人員，國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)事業(yè)單位、人氏團(tuán)體中從事公務(wù)的人員，國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)事業(yè)單位委派到非國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、社會(huì)團(tuán)體從事公務(wù)的人員，以及其他依照法律從事公務(wù)的人員。

34、逃匯罪與洗錢罪區(qū)別

1、所侵犯的客體不同。逃匯罪的客體是國(guó)家的外匯管理制度，走私罪的客體則是對(duì)外貿(mào)易管制。

2、所侵犯的對(duì)象不同。逃匯罪的對(duì)象僅限于外匯;走私罪的對(duì)象卻比逃匯罪廣泛得多，它包括外匯在內(nèi)的一切禁止或限制進(jìn)出境的貨物與物品或者應(yīng)當(dāng)繳納關(guān)稅的貨物及物品。

3、客觀方面的表現(xiàn)形式不同。逃匯罪在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為逃匯的行為。逃匯的外在形式是將境外取得的外匯應(yīng)當(dāng)調(diào)回境內(nèi)而不謂回，或把境內(nèi)的外匯私自轉(zhuǎn)移到國(guó)外等;而走私罪的客觀行為卻是行為人逃避海關(guān)監(jiān)管，非法運(yùn)輸、攜帶、郵寄貨物、物品進(jìn)出國(guó)(邊)境的行為。

4、犯罪主體不同。逃匯罪的主體是特殊主體，其僅限于國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)或者其他國(guó)有單位以及這些單位的直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，除此之外，均不能構(gòu)成逃匯罪。走私罪的主體則為一般主體，凡達(dá)到刑事責(zé)任年齡具有刑事責(zé)任能力的自然人，均可成為逃匯罪的主體。此外，單位亦可構(gòu)成其罪。

5、逃匯罪為具體罪名;而走私罪則為種罪名，其包括走私武器、彈藥罪，走私假幣罪、走私文物罪等多個(gè)具體罪名。

35、洗錢罪上游犯罪有哪幾種

毒品犯罪，黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)的組織犯罪，恐怖活動(dòng)犯罪，走私犯罪，貪污賄賂罪，破壞金融管理秩序犯罪，金融詐騙犯罪

36、詐騙罪的概念

詐騙罪是指以非法占有為目的，用虛構(gòu)事實(shí)或者隱瞞真相的方法，騙取數(shù)額較大的公私財(cái)物的行為。

37、保險(xiǎn)詐騙罪的投保人、受益人和行為方式

1、投保人故意虛構(gòu)保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的

2、投保人，被保險(xiǎn)人，受益人對(duì)發(fā)生的保險(xiǎn)事故編造虛假的原因或者夸大損失程度，騙取保險(xiǎn)金

3、投保人，被保險(xiǎn)人或者受益人變?cè)煳丛l(fā)生的保險(xiǎn)事故，騙取保險(xiǎn)金

4、投保人、受益人故意造成被保險(xiǎn)人死亡、傷殘或者疾病，騙取保險(xiǎn)金

5、投保人、受益人故意造成財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的保險(xiǎn)事故，騙取保險(xiǎn)金

38、侵犯商業(yè)秘密罪方式是什么

（1）以盜竊、利誘、脅迫或者其他不正當(dāng)手段獲取權(quán)利人的商業(yè)秘密

（2）披露、適用或者允許他人使用以前項(xiàng)不正當(dāng)手段獲取的權(quán)利人的商業(yè)秘密

（3）違反約定或者違反權(quán)利人有關(guān)保守商業(yè)秘密的要求，披露、使用，或者允許他人使用其所掌握的的商業(yè)秘密的行為。

39、強(qiáng)奸罪（輪奸罪不是一個(gè)罪名，是強(qiáng)奸罪的加重判）40、有幾種形式是轉(zhuǎn)化型搶劫

盜竊、詐騙、搶奪罪轉(zhuǎn)化為搶劫罪的必須符合三個(gè)條件：

1、行為人必須首先實(shí)施了盜竊、詐騙、搶奪行為。

2、行為人必須是當(dāng)場(chǎng)使用暴力或者以暴力相威脅。

3、行為人使用暴力或者以暴力相威脅的目的是為了窩藏贓物、抗拒抓捕或者毀滅罪證。只有上述三個(gè)條件同時(shí)具備，才能從盜竊、詐騙、搶奪罪轉(zhuǎn)化為搶劫罪

41、搶劫罪判10年一上有幾種行為（1)入戶搶劫

（2)在公共交通上搶劫（3)持槍搶劫

（4)搶劫軍用物資或者搶險(xiǎn)、救災(zāi)、救濟(jì)物資（5)冒充軍警人員搶劫（6)多次搶劫或者搶劫數(shù)額較大（7)搶劫致人重傷、死亡（8)搶劫銀行或者其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)

42、搶劫罪和搶奪罪的區(qū)別

搶劫罪是指以非法占有為目的，以暴力、脅迫或者其他方法，強(qiáng)行劫取公私財(cái)物的行為。搶奪罪是指以非法占有為目的，公然奪取數(shù)額較大的公私財(cái)物的行為。二者的區(qū)別主要是：

1、客觀行為不相同。搶劫罪表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)場(chǎng)使用暴力、脅迫或其他強(qiáng)制方法，強(qiáng)行劫取公私財(cái)物，而搶奪罪表現(xiàn)為乘人不備公然奪取數(shù)額較大的財(cái)物，使他人來不及反抗；

2、客體不完全相同。搶劫罪不但侵犯了他人的財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利，還侵犯了他人的人身權(quán)利，而搶奪罪則一般只侵犯了財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利；

3、犯罪后果要求不同。搶劫罪對(duì)財(cái)物的數(shù)額沒有要求，而構(gòu)成搶奪罪要求搶奪的財(cái)物數(shù)額較大。根據(jù)司法解釋，搶奪公私財(cái)物價(jià)值人民幣500元至2000元以上的，為“數(shù)額較大”。

4、主觀故意的內(nèi)容不同。搶劫罪是希望或準(zhǔn)備以武力或類似性質(zhì)的力量迫使被害人失去財(cái)物，是希望在被害人不能反抗或無法反抗的情況下取得財(cái)物，而搶奪罪是以突然取得財(cái)物的故意實(shí)施的，是希望通過趁被害人不備而取得財(cái)物，而不是希望通過武力威嚇迫使被害人失去財(cái)物。

43、聚眾哄搶罪不是對(duì)所有人定罪，而是對(duì)首要分子定罪

44、挪用資金最和挪用特定物罪的區(qū)別

（1）犯罪客體不同。資金是公私財(cái)產(chǎn)占有、使用權(quán)對(duì)象是行為人所在單位的資金；特定物是復(fù)雜客體，對(duì)象是法定的7項(xiàng)款物。

（2）犯罪客觀方面不同。資金的犯罪客觀方面表現(xiàn)為利用職務(wù)上的便利，挪用本單位資金歸于個(gè)人使用或者借貸給他人的行為；特定物是擅自將特定的專用款物挪作其它社會(huì)公共用途。

（3）犯罪主體不同，資金是特殊主體，只能是本公司，企業(yè)或者其他單位非國(guó)家工作人員，特定物是僅限于掌管、經(jīng)手特定款物的直接責(zé)任人

（4）對(duì)危害結(jié)果的要求不同。資金是沒有明確規(guī)定，但是特定物規(guī)定情節(jié)嚴(yán)重，致使國(guó)家人民群眾的利益受到損害才構(gòu)成。

45、敲詐勒索罪的行為特征

（1）對(duì)被害人采取威脅或者要挾的方法（2）迫使被害人交付公私財(cái)物

46、招搖撞騙罪的概念

指為了謀取非法利益，冒充國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員進(jìn)行招搖撞騙的行為

47、黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)概念

（一）組織結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊密，人數(shù)較多，有比較明確的組織者、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，骨干成員基本固定，有較為嚴(yán)格的組織紀(jì)律；

（二）通過違法犯罪活動(dòng)或者其他手段獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，具有一定的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力；

（三）通過賄賂、威脅等手段，引誘、逼迫國(guó)家工作人員參加黑社會(huì)性質(zhì)組織活動(dòng)，或者為其提供非法保護(hù)；

（四）在一定區(qū)域或者行業(yè)范圍內(nèi)，以暴力、威脅、滋擾等手段，大肆進(jìn)行敲詐勒索、欺行

霸市、聚眾斗毆、尋釁滋事、故意傷害等違法犯罪活動(dòng)，嚴(yán)重破壞經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)生活秩序。

48、區(qū)分偽證罪和辯護(hù)人、訴訟代理人毀滅證據(jù)、偽造證據(jù)、妨礙作證罪

偽證罪是指在行駛訴訟中，證人、記錄人、鑒定人、翻譯人對(duì)本案有利害相關(guān)的情節(jié)，故意做虛假證明、記錄、鑒定、翻譯，意圖陷害他人或者隱匿罪證的行為。

辯護(hù)人、訴訟費(fèi)麗人毀滅 證據(jù)、偽造證據(jù)、妨害作證罪是指在行駛訴訟中，辯護(hù)人，訴訟代理人毀滅偽造證據(jù)，幫助當(dāng)事人毀滅偽造證據(jù)，威脅、引誘證人違背事實(shí)改變證言或者作偽證的行為。

（1）犯罪客體不同。前者為復(fù)雜客體，后者為國(guó)家司法機(jī)關(guān)的正常刑事訴訟活動(dòng)

（2）犯罪客觀方面不同。前者表現(xiàn)為只在刑事訴訟的過程中，虛假證明、鑒定、記錄、翻譯的行為；后者是毀滅偽造證據(jù)或者威脅證人提供虛假證明。

（3）犯罪主體不同。前者是只有刑事訴訟中的證人、鑒定人、記錄人、翻譯人；后者只有辯護(hù)人或者訴訟代理人。

49、偽證罪的主體是哪四個(gè)

在刑事訴訟過程中的證人、記錄人、鑒定人、翻譯人 50、窩藏、包庇罪與事前共犯的區(qū)別

窩藏包庇罪行為人事前與被其幫助的犯罪人沒有共謀，二事前共犯一般事前與其他共同犯罪有通謀。

51、區(qū)別335醫(yī)療事故罪、336非法行醫(yī)罪

(1)客觀方面不同。前者在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為，違反國(guó)家有關(guān)醫(yī)療管理的法律、法規(guī)的規(guī)定，非法行醫(yī)，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的行為。后者在客觀方面表現(xiàn)為，醫(yī)務(wù)人員在合法的診療護(hù)理過程中，違反規(guī)章制度，嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任，造成就診人死亡或者嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康的行為。(2)主體不同。前者的主體是不具有醫(yī)生執(zhí)業(yè)資格的人，而后者的主體是已經(jīng)取得醫(yī)生執(zhí)業(yè)資格的醫(yī)務(wù)人員。

(3)主觀方面不同。前者對(duì)行為人造成就診人死亡或嚴(yán)重?fù)p害就診人身體健康后果，所持的心理態(tài)度既可以是過失，也可以是間接故意，但對(duì)于違反醫(yī)療管理制度的行為，則是直接故意。后者對(duì)造成嚴(yán)重不良后果所持的心理態(tài)度只能是過失。

52、非法持有毒品罪區(qū)別多少毒品多少罪

鴉片200克以上，甲基苯丙胺或者海洛因10克

53、非法種植毒品原植物罪選擇性條件判法包括哪些具體行為（1）非法種植罌粟3000株以上或者大麻5000株以上不滿3萬株或者其他毒品原植物數(shù)量大的，處5年以上有期徒刑并處罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)

（2）非法種植罌粟或者其他毒品原植物，在收獲前自動(dòng)鏟除的，可以免除處罰。（3）因走私、販賣、制造、非法持有毒品罪被判過刑又犯本罪，從重處罰。

54、濫用職權(quán)罪和玩忽職守罪的區(qū)別

1、客觀方面不同

(1)、行為性質(zhì)上的區(qū)別

濫用職權(quán)罪在客觀方面的本質(zhì)屬性是對(duì)職權(quán)的“濫用”。這種“濫用”主要表現(xiàn)為兩種情形：一是超越職權(quán)的濫用，即行為人超越法定權(quán)力范圍，違法決定無權(quán)決定的事項(xiàng)、擅自處理無權(quán)處理的事務(wù);二是違反法定辦事程序行使職權(quán)，即隨心所欲地違法處理公務(wù)。

玩忽職守罪在客觀方面的本質(zhì)屬性是對(duì)職守的“玩忽”。這種“玩忽”行為，主要表現(xiàn)為兩種情形：一是不履行職責(zé)，即行為人嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任，對(duì)法定職責(zé)義務(wù)，不作為;二是不認(rèn)真履行職責(zé)，即行為人嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任，對(duì)法定職責(zé)義務(wù)，馬虎草率、敷衍了事。(2)、行為方式的主要區(qū)別

濫用職權(quán)罪主要表觀為以作為的方式超越法定職權(quán)，決定、處理無權(quán)處理的事項(xiàng)，或者違法行使職權(quán)隨心所欲處理公務(wù)，這就是說，濫用職權(quán)罪的行為方式主要表現(xiàn)為作為。(特殊情況下，濫用職權(quán)罪也可由不作為構(gòu)成題，如濫用權(quán)力拒不履行法定職責(zé)，造成國(guó)家和人民利益重大損失)玩忽職守罪主要表現(xiàn)為以不作為的方式對(duì)待工作。嚴(yán)重不負(fù)責(zé)任，該為而不為，放棄職守、擅離崗位、不履行職責(zé)。或在履行職責(zé)中不認(rèn)真、馬虎草率、敷衍塞責(zé)。

(3)、追訴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的區(qū)別。鑒于濫用職權(quán)罪與玩忽職守罪的行為人在主觀惡性上有一定的差異，最高人民檢察院《關(guān)于人民檢察院直接受理立案?jìng)刹榘讣笜?biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)定(試行)》中，規(guī)定的的追訴標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有差異。濫用職權(quán)造成死亡1人，或者重傷2人、輕傷5人以上即可立案，而玩忽職守除造成死亡1人以外，重傷要3人、輕傷10人以上才能立案;濫用職權(quán)造成直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失達(dá)20萬元即可立案，而玩忽職守則要30萬元才能立案等。

2、主觀方面的區(qū)別

濫用職權(quán)罪主要是由故意構(gòu)成，既可以是直接故意，也可以是間接故意。玩忽職守罪主要由過失構(gòu)成。玩忽職守罪的主觀過失，是指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員由于疏忽大意或過于自信，對(duì)自己的玩忽職守行為可能導(dǎo)致的危害后果應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見而沒有預(yù)見，或者已經(jīng)預(yù)見而輕信可以避免，以致造成重大損害結(jié)果。

56、私放在押人員罪的主體是什么

司法工作人員私放在押的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人或者罪犯的行為

犯罪主體是司法工作人員。指公安機(jī)關(guān)、安全機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、監(jiān)管機(jī)關(guān)的工作人員。

第三篇：刑法訴訟汽車買賣合同法律解析

汽車買賣合同法律解析

根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，今年上半年，全國(guó)二手車交易(轎車)50.30萬輛，同比增長(zhǎng)32.88%，二手車增長(zhǎng)速度開始直追新車銷售，特別是北京市場(chǎng)，二手車交易勢(shì)頭正盛，但是二手車交易環(huán)節(jié)的誠(chéng)信問題已經(jīng)成為制約二手車行業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸。日前，國(guó)家工商總局公布了《二手車買賣合同》(示范文本)，建議在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)推行使用，改善二手車交易環(huán)境。但是從目前各界的反映來看，這一合同文本施行可操作性仍然值得商榷。

【合同內(nèi)容禁止黑車、贓車交易】

據(jù)介紹，新的合同文本共有8項(xiàng)條款，涵蓋車輛基本情況，價(jià)款和過戶手續(xù)費(fèi)支付時(shí)間、方式，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)，雙方權(quán)利義務(wù)，違約責(zé)任，爭(zhēng)議解決方式等內(nèi)容。示范文本規(guī)定，賣方應(yīng)向買方提供車輛的使用、修理、事故、檢驗(yàn)以及是否辦理抵押登記、繳納稅費(fèi)、報(bào)廢期等真實(shí)情況和信息，如出現(xiàn)不符，將由賣方賠償所有損失。

針對(duì)買主對(duì)所買車輛是否為“黑車”、“贓車”的擔(dān)心，范本特別明確車輛要附帶8份文件憑證，包括《機(jī)動(dòng)車登記證書》、《機(jī)動(dòng)車行駛證》、有效的機(jī)動(dòng)車安全技術(shù)檢驗(yàn)合格標(biāo)志、車輛購置稅完稅證明、車船使用稅繳付憑證、車輛養(yǎng)路費(fèi)繳付憑證、車輛保險(xiǎn)單、購車發(fā)票，如果賣主提供假信息，買方有權(quán)要求其賠償損失。此外，示范文本還包括一份《車輛狀況說明書》，說明書包括車輛基本信息、重要技術(shù)配置及參數(shù)、是否為事故車、車輛狀況描述和質(zhì)量保證等5大內(nèi)容，還附帶具體的填寫說明。

【“合同”缺少有效的處罰措施】

單從合同的內(nèi)容看，《二手車買賣合同》不啻為一個(gè)保證二手車規(guī)范交易的好合同，即使在汽車市場(chǎng)比較成熟的國(guó)家，這樣的合同文本仍然具有前瞻性。但是從目前的國(guó)內(nèi)二手車交易的特殊性來看，國(guó)內(nèi)二手車因其手續(xù)繁雜及交易方式的多樣化等都成為阻礙這一合同文本施行的“絆腳石”。

首先從二手車手續(xù)來分析，國(guó)內(nèi)二手車交易中的每一輛車都要有《機(jī)動(dòng)車登記證書》、《機(jī)動(dòng)車行駛證》、有效的機(jī)動(dòng)車安全技術(shù)檢驗(yàn)合格標(biāo)志、車輛購置稅完稅證明、車船使用稅繳付憑證、1車輛養(yǎng)路費(fèi)繳付憑證、車輛保險(xiǎn)單、購車發(fā)票等手續(xù)，試想一個(gè)普通的二手車消費(fèi)者，在辨別這些手續(xù)的真?zhèn)涡苑矫娑际且粋€(gè)復(fù)雜的過程，更不用說這些手續(xù)是否齊全對(duì)二手車交易的重要性了，因此單從合同的內(nèi)容來看，對(duì)于消費(fèi)者權(quán)益的保證沒有實(shí)質(zhì)的意義。要是一些二手車商不負(fù)責(zé)任地簽寫虛假內(nèi)容，出了問題也沒有相對(duì)的依據(jù)進(jìn)行解決。

【合同有利于品牌二手車規(guī)范交易】

其次是國(guó)內(nèi)的二手車交易方式比較多樣化，二手車源既有國(guó)有資產(chǎn)性質(zhì)車輛，也有公司單位車輛和個(gè)人的車輛，這些車源的多樣性注定了二手車交易的復(fù)雜程度。一家二手車的經(jīng)紀(jì)公司，如果沒有從車源車況等源頭下工夫，很難在二手車銷售的過程中誠(chéng)信對(duì)待再次銷售，而我國(guó)目前主要的二手車交易方式仍然由入住市場(chǎng)的二手車經(jīng)紀(jì)公司主導(dǎo)，車源的問題是二手車交易過程中不規(guī)范的主因。

一些專業(yè)人士認(rèn)為，目前二手車誠(chéng)信問題不是單純的交易過程中的誠(chéng)信問題，而是二手車行業(yè)從車源到銷售終端普遍存在的問題，單從交易的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來規(guī)范，短期內(nèi)仍不能解決二手車普遍的誠(chéng)信問題，甚至?xí)绊懩壳岸周囆袠I(yè)的發(fā)展。

然后從二手車交易方式的多樣性來看，二手車誠(chéng)信將涉及二手車拍賣、二手車個(gè)人交易、二手車經(jīng)紀(jì)交易和品牌二手車銷售四個(gè)領(lǐng)域，這些交易方式中的前三項(xiàng)目前仍然沒有行業(yè)規(guī)范，因此二手車的誠(chéng)信問題仍然不是短期內(nèi)能解決的問題。如果強(qiáng)制實(shí)施，二手車交易的投訴會(huì)大量增加，而相關(guān)投訴的解決沒有可以參照的依據(jù)，因此很難從根本上杜絕二手車違規(guī)交易。

【二手車誠(chéng)信問題是全行業(yè)問題】

目前，只有企業(yè)介入的品牌二手車有實(shí)力進(jìn)行《二手車買賣合同》的試行，這對(duì)于二手車樹立品牌將起到一個(gè)明顯的作用。而一些其他類型的二手車交易方試行仍然存在很多困難。目前看來，二手車行業(yè)缺少權(quán)威的評(píng)估檢測(cè)、二手車維修標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等等，這些不利因素將導(dǎo)致誠(chéng)信問題成為一個(gè)全行業(yè)的問題。

目前大部分的汽車企業(yè)以及市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)開始新合同的試行。如一些品牌二手車商承諾：在車輛交付買方之前所發(fā)生的所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由賣方承擔(dān)和負(fù)責(zé)處理，車輛交付買方后所發(fā)生的所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則由買方承擔(dān)和負(fù)責(zé)處理。賣方應(yīng)按照合同約定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)向買方交付車輛，保證合法享有車輛的所有權(quán)或處置權(quán)，保證所出示及提供的與車輛有關(guān)的一切證件、證明及信息合法、真實(shí)、有效。買方應(yīng)按

照合同約定支付價(jià)款，對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)出本地的車輛，買方應(yīng)了解、確認(rèn)車輛能在轉(zhuǎn)入所在地辦理轉(zhuǎn)入手續(xù)。賣方向買方提供的有關(guān)車輛信息不真實(shí)，買方有權(quán)要求賣方賠償。

一些專業(yè)人士認(rèn)為，短期來看，新的《二手車買賣合同》將能在品牌二手車領(lǐng)域首先樹立良好的口碑，使越來越多的二手車商誠(chéng)信交易，從而推動(dòng)整個(gè)二手車行業(yè)健康發(fā)展。

第四篇：中華人民共和國(guó)刑法(中英對(duì)照)學(xué)習(xí)法律英語

中華人民共和國(guó)刑法-英漢對(duì)照法律英語

中華人民共和國(guó)刑法

CRIMINAL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

第一編 總則

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 刑法的任務(wù)、基本原則和適用范圍

CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CRIMINAL LAW

第二章 犯罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES

第一節(jié) 犯罪和刑事責(zé)任

SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

第二節(jié) 犯罪的預(yù)備、未遂和中止

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION OF A CRIME

第三節(jié) 共同犯罪

SECTION 3 JOINT CRIMES

第四節(jié) 單位犯罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT

第三章 刑罰

CHAPTER III PUNISHMENTS

第一節(jié) 刑罰的種類

SECTION 1 TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS

第二節(jié) 管制

SECTION 2 PUBLIC SURVEILLANCE 第三節(jié) 拘役

SECTION 3 CRIMINAL DETENTION 第四節(jié) 有期徒刑、無期徒刑

SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT 第五節(jié) 死刑

SECTION 5 THE DEATH PENALTY 第六節(jié) 罰金

SECTION 6 FINES 第七節(jié) 剝奪政治權(quán)利

SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS 第八節(jié) 沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)

SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY 第四章 刑罰的具體運(yùn)用

CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS 第一節(jié) 量刑

SECTION 1 SENTENCING 第二節(jié) 累犯

SECTION 2 RECIDIVISTS 第三節(jié) 自首和立功

SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE 第四節(jié) 數(shù)罪并罰

SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES

第五節(jié) 緩刑

SECTION 5 SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE

第六節(jié) 減刑

SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT

第七節(jié) 假釋

SECTION 7 PAROLE

第八節(jié) 時(shí)效

SECTION 8 LIMITATION

第五章 其他規(guī)定

CHAPTER V OTHER PROVISIONS

第二編 分則

PART TWO SPECIFIC PROVISIONS

第一章 危害國(guó)家安全罪

CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY

第二章 危害公共安全罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY

第三章 破壞社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序罪

CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY

第一節(jié) 生產(chǎn)、銷售偽劣商品罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD COMMODITIES

第二節(jié) 走私罪

SECTION 2 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING

第三節(jié) 妨害對(duì)公司、企業(yè)的管理秩序罪

SECTION 3 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES

第四節(jié) 破壞金融管理秩序罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION

第五節(jié) 金融詐騙罪

SECTION 5 CRIMES OF FINANCIAL FRAUD

第六節(jié) 危害稅收征管罪

SECTION 6 CRIMES OF JEOPARDIZING ADMINISTRATION OF TAX COLLECTION

第七節(jié) 侵犯知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)罪

SECTION 7 CRIMES OF INFRINGING ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

第八節(jié) 擾亂市場(chǎng)秩序罪

SECTION 8 CRIMES OF DISRUPTING MARKET ORDER

第四章 侵犯公民人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利罪

CHAPTER IV CRIMES OF INFRINGING UPON CITIZENS' RIGHT OF THE PERSON AND DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS

第五章 侵犯財(cái)產(chǎn)罪

CHAPTER V CRIMES OF PROPERTY VIOLATION

第六章 妨害社會(huì)管理秩序罪

CHAPTER VI CRIMES OF OBSTRUCTING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC ORDER

第一節(jié) 擾亂公共秩序罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF DISTURBING PUBLIC ORDER

第二節(jié) 妨害司法罪

SECTION 2 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION

第三節(jié) 妨害國(guó)（邊）境管理罪

SECTION 3 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF NATIONAL BORDER(FRONTIER)

第四節(jié) 妨害文物管理罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES AGAINST CONTROL OF CULTURAL RELICS

第五節(jié) 危害公共衛(wèi)生罪

SECTION 5 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING PUBLIC HEALTH

第六節(jié) 破壞環(huán)境資源保護(hù)罪

SECTION 6 CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES

第七節(jié) 走私、販賣、運(yùn)輸、制造毒品罪

SECTION 7 CRIMES OF SMUGGLING, TRAFFICKING IN, TRANSPORTING AND MANUFACTURING NARCOTIC DRUGS

第八節(jié) 組織、強(qiáng)迫、引誘、容留、介紹賣淫罪

SECTION 8 CRIMES OF ORGANIZING, FORCING, LURING, SHELTERING OR PROCURING OTHER PERSONS TO ENGAGE IN PROSTITUTION

第九節(jié) 制作、販賣、傳播淫穢物品罪

SECTION 9 CRIMES OF PRODUCING, SELLING, DISSEMINATING PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS

第七章 危害國(guó)防利益罪

CHAPTER VII CRIMES OF IMPAIRING THE INTERESTS OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

第八章 貪污賄賂罪

CHAPTER VIII CRIMES OF EMBEZZLEMENT AND BRIBERY

第九章 瀆職罪

CHAPTER IX CRIMES OF DERELICTION OF DUTY

第十章 軍人違反職責(zé)罪

CHAPTER X CRIMES OF SERVICEMEN'S TRANSGRESSION OF DUTIES

第一編 總則

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 刑法的任務(wù)、基本原則和適用范圍

CHAPTER I THE AIM, BASIC PRINCIPLES AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE

第一條 為了懲罰犯罪，保護(hù)人民，根據(jù)憲法，結(jié)合我國(guó)同犯罪作斗爭(zhēng)的具體經(jīng)驗(yàn)及實(shí)際情況，制定本法。

Article 1 In order to punish crimes and protect the people, this Law is enacted on the basis of the Constitution and in the light of the concrete experiences and actual circumstances in China's fight against crimes.第二條 中華人民共和國(guó)刑法的任務(wù)，是用刑罰同一切犯罪行為作斗爭(zhēng)，以保衛(wèi)國(guó)家安全，保衛(wèi)人民民主專政的政權(quán)和社會(huì)主義制度，保護(hù)國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)和勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民私人所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序、經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，保障社會(huì)主義建設(shè)事業(yè)的順利進(jìn)行。

Article 2 The aim of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China is to use criminal punishments to fight against all criminal acts in order to safeguard security of the State, to defend the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, to protect property owned by the State, and property collectively owned by the working people and property privately owned by citizens, to protect citizens' rights of the person and their democratic and other rights, to maintain public and economic order, and to ensure the smooth progress of socialist construction.第三條 法律明文規(guī)定為犯罪行為的，依照法律定罪處刑；法律沒有明文規(guī)定為犯罪行為的，不得定罪處刑。

Article 3 For acts that are explicitly defined as criminal acts in law, the offenders shall be convicted and punished in accordance with law;otherwise, they shall not be convicted or punished.第四條 對(duì)任何人犯罪，在適用法律上一律平等。不允許任何人有超越法律的特權(quán)。

Article 4 The law shall be equally applied to anyone who commits a crime.No one shall have the privilege of transcending the law.第五條 刑罰的輕重，應(yīng)當(dāng)與犯罪分子所犯罪行和承擔(dān)的刑事責(zé)任相適應(yīng)。

Article 5 The degree of punishment shall be commensurate with the crime committed and the criminal responsibility to be borne by the offender.第六條 凡在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)犯罪的，除法律有特別規(guī)定的以外，都適用本法。

Article 6 This Law shall be applicable to anyone who commits a crime within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's republic of China, except as otherwise specifically provided by law.凡在中華人民共和國(guó)船舶或者航空器內(nèi)犯罪的，也適用本法。

This Law shall also be applicable to anyone who commits a crime on board a ship or aircraft of the People's Republic of China.犯罪的行為或者結(jié)果有一項(xiàng)發(fā)生在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的，就認(rèn)為是在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)犯罪。

If a criminal act or its consequence takes place within the territory or territorial waters or space of the People's Republic of China, the crime shall be deemed to have been committed within the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第七條 中華人民共和國(guó)公民在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域外犯本法規(guī)定之罪的，適用本法，但是按本法規(guī)定的最高刑為三年以下有期徒刑的，可以不予追究。

Article 7 This Law shall be applicable to any citizen of the People's Republic of China who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China;however, if the maximum punishment to be imposed is fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years as stipulated in this Law, he may be exempted from the investigation for his criminal responsibility.中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家工作人員和軍人在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域外犯本法規(guī)定之罪的，適用本法。

This Law shall be applicable to any State functionary or serviceman who commits a crime prescribed in this Law outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China.第八條 外國(guó)人在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域外對(duì)中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家或者公民犯罪，而按本法規(guī)定的最低刑為三年以上有期徒刑的，可以適用本法，但是按照犯罪地的法律不受處罰的除外。

Article 8 This Law may be applicable to any foreigner who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China against the State of the People's Republic of China or against any of its citizens, if for that crime this Law prescribes a minimum punishment of fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years;however, this does not apply to a crime that is not punishable according to the laws of the place where it is committed.第九條 對(duì)于中華人民共和國(guó)締結(jié)或者參加的國(guó)際條約所規(guī)定的罪行，中華人民共和國(guó)在所承擔(dān)條約義務(wù)的范圍內(nèi)行使刑事管轄權(quán)的，適用本法。

Article 9 This Law shall be applicable to crimes which are stipulated in international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China and over which the People's Republic of China exercises criminal jurisdiction within the scope of obligations, prescribed in these treaties, it agrees to perform.第十條 凡在中華人民共和國(guó)領(lǐng)域外犯罪，依照本法應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的，雖然經(jīng)過外國(guó)審判，仍然可以依照本法追究，但是在外國(guó)已經(jīng)受過刑罰處罰的，可以免除或者減輕處罰。

Article 10 Any person who commits a crime outside the territory and territorial waters and space of the People's Republic of China, for which according to this Law he should bear criminal responsibility, may still be investigated for his criminal responsibility according to this Law, even if he has already been tried in a foreign country.However, if he has already received criminal punishment in the foreign country, he may be exempted from punishment or given a mitigated punishment.第十一條 享有外交特權(quán)和豁免權(quán)的外國(guó)人的刑事責(zé)任，通過外交途徑解決。

Article 11 The criminal responsibility of foreigners who enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities shall be solved through diplomatic channels.第十二條 中華人民共和國(guó)成立以后本法施行以前的行為，如果當(dāng)時(shí)的法律不認(rèn)為是犯罪的，適用當(dāng)時(shí)的法律；如果當(dāng)時(shí)的法律認(rèn)為是犯罪的，依照本法總則第四章第八節(jié)的規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)追訴的，按照當(dāng)時(shí)的法律追究刑事責(zé)任，但是如果本法不認(rèn)為是犯罪或者處刑較輕的，適用本法。

Article 12 If an act committed after the founding of the People's Republic of China and before the entry into force of this Law was not deemed a crime under the laws at the time, those laws shall apply.If the act was deemed a crime under the laws in force at the time and is subject to prosecution under the provisions of Section 8, Chapter IV of the General Provisions of this Law, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with those laws.However, if according to this Law the act is not deemed a crime or is subject to a lighter punishment, this Law shall apply.本法施行以前，依照當(dāng)時(shí)的法律已經(jīng)作出的生效判決，繼續(xù)有效。

Before the entry into force of this Law, any judgment that has been made and has become effective according to the laws at the time shall remain valid.第一節(jié) 犯罪和刑事責(zé)任

SECTION 1 CRIMES AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

第十三條 一切危害國(guó)家主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整和安全，分裂國(guó)家、顛覆人民民主專政的政權(quán)和推翻社會(huì)主義制度，破壞社會(huì)秩序和經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序，侵犯國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)或者勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，侵犯公民私人所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，侵犯公民的人身權(quán)利、民主權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，以及其他危害社會(huì)的行為，依照法律應(yīng)當(dāng)受刑罰處罰的，都是犯罪，但是情節(jié)顯著輕微危害不大的，不認(rèn)為是犯罪。

Article 13 A crime refers to an act that endangers the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the State, splits the State, subverts the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and overthrows the socialist system, undermines public and economic order, violates State-owned property, property collectively owned by the working people, or property privately owned by citizens, infringes on the citizens' rights of the person, their democratic or other rights, and any other act that endangers society and is subject to punishment according to law.However, if the circumstances are obviously minor and the harm done is not serious, the act shall not be considered a crime.第十四條 明知自己的行為會(huì)發(fā)生危害社會(huì)的結(jié)果，并且希望或者放任這種結(jié)果發(fā)生，因而構(gòu)成犯罪的，是故意犯罪。

Article 14 An intentional crime refers to an act committed by a person who clearly knows that his act will entail harmful consequences to society but who wishes or allows such consequences to occur, thus constituting a crime.故意犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes.第十五條 應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見自己的行為可能發(fā)生危害社會(huì)的結(jié)果，因?yàn)槭韬龃笠舛鴽]有預(yù)見，或者已經(jīng)預(yù)見而輕信能夠避免，以致發(fā)生這種結(jié)果的，是過失犯罪。

Article 15 A negligent crime refers to an act committed by a person who should have foreseen that his act would possibly entail harmful consequences to society but who fails to do so through his negligence or, having foreseen the consequences, readily believes that they can be avoided, so that the consequences do occur.過失犯罪，法律有規(guī)定的才負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for negligent crimes only when the law so provides.第十六條 行為在客觀上雖然造成了損害結(jié)果，但是不是出于故意或者過失，而是由于不能抗拒或者不能預(yù)見的原因所引起的，不是犯罪。

Article 16 An act is not a crime if it objectively results in harmful consequences due to irresistible or unforeseeable causes rather than intent or negligence.第十七條 已滿十六周歲的人犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 17 If a person who has reached the age of 16 commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的人，犯故意殺人、故意傷害致人重傷或者死亡、強(qiáng)奸、搶劫、販賣毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 16 commits intentional homicide, intentionally hurts another person so as to cause serious injury or death of the person, or commits rape, robbery, drug-trafficking, arson, explosion or poisoning, he shall bear criminal responsibility.已滿十四周歲不滿十八周歲的人犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)從輕或者減輕處罰。

If a person who has reached the age of 14 but not the age of 18 commits a crime, he shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.因不滿十六周歲不予刑事處罰的，責(zé)令他的家長(zhǎng)或者監(jiān)護(hù)人加以管教；在必要的時(shí)候，也可以由政府收容教養(yǎng)。

If a person is not given criminal punishment because he has not reached the age of 16, the head of his family or his guardian shall be ordered to discipline him.When necessary, he may be taken in by the government for rehabilitation.第十八條 精神病人在不能辨認(rèn)或者不能控制自己行為的時(shí)候造成危害結(jié)果，經(jīng)法定程序鑒定確認(rèn)的，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)責(zé)令他的家屬或者監(jiān)護(hù)人嚴(yán)加看管和醫(yī)療；在必要的時(shí)候，由政府強(qiáng)制醫(yī)療。

Article 18 If a mental patient causes harmful consequences at a time when he is unable to recognize or control his own conduct, upon verification and confirmation through legal procedure, he shall not bear criminal responsibility, but his family members or guardian shall be ordered to keep him under strict watch and control and arrange for his medical treatment.When necessary, the government may compel him to receive medical treatment.間歇性的精神病人在精神正常的時(shí)候犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Any person whose mental illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime when he is in a normal mental state.尚未完全喪失辨認(rèn)或者控制自己行為能力的精神病人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是可以從輕或者減輕處罰。

If a mental patient who has not completely lost the ability of recognizing or controlling his own conduct commits a crime, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.醉酒的人犯罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Any intoxicated person who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.第十九條 又聾又啞的人或者盲人犯罪，可以從輕、減輕或者免除處罰。

Article 19 Any deaf-mute or blind person who commits a crime may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十條 為了使國(guó)家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在進(jìn)行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行為，對(duì)不法侵害人造成損害的，屬于正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 20 An act that a person commits to stop an unlawful infringement in order to prevent the interests of the State and the public, or his own or other person's rights of the person, property or other rights from being infringed upon by the on-going infringement, thus harming the perpetrator, is justifiable defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

If a person's act of justifiable defence obviously exceeds the limits of necessity and causes serious damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.對(duì)正在進(jìn)行行兇、殺人、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架以及其他嚴(yán)重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防衛(wèi)行為，造成不法侵害人傷亡的，不屬于防衛(wèi)過當(dāng)，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

If a person acts in defence against an on-going assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnap or any other crime of violence that seriously endangers his personal safety, thus causing injury or death to the perpetrator of the unlawful act, it is not undue defence, and he shall not bear criminal responsibility.第二十一條 為了使國(guó)家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)和其他權(quán)利免受正在發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)，不得已采取的緊急避險(xiǎn)行為，造成損害的，不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 21 If a person is compelled to commit an act in an emergency to avert an immediate danger to the interests of the State or the public, or his own or another person's rights of the person, property or other rights, thus causing damage, he shall not bear criminal responsibility.緊急避險(xiǎn)超過必要限度造成不應(yīng)有的損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任，但是應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

If the act committed by a person in an emergency to avert danger exceeds the limits of necessity and causes undue damage, he shall bear criminal responsibility;however, he shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第一款中關(guān)于避免本人危險(xiǎn)的規(guī)定，不適用于職務(wù)上、業(yè)務(wù)上負(fù)有特定責(zé)任的人。

The provisions of the first paragraph of this Article with respect to averting danger to oneself shall not apply to a person who is charged with special responsibility in his post or profession.第二節(jié) 犯罪的預(yù)備、未遂和中止

SECTION 2 PREPARATION FOR A CRIME, CRIMINAL ATTEMPT AND DISCONTINUATION

第二十二條 為了犯罪，準(zhǔn)備工具、制造條件的，是犯罪預(yù)備。

Article 22 Preparation for a crime refers to the preparation of the instruments or the creation of the conditions for a crime.對(duì)于預(yù)備犯，可以比照既遂犯從輕、減輕處罰或者免除處罰。

An offender who prepares for a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十三條 已經(jīng)著手實(shí)行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的，是犯罪未遂。

Article 23 A criminal attempt refers to a case where an offender has already started to commit a crime but is prevented from completing it for reasons independent of his will.對(duì)于未遂犯，可以比照既遂犯從輕或者減輕處罰。

An offender who attempts to commit a crime may, in comparison with one who completes the crime, be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第二十四條 在犯罪過程中，自動(dòng)放棄犯罪或者自動(dòng)有效地防止犯罪結(jié)果發(fā)生的，是犯罪中止。

Article 24 Discontinuation of a crime refers to a case where, in the course of committing a crime, the offender voluntarily discontinues the crime or voluntarily and effectively prevents the consequences of the crime from occurring.對(duì)于中止犯，沒有造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)免除處罰；造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕處罰。

An offender who discontinues a crime shall, if no damage is caused, be exempted from punishment or, if any damage is caused, be given a mitigated punishment.第二十五條 共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。

Article 25 A joint crime refers to an intentional crime committed by two or more persons jointly.二人以上共同過失犯罪，不以共同犯罪論處；應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的，按照他們所犯的罪分別處罰。

A negligent crime committed by two or more persons jointly shall not be punished as a joint crime;however, those who should bear criminal responsibility shall be individually punished according to the crimes they have committed.第二十六條 組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)犯罪集團(tuán)進(jìn)行犯罪活動(dòng)的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的，是主犯。

Article 26 A principal criminal refers to any person who organizes and leads a criminal group in carrying out criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime.三人以上為共同實(shí)施犯罪而組成的較為固定的犯罪組織，是犯罪集團(tuán)。

A criminal group refers to a relatively stable criminal organization formed by three or more persons for the purpose of committing crimes jointly.對(duì)組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)犯罪集團(tuán)的首要分子，按照集團(tuán)所犯的全部罪行處罰。

Any ringleader who organizes or leads a criminal group shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that the criminal group has committed.對(duì)于第三款規(guī)定以外的主犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照其所參與的或者組織、指揮的全部犯罪處罰。

Any principal criminal not included in Paragraph 3 shall be punished on the basis of all the crimes that he participates in or that he organizes or directs.第二十七條 在共同犯罪中起次要或者輔助作用的，是從犯。

Article 27 An accomplice refers to any person who plays a secondary or auxiliary role in a joint crime.對(duì)于從犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)從輕、減輕處罰或者免除處罰。

An accomplice shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第二十八條 對(duì)于被脅迫參加犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他的犯罪情節(jié)減輕處罰或者免除處罰。

Article 28 Anyone who is coerced to participate in a crime shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment in the light of the circumstances of the crime he commits.第二十九條 教唆他人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他在共同犯罪中所起的作用處罰。教唆不滿十八周歲的人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰。

Article 29 Anyone who instigates another to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in a joint crime.Anyone who instigates a person under the age of 18 to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.如果被教唆的人沒有犯被教唆的罪，對(duì)于教唆犯，可以從輕或者減輕處罰。

If the instigated person has not committed the instigated crime, the instigator may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.第四節(jié) 單位犯罪

SECTION 4 CRIMES COMMITTED BY A UNIT

第三十條 公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體實(shí)施的危害社會(huì)的行為，法律規(guī)定為單位犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

Article 30 Any company, enterprise, institution, State organ, or organization that commits an act that endangers society, which is prescribed by law as a crime committed by a unit, shall bear criminal responsibility.第三十一條 單位犯罪的，對(duì)單位判處罰金，并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員判處刑罰。本法分則和其他法律另有規(guī)定的，依照規(guī)定。

Article 31 Where a unit commits a crime, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be given criminal punishment.Where it is otherwise provided for in the Specific Provisions of this Law or in other laws, those provisions shall prevail.第三十二條 刑罰分為主刑和附加刑。

Article 32 Punishments are divided into principal punishments and supplementary punishments.第三十三條 主刑的種類如下：

Article 33 The principal punishments are as follows:

（一）管制；

(1)public surveillance;

（二）拘役；

(2)criminal detention;

（三）有期徒刑；

(3)fixed-term imprisonment;

（四）無期徒刑；

(4)life imprisonment;and

（五）死刑。

(5)the death penalty.第三十四條 附加刑的種類如下：

Article 34 The supplementary punishments are as follows:

（一）罰金；

(1)fine;

（二）剝奪政治權(quán)利；

(2)deprivation of political rights;and

（三）沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

(3)confiscation of property.附加刑也可以獨(dú)立適用。

Supplementary punishments may be imposed independently.第三十五條 對(duì)于犯罪的外國(guó)人，可以獨(dú)立適用或者附加適用驅(qū)逐出境。

Article 35 Deportation may be imposed independently or supplementarily to a foreigner who commits a crime.第三十六條 由于犯罪行為而使被害人遭受經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的，對(duì)犯罪分子除依法給予刑事處罰外，并應(yīng)根據(jù)情況判處賠償經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

Article 36 If a victim has suffered economic losses as a result of a crime, the criminal shall, in addition to receiving a criminal punishment according to law, be sentenced to making compensation for the economic losses in the light of the circumstances.承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任的犯罪分子，同時(shí)被判處罰金，其財(cái)產(chǎn)不足以全部支付的，或者被判處沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)先承擔(dān)對(duì)被害人的民事賠償責(zé)任。

If criminal who is liable for civil compensation is sentenced to a fine at the same time but his property is not sufficient to pay both the compensation and the fine, or if he is sentenced to confiscation of property at the same time, he shall, first of all, bear his liability for civil compensation to the victim.第三十七條 對(duì)于犯罪情節(jié)輕微不需要判處刑罰的，可以免予刑事處罰，但是可以根據(jù)案件的不同情況，予以訓(xùn)誡或者責(zé)令具結(jié)悔過、賠禮道歉、賠償損失，或者由主管部門予以行政處罰或者行政處分。

Article 37 If the circumstances of a person's crime are minor and do not require criminal punishment, he may be exempted from it;however, he may, depending on the different circumstances of the case, be reprimanded or ordered to make a statement of repentance, offer an apology or pay compensation for the losses, or be subjected to administrative penalty or administrative sanctions by the competent department.第三十八條 管制的期限，為三個(gè)月以上二年以下。

Article 38 The term of public surveillance shall be not less than three months but not more than two years.被判處管制的犯罪分子，由公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行。

Where a criminal is sentenced to public surveillance, the sentence shall be executed by a public security organ.第三十九條 被判處管制的犯罪分子，在執(zhí)行期間，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守下列規(guī)定：

Article 39 Any criminal who is sentenced to public surveillance shall observe the following during the term in which his sentence is being executed:

（一）遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，服從監(jiān)督；

(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）未經(jīng)執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，不得行使言論、出版、集會(huì)、結(jié)社、游行、示威自由的權(quán)利；

(2)exercise no right of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession or of demonstration without the approval of the organ executing the public surveillance;

（三）按照?qǐng)?zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)規(guī)定報(bào)告自己的活動(dòng)情況；

(3)report on his own activities as required by the organ executing the public surveillance;

（四）遵守執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于會(huì)客的規(guī)定；

(4)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the organ executing the public surveillance;and

（五）離開所居住的市、縣或者遷居，應(yīng)當(dāng)報(bào)經(jīng)執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。

(5)report to obtain approval from the organ executing the public surveillance for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.對(duì)于被判處管制的犯罪分子，在勞動(dòng)中應(yīng)當(dāng)同工同酬。

Criminals sentenced to public surveillance shall, while engaged in labour, receive equal pay for equal work.第四十條 被判處管制的犯罪分子，管制期滿，執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)即向本人和其所在單位或者居住地的群眾宣布解除管制。

Article 40 Upon the expiration of a term of public surveillance, the executing organ shall immediately announce the termination of public surveillance to the criminal sentenced to public surveillance and to his work unit or the people of the place where he resides.第四十一條 管制的刑期，從判決執(zhí)行之日起計(jì)算；判決執(zhí)行以前先行羈押的，羈押一日折抵刑期二日。

Article 41 A term of public surveillance shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered two days of the term sentenced.第四十二條 拘役的期限，為一個(gè)月以上六個(gè)月以下。

Article 42 A term of criminal detention shall be not less than one month but not more than 6 months.第四十三條 被判處拘役的犯罪分子，由公安機(jī)關(guān)就近執(zhí)行。

Article 43 Where a criminal is sentenced to criminal detention, the sentence shall be executed by the public security organ in the vicinity.在執(zhí)行期間，被判處拘役的犯罪分子每月可以回家一天至兩天；參加勞動(dòng)的，可以酌量發(fā)給報(bào)酬。

During the period of execution, a criminal sentenced to criminal detention may go home for one to two days each month;an appropriate remuneration may be given to those who participate in labor.第四十四條 拘役的刑期，從判決執(zhí)行之日起計(jì)算；判決執(zhí)行以前先行羈押的，羈押一日折抵刑期一日。

Article 44 A term of criminal detention shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四節(jié) 有期徒刑、無期徒刑

SECTION 4 FIXED-TERM IMPRISONMENT AND LIFE IMPRISONMENT

第四十五條 有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十條、第六十九條規(guī)定外，為六個(gè)月以上十五年以下。

Article 45 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than six months but not more than 15 years, except as stipulated in Articles 50 and 69 of this Law.第四十六條 被判處有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，在監(jiān)獄或者其他執(zhí)行場(chǎng)所執(zhí)行；凡有勞動(dòng)能力的，都應(yīng)當(dāng)參加勞動(dòng)，接受教育和改造。

Article 46 Any criminal who is sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment shall serve his sentence in prison or another place for the execution.Anyone who is able to work shall do so to accept education and reform through labor.第四十七條 有期徒刑的刑期，從判決執(zhí)行之日起計(jì)算；判決執(zhí)行以前先行羈押的，羈押一日折抵刑期一日。

Article 47 A term of fixed-term imprisonment shall be counted from the date the judgment begins to be executed;if the criminal is held in custody before the execution of the judgment, one day in custody shall be considered one day of the term sentenced.第四十八條 死刑只適用于罪行極其嚴(yán)重的犯罪分子。對(duì)于應(yīng)當(dāng)判處死刑的犯罪分子，如果不是必須立即執(zhí)行的，可以判處死刑同時(shí)宣告緩期二年執(zhí)行。

Article 48 The death penalty shall only be applied to criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes.If the immediate execution of a criminal punishable by death is not deemed necessary, a two-year suspension of execution may be pronounced simultaneously with the imposition of the death sentence.死刑除依法由最高人民法院判決的以外，都應(yīng)當(dāng)報(bào)請(qǐng)最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)。死刑緩期執(zhí)行的，可以由高級(jí)人民法院判決或者核準(zhǔn)。

All death sentences, except for those that according to law should be decided by the Supreme People's Court, shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Court for verification and approval.Death sentences with a suspension of execution may be decided or verified and approved by a Higher People's Court.第四十九條 犯罪的時(shí)候不滿十八周歲的人和審判的時(shí)候懷孕的婦女，不適用死刑。

Article 49 The death penalty shall not be imposed on persons who have not reached the age of 18 at the time the crime is committed or on women who are pregnant at the time of trial.第五十條 判處死刑緩期執(zhí)行的，在死刑緩期執(zhí)行期間，如果沒有故意犯罪，二年期滿以后，減為無期徒刑；如果確有重大立功表現(xiàn)，二年期滿以后，減為十五年以上二十年以下有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查證屬實(shí)的，由最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，執(zhí)行死刑。

Article 50 Anyone who is sentenced to death with a suspension of execution commits no intentional crime during the period of suspension, his punishment shall be commuted to life imprisonment upon the expiration of the two-year period;if he has truly performed major meritorious service, his punishment shall be commuted to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 15 years but not more than 20 years upon the expiration of the two-year period;if it is verified that he has committed an intentional crime, the death penalty shall be executed upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court.第五十一條 死刑緩期執(zhí)行的期間，從判決確定之日起計(jì)算。死刑緩期執(zhí)行減為有期徒刑的刑期，從死刑緩期執(zhí)行期滿之日起計(jì)算。

Article 51 The term of suspension of execution of a death penalty shall be counted from the date the judgment becomes final.The term of a fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from a death penalty with suspension of execution shall be counted from the date the suspension of execution expires.第五十二條 判處罰金，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)犯罪情節(jié)決定罰金數(shù)額。

Article 52 The amount of any fine imposed shall be determined according to the circumstances of the crime.第五十三條 罰金在判決指定的期限內(nèi)一次或者分期繳納。期滿不繳納的，強(qiáng)制繳納。對(duì)于不能全部繳納罰金的，人民法院在任何時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)被執(zhí)行人有可以執(zhí)行的財(cái)產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)隨時(shí)追繳。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的災(zāi)禍繳納確實(shí)有困難的，可以酌情減少或者免除。

Article 53 A fine may be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the time limit specified in the judgment.If a fine is not paid upon the expiration of that time limit, the payment shall be compelled.If a person is not able to pay the fine in full, the People's Court shall demand the payment whenever it finds the person has property for execution of the fine.If a person has true difficulties in paying because of an irresistible disaster, the fine may be reduced or remitted according to the circumstances.第七節(jié) 剝奪政治權(quán)利

SECTION 7 DEPRIVATION OF POLITICAL RIGHTS

第五十四條 剝奪政治權(quán)利是剝奪下列權(quán)利：

Article 54 Deprivation of political rights refers to deprivation of the following rights:

（一）選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)；

(1)the right to vote and to stand for election;

（二）言論、出版、集會(huì)、結(jié)社、游行、示威自由的權(quán)利；

(2)the rights of freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration;

（三）擔(dān)任國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)職務(wù)的權(quán)利；

(3)the right to hold a position in a State organ;and

（四）擔(dān)任國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位和人民團(tuán)體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)的權(quán)利。

(4)the right to hold a leading position in any State-owned company, enterprise, institution or people's organization.第五十五條 剝奪政治權(quán)利的期限，除本法第五十七條規(guī)定外，為一年以上五年以下。

Article 55 A term of deprivation of political rights shall be not less than one year but not more than five years, except as stipulated in Article 57 of this Law.判處管制附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的，剝奪政治權(quán)利的期限與管制的期限相等，同時(shí)執(zhí)行。

Anyone who is sentenced to public surveillance is deprived of political rights as a supplementary punishment, the term of deprivation of political rights shall be the same as the term of public surveillance, and the punishments shall be executed simultaneously.第五十六條 對(duì)于危害國(guó)家安全的犯罪分子應(yīng)當(dāng)附加剝奪政治權(quán)利；對(duì)于故意殺人、強(qiáng)奸、放火、爆炸、投毒、搶劫等嚴(yán)重破壞社會(huì)秩序的犯罪分子，可以附加剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 56 Anyone who commits the crime of endangering national security shall be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment;anyone who commits the crime of seriously undermining public order by intentional homicide, rape, arson, explosion, poisoning or robbery may be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment.獨(dú)立適用剝奪政治權(quán)利的，依照本法分則的規(guī)定。

Where deprivation of political rights is imposed exclusively, the Specific Provisions of this Law shall apply.第五十七條 對(duì)于被判處死刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，應(yīng)當(dāng)剝奪政治權(quán)利終身。

Article 57 Any criminal who is sentenced to death or to life imprisonment shall be deprived of his political rights for life.在死刑緩期執(zhí)行減為有期徒刑或者無期徒刑減為有期徒刑的時(shí)候，應(yīng)當(dāng)把附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的期限改為三年以上十年以下。

When a death penalty with a suspension of execution is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, or a life imprisonment is commuted to a fixed-term imprisonment, the term of the supplementary punishment of deprivation of political rights shall be changed to not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第五十八條 附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的刑期，從徒刑、拘役執(zhí)行完畢之日或者從假釋之日起計(jì)算；剝奪政治權(quán)利的效力當(dāng)然施用于主刑執(zhí)行期間。

Article 58 A term of deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment shall be counted from the date on which imprisonment or criminal detention ends or from the date on which parole begins.Deprivation of political rights shall, as a matter of course, be in effect during the period in which the principal punishment is being executed.被剝奪政治權(quán)利的犯罪分子，在執(zhí)行期間，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法律、行政法規(guī)和國(guó)務(wù)院公安部門有關(guān)監(jiān)督管理的規(guī)定，服從監(jiān)督；不得行使本法第五十四條規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利。

Any criminal who is deprived of his political rights shall, during the period of execution, observe laws, administrative rules and regulations and other regulations governing supervision and control stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and submit to supervision;he shall not exercise any of the rights listed in Article 54 of this Law.第八節(jié) 沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)

SECTION 8 CONFISCATION OF PROPERTY

第五十九條 沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)是沒收犯罪分子個(gè)人所有財(cái)產(chǎn)的一部或者全部。沒收全部財(cái)產(chǎn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)犯罪分子個(gè)人及其扶養(yǎng)的家屬保留必需的生活費(fèi)用。

Article 59 Confiscation of property refers to the confiscation of part or all of the property personally owned by a criminal.Where confiscation of all the property of a criminal is imposed, the amount necessary for the daily expenses of the criminal himself and the family members supported by him shall be taken out.在判處沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)的時(shí)候，不得沒收屬于犯罪分子家屬所有或者應(yīng)有的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that the criminal's family members own or should own shall not be subject to confiscation.第六十條 沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)以前犯罪分子所負(fù)的正當(dāng)債務(wù)，需要以沒收的財(cái)產(chǎn)償還的，經(jīng)債權(quán)人請(qǐng)求，應(yīng)當(dāng)償還。

Article 60 Where it is necessary to use part of the confiscated property to repay the legitimate debts that the criminal incurred before his property is confiscated, the debts shall be repaid at the request of the creditors.第四章 刑罰的具體運(yùn)用

CHAPTER IV THE CONCRETE APPLICATION OF PUNISHMENTS

第六十一條 對(duì)于犯罪分子決定刑罰的時(shí)候，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)犯罪的事實(shí)、犯罪的性質(zhì)、情節(jié)和對(duì)于社會(huì)的危害程度，依照本法的有關(guān)規(guī)定判處。

Article 61 When sentencing a criminal, a punishment shall be meted out on the basis of the facts, nature and circumstances of the crime, the degree of harm done to society and the relevant provisions of this Law.第六十二條 犯罪分子具有本法規(guī)定的從重處罰、從輕處罰情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在法定刑的限度以內(nèi)判處刑罰。

Article 62 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a heavier or lighter punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment within the limits of the prescribed punishment.第六十三條 犯罪分子具有本法規(guī)定的減輕處罰情節(jié)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在法定刑以下判處刑罰。

Article 63 In cases where the circumstances of a crime call for a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, the criminal shall be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.犯罪分子雖然不具有本法規(guī)定的減輕處罰情節(jié)，但是根據(jù)案件的特殊情況，經(jīng)最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，也可以在法定刑以下判處刑罰。

In cases where the circumstances of a crime do not warrant a mitigated punishment under the provisions of this Law, however, in the light of the special circumstances of the case, and upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the criminal may still be sentenced to a punishment less than the prescribed punishment.第六十四條 犯罪分子違法所得的一切財(cái)物，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以追繳或者責(zé)令退賠；對(duì)被害人的合法財(cái)產(chǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)返還；違禁品和供犯罪所用的本人財(cái)物，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收。沒收的財(cái)物和罰金，一律上繳國(guó)庫，不得挪用和自行處理。

Article 64 All money and property illegally obtained by a criminal shall be recovered, or compensation shall be or dered;the lawful property of the victim shall be returned without delay;and contrabands and possessions of the criminal that are used in the commission of the crime shall be confiscated.All the confiscated money and property and fines shall be turned over to the State treasury, and no one may misappropriate or privately dispose of them.第六十五條 被判處有期徒刑以上刑罰的犯罪分子，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢或者赦免以后，在五年以內(nèi)再犯應(yīng)當(dāng)判處有期徒刑以上刑罰之罪的，是累犯，應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰，但是過失犯罪除外。

Article 65 If a criminal commits another crime punishable by fixed-term imprisonment or heavier penalty within five years after serving his sentence of not less than fixed-term imprisonment or receiving a pardon, he is a recidivist and shall be given a heavier punishment.However, this shall not apply to cases of negligent crime.前款規(guī)定的期限，對(duì)于被假釋的犯罪分子，從假釋期滿之日起計(jì)算。

For criminals who are paroled, the period stipulated in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the date the parole expires.第六十六條 危害國(guó)家安全的犯罪分子在刑罰執(zhí)行完畢或者赦免以后，在任何時(shí)候再犯危害國(guó)家安全罪的，都以累犯論處。

Article 66 If a criminal of endangering national security commits the same crime again at any time after serving his sentence or receiving a pardon shall be dealt with as a recidivist.第三節(jié) 自首和立功

SECTION 3 VOLUNTARY SURRENDER AND MERITORIOUS PERFORMANCE

第六十七條 犯罪以后自動(dòng)投案，如實(shí)供述自己的罪行的，是自首。對(duì)于自首的犯罪分子，可以從輕或者減輕處罰。其中，犯罪較輕的，可以免除處罰。

Article 67 Voluntary surrender refers to the act of voluntarily delivering oneself up to justice and truthfully confessing one's crime after one has committed the crime.Any criminal who voluntarily surrenders may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.The ones whose crimes are relatively minor may be exempted from punishment.被采取強(qiáng)制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和正在服刑的罪犯，如實(shí)供述司法機(jī)關(guān)還未掌握的本人其他罪行的，以自首論。

If a criminal suspect or a defendent under compulsory measures or a criminal serving a sentence truthfully confesses his other crimes that the judicial organ does not know, his act shall be regarded as voluntary surrender.第六十八條 犯罪分子有揭發(fā)他人犯罪行為，查證屬實(shí)的，或者提供重要線索，從而得以偵破其他案件等立功表現(xiàn)的，可以從輕或者減輕處罰；有重大立功表現(xiàn)的，可以減輕或者免除處罰。

Article 68 Any criminal who performs such meritorious services as exposing an offence committed by another, which is verified through investigation, or producing important clues for solving other cases may be given a lighter or mitigated punishment.Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.犯罪后自首又有重大立功表現(xiàn)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減輕或者免除處罰。

Any criminal who not only voluntarily surrenders after committing the crime but also performs major meritorious services shall be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.第四節(jié) 數(shù)罪并罰

SECTION 4 COMBINED PUNISHMENT FOR SEVERAL CRIMES

第六十九條 判決宣告以前一人犯數(shù)罪的，除判處死刑和無期徒刑的以外，應(yīng)當(dāng)在總和刑期以下、數(shù)刑中最高刑期以上，酌情決定執(zhí)行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超過三年，拘役最高不能超過一年，有期徒刑最高不能超過二十年。

Article 69 For a criminal who commits several crimes before a judgment is pronounced, unless he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, his term of punishment shall be not more than the total of the terms for all the crimes but not less than the longest of the terms for the crimes, depending on the circumstances of the crimes.However, the term of public surveillance may not exceed the maximum of three years, the term of criminal detention may not exceed the maximum of one year, and fixed-term imprisonment may not exceed the maximum of 20 years.如果數(shù)罪中有判處附加刑的，附加刑仍須執(zhí)行。

If among the crimes there is any for which a supplementary punishment is imposed, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十條 判決宣告以后，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢以前，發(fā)現(xiàn)被判刑的犯罪分子在判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的罪作出判決，把前后兩個(gè)判決所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。已經(jīng)執(zhí)行的刑期，應(yīng)當(dāng)計(jì)算在新判決決定的刑期以內(nèi)。

Article 70 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced the criminal committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, a judgment shall also be rendered for the newly discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishments imposed in the earlier and latest judgments and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.Any portion of the term that has already been served shall count towards fulfilment of the term imposed by the latest judgment.第七十一條 判決宣告以后，刑罰執(zhí)行完畢以前，被判刑的犯罪分子又犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)新犯的罪作出判決，把前罪沒有執(zhí)行的刑罰和后罪所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。

Article 71 If, after a judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, the criminal again commits a crime, another judgment shall be rendered for the newly committed crime;the punishment to be executed shall be determined on the basis of the punishment that remains to be executed for the earlier crime and the punishment imposed for the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.第七十二條 對(duì)于被判處拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子，根據(jù)犯罪分子的犯罪情節(jié)和悔罪表現(xiàn)，適用緩刑確實(shí)不致再危害社會(huì)的，可以宣告緩刑。

Article 72 A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society.被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，如果被判處附加刑，附加刑仍須執(zhí)行。

If a supplementary punishment is imposed on a criminal whose sentence is suspended, the supplementary punishment shall still be executed.第七十三條 拘役的緩刑考驗(yàn)期限為原判刑期以上一年以下，但是不能少于二個(gè)月。

Article 73 The probation period for suspension of criminal detention shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than one year, however, it may not be less than two months.有期徒刑的緩刑考驗(yàn)期限為原判刑期以上五年以下，但是不能少于一年。

The probation period for suspension of fixed-term imprisonment shall be not less than the term originally decided but not more than five years, however, it may not be less than one year.緩刑考驗(yàn)期限，從判決確定之日起計(jì)算。

The probation period for suspension of sentence shall be counted from the date the judgment is made final.第七十四條 對(duì)于累犯，不適用緩刑。

Article 74 Suspension of sentence shall not be applied to recidivists.第七十五條 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守下列規(guī)定：

Article 75 A criminal whose sentence is suspended shall observe the followings:

（一）遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，服從監(jiān)督；

(1)to observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）按照考察機(jī)關(guān)的規(guī)定報(bào)告自己的活動(dòng)情況；

(2)to report on his own activities as required by the observing organ;

（三）遵守考察機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于會(huì)客的規(guī)定；

(3)to observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the observing organ;and

（四）離開所居住的市、縣或者遷居，應(yīng)當(dāng)報(bào)經(jīng)考察機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。

(4)to report to obtain approval from the observing organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第七十六條 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)，由公安機(jī)關(guān)考察，所在單位或者基層組織予以配合，如果沒有本法第七十七條規(guī)定的情形，緩刑考驗(yàn)期滿，原判的刑罰就不再執(zhí)行，并公開予以宣告。

Article 76 Any criminal whose sentence is suspended shall, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, be subjected to observation by a public security organ with the cooperation of the work unit to which he belongs or of a grass-roots organization, and in the absence of the circumstances prescribed in Article 77 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall cease to be executed upon the expiration of the probation period for suspension of sentence, which shall be made known publicly.第七十七條 被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)犯新罪或者發(fā)現(xiàn)判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷緩刑，對(duì)新犯的罪或者新發(fā)現(xiàn)的罪作出判決，把前罪和后罪所判處的刑罰，依照本法第六十九條的規(guī)定，決定執(zhí)行的刑罰。

Article 77 If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended commits a crime again or it is discovered that before the judgment is pronounced, he has committed another crime for which he is not sentenced, the suspension shall be revoked and another judgment rendered for the newly committed or discovered crime;the punishment to be executed shall be decided on the basis of the punishments for the old crime and the new crime and according to the provisions of Article 69 of this Law.被宣告緩刑的犯罪分子，在緩刑考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)，違反法律、行政法規(guī)或者國(guó)務(wù)院公安部門有關(guān)緩刑的監(jiān)督管理規(guī)定，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷緩刑，執(zhí)行原判刑罰。

If, during the probation period for suspension of sentence, a criminal whose sentence is suspended violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or regulations relating to supervision and control over suspension of sentence stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council and if the circumstances are serious, the suspension shall be revoked and the original punishment shall be executed.第六節(jié) 減刑

SECTION 6 COMMUTATION OF PUNISHMENT

第七十八條 被判處管制、拘役、有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，在執(zhí)行期間，如果認(rèn)真遵守監(jiān)規(guī)，接受教育改造，確有悔改表現(xiàn)的，或者有立功表現(xiàn)的，可以減刑；有下列重大立功表現(xiàn)之一的，應(yīng)當(dāng)減刑：

Article 78 The punishment of a criminal sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment may be commuted if, while serving his sentence, he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor and shows true repentance or performs meritorious services;the punishment shall be commuted if a criminal performs any of the following major meritorious services:

（一）阻止他人重大犯罪活動(dòng)的；

(1)preventing another person from conducting major criminal activities;

（二）檢舉監(jiān)獄內(nèi)外重大犯罪活動(dòng)，經(jīng)查證屬實(shí)的；

(2)informing against major criminal activities conducted inside or outside prison and verified through investigation;

（三）有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造或者重大技術(shù)革新的；

(3)having inventions or important technical innovations to his credit;

（四）在日常生產(chǎn)、生活中舍己救人的；

(4)coming to the rescue of another in everyday life and production at the risk of losing his own life;

（五）在抗御自然災(zāi)害或者排除重大事故中，有突出表現(xiàn)的；

(5)performing remarkable services in fighting against natural disasters or curbing major accidents;or

（六）對(duì)國(guó)家和社會(huì)有其他重大貢獻(xiàn)的。

(6)making other major contributions to the country and society.減刑以后實(shí)際執(zhí)行的刑期，判處管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；判處無期徒刑的，不能少于十年。

After commutation, the term of punishment actually to be served by those sentenced to public surveillance, criminal detention or fixed-term imprisonment may not be less than half of the term originally decided;for those sentenced to life imprisonment, it may not be less than 10 years.第七十九條 對(duì)于犯罪分子的減刑，由執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)向中級(jí)以上人民法院提出減刑建議書。人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)組成合議庭進(jìn)行審理，對(duì)確有悔改或者立功事實(shí)的，裁定予以減刑。非經(jīng)法定程序不得減刑。

Article 79 If punishment to a criminal is to be commuted, the executing organ shall submit to a People's Court at or above the intermediate level a written proposal for commutation of punishment.The People's Court shall form a collegiate panel for examination and, if the criminal is found to have shown true repentance or performed meritorious services, issue an order of commutation.However, no punishment shall be commuted without going through legal procedure.第八十條 無期徒刑減為有期徒刑的刑期，從裁定減刑之日起計(jì)算。

Article 80 A term of fixed-term imprisonment that is commuted from life imprisonment shall be counted from the date the order of commutation is issued.第八十一條 被判處有期徒刑的犯罪分子，執(zhí)行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判處無期徒刑的犯罪分子，實(shí)際執(zhí)行十年以上，如果認(rèn)真遵守監(jiān)規(guī)，接受教育改造，確有悔改表現(xiàn)，假釋后不致再危害社會(huì)的，可以假釋。如果有特殊情況，經(jīng)最高人民法院核準(zhǔn)，可以不受上述執(zhí)行刑期的限制。

Article 81 A criminal sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment who has served more than half of the term of the original sentence or a criminal sentenced to life imprisonment who has served not less than 10 years of the term may be granted parole if he conscientiously observes prison regulations, accepts education and reform through labor, shows true repentance and will no longer cause harm to society.If special circumstances exist, upon verification and approval of the Supreme People's Court, the above restrictions relating to the term served may be disregarded.對(duì)累犯以及因殺人、爆炸、搶劫、強(qiáng)奸、綁架等暴力性犯罪被判處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假釋。

No parole shall be granted to recidivists or criminals who are sentenced to more than 10 years of imprisonment or life imprisonment for crimes of violence such as homicide, explosion, robbery, rape and kidnap.第八十二條 對(duì)于犯罪分子的假釋，依照本法第七十九條規(guī)定的程序進(jìn)行。非經(jīng)法定程序不得假釋。

Article 82 Parole shall be granted to a criminal through the procedure prescribed in Article 79 of this Law.No parole shall be granted without going through legal procedure.第八十三條 有期徒刑的假釋考驗(yàn)期限，為沒有執(zhí)行完畢的刑期；無期徒刑的假釋考驗(yàn)期限為十年。

Article 83 The probation period for parole in the case of fixed-term imprisonment shall be equal to the portion of the term that has not been completed;the probation period for parole in the case of life imprisonment shall be 10 years.假釋考驗(yàn)期限，從假釋之日起計(jì)算。

The probation period for parole shall be counted from the date the criminal is released on parole.第八十四條 被宣告假釋的犯罪分子，應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守下列規(guī)定：

Article 84 Any criminal who is granted parole shall observe the following:

（一）遵守法律、行政法規(guī)，服從監(jiān)督；

(1)observe laws and administrative rules and regulations, and submit to supervision;

（二）按照監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)的規(guī)定報(bào)告自己的活動(dòng)情況；

(2)report on his own activities as required by the supervising organ;

（三）遵守監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)關(guān)于會(huì)客的規(guī)定；

(3)observe the regulations for receiving visitors stipulated by the supervising organ;and

（四）離開所居住的市、縣或者遷居，應(yīng)當(dāng)報(bào)經(jīng)監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)。

(4)report to obtain approval from the supervising organ for any departure from the city or county he lives in or for any change in residence.第八十五條 被假釋的犯罪分子，在假釋考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)，由公安機(jī)關(guān)予以監(jiān)督，如果沒有本法第八十六條規(guī)定的情形，假釋考驗(yàn)期滿，就認(rèn)為原判刑罰已經(jīng)執(zhí)行完畢，并公開予以宣告。

Article 85 Any criminal who is granted parole shall be subject to supervision by a public security organ during the probation period for parole.If he is not found in any of the circumstances prescribed in Article 86 of this Law, the punishment originally decided shall be considered executed upon the expiration of the probation period for parole, which shall be made known publicly.第八十六條 被假釋的犯罪分子，在假釋考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)犯新罪，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷假釋，依照本法第七十一條的規(guī)定實(shí)行數(shù)罪并罰。

Article 86 If a criminal who is granted parole commits another crime during the probation period for parole, the parole shall be revoked, and he shall be given a combined punishment for several crimes as provided in Article 71 of this Law.在假釋考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)，發(fā)現(xiàn)被假釋的犯罪分子在判決宣告以前還有其他罪沒有判決的，應(yīng)當(dāng)撤銷假釋，依照本法第七十條的規(guī)定實(shí)行數(shù)罪并罰。

If a criminal who is granted parole is discovered to have committed, before the judgment is pronounced, other crimes for which no punishment is imposed, the parole shall be revoked and a combined punishment for several crimes shall be given according to the provisions of Article 70 of this Law.被假釋的犯罪分子，在假釋考驗(yàn)期限內(nèi)，有違反法律、行政法規(guī)或者國(guó)務(wù)院公安部門有關(guān)假釋的監(jiān)督管理規(guī)定的行為，尚未構(gòu)成新的犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依照法定程序撤銷假釋，收監(jiān)執(zhí)行未執(zhí)行完畢的刑罰。

If a criminal who is granted parole, during the probation period for parole, violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or other regulations relating to supervision and control over parole stipulated by the department of public security under the State Council but the violation does not constitute a new crime, the parole shall be revoked in accordance with legal procedure and he shall be put back into prison to serve the remaining part of criminal punishment.第八十七條 犯罪經(jīng)過下列期限不再追訴：

Article 87 Crimes shall not be prosecuted if the following periods have elapsed:

（一）法定最高刑為不滿五年有期徒刑的，經(jīng)過五年；

(1)five years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of less than five years;

（二）法定最高刑為五年以上不滿十年有期徒刑的，經(jīng)過十年；

(2)10 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but less than 10 years;

（三）法定最高刑為十年以上有期徒刑的，經(jīng)過十五年；

(3)15 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;and

（四）法定最高刑為無期徒刑、死刑的，經(jīng)過二十年。如果二十年以后認(rèn)為必須追訴的，須報(bào)請(qǐng)最高人民檢察院核準(zhǔn)。

(4)20 years, when the maximum punishment prescribed is life imprisonment or death penalty.If after 20 years it is considered necessary to prosecute a crime, the matter shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Procuratorate for examination and approval.第八十八條 在人民檢察院、公安機(jī)關(guān)、國(guó)家安全機(jī)關(guān)立案?jìng)刹榛蛘咴谌嗣穹ㄔ菏芾戆讣院?，逃避偵查或者審判的，不受追訴期限的限制。

Article 88 No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a criminal who escapes from investigation or trial after a People's Procuratorate, public security organ or national security organ files the case or a People's Court accepts the case.被害人在追訴期限內(nèi)提出控告，人民法院、人民檢察院、公安機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)當(dāng)立案而不予立案的，不受追訴期限的限制。

No limitation on the period for prosecution shall be imposed with respect to a case which should have been but is not filed by a People's Court, People's Procuratorate or public security organ after the victim brings a charge within the period for prosecution.第八十九條 追訴期限從犯罪之日起計(jì)算；犯罪行為有連續(xù)或者繼續(xù)狀態(tài)的，從犯罪行為終了之日起計(jì)算。

Article 89 The limitation period for prosecution shall be counted from the date the crime is committed;if the criminal act is of a continual or continuous nature, it shall be counted from the date the criminal act is terminated.在追訴期限以內(nèi)又犯罪的，前罪追訴的期限從犯后罪之日起計(jì)算。

If further crime is committed during a limitation period for prosecution, the limitation period for prosecution of the old crime shall be counted from the date the new crime is committed.第九十條 民族自治地方不能全部適用本法規(guī)定的，可以由自治區(qū)或者省的人民代表大會(huì)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)孛褡宓恼巍⒔?jīng)濟(jì)、文化的特點(diǎn)和本法規(guī)定的基本原則，制定變通或者補(bǔ)充的規(guī)定，報(bào)請(qǐng)全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)施行。

Article 90 Where the provisions of this Law cannot be completely applied in national autonomous areas, the people's congresses of the autonomous regions or the provinces concerned may formulate adaptive or supplementary provisions on the basis of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles stipulated in this Law, and these provisions shall go into effect after they have been submitted to and approved by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.第九十一條 本法所稱公共財(cái)產(chǎn)，是指下列財(cái)產(chǎn)：

Article 91 “Public property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;

（一）國(guó)有財(cái)產(chǎn)；

(1)property owned by the State;

（二）勞動(dòng)群眾集體所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)；

(2)property owned collectively by working people;and

（三）用于扶貧和其他公益事業(yè)的社會(huì)捐助或者專項(xiàng)基金的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

(3)public donations or special funds used for elimination of poverty or for other public welfare undertakings.在國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、集體企業(yè)和人民團(tuán)體管理、使用或者運(yùn)輸中的私人財(cái)產(chǎn)，以公共財(cái)產(chǎn)論。

Private property that is being managed, used or transported by State organs, State-owned companies and enterprises, or enterprises owned by collectives, or people's organizations shall be treated as public property.第九十二條 本法所稱公民私人所有的財(cái)產(chǎn)，是指下列財(cái)產(chǎn)：

Article 92 “Citizens' privately owned property” as mentioned in this Law refers to the following;

（一）公民的合法收入、儲(chǔ)蓄、房屋和其他生活資料；

(1)citizens' lawful earnings, savings, houses and other means of subsistence;

（二）依法歸個(gè)人、家庭所有的生產(chǎn)資料；

(2)any means of production that is under private or family ownership according to law;

（三）個(gè)體戶和私營(yíng)企業(yè)的合法財(cái)產(chǎn)；

(3)property lawfully owned by self-employed workers or private enterprises;and

（四）依法歸個(gè)人所有的股份、股票、債券和其他財(cái)產(chǎn)。

(4)shares, stocks, bonds and other property that are under private ownership according to law.第九十三條 本法所稱國(guó)家工作人員，是指國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)中從事公務(wù)的人員。

Article 93 “State functionaries” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who perform public service in State organs.國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、人民團(tuán)體中從事公務(wù)的人員和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位委派到非國(guó)有公司、企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位、社會(huì)團(tuán)體從事公務(wù)的人員，以及其他依照法律從事公務(wù)的人員，以國(guó)家工作人員論。

Persons who perform public service in State-owned companies or, enterprises, institutions or people's organizations, persons who are assigned by State organs, State-owned companies, enterprises or institutions to companies, enterprises or institutions that are not owned by the State or people's organizations to perform public service and the other persons who perform public service according to law shall all be regarded as State functionaries.第九十四條 本法所稱司法工作人員，是指有偵查、檢察、審判、監(jiān)管職責(zé)的工作人員。

Article 94 “Judicial officers” as mentioned in this Law refers to persons who exercise the functions of investigation, prosecution, adjudication and supervision and control.第九十五條 本法所稱重傷，是指有下列情形之一的傷害：

Article 95 “Serious injuries” as mentioned in this Law refers to any of the following:

（一）使人肢體殘廢或者毀人容貌的；

(1)injuries resulting in a person's disability or disfigurement;

（二）使人喪失聽覺、視覺或者其他器官機(jī)能的；

(2)injuries resulting in a person's loss of his hearing, sight or the function of any other organ;or

（三）其他對(duì)于人身健康有重大傷害的。

(3)other injuries that cause grave harm to a person's physical health.第九十六條 本法所稱違反國(guó)家規(guī)定，是指違反全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)及其常務(wù)委員會(huì)制定的法律和決定，國(guó)務(wù)院制定的行政法規(guī)、規(guī)定的行政措施、發(fā)布的決定和命令。

Article 96 “Violation of State regulations” as mentioned in this Law refers to violation of the laws enacted or decisions made by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee and the administrative rules and regulations formulated, the administrative measures adopted and the decisions or orders promulgated by the State Council.第九十七條 本法所稱首要分子，是指在犯罪集團(tuán)或者聚眾犯罪中起組織、策劃、指揮作用的犯罪分子。

Article 97 “Ringleader” as mentioned in this Law refers to any criminal who plays the role of organizing, plotting or directing in a crime committed by a criminal group or a crowd.第九十八條 本法所稱告訴才處理，是指被害人告訴才處理。如果被害人因受強(qiáng)制、威嚇無法告訴的，人民檢察院和被害人的近親屬也可以告訴。

Article 98 “To be handled only upon complaint” as mentioned in this Law means that a case shall only be handled if the victim brings a complaint.However, if the victim is unable to bring a complaint because of coercion or intimidation, a People's Procuratorate or a close relative of the victim may bring a complaint.第九十九條 本法所稱以上、以下、以內(nèi)，包括本數(shù)。

Article 99 “Not less than”, “not more than” and “within” as used in this Law all include the given figure.第一百條 依法受過刑事處罰的人，在入伍、就業(yè)的時(shí)候，應(yīng)當(dāng)如實(shí)向有關(guān)單位報(bào)告自己曾受過刑事處罰，不得隱瞞。

Article 100 Anyone who has been subjected to criminal punishment shall, before being recruited in the army or employed, report to the unit concerned about the fact;he may not conceal it.第一百零一條 本法總則適用于其他有刑罰規(guī)定的法律，但是其他法律有特別規(guī)定的除外。

Article 101 The General Provisions of this Law shall be applicable to other laws with provisions for criminal punishments, unless otherwise specifically provided for in those laws.第一章 危害國(guó)家安全罪

CHAPTER I CRIMES OF ENDANGERING NATIONAL SECURITY

第一百零二條 勾結(jié)外國(guó)，危害中華人民共和國(guó)的主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整和安全的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑。

Article 102 Whoever colludes with a foreign State to endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the People's Republic of China shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years.與境外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、個(gè)人相勾結(jié)，犯前款罪的，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever commits the crime prescribed in the preceding paragraph in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be punished according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零三條 組織、策劃、實(shí)施分裂國(guó)家、破壞國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的，對(duì)首要分子或者罪行重大的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；對(duì)積極參加的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；對(duì)其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 103 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of splitting the State or undermining unity of the country, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.煽動(dòng)分裂國(guó)家、破壞國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever incites others to split the State or undermine unity of the country shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;the ringleaders and the ones who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零四條 組織、策劃、實(shí)施武裝叛亂或者武裝**的，對(duì)首要分子或者罪行重大的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；對(duì)積極參加的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；對(duì)其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 104 Among those who organize, plot or carry out armed rebellion or armed riot, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.策動(dòng)、脅迫、勾引、收買國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員、武裝部隊(duì)人員、人民警察、民兵進(jìn)行武裝叛亂或者武裝**的，依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。

Whoever instigates, coerces, lures or bribes State functionaries or members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to commit armed rebellion or armed riot shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百零五條 組織、策劃、實(shí)施顛覆國(guó)家政權(quán)、推翻社會(huì)主義制度的，對(duì)首要分子或者罪行重大的，處無期徒刑或者十年以上有期徒刑；對(duì)積極參加的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；對(duì)其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 105 Among those who organize, plot or carry out the scheme of subverting the State power or overthrowing the socialist system, the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years;the ones who take an active part in it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;and the other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.以造謠、誹謗或者其他方式煽動(dòng)顛覆國(guó)家政權(quán)、推翻社會(huì)主義制度的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；首要分子或者罪行重大的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Whoever incites others by spreading rumors or slanders or any other means to subvert the State power or overthrow the socialist system shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;and the ringleaders and the others who commit major crimes shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零六條 與境外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、個(gè)人相勾結(jié)，實(shí)施本章第一百零三條、第一百零四條、第一百零五條規(guī)定之罪的，依照各該條的規(guī)定從重處罰。

Article 106 Whoever commits the crime as prescribed in Article 103, 104 or 105 of this Chapter in collusion with any organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions stipulated in these Articles respectively.第一百零七條 境內(nèi)外機(jī)構(gòu)、組織或者個(gè)人資助境內(nèi)組織或者個(gè)人實(shí)施本章第一百零二條、第一百零三條、第一百零四條、第一百零五條規(guī)定之罪的，對(duì)直接責(zé)任人員，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Article 107 Where an organ, organization or individual inside or outside of the territory of China provides funds to any organization or individual within the territory of China to commit the crime as prescribed in Article 102, 103, 104 or 105, the person who is directly responsible for the crime shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百零八條 投敵叛變的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重或者帶領(lǐng)武裝部隊(duì)人員、人民警察、民兵投敵叛變的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑。

Article 108 Whoever defects to the enemy and turns traitor shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious or if he leads members of the armed forces, the people's police or the people's militia to defect to the enemy and turn traitor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百零九條 國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員在履行公務(wù)期間，擅離崗位，叛逃境外或者在境外叛逃，危害中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家安全的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 109 Any State functionary who, while discharging his official duties at home or abroad, leaves his post without permission and defects to another country, which endangers the security of the People's Republic of China, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years.掌握國(guó)家秘密的國(guó)家工作人員犯前款罪的，依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。

Any State functionary who has State secrets commits the crime as prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be given a heavier punishment according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph.第一百一十條 有下列間諜行為之一，危害國(guó)家安全的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑：

Article 110 Whoever endangers national security by committing any of the following acts of espionage shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years:

（一）參加間諜組織或者接受間諜組織及其代理人的任務(wù)的；

(1)joining an espionage organization or accepting a mission assigned by the organization or its agent;or

（二）為敵人指示轟擊目標(biāo)的。

(2)directing the enemy to any bombing or shelling target.第一百一十一條 為境外的機(jī)構(gòu)、組織、人員竊取、刺探、收買、非法提供國(guó)家秘密或者情報(bào)的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或者剝奪政治權(quán)利。

Article 111 Whoever steals, spies into, buys or unlaw-fully supplies State secrets or intelligence for an organ, organization or individual outside the territory of China shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years, criminal detention, public surveillance or deprivation of political rights.第一百一十二條 戰(zhàn)時(shí)供給敵人武器裝備、軍用物資資敵的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 112 Whoever aids the enemy during wartime by providing him with weapons and equipment or military materials shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十三條 本章上述危害國(guó)家安全罪行中，除第一百零三條第二款、第一百零五條、第一百零七條、第一百零九條外，對(duì)國(guó)家和人民危害特別嚴(yán)重、情節(jié)特別惡劣的，可以判處死刑。

Article 113 Whoever commits any of the crimes of endangering national security as mentioned above in this Chapter, with the exception of those provided for in Paragraph 2 of Article 103 and in Articles 105, 107 and 109, if the crime causes particularly grave harm to the State and the people or if the circumstances are especially serious, may be sentenced to death.犯本章之罪的，可以并處沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Whoever commits any of the crimes mentioned in this Chapter may concurrently be sentenced to confiscation of property.第二章 危害公共安全罪

CHAPTER II CRIMES OF ENDANGERING PUBLIC SECURITY

第一百一十四條 放火、決水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危險(xiǎn)方法破壞工廠、礦場(chǎng)、油田、港口、河流、水源、倉庫、住宅、森林、農(nóng)場(chǎng)、谷場(chǎng)、牧場(chǎng)、重要管道、公共建筑物或者其他公私財(cái)產(chǎn)，危害公共安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 114 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or uses other dangerous means to sabotage any factory, mine, oilfield, harbour, river, water source, warehouse, house, forest, farm, threshing ground, pasture, key pipeline, public building or any other public or private property, thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十五條 放火、決水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危險(xiǎn)方法致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 115 Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or inflicts serious injury or death on people or causes heavy losses of public or private property by other dangerous means, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.過失犯前款罪的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百一十六條 破壞火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器，足以使火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險(xiǎn)，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 116 Whoever sabotages a train, motor vehicle, tram, ship or aircraft to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十七條 破壞軌道、橋梁、隧道、公路、機(jī)場(chǎng)、航道、燈塔、標(biāo)志或者進(jìn)行其他破壞活動(dòng)，足以使火車、汽車、電車、船只、航空器發(fā)生傾覆、毀壞危險(xiǎn)，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 117 Whoever sabotages a railroad, bridge, tunnel, highway, airport, waterway, lighthouse or sign or conducts any other sabotaging activities to such a dangerous extent as to overturn or destroy it, but with no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十八條 破壞電力、燃?xì)饣蛘咂渌兹家妆O(shè)備，危害公共安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。

Article 118 Whoever sabotages any electric power or gas facility or any other inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby endangering public security, but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years.第一百一十九條 破壞交通工具、交通設(shè)施、電力設(shè)備、燃?xì)庠O(shè)備、易燃易爆設(shè)備，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 119 Whoever sabotages any means of transport, transportation facility, electric power facility, gas facility, or inflammable or explosive equipment, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.過失犯前款罪的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十條 組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和積極參加恐怖活動(dòng)組織的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；其他參加的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。

Article 120 Whoever forms, leads or actively participates in a terrorist organization shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;other participants shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.犯前款罪并實(shí)施殺人、爆炸、綁架等犯罪的，依照數(shù)罪并罰的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever, in addition to the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph, commits other crimes of homicide, explosion or kidnap shall be punished in accordance with the provisions on combined punishment for several crimes.第一百二十一條 以暴力、脅迫或者其他方法劫持航空器的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑；致人重傷、死亡或者使航空器遭受嚴(yán)重破壞的，處死刑。

Article 121 Whoever hijacks any aircraft by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment;any hijacker who causes serious injury to or death of any other person or serious damage to the aircraft shall be sentenced to death.第一百二十二條 以暴力、脅迫或者其他方法劫持船只、汽車的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑。

Article 122 Whoever hijacks a ship or motor vehicle by means of violence, coercion or by any other means shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment.第一百二十三條 對(duì)飛行中的航空器上的人員使用暴力，危及飛行安全，尚未造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處五年以上有期徒刑。

Article 123 Whoever uses violence against any person on board an aircraft and thereby endangers air safety, if there are no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years.第一百二十四條 破壞廣播電視設(shè)施、公用電信設(shè)施，危害公共安全的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處七年以上有期徒刑。

Article 124 Whoever sabotages any broadcasting, television or public telecommunications facility, thereby endangering public security, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if there are serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.過失犯前款罪的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)較輕的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Whoever negligently commits the crime mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if the circumstances are minor, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百二十五條 非法制造、買賣、運(yùn)輸、郵寄、儲(chǔ)存槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 125 Whoever illegally manufactures, trades in, transports, mails or stores any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.非法買賣、運(yùn)輸核材料的，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever illegally trades in or transports nuclear materials shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.單位犯前兩款罪的，對(duì)單位判處罰金，并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照第一款的規(guī)定處罰。

Where a unit commits any of the crimes mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十六條 依法被指定、確定的槍支制造企業(yè)、銷售企業(yè)，違反槍支管理規(guī)定，有下列行為之一的，對(duì)單位判處罰金，并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，處五年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)特別嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑：

Article 126 If, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, any enterprise that is designated or determined pursuant to law for manufacturing or selling guns commits any of the following acts, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the act shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years;if the circumstances are serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are especially serious, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment:

（一）以非法銷售為目的，超過限額或者不按照規(guī)定的品種制造、配售槍支的；

(1)to manufacture or sell guns in excess of the quotas or at variance with the variety prescribed, for purposes of illegal sale;

（二）以非法銷售為目的，制造無號(hào)、重號(hào)、假號(hào)的槍支的；

(2)to manufacture guns without numbers or with duplicate or false numbers, for purposes of illegal sale;or

（三）非法銷售槍支或者在境內(nèi)銷售為出口制造的槍支的。

(3)to sell guns illegally, or sell guns in China that are manufactured for export.第一百二十七條 盜竊、搶奪槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Article 127 Whoever steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.搶劫槍支、彈藥、爆炸物或者盜竊、搶奪國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、軍警人員、民兵的槍支、彈藥、爆炸物的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。

Whoever robs any guns, ammunition or explosives or steals or forcibly seizes any guns, ammunition or explosives from State organs, members of the armed forces, the police or the people's militia shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death.第一百二十八條 違反槍支管理規(guī)定，非法持有、私藏槍支、彈藥的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 128 Whoever, in violation of the regulations governing control of guns, illegally possesses or conceals any guns or ammunition shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance;if the circumstances are serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.依法配備公務(wù)用槍的人員，非法出租、出借槍支的，依照前款的規(guī)定處罰。

Whoever is lawfully equipped with a gun for the discharge of official duties illegally leases or loans his gun shall be punished according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.依法配置槍支的人員，非法出租、出借槍支，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，依照第一款的規(guī)定處罰。

If persons who are lawfully provided with guns illegally lease or loan such guns, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.單位犯第二款、第三款罪的，對(duì)單位判處罰金，并對(duì)其直接負(fù)責(zé)的主管人員和其他直接責(zé)任人員，依照第一款的規(guī)定處罰。

Where a unit commits the crime mentioned in the second or third paragraph, it shall be fined, and the persons who are directly in charge and the other persons who are directly responsible for the crime shall be punished according to the provisions of the first paragraph.第一百二十九條 依法配備公務(wù)用槍的人員，丟失槍支不及時(shí)報(bào)告，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。

Article 129 If persons who are lawfully equipped with guns for the discharge of official duties lose their guns and fail to report about the matter immediately, thereby causing serious consequences, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.第一百三十條 非法攜帶槍支、彈藥、管制刀具或者爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蝕性物品，進(jìn)入公共場(chǎng)所或者公共交通工具，危及公共安全，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制。

Article 130 Whoever illegally enters a public place or gets on a public transportation vehicle with any gun, ammunition, controlled cutting tool or explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby endangers public security, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, criminal detention or public surveillance.第一百三十一條 航空人員違反規(guī)章制度，致使發(fā)生重大飛行事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成飛機(jī)墜毀或者人員死亡的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 131 Any member of the crew on board an air craft who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a grave air accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if an air crash or death of another is caused, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十二條 鐵路職工違反規(guī)章制度，致使發(fā)生鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)安全事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；造成特別嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 132 Any railway worker who operates in violation of rules or regulations and thereby causes a railway operational accident, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if there are especially serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十三條 違反交通運(yùn)輸管理法規(guī)，因而發(fā)生重大事故，致人重傷、死亡或者使公私財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；交通運(yùn)輸肇事后逃逸或者有其他特別惡劣情節(jié)的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；因逃逸致人死亡的，處七年以上有期徒刑。

Article 133 Whoever violates regulations governing traffic and transportation and thereby causes a serious accident, resulting in serious injuries or deaths or heavy losses of public or private property, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention.Whoever runs away from the spot after he has caused a traffic accident or is involved in other especially flagrant circumstances shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years;if his escape results in the death of another person, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years.第一百三十四條 工廠、礦山、林場(chǎng)、建筑企業(yè)或者其他企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位的職工，由于不服管理、違反規(guī)章制度，或者強(qiáng)令工人違章冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)，因而發(fā)生重大傷亡事故或者造成其他嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情節(jié)特別惡劣的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 134 If any employee of a factory, mine, tree farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution disobeys management or violates rules and regulations or, if anyone forces employees to work under hazardous conditions in violation of rules, thereby causing an accident involving heavy casualties or causing other serious consequences, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十五條 工廠、礦山、林場(chǎng)、建筑企業(yè)或者其他企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位的勞動(dòng)安全設(shè)施不符合國(guó)家規(guī)定，經(jīng)有關(guān)部門或者單位職工提出后，對(duì)事故隱患仍不采取措施，因而發(fā)生重大傷亡事故或者造成其他嚴(yán)重后果的，對(duì)直接責(zé)任人員，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情節(jié)特別惡劣的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 135 Where the facilities for operational safety of a factory, mine, three farm, construction enterprise or any other enterprise or institution do not meet State requirements and no measures are taken to remove the hidden danger of accident after the warning given by the departments concerned or employees of the unit, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs or other serious consequences ensue, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十六條 違反爆炸性、易燃性、放射性、毒害性、腐蝕性物品的管理規(guī)定，在生產(chǎn)、儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸、使用中發(fā)生重大事故，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 136 Whoever violates the regulations on the control of explosive, inflammable, radioactive, poisonous or corrosive materials and thereby causes a serious accident during the production, storage, transportation or use of those materials, if there are serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十七條 建設(shè)單位、設(shè)計(jì)單位、施工單位、工程監(jiān)理單位違反國(guó)家規(guī)定，降低工程質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，造成重大安全事故的，對(duì)直接責(zé)任人員，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處罰金。

Article 137 Where any building, designing, construction or engineering supervision unit, in violation of State regulations, lowers the quality standard of a project and thereby causes a serious accident, the person who is directly responsible for the accident shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also be fined;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined.第一百三十八條 明知校舍或者教育教學(xué)設(shè)施有危險(xiǎn)，而不采取措施或者不及時(shí)報(bào)告，致使發(fā)生重大傷亡事故的，對(duì)直接責(zé)任人員，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 138 If a person who is directly responsible knowingly fails to adopt measures against dangers in school buildings or in educational or teaching facilities or to make a timely report about the matter, so that an accident involving heavy casualties occurs, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第一百三十九條 違反消防管理法規(guī)，經(jīng)消防監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)通知采取改正措施而拒絕執(zhí)行，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，對(duì)直接責(zé)任人員，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。

Article 139 If a person who is directly responsible violates the regulations on fire prevention and control and refuses to take measures to set it right after being told by the organ for supervision over fire prevention and control to do so, if serious consequences ensue, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.第三章 破壞社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序罪

CHAPTER III CRIMES OF DISRUPTING THE ORDER OF THE SOCIALIST MARKET

第一節(jié) 生產(chǎn)、銷售偽劣商品罪

SECTION 1 CRIMES OF PRODUCING AND MARKETING FAKE OR SUBSTANDARD

第一百四十條 生產(chǎn)者、銷售者在產(chǎn)品中摻雜、摻假，以假充真，以次充好或者以不合格產(chǎn)品冒充合格產(chǎn)品，銷售金額五萬元以上不滿二十萬元的，處二年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；銷售金額二十萬元以上不滿五十萬元的，處二年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；銷售金額五十萬元以上不滿二百萬元的，處七年以上有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；銷售金額二百萬元以上的，處十五年有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Article 140 Any producer or seller who mixes impurities into or adulterates the products, or passes a fake product off as a genuine one, a defective product as a high-quality one, or a substandard product as a standard one, if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 50,000 yuan but less than 200,000 yuan, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 200,000 yuan but less than 500,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than two years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 500,000 yuan but less than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the amount of earnings from sales is more than 2,000,000 yuan, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of 15 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十一條 生產(chǎn)、銷售假藥，足以嚴(yán)重危害人體健康的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；對(duì)人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；致人死亡或者對(duì)人體健康造成特別嚴(yán)重危害的，處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Article 141 Whoever produces or sells fake medicines that are harmful enough to seriously endanger human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if human health is seriously harmed, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years, life imprisonment or death, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本條所稱假藥，是指依照《中華人民共和國(guó)藥品管理法》的規(guī)定屬于假藥和按假藥處理的藥品、非藥品。

Fake medicines as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines or any non-medical substances that fall under the category of or are regarded as fake medicines under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十二條 生產(chǎn)、銷售劣藥，對(duì)人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Article 142 Whoever produces or sells medicines of inferior quality and thereby causes serious harm to human health shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.本條所稱劣藥，是指依照《中華人民共和國(guó)藥品管理法》的規(guī)定屬于劣藥的藥品。

Medicines of inferior quality as mentioned in this Article refer to medicines that fall under the category of medicines of inferior quality under the Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China.第一百四十三條 生產(chǎn)、銷售不符合衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的食品，足以造成嚴(yán)重食物中毒事故或者其他嚴(yán)重食源性疾患的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；對(duì)人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處七年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Article 143 Whoever produces or sells food that is not up to hygiene standards, thus causing an accident of serious food poisoning or resulting in any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if serious harm is done to human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十四條 在生產(chǎn)、銷售的食品中摻入有毒、有害的非食品原料的，或者銷售明知摻有有毒、有害的非食品原料的食品的，處五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；造成嚴(yán)重食物中毒事故或者其他嚴(yán)重食源性疾患，對(duì)人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；致人死亡或者對(duì)人體健康造成特別嚴(yán)重危害的，依照本法第一百四十一條的規(guī)定處罰。

Article 144 Whoever mixes the foods that he produces or sells with toxic or harmful non-food raw materials or knowingly sells such foods shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention and shall also, or shall only, be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if an accident of serious food poisoning or any serious disease caused by food-borne bacteria has resulted, thus seriously harming human health, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if death is caused to another person or especially serious harm is done to human health, he shall be punished according to the provisions in Article 141 of this Law.第一百四十五條 生產(chǎn)不符合保障人體健康的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的醫(yī)療器械、醫(yī)用衛(wèi)生材料，或者銷售明知是不符合保障人體健康的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的醫(yī)療器械、醫(yī)用衛(wèi)生材料，對(duì)人體健康造成嚴(yán)重危害的，處五年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金，其中情節(jié)特別惡劣的，處十年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Article 145 Whoever produces medical apparatus and instruments or medical hygiene materials that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding human health or sells such things while clearly knowing the fact, thereby causing serious harm to human health, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years but not more than 10 years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the circumstances are especially flagrant, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 10 years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales or be sentenced to confiscation of property.第一百四十六條 生產(chǎn)不符合保障人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電器、壓力容器、易燃易爆產(chǎn)品或者其他不符合保障人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品，或者銷售明知是以上不符合保障人身、財(cái)產(chǎn)安全的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品，造成嚴(yán)重后果的，處五年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；后果特別嚴(yán)重的，處五年以上有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金。

Article 146 Whoever produces electrical appliances, pressure containers, inflammable or explosive products or any other products that are not up to the national or trade standards for safeguarding personal or property safety or knowingly sells such products, thereby causing serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales;if the consequences are especially serious, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and shall also be fined not less than half but not more than two times the amount of earnings from sales.第一百四十七條 生產(chǎn)假農(nóng)藥、假獸藥、假化肥，銷售明知是假的或者失去使用效能的農(nóng)藥、獸藥、化肥、種子，或者生產(chǎn)者、銷售者以不合格的農(nóng)藥、獸藥、化肥、種子冒充合格的農(nóng)藥、獸藥、化肥、種子，使生產(chǎn)遭受較大損失的，處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并處或者單處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；使生產(chǎn)遭受重大損失的，處三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金；使生產(chǎn)遭受特別重大損失的，處七年以上有期徒刑或者無期徒刑，并處銷售金額百分之五十以上二倍以下罰金或者沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)。

Article 147 Whoever produces fake pesticides, fake animal pharmaceuticals or fake chemical

第五篇：法律正在整理的資料

一、在線討論題目和平時(shí)作業(yè) 名詞解釋

1、犯罪的故意：是指行為人明知自己的行為會(huì)發(fā)生危害社會(huì)的結(jié)果，并且希望或者放任這種結(jié)果發(fā)生的心理態(tài)度

3、犯罪中止：在犯罪過程中，行為人自動(dòng)放棄犯罪或者自動(dòng)有效的防止犯罪結(jié)果的發(fā)生，而未完成犯罪的一種犯罪停止形態(tài)

4、抗訴：是指人民檢察院認(rèn)為或發(fā)現(xiàn)判決和裁定有錯(cuò)誤，提請(qǐng)人民法院重新判并予以糾正的審判監(jiān)督行為，抗訴屬于法律監(jiān)督的性質(zhì)。

二、單項(xiàng)選擇題 1．重大誤解的民事行為是屬于（）。A、有效的民事行為B、無效的民事行為 C、可變更可撤銷的民事行為D、效力待定的民事行為 2．以合法形式掩蓋非法目的的民事行為屬于（）。A、有效的民事行為B、無效的民事行為 C、可變更可撤銷的民事行為D、效力待定的民事行為

三、多項(xiàng)選擇題 1．憲法規(guī)定，以下既是權(quán)利又是義務(wù)的是（）。A、言論B、勞動(dòng) C、受教育D、納稅2．民事法律行為的形式包括（）。A、口頭形式B、書面形式 C、推定形式D、沉默形式 3．行政處罰的方式包括（）。A、警告B、責(zé)令停產(chǎn)停業(yè)C、行政拘留D、沒收違法所得4．以下不屬于我國(guó)刑法規(guī)定的刑罰種類的是（）。A、罰款B、剝奪政治權(quán)利C、取保候?qū)廌、拘留

四、簡(jiǎn)答題 1． 法的特征1）法是調(diào)整社會(huì)關(guān)系的行為規(guī)范；2）法是由國(guó)家制定或認(rèn)可，具有國(guó)家意志性；3）法是以權(quán)利義務(wù)為內(nèi)容的行為規(guī)范；4）法是由國(guó)家強(qiáng)制力保證實(shí)施；5）法是在國(guó)家權(quán)利管轄范圍內(nèi)普遍適用。2.法的局限性 答：①法不是調(diào)整社會(huì)關(guān)系的唯一的方法。②法的僵化性。③法不可避免地存在漏洞。④法的保守性。⑤法可能帶來的壓制。3.民法的基本原則 答：（1）平等原則（2）自愿原則（3）誠(chéng)實(shí)信用原則（4）民事權(quán)利受保護(hù)原則（5）權(quán)利不得濫用原則4.國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)組織和活動(dòng)原則1）民主集中制原則；2）社會(huì)主義法制原則；3）責(zé)任制原則；4）精簡(jiǎn)和效率原則；5）密切聯(lián)系群眾，為人民服務(wù)的原則。

5.正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)構(gòu)成要件

1）正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的起因---不法侵害；2）正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的對(duì)象---不法侵害人；3）正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的時(shí)間---不法侵害正在進(jìn)行；4）正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的主觀條件---防衛(wèi)意圖；5）正當(dāng)防衛(wèi)的限度---不能明顯超過必要限度造成重大損害。

6.為什么說人民代表大會(huì)制度是我國(guó)的根本政治制度？

答：人民代表大會(huì)制度，是中國(guó)人民革命的創(chuàng)造性產(chǎn)物，是適合中國(guó)國(guó)情的一種政權(quán)組織形式。因此，人民代表大會(huì)制度是我國(guó)的根本政治制度，具體表現(xiàn)如下：①人民代表大會(huì)制度直接放映了我國(guó)的階級(jí)本質(zhì)。②人民代表大會(huì)制度是建立其他制度的基礎(chǔ)。③人民代表大會(huì)制度反映了我國(guó)政治生活的全貌。

案例：

張某酒后拿一棍棒想打其叔叔，結(jié)果不小心打死了他父親，是否構(gòu)成犯罪？

1）張某侵害了其父親的生命健康權(quán)，具備犯罪構(gòu)成要素里犯

罪客體的要求

2）張某是個(gè)滿18周歲且無精神問題的自然人，具備了犯罪

構(gòu)成要素里的犯罪主體

3）張某將其父親打死，造成了違法的后果 4）張某屬于直接故意

所以認(rèn)定張某是犯罪行為。

課本中的重點(diǎn)

1.“制定”和“認(rèn)可”是國(guó)家創(chuàng)制法的兩種方式，沒有國(guó)家，就不可能有法的存在。2.法的作用：法的規(guī)范作用和法的社會(huì)作用

3.任何法律關(guān)系都是由主體，內(nèi)容和客體這三個(gè)要素構(gòu)成。

4.發(fā)的嗍及力又稱法的效力，是指新的法律頒布后，對(duì)它生效之前所發(fā)生的事件和行為是否適用的問題。

5.法律解釋是指對(duì)法律規(guī)范的內(nèi)容涵義等所作的說明。

6.我們法定的司法解釋機(jī)關(guān)是最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院。

7.法的淵源：憲法；法律；國(guó)務(wù)院制定和頒布的行政法規(guī)和其他規(guī)范性文件；地方性法規(guī)和其他規(guī)范性文件；民族自治地方的自治條例和單行條例；特別行政區(qū)的法；國(guó)際條約。

8.憲法的特征：憲法內(nèi)容的根本性；憲法效力的最高性；憲法制定，修改程序的嚴(yán)格性。

9.我國(guó)的現(xiàn)行憲法是在1982年五屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)上通過的，簡(jiǎn)稱82憲法，是我國(guó)第四部憲法。

10.我國(guó)是單一制的多民族國(guó)家。

11.根據(jù)憲法的規(guī)定，我國(guó)的民族自治地方分為自治區(qū)，自治州，自治縣三級(jí)。12.特別行政區(qū)享有高度的自治權(quán)。享有獨(dú)立的司法權(quán)利和終審權(quán)。

13.憲法規(guī)定，我國(guó)的公民有言論，出版，集會(huì)，結(jié)社，游行，示威的自由。屬于

政治自由范疇。

14.全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)每界任期5年。14.行政法特點(diǎn)：

在形式上的特點(diǎn)：行政法沒有統(tǒng)一，完整的法典；政法律規(guī)范的表現(xiàn)形式多種多樣

15.行政行為分類中的抽象行政行為具體而言包括：行政立法，其他規(guī)范性文件。

主要指制定法律和規(guī)范性文件的工作，而不是指特定的人和事。16.自然人的民事行為能力：

完全民事行為能力：18周歲以上，智力正常的人；16周歲以上不忙18周歲，以自己勞動(dòng)收入為主要生活來源的人。

限制民事行為能力：10周歲以上的未成年人；不能完全辨認(rèn)自己行為的精神病人

無民事行為能力：10周歲以下和完全不能辨認(rèn)自己行為的精神病人 17．宣告死亡分三種：

1）.一般情形下離開住所下落不明滿四年的其厲害關(guān)系人可申請(qǐng) 2）.因意外事故下落不明的從發(fā)生事故之日起滿兩年的3）.因意外事故下落不明經(jīng)有關(guān)部分證明自然人不可能生存的可立即申請(qǐng)

18.宣告死亡的效力：自然人被法院宣告死亡后，即發(fā)生與自然人自然死亡同樣的法律后果。其婚姻關(guān)系消滅，遺囑生效，財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承開始。宣告死亡只能由法律

依法進(jìn)行。

18.民事法律行為的形式：口頭形式；書面形式；推定形式；沉默形式。

19.無權(quán)代理的法律后果：被代理人有權(quán)追認(rèn)或者拒絕；相對(duì)第三人有權(quán)催告或撤

消；無權(quán)代理人或惡意第三人的賠償責(zé)任。

20.表見代理是無權(quán)代理的一種特殊情況。表見代理構(gòu)成條件： A 表見代理屬于無權(quán)帶 B 在客觀上存在著一定的理由，足以使相對(duì)人相信無權(quán)代理人有代理權(quán)

C 相對(duì)人是善意而且無過失 21.債的發(fā)生根據(jù)：合同，不當(dāng)?shù)美?，無因管理和侵權(quán)行為 合同是產(chǎn)生債的最常見，最主要的發(fā)生根據(jù)。無因管理：管理人為債權(quán)人，本人為債務(wù)人 22.債的擔(dān)保：保證；抵押；質(zhì)押；定金抵押不須轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物的占有質(zhì)押需要轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物的占有，所以對(duì)發(fā)揮物的使用價(jià)值不利 23.遺囑繼承在適用上優(yōu)先與法定繼承。24環(huán)境污染的民事責(zé)任：是一種無過錯(cuò)的責(zé)任，只要有污染環(huán)境并致人損害的事實(shí)發(fā)生，無論主觀上是否有過錯(cuò)，都應(yīng)該對(duì)受害人承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任。25.訴訟時(shí)效：A 普通訴訟時(shí)效：有效期限時(shí)間為2年B 短期訴訟實(shí)效：有效期限為1年，比如身體受傷害，購買了不合格的商品等等C 最長(zhǎng)訴訟時(shí)效：權(quán)利人不知道或者也不應(yīng)當(dāng)知道的訴訟時(shí)效有20年。26.只能由自然人享有的人身權(quán)是：生命健康權(quán)，姓名權(quán)，肖像權(quán)，隱私權(quán)。只能由法人等組織享有的人身權(quán)是：名稱權(quán)。自然人和法人都能享有的是名譽(yù)權(quán)，榮譽(yù)權(quán)。27.犯罪的特征：A 犯罪的社會(huì)危害性；B 犯罪的形式違法性；C 犯罪的應(yīng)受刑罰懲罰性 28.犯罪客體：是指刑法所保護(hù)的，為犯罪所侵害的社會(huì)關(guān)系。犯罪對(duì)象不等同與犯罪客體 29.刑事責(zé)任年齡：A 完全不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任年齡階段：不滿14周歲的人B 相對(duì)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任年齡的階段：已滿145周歲，不滿16周歲的人。僅對(duì)8種罪負(fù)刑事責(zé)任：故意殺人，故意傷害致人重傷或者死亡，搶劫，強(qiáng)奸，販賣毒品，放火，爆炸，投毒。C 完全負(fù)刑事責(zé)任的年齡階段：已滿16周歲的。30.犯罪的故意：直接故意和間接故意 31.緊急避險(xiǎn)：是指在合法權(quán)益遭受正在發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，不得已采取的損害較小的合法權(quán)益，以保護(hù)較大的合法權(quán)益免遭損害的行為。因緊急避險(xiǎn)行為造成的損

害的，行為人不負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。

32.犯罪未遂：是指性人已經(jīng)著手實(shí)行具體犯罪的實(shí)行行為，由于其意志以外的原因而未能完成的犯罪的犯罪停止形態(tài)。33.犯罪中止：在犯罪過程中，行為人自動(dòng)放棄犯罪或者自動(dòng)有效的防止犯罪結(jié)果的發(fā)生，而未完成犯罪的一種犯罪停止形態(tài)。34.剝奪政治權(quán)利的刑期計(jì)算與執(zhí)行：A 判處管制附加剝奪政治權(quán)利的，與管制的期限相同，同時(shí)執(zhí)行

B 判處拘役或者尤其徒刑的，從主刑執(zhí)行完畢或者假釋之日起計(jì)算，在主刑執(zhí)行期間，犯罪人當(dāng)然不享有政治權(quán)利。35.上訴：是指法定的訴訟參與人不服地方各級(jí)人民法院第一審的判決或者裁定時(shí)，依照法定程序要求上級(jí)人民法院重新審判的訴訟行為。如：被告，被告代理人等 36.抗訴：是指人民檢察院認(rèn)為或發(fā)現(xiàn)判決和裁定有錯(cuò)誤，提請(qǐng)人民法院重新審判并予以糾正的審判監(jiān)督行為，抗訴屬于法律監(jiān)督的性質(zhì)。