第一篇:翻譯教學(xué)課程總結(jié)
翻譯教學(xué)課程總結(jié)
本學(xué)期我擔(dān)任了08應(yīng)用英語班的翻譯課程的教學(xué)任務(wù),現(xiàn)將本學(xué)期的教學(xué)工作大致總結(jié)如下。
1.本學(xué)期我擔(dān)任的翻譯課是新課,所以我首先要熟悉這門課程的特點(diǎn)及
教學(xué)任務(wù)和要求,這樣才能做到有的放矢。具體說就是要熟悉教材,分清重難點(diǎn)。新老師面臨的最大問題是不熟悉教材,不了解重難點(diǎn),也不知道應(yīng)該怎樣上課。聽課是提高自身教學(xué)能力的一個(gè)好方法,新老師只有多聽課才能夠逐漸積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。所以對(duì)每一次聽課的機(jī)會(huì)我都十分珍惜。聽了這些老師的課,我的收獲很大,逐步掌握了一些駕馭課堂的技巧。
2.翻譯課是一門特殊的技能綜合課程,其側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于實(shí)踐,只有通過多
練習(xí)、多學(xué)習(xí)才能提高英語翻譯水平。在備課的過程中,我一般是認(rèn)真鉆研教材,學(xué)習(xí)其他老師的經(jīng)驗(yàn),根據(jù)學(xué)生具體情況和需求力求在教學(xué)內(nèi)容和方法上有所改進(jìn)和突破。
3.使用多媒體進(jìn)行教學(xué)。本學(xué)期我任教的翻譯課需要使用電子教室。我課前認(rèn)真?zhèn)湔n,花了大量時(shí)間設(shè)計(jì)制作幻燈片。每堂課嚴(yán)格按照學(xué)校的要求進(jìn)行。多媒體的使用加大了課堂教學(xué)容量和密度,提高了教學(xué)效率。
4.5.課堂上注重學(xué)生的主觀能動(dòng)性,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生用英語思維的習(xí)慣和能力。課后強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的練習(xí),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)翻譯意識(shí),經(jīng)常布置作業(yè)并及
時(shí)批改,幫助學(xué)生提高英語翻譯水平。
2010年12月29日
第二篇:文化與翻譯課程總結(jié)
文化與翻譯課程總結(jié)
1.The relationship between language and culture.It has been widely recognized that language and culture are inseparableFirst, language is a part of culture.According to the definition of culture given by Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, a people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, ritual, art, technology, style of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.We can draw a conclusion that language is a component of culture.Secondly, language is the carrier of culture and language reflects culture 2.The relation between culture and translation.The close relationship between language and culture decides the close relationship between translation and culture Firstly, culture necessarily exerts a great influence on translation.The ways of thinking, beliefs, attitudes and values of different nations not only give rise to failures or misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication, but also pose headaches to translation theorists and translators who are trying to bridge the gaps between source language and target language.Secondly, translation also influences culture.It can enrich a nation's culture by absorbing foreign cultural nourishments and transplanting the outside cultures into its own cultural environments.For instance, many English expressions, such as first-hand material(第一手資料),black list(黑名單),have found their ways into the Chinese language, with the Chinese people feeling no foreignness at all Finally, translation serves as cultural intermediation(調(diào)解).As the informational technology and communication develops, the communication between different countries and regions has become more and more frequent, direct and convenient.This is no denying that translation plays a vitally important role in intercultural communication.3.The differences between Chinese and English thought patterns.Synthetic Thought Pattern and Analytic Thought Pattern Synthesis is a kind of thought which combines the separate parts, elements of the objects into a whole while analysis is a kind of thought which separates the whole into parts.Synthetic and analytic thought patterns are not only opposite, but also unified In thought, Chinese prefer synthesis, English analysis.This results in Chinese preference in holistic(整體)thought pattern while English speakers partial.Their differences are shown in many fields, such as medicine, opera, painting, language, etc.Chinese medicine is the typical reflection of Chinese thought patterns.According to its theory, the human body is an entirety which is connected by different organs, and these internal organs depend on each other and restrict each other Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine will not cure the disease separately but treat it as the whole.Peking Opera also reflects the above synthetic thought patternFrom its performance feature, it belongs to a kind of synthetic performance which includes singing, reciting, and dancing and again this dance is different from the Western ones, which is a kind of Chinese wushu.It is the artistic synthesis that can be divided into four Western arts: opera, ballet, drama and stage play.In Western arts, singers do not dance in the opera while dancers do not sing in ballet and the performers neither dance nor sing in stage plays.Imaginative Thought Pattern and Abstract Thought Pattern Circular Thought Pattern and Linear Thought Pattern
Chinese speakers prefer imaginative thought while English speakers abstract thought.Subjective Thought Pattern and Objective Thought Pattern
Intuitional(直覺的)Thought Pattern and Rational Thought Pattern Collectivistic Thought Pattern and Individualistic Thought Pattern
4.The differences between Chinese and English languages.Compared with Chinese, English is a kind of hypotaxis and thus pays much attention to the formal connection among the sentences.Verb is the center of the sentence.The relationships between words are represented by the morphological(詞法的,形態(tài)的)changes, inflections, conjunctions and propositions.Their meanings are expressed by the sentence elements.As a result, when Chinese is translated into English, some “omitted” elements should be replenished(補(bǔ)充).English sentences cannot even be made without these relative words and conjunctions, which are rarely used in Chinese 5.The relationship between foreignization and domestication.In this sense, domestication is considered as a necessary complement when foreignizing strategy fails to deal with cultural elements of the source language in translation.It serves as a reasonable makeshift(權(quán)宜之計(jì))and always paves the way for future foreignization Firstly, with the increasing communication among nations, foreign terms or customs may be accepted by the target readers sooner or later.During past decades, large quantities of modern Chinese words loaded with unique Chinese culture information have entered the English vocabulary, and this serves as the best proof of foreignization Since foreignization strategy can faithfully transfer the cultural features of the source into the target and achieve a relative high degree of intelligibility(.可理解性),Domestication is the surrendering of the culturally-loaded words in the source language to the corresponding cultural category in the target language and translating with corresponding words 6.An analysis of translationese, including such aspects as the definition, causes and features.Definitions Translationese is an unnatural form of language in translation which carries the features of the source language structures, thus violating the habitual use of the target language within a certain period of time Causes to Translationese firstly, the translator's ignorance of differences between the two languages;secondly, the translator's misunderstanding of “faithfulness”;thirdly, the translator does not comprehend the deep meaning of SL text features.①unsmooth language which not only violates the norm of Chinese but ruins the readers' interests and(ii)obscure meaning which confuses the readers' understanding ①being unnatural;(ii)carrying the features of source language structures and(iii)being in violation of the habitual use of target language 7.A brief introduction of or a comment on Skopos theory Skopostheorie points out that translation first must be a kind of human behavior with a distinct purpose the translation Skopos determines the translation procedures
Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule for any translation which indicates that a translation action is determined by its Skopos
? Coherence Rule and Fidelity Rule as Subordinate(從屬的)Principles ? Another important rule of the Skopos theory is the coherence rule, which means that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation
The third rule of the Skopos theory that a translation must conform to is the fidelity(忠實(shí))rule.Such a kind of fidelity is embedded in the very concept of translation in the Skopos theory 8.An analysis of some translation approaches In this section, some common translation approaches will be introduced.They are: transliteration, transliteration with explanation, literal translation, literal translation with explanation, paraphrasing and adaptation.Transliteration means to translate an item according to its pronunciation rather than its meaning.It is a frequently adopted method to the translation of some objects particular toChinese culture Transliteration with Explanation This method can roughly be divided into two subcategories: one is transliteration within-text annotation;the other is transliteration with out-text annotation Literal Translation Literal translation is where the forms of the original are retained as much as possible, even if those forms are not the most natural forms to preserve the original meaning.Literal translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation or sentence-for-sentence translation Literal Translation with Explanation Paraphrasing This method reproduces the content without retaining the form of the original.In other words, it is a process of rewriting in different words, emphasizing the content instead of the form of the SL.Since translation is the substitution of one language with another, a change of meaning in the process is a matter of course.
第三篇:翻譯軟件應(yīng)用課程總結(jié)
翻譯軟件課程總結(jié)
帶著好奇與期待,我走進(jìn)了翻譯軟件應(yīng)用這門課的課堂。拿著自己老師編寫的課本,心中滿滿的自豪感。起初,對(duì)于翻譯軟件發(fā)展歷史以及機(jī)器翻譯理論確實(shí)有些難懂的地方,后來,隨著老師講解的深入,同學(xué)們的理解也更全面了,上機(jī)操作也更有效果。接下來,我將從譯前、譯中、譯后三個(gè)方面來談?wù)勎覍?duì)翻譯軟件應(yīng)用的體會(huì)。
1、譯前
譯前工作包括確定翻譯領(lǐng)域、結(jié)組、搜集句子、篩選句子和小組討論這幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。
翻譯領(lǐng)域和翻譯素材(100個(gè)句子)的確定是與翻譯軟件自身的特點(diǎn)緊密聯(lián)系的,這一點(diǎn)需要我們對(duì)翻譯軟件保持清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)。在機(jī)器翻譯研究中諸如歧義消解、指代、省略等50年前存在的問題現(xiàn)在依然存在。如果我們的翻譯領(lǐng)域是文學(xué)翻譯,那么翻譯軟件不會(huì)將文化背景、作者思想、目的語語境等這些問題考慮進(jìn)去,譯文質(zhì)量相對(duì)于資深人工翻譯而言一定會(huì)大打折扣。但是,如果我們選擇科技、政治、外交或經(jīng)濟(jì)等領(lǐng)域,這時(shí),翻譯軟件就會(huì)很好地發(fā)揮其作用。因?yàn)樵谏鲜鲱I(lǐng)域,固定語言發(fā)展較為成熟,并且在社會(huì)大背景下,人們也普遍接受了這種固定語言,翻譯軟件中的詞庫儲(chǔ)備較為完善。例如對(duì)“社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)”一詞的翻譯,參考多個(gè)文本,我們只能找到“socialist market economy ”這一個(gè)答案,這為整個(gè)翻譯過程減輕了許多負(fù)擔(dān)。綜合以上這些因素,我們將翻譯領(lǐng)域確定為經(jīng)濟(jì)、外交。
在句子的選擇過程中,在形式上,我們綜合了復(fù)雜句與簡(jiǎn)單句,復(fù)合句與并列句。在內(nèi)容上,我們既選擇了較為正式的發(fā)言稿,也有涉及人們?nèi)粘I畹脑掝}。另外,我們小組也準(zhǔn)備了中英對(duì)照文本,來確保最后的翻譯質(zhì)量和更好的衡量機(jī)器翻譯的效果。
2、譯中
在同學(xué)們上機(jī)操作之前,老師對(duì)河北師大英漢-漢英翻譯系統(tǒng)和雅信翻譯軟件做了很細(xì)致的講解。也許是先入為主吧,在翻譯的開始階段,我選擇了河北師大英漢-漢英翻譯系統(tǒng),這個(gè)系統(tǒng)操作起來要比雅信便捷,整個(gè)機(jī)器翻譯過程不足一分鐘,但需要大量的人工校對(duì)。此系統(tǒng)詞庫中相關(guān)固定搭配的儲(chǔ)備還算完善,但翻譯過程中最主要的是語序問題,需要做大量校對(duì)。
把前一部分句子翻譯完后,會(huì)感覺反而沒有自己純手工翻譯快,當(dāng)時(shí)不禁對(duì)翻譯軟件的效率和效果產(chǎn)生懷疑。但隨著更加深入的實(shí)踐,我發(fā)現(xiàn),我們對(duì)于機(jī)器翻譯的定位要準(zhǔn)確,現(xiàn)階段,機(jī)器翻譯并不能代替人工翻譯,它并不能幫助不同語言背景下的人們完全打破語言障礙,徹底實(shí)現(xiàn)彼此之間的自由交流?,F(xiàn)階段,機(jī)器翻譯的最佳定位莫過于“機(jī)助人譯”,即幫助翻譯工作者實(shí)現(xiàn)效率和效果的最優(yōu)化。因此,在面對(duì)大批量的翻譯任務(wù)時(shí),翻譯軟件的效果也就更明顯。我相信,隨著翻譯理論和科技的不斷進(jìn)步,機(jī)器翻譯定會(huì)不斷完善。
雅信是計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯,其特點(diǎn)是詞庫專業(yè),并且詞庫量大,可以根據(jù)翻譯領(lǐng)域自行選擇詞庫,操作界面簡(jiǎn)單,便于初學(xué)者操作和掌握。在翻譯過程中,譯者還可以自己添加詞語,建立詞匯庫,這就大大提高了翻譯質(zhì)量和翻譯效率。另外,與河北師大英漢-漢英翻譯系統(tǒng)相比,雅信不用將原文轉(zhuǎn)化為txt格式,可以直接用word文檔進(jìn)行操作,省去了很多麻煩。
但也有一個(gè)比較明顯的缺點(diǎn),雅信軟件更大程度上局限于詞對(duì)詞的翻譯,語法錯(cuò)誤較多,需要做大量的語序調(diào)整和后期校對(duì)。然而,正是這個(gè)“缺點(diǎn)”體現(xiàn)了雅信“計(jì)算機(jī)輔助翻譯”的特性,它不像有道詞典或金山詞霸,直接由計(jì)算機(jī)給出譯文,而是以人工翻譯為主,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助完成翻譯過程,更好的體現(xiàn)了“機(jī)助人譯”的定位。
3、譯后
翻譯完成之后,我們進(jìn)行了小組討論,分別把自己的譯文與前期準(zhǔn)備的譯文對(duì)照,盡管有明顯不成熟的地方,但大家還是盡量保持了自己的譯文,因?yàn)槿绻空粘W(wǎng)絡(luò)譯文,就完全違背了軟件翻譯的初衷了。但大家也借鑒了其可取之處,把相關(guān)詞匯擴(kuò)充到了翻譯軟件系統(tǒng)中,為今后的軟件翻譯提供方便。
經(jīng)過一學(xué)期的翻譯軟件課程學(xué)習(xí),從前期的理論準(zhǔn)備,到后期的上機(jī)實(shí)踐,都使我受益匪淺。撥開機(jī)器翻譯神奇的面紗,我對(duì)河北師大英漢-漢英翻譯系統(tǒng)和雅信翻譯系統(tǒng)有了比較準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)機(jī)器翻譯的定位有了更清晰的把握。我相信,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的加深和電子商務(wù)的廣泛開展,面向機(jī)器翻譯的大規(guī)模語言學(xué)資源建設(shè)和測(cè)試平臺(tái)的開發(fā)逐步得到重視,機(jī)器翻譯的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域不斷擴(kuò)展,機(jī)器翻譯將有更廣闊的發(fā)展前景。
第四篇:國貿(mào)課程翻譯
政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Plutonomy
高等數(shù)學(xué) Advanced Mathematics
思想道德與法律基礎(chǔ) Cultivation of Ethic Thought andFundamentals of Law體育 Physical Education
計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ) Foundations of Computer Application
大學(xué)英語 College English
經(jīng)濟(jì)法 Economic Laws
公共關(guān)系學(xué) Public Affairs Issues
鄧小平理論概論 Introduction of Deng Xiaoping Theory
國際貿(mào)易 International Trade
數(shù)據(jù)庫原理與應(yīng)用 Database Principles and Applications
現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Modern Economics
會(huì)計(jì)學(xué) Accounting
貨幣銀行學(xué) Monetary Banking
法律基礎(chǔ) Fundamentals of Law
國際金融學(xué) International Financial
國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作 International Economics Cooperation
國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù) International Trade Practice
財(cái)政與稅收 Finance & Revenue
應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì) Applied Statistics
報(bào)關(guān)理論與實(shí)務(wù) Customs Declaration Theory and Practice
保險(xiǎn)學(xué) Insurance
外貿(mào)英語函電 English Correspondence on Foreign Trade
專業(yè)英語 Specialized English
國際市場(chǎng)營銷 International Marketing
國際貨運(yùn)理論與實(shí)務(wù)Grandstar Cargo Theory and Practice
國際商務(wù)談判 Negotiation on Business Affairs
市場(chǎng)營銷實(shí)習(xí)Marketing Practical Training
應(yīng)用文寫作 Practical Writing
形勢(shì)與政策 Situation & Policy
電子商務(wù)理論與實(shí)務(wù) Electronic Commerce Theory and Practice
國際貿(mào)易法 International Trade Law
國際商務(wù)英語口語 International Business Oral English
外貿(mào)單證 Trade Documents
國際貿(mào)易實(shí)訓(xùn) International TradePractice Training
現(xiàn)代物流 Modern Logistics
社會(huì)實(shí)踐 Social Practice
第五篇:法律翻譯課程總結(jié)
法律翻譯課程總結(jié)
2012級(jí)翻譯班 范屾 20121374018 自我評(píng)分:80
實(shí)際得分:
翻譯是一門博大精深的學(xué)問,是全世界各國都積極研究和探討的學(xué)問。通過翻譯,世界各國才得以溝通,國與國之間的文化才得以相傳,增進(jìn)了全球人民的聯(lián)系,打破了各個(gè)區(qū)域封鎖的狀態(tài)。作為二十一世紀(jì)的我們,如今翻譯依然是必不可少的,現(xiàn)在的專家與學(xué)者,更加致力于將所屬地區(qū)最本質(zhì)最原始的文化傳遞開來,而不是簡(jiǎn)單的字面含義的傳遞。這就需要翻譯者的水平不斷提升,以達(dá)到翻譯“信、達(dá)、雅”的準(zhǔn)則。
這學(xué)期我們學(xué)習(xí)了法律翻譯這門課程,進(jìn)一步了解了翻譯的博大精深。法律英語具有它自己特有的風(fēng)格。法律職業(yè)的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)與這種特有的風(fēng)格的形成和發(fā)展關(guān)系極為密切。當(dāng)我們閱讀英文法學(xué)著作、學(xué)術(shù)論文、法律文獻(xiàn)、法律文件、合同和單據(jù)、契約、公約、法規(guī)、條約的時(shí)候,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些作品的語言風(fēng)格跟現(xiàn)代英語文學(xué)作品的語言風(fēng)格完全不同,即使我們具有中高級(jí)英語水平,也會(huì)感到法律會(huì)話和文章很難懂。
一、法律英語的風(fēng)格可以歸納為以下幾面: 1.矯飾夸張,莊重威嚴(yán)法律語言是各種文體中正式程度最高的一種。法律文體在措辭方面很有講究:不用小詞而用大詞,不用短詞而用長詞,不用普通詞而用特殊詞,不用現(xiàn)代詞而用古代詞,不用本族語而用外來語。例如,一位警察在談到他抓獲罪犯這一事實(shí)時(shí),在不同的場(chǎng)合選擇了不同的詞,在酒吧里,他說:“We have gotten the criminal at last.”在警察局里他說:“The criminal was arrested at last.”在法庭上,他說:“The criminal was apprehended at last.”同樣是“抓獲”的意思,在酒吧里,口語性強(qiáng);在警察局里,就比較正式;在法庭上,措辭非常正式。過分修飾和使用陳舊迂腐的詞匯是法律英語中另外一種常見的表現(xiàn)形式。最典型的例子便是那些由here,there,where等加上一個(gè)或幾個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合副詞,這類復(fù)合副詞在其他文體中已幾乎絕跡,但在法律文書中出現(xiàn)頻繁:hereafter、thereafter、hereby、thereby、here from、therefrom、whereupon、wherewith。
2.類語重疊,要言重復(fù)類語重疊就是類義詞的重疊使用。類義詞是指意義同屬某類別的詞,例如,car,bus,truck,等屬于vehicle(車輛)類的類義詞。法律專業(yè)術(shù)語中存在許多類義詞,是因?yàn)榉伤嫦虻氖钦麄€(gè)社會(huì),其調(diào)整的對(duì)象是全體公民、法人、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體等各種各樣的法律關(guān)系。而表示法律關(guān)系的概念必然有大有小,有屬有種。在使用這些概念的過程中,為了明確其外延的范圍,就要從不同的角度,不同的層次上根據(jù)其各自不同的屬性進(jìn)行門類的劃分,然后用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~加以確定,以避免理解上的任意擴(kuò)大或縮小,于是產(chǎn)生了不同層次上的屬概念和種的概念,而表示這些概念的詞語就是不同層次上的類義詞。英國作家Swift對(duì)法律英語的評(píng)價(jià)是“words multiplied for the purpose.”Chase對(duì)法律英語的評(píng)價(jià)是“aviscoussea of verbiage.”Evans說法律英語是“repetions.”有學(xué)者用古英語詞wordy來概括此特點(diǎn)。由上對(duì)比可知,法律英語在措辭上大量使用類語疊詞,比現(xiàn)代的普通英語顯得繁瑣。這與法律者刻意追求法律語言的準(zhǔn)確,避免產(chǎn)生歧義有關(guān)。
3.句子冗長,晦澀難懂法律文書的另外一個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)是:各種修飾語層層疊加,位置靈活,長句居多。從句式使用上來看,大都采用陳述句,很少使用疑問句,祈使句和感嘆句。完整的長句的使用可以準(zhǔn)確界定這種權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系,排除被曲解或誤解的可能性。這些長句往往含有許多分句或定語、狀語等附加成分的簡(jiǎn)單句或復(fù)合句。這些定語對(duì)各詞性術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵和外延進(jìn)行精確地界定,而狀語界定了履行權(quán)利和義務(wù)的條件、方式、地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間等。法律英文給人的感覺是含糊不清、晦澀難懂、不知所云。從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來看,擔(dān)任句子的主語、賓語的名詞或是狀語成分之內(nèi)的名詞都可能帶有很長而復(fù)雜的修飾語。如果將一般法律文書作適當(dāng)?shù)那蟹?我們很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)法律語言大都是由眾多的名詞詞組按照各種關(guān)系組合起來的。另外,法律文書為了語意的準(zhǔn)確,常常違背常規(guī)地安排修飾語的位置。那么法律英語如何翻譯呢1.理解是前提。由于法律英語具有以上的特點(diǎn),因而理解在法律文書中顯得格外重要。要正確理解法律文書,首先要把握法律文書的基本句型。最早對(duì)法律文書進(jìn)行研究的英國律師GeeCoode曾提出法律中典型的條件句所具有的四種成分,即情形、條件、法律主體和法律行為(case,condition,legal subject,legal action),前兩個(gè)成分為n),后兩種成分為法律陳述(statement)。在現(xiàn)行的法律文體中,存在著大量的co ode模式句子,但在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候,句子的成分的位置進(jìn)行了靈活的變動(dòng),“萬變不離其宗”,只要弄清句子主要結(jié)構(gòu)以后,即確定主句與從句的分界線以后,應(yīng)該先拋開一切形容詞性修飾語(定語),副詞性修飾語(狀語),分別找出主句和從句的主語,謂語動(dòng)詞和賓語(如果有賓語的話),然后確定主語、賓語的形容詞性修飾語和動(dòng)詞的副詞性修飾語,并確定同類修飾語之間的層次關(guān)系。只有經(jīng)過細(xì)致的分析之后,才能確保對(duì)法律文書的正確理解。
2.忠實(shí)原文。由于英語法律文書具有莊重、保守、矯飾等特點(diǎn),所以在翻譯過程中要注意所使用的漢語的語體,首先應(yīng)避免使用語義模糊、彈性較大的口語化的詞匯;選擇莊重正式的漢語詞匯。其次,可以酌情選用一些漢語文言連詞及其他一些文言虛詞。這樣,才能盡量保持法律原文的韻味。請(qǐng)看下例句子:NOWTHEREEOR,inconsideration of the premises and covenants here in contained,the parties here to agree as follows??(茲以上述各點(diǎn)和契約所載條款為約因,定約雙方協(xié)議如下:)翻譯中使用了“茲”、“上述”和“所”等詞,使?jié)h語譯文顯得莊重。
二、法律英語的運(yùn)用如下文
法律英語是指用英語書面表達(dá)的法律文件,是具有法律專業(yè)技術(shù)特點(diǎn)的語言,代寫論文分析與普通英語相比,它無論在詞的用法上,還是在語法結(jié)構(gòu)上都有不同的特點(diǎn)。其一是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的頻繁使用。法律英語中的許多法律法規(guī)、合同及法律文件等都是通過情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用來完成的。
法律英語中法律的授權(quán)、強(qiáng)制和禁止等意思的表達(dá)都需要使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“shall”在法律條文中表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任和義務(wù)”,通常表述各項(xiàng)具體的規(guī)定與要求,帶有指令性和強(qiáng)制性,充分體現(xiàn)了法律文件的權(quán)威性和約束性,而幷非只是一種時(shí)態(tài)。它大量運(yùn)用于法院的判決中,或運(yùn)用于表達(dá)被規(guī)范對(duì)象“應(yīng)該”或“不應(yīng)該”作某事,常被譯為“得、應(yīng)當(dāng)”。
一 “shall”的用法
(一)“shall”的基本用法
1.在普通英語中,“shall”是典型的表示未來的詞,代寫論文分析用在第一人稱代詞后,表示將來時(shí),用于不牽涉到主語意愿的動(dòng)作
(二)“shall”在法律英語中的用法
“shall”在法律英語中表示依據(jù)法律規(guī)定或按照法律、法令、規(guī)章、條例等必須履行的義務(wù),常用于第三人稱且并不含有將來的意味。
二 “shall”的中文譯法
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“shall”通常表述各項(xiàng)具體的規(guī)定與要求,帶有指令性和強(qiáng)制性,中文通常譯為“應(yīng)”,但在實(shí)踐中,還應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)上下文來斷定“shall”的含義。
(一)表示某種命令或某種法律義務(wù),相當(dāng)于普通英語中的“must”,通常翻譯為“必須”。(二)用于表示法律上的正式“宣告”、“宣布”
(三)用于表述合同條款,代寫論文分析表述一定要做到的事情。通常翻譯為“一定會(huì)”或“將會(huì)”。
(四)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“shall”的否定形式“shall not”,通常翻譯為“不得”,在英文法規(guī)里隨處可見這樣的例子。
三 “shall”的譯法及需注意的問題:(一)力求準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔(二)避免易錯(cuò)形式
在翻譯法律英語文本中,切忌望文生義,不應(yīng)見到“shall”就翻譯為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”,見到“shall not”就翻譯為“不得”,而應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文的意思,正確翻譯。雖然只有短短的一學(xué)期的法律翻譯課程,但在顧老師的教導(dǎo)下,我對(duì)翻譯這門課程又有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),尤其對(duì)法律翻譯的認(rèn)識(shí)更加深刻。十六周的課程學(xué)期,我知道了法律翻譯的含義、特點(diǎn)、運(yùn)用,知道了法律翻譯與普通英語翻譯的區(qū)別,更掌握了法律翻譯的特殊詞匯、句型結(jié)構(gòu)。雖然這門課程即將結(jié)束,但對(duì)法律翻譯的學(xué)習(xí)還在繼續(xù),在掌握了基本的法律翻譯知識(shí)后,還要加強(qiáng)自我學(xué)習(xí),在實(shí)踐中提升自己。
[