第一篇：大學(xué)英語實(shí)用翻譯課后部分題（定稿）

1英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)差異主要表現(xiàn)在哪些方面“漢語被認(rèn)為是一種“意合”的語言。不受嚴(yán)格的語法約束，也沒有固定的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，其表達(dá)方式一般按時(shí)間順序或邏輯順序，先發(fā)生的事先說，后發(fā)生的是后講，先因后果，先假設(shè)，后結(jié)果，先條件后結(jié)論。英語是一種形合語言，英語句子嚴(yán)格遵守語法規(guī)則，句中主謂賓定狀補(bǔ)井然有序，句子成分可以通過語法結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行層層分析。

英語句子的特點(diǎn)漢語句子的特點(diǎn)主-謂-賓結(jié)構(gòu)排列緊密結(jié)構(gòu)排列松散 定語有的前置，有的后置，句子較長。前置，句子較短。語段結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，流散鋪排，詞或詞組避免重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，多用代稱。常重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，多用實(shí)稱2什么是語境,簡述語境與翻譯的關(guān)系；語言活動的環(huán)境，包括時(shí)間空間語言交際參與者及語言活動的目的等，在文章或言談中話題的上下文。（2）非語言環(huán)境，第三、翻譯與語境的關(guān)系，關(guān)系：語境是一切語言活動存在的前提，離開語境就沒有語言活動；就沒有一定的上下文，文字翻譯也就無從談起。英語詞義的褒貶不像漢語截然分明，同一個(gè)詞語有時(shí)候可能產(chǎn)生兩種截然不同的意義，需要根據(jù)不同的語境做出正確的判斷。

詞干來辨析詞義，macrospacetransship=macro巨型的+space太空+trans轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)+ship船即 巨型空間轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)飛船b 根據(jù)上下文語境或詞語搭配確定詞義c 依據(jù)不同學(xué)科或?qū)I(yè)類型確定詞義

4英漢詞字主要有哪幾種對應(yīng)關(guān)系：完全對應(yīng)，（專有名詞、技術(shù)詞匯）computer計(jì)算機(jī)，部分對應(yīng)storytelling說書，無對應(yīng)詞teenager13至19歲的青少年 5直譯：指的是在語言條件許可下，在譯文中不僅傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，還盡可能完整地保留原文的修辭風(fēng)格及組句形式。意譯：是指原文的有些內(nèi)容與形式不宜用漢語直接表達(dá)，而是經(jīng)過解析后以另外的形式表達(dá)出來，也就是說更著重于意思的翻譯，而不拘泥于表面文字。

6翻譯中為什么要進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換：。英漢兩種語言在語言特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)形式方面有著顯著的差異，往往不能照搬原文的詞類或句子結(jié)構(gòu)，需要根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)需要，進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

7在實(shí)際翻譯中能做到與原文完全一致，不增不減？原作對于原文讀者來說很少有語言文化上的障礙，而譯文讀者確沒有這樣的便利，因此譯者往往需要把原文中隱含的一些東西增補(bǔ)清楚，以便讀者理解。

8翻譯中為什么要進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)：由于英漢不同的造句結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)習(xí)慣，翻譯中有時(shí)需要打破原文句式結(jié)構(gòu)，對譯文進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)節(jié)以符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。9常見的英譯漢結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整重要有哪幾種a順序法b逆序法Tt is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain finght.要知道應(yīng)該抵消多大的重力并需要多大推力才能保持飛行，這很容易c時(shí)序法 d拆分法 they,not wnexperctedly,did not respond。他們沒有答復(fù)這完全是意料之中的事E重組法10英譯漢正反交替的手段：肯定譯否定Just make yourself at home.否定譯肯定I couldn’t agree more with you.雙否定譯肯定He is not unequal to the duty.他并非不稱職。正反移位 I don’t think he will come.譯為部分否定Not all minerals come from mines.對號入座has never been clear從來就模糊不清、否定轉(zhuǎn)移was not designed for不是為了…..而設(shè)計(jì)

第二篇：大學(xué)英語翻譯課后題

Unit One

我們接到通知，財(cái)政部長將于次日接見我們。

We are informed that the Minister of Finance will meet us the next day.我覺得很奇怪，他似乎不記得自己的生日。

I felt odd that he didn’t seem to remember his own birthday.學(xué)期論文最遲應(yīng)在下星期二交來，可是至今大部分學(xué)生卻幾無進(jìn)展。

The term papers should be handed in next Tuesday at the latest, but most of the students have hardly made a dent.看到學(xué)生人數(shù)不斷減少，校長心里很難受。

The headmaster was pained when he noticed the number of the students was continuously being cut into.在那個(gè)國家一般用現(xiàn)金付賬，但支票變得普遍起來了，不久會代替現(xiàn)金作為人們結(jié)賬的一種方式。

Normally, the payment is in cash in that country, but checks are becoming widespread gradually, and soon, it will take the place of cash as a way of settling accounts.該公司聲稱，這條河流的污染不是它造成的。

The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.Unit Two

比爾已是個(gè)成熟的小伙子，不再依賴父母替他做主。

Bill has been mature, so he does not depend on his parents to decide everything for him any longer.這個(gè)地區(qū)有大量肉類供應(yīng)，但新鮮果蔬奇缺。

In this area, there is a good supply of meat, but fresh fruit and vegetables are quite scarce.工程師們依靠工人們的智慧，發(fā)明了一種新的生產(chǎn)方法，使生產(chǎn)率得以提高。

Depending on the intelligence of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method to improve productivity.他花了許多時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備數(shù)學(xué)考試，因此當(dāng)他獲知自己只得了個(gè)B時(shí)感到有點(diǎn)失望。

He had spent much time preparing for the maths examination, and therefore, he felt somewhat disappointed when he learned he only got a grade B.我們有充裕的時(shí)間從從容容吃頓午飯。

We have ample time to have lunch leisurely.地方政府不得不動用儲備糧并采取其他緊急措施，以渡過糧食危機(jī)。The local government had to draw on its grain reserves and take other emergency measures so as to pull through the food crisis.Unit Three

蕭伯納在他一個(gè)劇本的前言中提出這樣的看法：今天人們比在中世紀(jì)時(shí)更加迷信。

Bernard Shaw put forward such an opinion in the preface to one of his plays that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Age.丈夫死后，她只好獨(dú)自挑起撫養(yǎng)五個(gè)孩子的經(jīng)濟(jì)重?fù)?dān)。

After her husband died, she had to shoulder the economic burden of bringing up five children alone.證明或駁斥某個(gè)論點(diǎn)的最好辦法之一是從親身經(jīng)歷中舉出例子。

One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience.亨特說貝蒂老是夸大他的缺點(diǎn)，這話很可能會引起一場爭吵。

Henry says Betty always exaggerates his shortcomings.Such statements might well cause a quarrel.我當(dāng)時(shí)對她絕對信任，無論她告訴我什么，我都會相信。

I trusted her so much that I would believe whatever she told me.一家人聚攏來討論經(jīng)濟(jì)問題時(shí)，父親一開頭就說，每月存點(diǎn)錢是絕對必要的，遇到緊急情況，我們可以依靠積蓄。

When the whole family gathered to discuss economic problems, father started off by saying that it was absolutely necessary for us to save some money every month, so that we could fall back on it when we met with emergency situations

Unit Five

我確信這項(xiàng)所謂明智的決定，與期望相反，會帶來極其嚴(yán)重的后果。

I’m sure this so-called intelligent decision will bring about extremely grave consequences, which are contrary to what has been expected.誠然，他曾欺騙你，但他已經(jīng)承認(rèn)自己做錯(cuò)了，并道了歉。所以你不應(yīng)該老是以懷疑的態(tài)度對待他。

Honestly, he once deceived you, but he already realized he was wrong and apologized for it.Hence, you should not always treat him with suspicion.他在這個(gè)問題公開進(jìn)行辯論之前就已表明了自己的立場。

He had taken his stand before the issue was debated openly.在調(diào)查過程中，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了種種形式的政治腐敗，并揭露了許多貪官污吏。

In the course of investigation, they found various forms of political corruption and exposed many corrupt officials.瑪麗的兩難處境是：把真相告訴老板從而失信于她的同事，還是讓老板蒙在鼓里從而辜負(fù)他的信任。

Mary’s dilemma was whether to tell the boss about the truth, to lose the credibility of her colleagues or to keep the boss in the dark to betray his trust.首先，是什么使你認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)規(guī)劃會促進(jìn)改革？其次，你怎么知道這些改革會讓全縣得到好處？

In the first place, what make you think this programme will promote the reform? In the second place, how do you know these reforms will benefit the whole country?

Unit Six

那位衛(wèi)生部副部長一再強(qiáng)調(diào)把中西醫(yī)結(jié)合起來是多么重要。

The vice minister of health has emphasized time and again how important it is to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine.熱天很難保藏食品，使之保持新鮮與食品安全。很自然，許多人覺得在夏季還是不上飯店為好。

In hot weather it is difficult to preserve foods, to keep them fresh and assure their edibility.Naturally, most people think they had better not go to the restaurant in summer.閱讀時(shí)在作者強(qiáng)調(diào)的論點(diǎn)底下劃線，對我們會有所裨益。

It will do us good to underline the points emphasized by the author while reading.經(jīng)過好幾天偵查，警方終于弄清這起謀殺案和新近發(fā)生的越獄事件有關(guān)。

After several days’ inquiry, the police made it clear, at last, that the murder tied up with the recent escape from prison.我想勸說他們采納我們的計(jì)劃，首先因?yàn)檫@一計(jì)劃所需資金較少，其次，不會造成環(huán)境污染。

I want to persuade them to adopt our plan.In the first place, it is because fewer funds will be needed in this plan.In the second place, it will not pollute the environment.父親用繩子把芹菜扎在一起，放在河里浸了浸，然后拿到菜場去賣。

Father tied up celery with rope, dipped it into the river and then took them to the food market for sale.

第三篇：英語翻譯第二章課后題參考答案

Task 1

1.delicate skin嬌嫩的皮膚

2.delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器

3.delicate living奢侈的生活

4.delicate health虛弱的身體

5.delicate stomach容易吃壞的胃

6.delicate vase易碎的花瓶

7.delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交關(guān)系

8.delicate difference 細(xì)微的差別

9.delicate surgical operation復(fù)雜的/難做的外科手術(shù)

10.delicate sense of smell靈敏的嗅覺

11.delicate touch 生花妙筆

12.delicate food美味的食物

Task 2

1.申請書 letter of application

2.報(bào)告書 report

3.協(xié)議書 agreement

4.說明書 directions/instruction

5.旅行委托書 booking form

6.成交確認(rèn)書 sales confirmation

7.電視機(jī)使用說明書 TV operation guide

8.白皮書 white book/statement, document

9.家書 letter(from)home

10.文憑/畢業(yè)證書 diploma/degree certificate

Task 3

1.他只要聽到幾句恭維話就會得意忘形。

A little flattery would set him carried away.2.答英語卷越認(rèn)真越好。

You can never be too careful in answering an English paper.3.公費(fèi)吃喝是群眾反映強(qiáng)烈的不良之風(fēng)之一。

Sumptuous banquets, financed by state money, have long been a bane on Chinese society.4.要籌集2萬5千英磅她完全無力辦得到。

The raising of twenty-five thousand pounds was a task altogether beyond her powers.5.不屑于干自己工作的人終有一天會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不配干那份工作。

The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.6.有錢能使鬼推磨。

Money can make a mare go.7.他非常討厭多愁善感無病呻吟。

He has a strong dislike for the sentimental.8.你認(rèn)為我幼稚可欺嗎?

Do you see any green in my eyes?

第四篇：期末英語翻譯部分

補(bǔ)全句子： 1.（應(yīng)該適合人類，并有助于人機(jī)合一)Should serve man and contribute to cybernetics 2.（不斷發(fā)新產(chǎn)品，并具備以前計(jì)算機(jī)所不具備的功能）design new machines continuously, which are capable of doing work that earlier computers could not;（在平?；顒又屑缲?fù)起更多的責(zé)任）take over more functions in daily life.3.（預(yù)測產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的市場可接受度）predict which products and services the market will bear;（評估產(chǎn)品生命力的寶貴工具）an invaluable tools for assessing the viability of a product 4.（每當(dāng)DOS執(zhí)行一個(gè)程序）each time DOS executes a program;（當(dāng)你正在通過Microsoft Windowws執(zhí)行多個(gè)程序時(shí)）when executing multiple programs via Microsoft Windows 5.（當(dāng)工作難找的時(shí)候）When jobs are scarce;（常常被有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的工人排擠）tend to be pushed out in favor of experienced workers 6.（在這些更強(qiáng)大的目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向的工具方面進(jìn)行投資是有意義的）it is a good time to invest in these more powerful , goal-directed tools 7.（為用戶進(jìn)行內(nèi)容定制）it executes the user’s custom contest;（將處理后的內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)換到所用的特定設(shè)備）it then loads the content onto the designated device in use 8.（不懂得與時(shí)俱進(jìn)）do not keep up with regulations;（只會束縛人們的手腳）haue their hand tied 9.1.(是一個(gè)富于變化的領(lǐng)域，包括許多相互作用的組成部分)a diverse field with many interacting components;（賦予信息，激發(fā)對話）imparts information, stimulates dialogue 10.（從食品，動物到植物健康部門的各種專家）a diverse range of experts from the food, animal and plant health sectors 11.（從某種程度上）to a certain extent;（我國土地資源的后續(xù)利用，食品安全和生態(tài)環(huán)境）follow-up utilizing of land resource, food security and ecological environment of our country 12.（細(xì)菌太小，肉眼看不見).Bacteria are too

small to see with the naked the eye;（以避免細(xì)菌污染）avoid contamination with bacteria 13.（常被用作奶油的代用品）often used as a

substitute for butter

14.（轉(zhuǎn)基因食品）genetically modified food;（轉(zhuǎn)

基因食品優(yōu)點(diǎn)）the merit of GM food 15.（加強(qiáng)食品監(jiān)督與管理）strengthen the

supervision and administration of food safety;（維護(hù)好食品市場的秩序）maintain a good order of the food market

16.（采取了一項(xiàng)方案，就是在其投入英國市場食

品上做標(biāo)注）introduced a labeling scheme for their products in the British market

17.（停止進(jìn)口諸如火腿，肉制品等）suspend the

import of meats such as ham, pork products and others

18.（沒能說服數(shù)百人改掉這一惡習(xí)）has failed to

convince hundreds of millions of people to abandon the bad habit 19.（令人質(zhì)疑）raise eyebrows

20.（延伸覆蓋大范圍的市場）stretches across a

wide range of markets

21.（擦亮品牌）burnished the brand name 22.（為總裁們完成了一項(xiàng)最大的采購）have

made the ultimate acquisition for chief executives;（大手筆的花掉220億美元財(cái)富的一部分）splashed some of the $22bn fortune 23.（使谷歌在未來幾年里成為不可忽視的力量）

keep Google the force to be reckoned with for years to come

24.（以13.99的優(yōu)惠價(jià)格搶購最新、最喜歡的Ｔ

恤衫）snap up your latest favorite T-shirt on sale for $13.99

25.（你將或多或少不得不面對數(shù)額巨大的出價(jià)）

you will be faced with a huge number of offers, to varying degrees

26.（使你在行業(yè)中處于更有利的地位）give you

a competitive advantage in your industry 27.（占谷歌所有搜索查詢的四分之一）accounts

for a quarter of all Google search queries 28.（嘗試區(qū)分人類訪客和自動化訪問者或機(jī)器

人）try to distinguish human visitors from automated visitors or robots

29.（富于創(chuàng)新精神的搜索引擎）innovative search engines 30.（提出設(shè)計(jì)）come up with a design 31.（堅(jiān)守社會責(zé)任和保護(hù)自然環(huán)境的承諾）commitment to social responsibility and protecting the environment 32.（為訂立國際條約和行動綱領(lǐng)建立共識）builds consensus towards international treaties and programmes of action 33.（在我們的短暫一生中，最好貢獻(xiàn)莫過于此了）I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world 34.（我們要竭盡全力確?！毒┒甲h定書》生效）We should make every effort to ensure the Kyoto Protocol to come into force 35.（對生態(tài)環(huán)境影響相對較小）relatively little effect on the ecological environment;（一項(xiàng)重要政策）an important policy 36.活著的樹木可以吸收碳）Living trees absorb carbon;（大氣中碳的釋放）the release of carbon into the atmosphere 37.（受由污染引起的酸雨影響）is affected by the acid rain caused by pollution 38.（盡管氮無毒且很大程度上不活潑）Although nitrogen is nontoxic and largely inert 39.（由清水狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵孱愡^量繁殖狀態(tài)）from a clear –water state to an algal bloom 40.（毀滅一個(gè)地理上孤立的小族群）wipe out a geographically isolated group 整句翻譯：

41.為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)，在1997年簽署了《京都議定書》，并于2005年開始強(qiáng)制生效。The Kyoto Protocol, which set about realizing those aims, was signed in 1997 and came into force in 2005.42.如果不能重新擬定新的國際公約，人類將沒有任何機(jī)會來防治嚴(yán)重的氣候突變問題。Without a new global agreement , there is not much chance of averting serious climate change.43.人們擔(dān)憂的是對碳排放征稅將使商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)受到創(chuàng)傷。What is worrying is that carbon taxes will hurt business and the economy.44.請你舉一個(gè)具體的例子，說明你是怎樣對你所處的環(huán)境進(jìn)行評估并找到重點(diǎn)，以獲得你所期望的結(jié)果的。Provide an example of how you assessed a situation and achieved good results by focusing on the

most important priorities.45.我們決心將每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的成本降到最低，盡量提高效益。We are determined to minimise the cost of each and every project and to maximize

cost-effectiveness.41.（智商體現(xiàn)一種遺傳的，即可繼承的特質(zhì)，或

者是文化傳播的特質(zhì)，該特質(zhì)受家長和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的影響。無論是哪一種，測試智商都不能影響社會的流動性）.IQ measures a genetic, and therefore heritable, traits or a culturally transmitted trait, influenced by parents and socio-economic status.Either way, testing IQ could not influence social mobility.42.（數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)添加或更新在數(shù)據(jù)庫中，但由于沒

有達(dá)到從屬記錄源中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而將無法顯示）43.The data was added or updated in the database，but will not be displayed because it does not satisfy the criteria in the subordinate record source.44.（沒有一種學(xué)科方法證明，暴露于10ppm某

種污染達(dá)24小時(shí)是“安全的”，而暴露在超過那個(gè)污染程度便是“危險(xiǎn)的”）There no scientific way to demonstrate that exposure to a pollutant in a concentration of one hundred parts per million for twenty-four hours is “safe”, while

exposures

above

that

level

ale

“dangerous”.45.（香港大學(xué)非常重視研究工作，專門成立了研

究生院協(xié)調(diào)各學(xué)院的研究教學(xué)工作，確保研究教育的質(zhì)量）With much emphasis on research activities, Hong Kong university has established a Graduate School to co-ordinate research among faculty members and to ensure quality research and education.46.（傳統(tǒng)的看法人為錯(cuò)誤消息框的作用是在用

戶錯(cuò)了時(shí)通知他們。實(shí)際上，大多數(shù)錯(cuò)誤公告的作用是在計(jì)算機(jī)對指令感到不明時(shí)向用戶報(bào)告）Conventional wisdom has held that error messages tell users when they have made a mistake.Actually, must error bulletins report when the computer gets confused.47.（由于某種原因，越來越多的人逐漸重視飲食

問題。無論因?yàn)榍榫w上的壓力或是身體上的意外創(chuàng)傷，還是由于自信心的緣故，人們似乎都從飲食上尋求慰藉，而不是去尋求專業(yè)幫助）More and more people are developing eating issues for many different reasons.Whether it is because of emotional stress, traumatic incidents, or self-confidence issues ,people seem to run to food for comfort instead of seeking professional help

48.（其他人爭論說，糧食匱乏不是糧食產(chǎn)量的問題，而是政府忽視了農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，未能有效利用糧食援救。而且保護(hù)性的貿(mào)易壁壘使消除饑餓更加困難）Others argue that food insecurity is not an issue of a shortfull in food production but rather that governments have neglected agricultural development ,made ineffective use of food aid ,and ,through protective trade barriers, made hunger alleviation more difficult to attain.49.你是否想過為什么快餐連鎖店能夠立刻做好你所點(diǎn)的菜，而在家里媽媽總是要花費(fèi)幾個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間做飯？答案很簡單?？觳瓦B鎖店使用了能夠加快烹飪過程的物質(zhì)，而科學(xué)證明，這些物質(zhì)有害人體健康，如果長期食用，會產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的危害。Have you ever wondered as to why the fast food joint are able to provide you with your order in no time whereas mom at home takes hours to cook? The answer lies in the simple fact that in fast food joints substances that enhance the cooking process are used.It has been scientifically proved that these substances are very harmful to health and pose serious threats on continuous consumption.50.這看上去好像是科幻小說中的情節(jié)：政府已經(jīng)宣稱克隆動物所產(chǎn)的肉和奶是安全的，而今，克隆食品赫然出現(xiàn)在了全國的食品供應(yīng)鏈中。It sounds like a scenario from a science-fiction novel: The government has declared that meat and dairy from cloned animals is safe.and now cloned products can show up in the nation’s food supply.53 51..如今，食品和藥物管理局（ＦＤＡ）將要求進(jìn)口商能夠證實(shí)他們外國的供應(yīng)商正在采取必要的安全防范措施。換句話說，他們應(yīng)該能夠確定來自智利的黑鱸與來自緬因州的龍蝦符合同樣的安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Now, the FDA will

require importers to be able to verify that their foreign suppliers are taking the necessary safety precautions.In other words ,they’ll be able to make sure that sea bass from Chile meets the same safety standards as lobster from Maine.整句翻譯：

52.如果該公司能夠迎接復(fù)雜的、高度精密的生產(chǎn)

和極端期限的挑戰(zhàn)，它不僅能提高自身作為行業(yè)翹楚的聲譽(yù)，而且還會打開其他機(jī)會之門。If this company can meet the challenge of the complex, high-precision production and the tight deadline, it will not only burnish its reputation as industry leader but open up other opportunities.53.ＢＰ（英國石油）令人吃驚的談到其在中國擴(kuò)

張的雄心。不多，分析師們警告稱，中國煉油行業(yè)盈利能力不佳意味著在該行業(yè)的任何投資到頭來都可能是不具吸引力的。BP has raised eyebrows by talking about its ambitions for expansion in China.However, analysts warned that the poor profitability of China’s refining industry meant that taking a stake in the sector might prove unattractive.54.即使經(jīng)過幾年溫和增長，股票期權(quán)也能使投資

者獲得可觀收益。Even after a few years of moderate growth, stock options can produce a handsome return for investors.55.空中客車公司（Airbus）與波音公司一直就世

界軍事飛機(jī)合同進(jìn)行一場長期的殊死戰(zhàn)斗。就在一個(gè)月前在美國，ＥＡＤＳ，空中客車的母公司，拿走了波音公司一個(gè)將近四百億美元的空中加油機(jī)合同。Airbus have been fighting a long and bruising battle with Boeing for military aircraft contracts around the world.Just a month ago in the U.S., EADS, the parent company of Airbus , snatched away a nearly 40 billion air tanker contract from Boeing.56.在現(xiàn)在所有語言中沒有一個(gè)詞可以準(zhǔn)確地描

述信息技術(shù)對人類生活的巨大影響。No word in all languages exists to describe the great impact of information technology on human life.

第五篇：專業(yè)英語翻譯部分

僅供參考！發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤請及時(shí)指出！

15頁

Climate plays a very important role in the genesis of a soil.On the global scale, there is an obvious correlation between major soil types and the Koppen climatic classification systems major climate types.At regional and local scales, climate becomes less important in soil formation.Instead, Pedogenesis is more influenced by factors like parent material, topography, vegetation, and time.The two most important climatic variables influencing soil formation are temperature arid moisture.Temperature has direct influence on the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral particles.Rates of bedrock weathering generally increase with higher temperatures.Temperature also influences the activity of soil microorganisms, the frequency and magnitude of soil chemical reactions, and the rate of plant growth, moisture levels in most soils are primarily controlled by the addition of water via precipitation minus the losses due to evapotranspiration.If additions of water from precipitation surpass losses from evapotranspiration, moisture levels in a soil tend to be high.If the water loss due to evapotranspiration exceeds inputs from precipitation, moisture levels in a soil tend to be low.High moisture availability in a soil promotes the weathering, of bedrock and sediments, chemical reactions, and plant growth.The availability of moisture also has an influence on soil pH and the decomposition of organic matter.氣候在土壤形成過程中扮演了重要角色。從全球尺度來看，主要的土壤分類和科彭氣候分類法確定的主要的氣候類型有明星的聯(lián)系。在區(qū)域和地方性的范圍內(nèi)，氣候顯得不是那么重要。取而代之的是母質(zhì)，地形，植被和時(shí)間。溫度和濕度是影響土壤形成的兩個(gè)重要的變量。溫度直接影響基巖風(fēng)化產(chǎn)生礦物顆粒。溫度越高，基巖轉(zhuǎn)化為礦物顆粒的比例越大。溫度同樣影響土壤微生物的活躍度，土壤化學(xué)反應(yīng)的頻率和數(shù)量，植物生長的比例。大多數(shù)的土壤濕度是由降水減去蒸發(fā)作用控制的。如果降水超過蒸發(fā)作用消耗的水，土壤濕度就會很高。如果降水少于蒸發(fā)作用，土壤的濕度就會變低。土壤內(nèi)大量的可用的水氣會提升母巖溫度和沉積，化學(xué)反應(yīng)，還有植物生長。微生物也會影響土壤的PH和有機(jī)物的分解。

Living organisms have a role in a number of processes involved in pedogenesis including organic matter accumulation, profile mixing, and biogeochemical nutrient cycling.Under equilibrium conditions, vegetation and soil are closely linked with each other through nutrient cycling.The cycling of nitrogen and carbon in soils is almost completely controlled by the presence of animals and plants.Through litterfall and the process of decomposition, organisms add humus and nutrients to the soil which influences soil structure and fertility.Surface vegetation also protects the upper layers of a soil from erosion by way of binding the soils surface and reducing the speed of moving wind and water across the ground surface.成土作用過程中，生命體參與了其中的有機(jī)物積累，屬性混合和生物化學(xué)養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)。在平衡條件下，植被和土壤通過彼此的養(yǎng)分循環(huán)緊密聯(lián)系在一起。土壤中的碳氮循環(huán)幾乎都需要動物和植物的參與控制。通過落葉和分解過程，微生物把腐殖質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分帶給土壤，也因此影響了土壤的結(jié)構(gòu)和肥力。表層植物也可以固定表層土壤來保護(hù)上層的土壤不被途經(jīng)的風(fēng)和水帶走。

Parent material refers to the rock and mineral materials from which the soils develop.These materials can be derived from residual sediment due to the weathering of bedrock or from sediment transported into an area by way of the erosive forces of wind, water, or ice.Pedogenesis is often faster on transported sediments because the weathering of parent material usually takes a long period of time.The influence of parent material on pedogenesis is usually related to soil texture, soil chemistry, and nutrient cycling.母質(zhì)是指土壤形成所在的巖石和礦物質(zhì)。巖床的風(fēng)化或者由侵蝕力（比如風(fēng)，水，冰）帶來的沉積物都可以變?yōu)樾纬赡纲|(zhì)需要的物質(zhì)。外來的沉積物形成的成土作用通常都比較快，因?yàn)轱L(fēng)化母質(zhì)需要很長一段時(shí)間。母質(zhì)在成土過程中的影響就是它參與了土壤的質(zhì)地，土壤化學(xué)和養(yǎng)分循環(huán)。

The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation.It is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air temperature.A figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation patterns.氣體上升聚集達(dá)到飽和，是否存在這種飽和基本上決定了地球表面降水的分布。同時(shí)，大氣中包含水蒸氣的含量也影響了降水，水蒸氣的含量是由大氣溫度控制的。下面的一組數(shù)字將闡明全球降水模式。

41頁

Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that move water from the Earth’s surface to its atmosphere.Evaporation is movement of free water to the atmosphere as a gas.It requires large amounts of energy.Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant to the atmosphere.Scientists use the term evapotranspiration to describe both processes.In general, the following four factors control the amount of water entering the atmosphere via these two processes: energy availability;the humidity gradient away from the evaporating surface;the wind speed immediately above the surface;and water availability.Agricultural scientists sometimes refer to two types of evapotranspiration: Actual Evapotranspiration and Potential Evapotranspiration.The growth of crops is a function of water supply.If crops experience drought, yields are reduced.Irrigation can supply crops with supplemental water.By determining both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration a farmer can calculate the irrigation water needs of their crops.蒸發(fā)作用和蒸騰作用是把水從地表帶到大氣的最主要的兩個(gè)過程。蒸發(fā)是空余的水變成蒸汽進(jìn)入大氣的移動過程。這個(gè)過程需要大量的能量。蒸騰作用是水通過植物進(jìn)入大氣?？茖W(xué)家用蒸散作用來統(tǒng)稱這兩個(gè)過程。通常情況下，下面四個(gè)因素影響了這兩個(gè)過程：可利用的能量、蒸發(fā)表面的溫度梯度、蒸發(fā)表面即時(shí)風(fēng)速、可用的水。農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為蒸散作用有兩種方式：實(shí)際的蒸散和潛在的蒸散。農(nóng)作物生長是供水的過程。如果作物經(jīng)歷了干旱，就會導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)。灌溉可以給作物提供附加的水。如果知道了實(shí)際蒸散和潛在蒸散的量，農(nóng)民就可以計(jì)算作物灌溉需要的水量。

Infiltration is the movement of water from precipitation into the soil layer.Infiltration varies both spatially and temporally due to a number of environmental factors.After a rain, infiltration can create a condition where the soil is completely full of water.This condition is, however, only short-lived as a portion of this water quickly drains(gravitational water)via the force exerted on the water by gravity.The portion that remains is called the field capacity.In the soil, field capacity represents a film of water coating all individual soil particles to a thickness of 0.06 mm.The soil water from 0.0002 to 0.06 mm(known as capillary water)can be removed from the soil through the processes of evaporation and transpiration.Both of these processes operate at the surface.Capillary action moves water from one area in the soil to replace losses in another area(biggest losses tend to be at the surface because of plant consumption and evaporation).This movement of water by capillary action generally creates a homogeneous concentration of water throughout the soil profile.Losses of water stop when the film of water around soil particles reaches 0.0002 mm.Water held from the surface of the soil particles to 0.0002 mm is essentially immobile and can only be completely removed with high temperatures(greater than 100 degrees Celsius).Within the soil system, several different forces influence the storage of water.滲透是水從降水進(jìn)入土壤層的過程。滲透由于一些自然的因素會發(fā)生空間的和暫時(shí)的變化。下完雨之后，滲透會形成一個(gè)土壤完全充滿水的情況。但是這種情況只是暫時(shí)的，一部分雨水會由于重力作用排出。留下的那一部分雨水被稱為土地含水能力。土地含水能力展示給我們一個(gè)水薄膜，在這個(gè)薄膜里，所有相互獨(dú)立的土壤粒子被厚度僅僅為0.06毫米的水包裹著。土壤中0.0002到0.06毫米的水都可以通過蒸散作用排出。所以這些過程都發(fā)生在表面。毛細(xì)作用把水從一個(gè)地方搬運(yùn)到另一個(gè)流失水的地方（最大的水流失應(yīng)該就是植物表面的蒸騰和蒸發(fā)）。這種毛細(xì)作用可以報(bào)證土壤內(nèi)的水的濃度是均勻的。土壤粒子包被的水薄膜到0.0002毫米時(shí)，水就停止流失。這時(shí)的水本質(zhì)上除了超過100攝氏度的情況是不可移動的。在土壤系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部，這幾種力量影響了水的短缺度。

Population Structure / Population Pyramids

The population structure for an area shows the number of males and females within different age groups in the population.This information is displayed as an age-sex or population pyramid.Population pyramids of LEDCs typically have a wide base and a narrow top.This represents a high birth rate and high death rate.Population pyramids of MEDCs typically have a roughly equal distribution of population throughout the age groups.The top obviously gets narrower as a result of deaths.Population pyramids for every country in the world can be found here.Population pyramids are used to show the structure of the population according to age and sex.一個(gè)地方的人口結(jié)構(gòu)告訴我們該地不同年齡段男性和女性的人口數(shù)量。這些信息展示出了一個(gè)年齡-性別或者人口數(shù)量的金字塔。發(fā)展中國家的人口金字塔通常有很大的根基和很窄的塔尖。這體現(xiàn)了這些國家的高出生率和高死亡率。發(fā)達(dá)國家的人口金字塔在不同年齡段大概是均勻分布的。塔尖由于死亡的原因會稍微窄一些。世界上所有國家的人口金字塔在這里都可以找到。人口金字塔通常用來展示人口在年齡和性別上的結(jié)構(gòu)。

56頁

The increase of greenhouse gases are the primary causes of the human-induced component of warming.Because of burning of fossil fuels, land clearing and agriculture, the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased by more than a third.Changes this large have historically taken thousands of years, but are now happening over the course of decades.溫室氣體增加的主要原因是人類-誘導(dǎo)氣溫的上升。因?yàn)榛剂系娜紵蟮貨]有植被以及農(nóng)業(yè)，大氣中二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體的排放量已經(jīng)上升了1/3。經(jīng)歷這么大的變化曾經(jīng)需要數(shù)千年，但是現(xiàn)在只在近十年內(nèi)就完成了。

57頁

Sea Level Rising.With the melt of ice cap and glaciers, sea level has rised 0.8 to 3.0 millimeter.With large numbers of cities located in coastal areas, this causes serious problems.Beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks.Wetlands are lost.This is a picture of Shanghai at present, while this may be the picture of Shanghai several years later.Another serious problem is the threat of salt water intruding into underground fresh water in coastal areas.Millions of people will be forced to leave their homes and homelands.海平面上升。隨著冰蓋和冰川的融化，海平面已經(jīng)上升了0.8到3.0毫米。由于很多城市坐落在沿海地區(qū)，這就可能帶來災(zāi)難性的問題。海岸侵蝕開始出現(xiàn)，尤其是在陡峭的海岸。濕地逐漸消失。這正是上?，F(xiàn)在發(fā)生的，也可能是幾年以后上海出現(xiàn)的景象。另一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題是鹽水侵入沿海地區(qū)的底下淡水。數(shù)以萬計(jì)的人民不得不背井離鄉(xiāng)。

59頁

They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point.Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country.However, not every country has a primate city, as you'll see from the list below.他們通過影響力支配這個(gè)國家，是整個(gè)國家的焦點(diǎn)。他們的規(guī)模大小和活動變成一股強(qiáng)大的推動力，帶來額外的居民，讓這些首位城市變得更大，以至于跟國內(nèi)的其他小城市相比有些不協(xié)調(diào)。但是，并不是所有國家都有這樣一個(gè)首位城市，你可以從下面的表里看出來。

Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country.This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second.一些學(xué)者定義首位城市就是比排名第二和第三位城市人口總和還要多的城市。但是這個(gè)定義沒有體現(xiàn)從城市規(guī)模的角度分析，排名前兩位的城市也是不成比例的，所以并不被認(rèn)可。

The law can be applied to smaller regions as well.For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million.Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City.這個(gè)法則可以用到小的區(qū)域。舉個(gè)例子，加州的首位城市是洛杉磯，城市人口達(dá)到1600萬，比舊金山的700高出甚多。甚至村莊也可以用首位城市法則來分析。

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Scope of land consolidation schemes（本段藍(lán)字為不確定部分）

Land consolidation has always been regarded as an instrument or entry point for rural development.Early concepts of rural development were virtually the same as agricultural development because of the predominant role of agriculture in rural areas at the time.Improving the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability in rural areas;what was good for the farmers was good for rural areas.An overall objective of early projects was thus to increase the net income from land holdings by increasing the volume of production and decreasing its costs.With this focus on agricultural development, these projects served to consolidate parcels and enlarge holdings and included provisions such as irrigation and drainage infrastructure to improve water management, construction of rural roads, land levelling, soil improvement measures and changes to land use such as converting agriculturally inferior land into forest land or wetlands.土地合并經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是發(fā)展農(nóng)村的一個(gè)手段或者切入點(diǎn)。早期的農(nóng)村發(fā)展概念基本上和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展一樣的，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)候的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)占據(jù)了農(nóng)村的主導(dǎo)地位。改進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)看起來是和保留農(nóng)村地區(qū)社會生存能力一樣的事情。對農(nóng)民好也就是對農(nóng)村地區(qū)好。因此早期項(xiàng)目的總體目標(biāo)是通過增加產(chǎn)量和減少成本，以此增加從土地獲得的凈收益。隨著注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展上，這些項(xiàng)目服務(wù)于鞏固捆綁，增大資產(chǎn)，還這些規(guī)定：修建灌溉和排水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來提升用水管理能力，修建農(nóng)村公路，土地平整，土壤改良措施以及改變土地用途比如說把貧瘠的土地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯只蛘邼竦亍?/p>

Such agricultural improvements are still essential but rural space is now no longer regarded as one of agricultural production alone.Concepts of rural development have become much broader and have expanded to include increased environmental awareness and a wide range of nonagricultural applications.The emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the interests of agriculture, landscape, nature conservation, recreation and transportation, especially when land is required for the construction of major roads.這些農(nóng)業(yè)進(jìn)步仍然是必不可少的，但是現(xiàn)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)不再僅僅是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的區(qū)域了。農(nóng)村發(fā)展的概念已經(jīng)變得更加廣闊，已經(jīng)拓展到包含環(huán)境意識和非農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)用的領(lǐng)域。土地合并的項(xiàng)目的重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)不再只關(guān)注農(nóng)業(yè)重組，它上升到通過平衡農(nóng)業(yè)利益，地形，自然保護(hù)，娛樂和運(yùn)輸(尤其是需要修建主要干道的時(shí)候)來獲取最大的利益。

Environmental conditions are being given increasing priority.Roads are being constructed to suit the landscape.Water bodies are being restored, often with buffer zones.Land consolidation projects are also used for the protection of wetlands and to change land use patterns especially in areas endangered by frequent floods or soil erosion.人們把環(huán)境情況作為優(yōu)先考慮。修路需要符合地形。水體被修復(fù)，一般都還有緩沖區(qū)。土地合并項(xiàng)目經(jīng)常用于保護(hù)濕地，還有改變土地利用模式，特別是在因?yàn)轭l發(fā)的洪水和水土流失致使土地瀕臨消失的地方。

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Leakage

The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased;these subtracted amounts are called leakage.In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers' expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies(who often have their headquarters in the travelers' home countries), and not to local businesses or workers.In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage.消費(fèi)者的支出除去稅費(fèi)，利潤，支出的工資以及進(jìn)口所需剩下的一部分，就是旅游目的地的直接收入，也叫做滲漏。在大部分全包價(jià)旅游中，旅游者支出的80%付給了航空公司，酒店和其他國際公司（通常在旅游者來源國有分支部門），并不是當(dāng)?shù)氐纳痰昊蛘吖と?。此外，大量的達(dá)到目標(biāo)水平的收入一般會經(jīng)過滲漏再次離開當(dāng)?shù)亍?01頁

Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values.Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a dominance by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents.In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners.Long-term tourists living in second homes, and the so-called amenity migrants(wealthy or retired people and liberal professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmosphere and peaceful rhythms of life)cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass.旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展和相關(guān)切實(shí)需要的房地產(chǎn)需求可能戲劇性的促進(jìn)了建筑造假和土地價(jià)值。不止是這些造成了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用?特別是在發(fā)展中國家-難以得到基本日常所需，還會導(dǎo)致外來者在土地市場和遷移這些對當(dāng)?shù)厝藢儆诮?jīng)濟(jì)侵略的領(lǐng)域處于支配地位。在哥斯達(dá)黎加，近60%的酒店屬于外國人，長期的游客住在第二個(gè)家，這些所謂的美化城市的居民（富人或者退休的人，還有那些想要享受平靜生活和優(yōu)美環(huán)境的自由主義者）的數(shù)量如果達(dá)到一個(gè)臨界值，就會引起他們新家附近的價(jià)格飛漲。

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Storm structure

The process by which a disturbance forms and subsequently strengthens into a hurricane depends on at least three conditions.Warm waters and moisture are mentioned above.The third condition is a wind pattern near the ocean surface that spirals air inward.Bands of thunderstorms form, allowing the air to warm further and rise higher into the atmosphere.If the winds at these higher levels are relatively light, this structure can remain intact and allow for additional strengthening.一股躁動氣流隨后加強(qiáng)成為颶風(fēng)的過程需要至少3個(gè)條件。溫水和降水是必不可少的，第三個(gè)條件是在海洋表面有內(nèi)螺旋的空氣所形成的風(fēng)。雷電風(fēng)暴的形成，讓空氣溫度升高，然后上升到大氣。如果在這個(gè)更高高度的風(fēng)是相對輕的，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)還會保持完整然后繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)。