第一篇：最近幾年來考研英語閱讀之考點總結(jié)

現(xiàn)在正是考研學(xué)生強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)的階段，尤其對于英語來說正通過做題鞏固基礎(chǔ)并提升水平，而在考研英語試題類型中，閱讀無疑是大家最為重視的部分，也是必須通過大量做題來熟悉并練習(xí)的，可是僅僅做題就夠了么?為什么有些同學(xué)也是每天做但是不見進(jìn)步呢，甚至出現(xiàn)多做多錯，開始恐慌的狀態(tài)，那是大家沒有掌握正確的方法，不是說你做多少題就能提升多少能力，而是在做題的過程中要學(xué)會分析、思考和總結(jié)。

從近幾年的考研英語閱讀我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀文章主要是說明文和議論文。說明文多見于人文、自然等科普讀物，常通過定義、比較、對照等寫作手法對事物的性狀、特征、演變、結(jié)果或其相互之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行解釋或揭示。說明文的第一句通常為主題句，開宗明義、點明全文要說明的對象，如上所述，說明文的行文方式有其特點，即主要有比較、對照和分類幾種格式，每篇短文以一種為主，有時幾種兼用。閱讀說明文要抓住文章的主題，弄清短文的段落組織方式與行文格式，同時還要把握各層次(或自然段)的要點及其與短文主題的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。

論述文往往滲透著作者的個人觀點和態(tài)度，觀點和事實相互混雜，讀者難以分辨。作者的觀點態(tài)度有時通過旗幟鮮明的論點明述，有時則通過論證或駁論暗示，理解后一類論述文比前一類更難，因為這一類短文往往層次交疊，思路錯綜。

閱讀論述文要從該文體的寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點入手，注意以下四個方面：抓住短文的論點，論據(jù)并明確作者用以論證的是歸納、類推還是演繹;論述文通常立中有駁、駁中有立，閱讀中要特別注意其中的反駁內(nèi)容;抓住論證中表示因果、遞進(jìn)和轉(zhuǎn)折的意流轉(zhuǎn)換信號詞;注意作者使用的表達(dá)自己贊同、反對等感情色彩的形容詞、副詞或句型。

同時，觀察歷年考研英語閱讀可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，要了解閱讀文章其實很容易，共性很多，文章結(jié)構(gòu)大致可以分為兩種--總分總和總分。

總分總是說明文、議論文的共同全文結(jié)構(gòu)模式。其中說明文的基本模式是：引言(用事例、試驗等引出問題)--分析(分析原因;實驗過程等)--結(jié)論(建議、解決方案)，說明文闡述事物的原理、起因和可能的后果;而議論文的行文規(guī)則是：提出論點(常以事例引出)--提出論據(jù)并論證論點--得出結(jié)論，其最終目的是說服讀者接受某觀點，議論文要用邏輯和論據(jù)來影響別人的看法或行動。

總分法是說明文和議論文在段落的拓展模式的共性。多數(shù)情況下段落首句是

本段主題句，偶爾會有第二句或段尾句，比如說有的文章第一段的段首會先舉例子，段尾才引出主題句。段落主旨極少有需自己概括的。這要求考生從概率最高的情況出發(fā)。先快速掃描首句，看是否有概括性。如果第一句沒有，迅速看段尾句。

第二篇：2018考研英語新題型考點總結(jié)

2018考研英語新題型考點總結(jié)

新題型是考研英語中比較容易得分的項目，大家一定要多多練習(xí)和了解，小泉就把這十分如何拿到手的方法分享給大家，小伙伴們爭取把這十分全部拿到。

考研英語閱讀新題型雖然題目生疏，但是其實拿分不難，要想把10分穩(wěn)拿在手，大家首先要注意這類題型的復(fù)習(xí)方法，先從命題方向下手，了解考點和解題方法，自然就不難攻克。下文，本文重點講解三種常考新題型的命題方向和考點。

▲首先第一種題型為:排序題

雖說是大家沒有考到過的題型,但是對于我們也并不是全然不知.就是把一篇文章的段落順序打亂,然后按文章原本應(yīng)該的正確順序排列一次.看似簡單,卻非易事,因為它對人們的邏輯思維能力的要求較高,尤其是在中西文化差異,邏輯思維迥異的大背景下,讓我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了中式思維的大腦去考慮一篇原汁原味的英文的行文思路是有點難了.但是“世上無難事,只怕有心人”我們不能簡單的就去以考試的形式去判斷自己是不是可以拿好一點的分?jǐn)?shù).而是應(yīng)該想辦法如何在有限的時間內(nèi)去鍛煉自己的英語思維,這才是取勝的關(guān)鍵,因為一篇做對了并不意味著篇篇能對,但是如果把英語思維的習(xí)慣,尤其是文章的思維搞清楚了,那么再不同的文章也不會相差甚遠(yuǎn),那我們成功的概率則會更高.而這些東西完全可以在我們的諸多閱讀文章多理解并強(qiáng)化。

那么閱讀的文章到底有著和中文怎樣的不同的思維呢?

大家不難發(fā)現(xiàn),閱讀的英文文章多議論文,那么所討論的話題的開篇方式有兩種主要的類型:

一種是開篇點題型

文章的開頭直接闡述作者的某一觀點,或?qū)δ骋皇录?或?qū)δ骋粏栴}的看法.然后在下文中以各種論證手法去論證.這屬于比較簡單的一類文章,比較好辨別.另一種是開篇引入型

雖說文章的主要形式還是論點-論據(jù)的寫法,但是與開篇點題型文章不同的一點那就是:他們會在文章的開頭引入一段看似與主要內(nèi)容不太相關(guān),有時甚至是相反的內(nèi)容,目的只有一個,就是為了引出文章的中心論點.這樣的內(nèi)容多以1-2個篇幅相對較短的自然段落所構(gòu)成.而這樣的類型的文章會被誤以為有兩個中心主題,那么碰到類似文章的時候一定要判斷哪個才是真正的主題,并且兩者之間有一定過渡,比如轉(zhuǎn)折,比如承接,如常見的:but,yet,however,表示轉(zhuǎn)折,這種轉(zhuǎn)折體現(xiàn)在文章中有三種方式:

一:在首段提出作為引子的命題后,馬上就轉(zhuǎn)折;

二:開頭提出其他命題,在首段結(jié)尾處開始轉(zhuǎn)折;

三:開頭提出命題,在下一段的句首開始轉(zhuǎn)折;

除了文章的開頭篇有別以外在英語的文章中,經(jīng)常會有支撐論點性的細(xì)節(jié)出現(xiàn),這些細(xì)節(jié)性的因素主要作用就是用來充實和證明論點,并且一般會調(diào)理清晰,所以在段落之間的邏輯性也是相當(dāng)強(qiáng)有時也會穿插一些例子等.了解了英語文章的一些主要寫作方式和邏輯思維后,我們就要去閱讀一定量的文章,并且能夠在閱讀后,著重去捉住這些文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)去分析和辨別,相信對于做新題型的排序題有很大的幫助.▲其次是七選五

如果說排序題是考察文章的整體框架結(jié)構(gòu)的話,那七選五題型考察的就是對于文中邏輯的判斷能力,考察的是段落中的內(nèi)部邏輯關(guān)系,要求更加的縝密,但是因為有了上下文的參照,所以相對比較簡單.對于七選五的題型,對于大家的要求則是要關(guān)注英語閱讀文章中的慣用的銜接和連接手段,比如人稱代詞的用法,連接詞的邏輯關(guān)系,和一切重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞語,均是做七選五的關(guān)鍵.當(dāng)然有一些干擾項的排除其實也需要引起足夠的重視,這時對大家的要求就是一定要謹(jǐn)記本文的中心大意,只有不偏離中心,才可以不受干擾項的影響,提高做題效率.那么，對于這一類型的題目我們更加注重文章中的上下文銜接，平日在做閱讀時養(yǎng)成好的習(xí)慣，常思考，勤分析，不要把文章只理解成孤立的句子存在，那么這類為題就迎刃而解了。

▲最后是小標(biāo)題

這種題型應(yīng)該是新題型中最為簡單的題型,考察點在于學(xué)生能否對段落做出簡明的概括來,這個可以通過平日里的閱讀來完成,要概括的準(zhǔn)確,簡單,一針見血,這樣在這種題型上才能做到萬無一失,有效排除干擾.這種題型類似于閱讀中的一種題型叫做：主旨題或者段落歸納題。試想如果想在這一類題型上得高分我們現(xiàn)在就可以為之努力了，我們可以在閱讀的每一篇每一段都進(jìn)行自我歸納總結(jié)，哪怕只是簡單的思考過程，或者只是簡單地中文表達(dá)，我相信效果也是會日益顯現(xiàn)的。

總之,在題型的復(fù)習(xí)上,不能急功近利,而要從考點的根本上去做充分的準(zhǔn)備,做好目前的，一步一個腳印踏實肯干。只有這樣,才能以不變應(yīng)萬變,也只有這樣,才能在各種題型上有更大的把握把分?jǐn)?shù)穩(wěn)拿在手。

第三篇：考研英語之自我介紹

考研英語復(fù)試之英語自我介紹

pesonel statement(introduction)

good morning,my dear teachers,my dear professors.i am very glad to be here for your interview.my name is song yonghao,i am 22 years old.i come from luoyang,a very beautiful aicent city.my undergratuade period will be accomplished in chang'an university in july ,2004;and now,i am trying my best for obtaining a key to tongji university.generally speaking ,i am a hard working student especially do the thing i am interested in.i will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is.when i was sophomore, i found web design very interesting, so i learned it very hard.to weaver a homepage for myself, i stayed with my pesonel computer for half a month.,and i am the first one in my class who own his homepage.forthermore,i am a person with great perserverence.during the days preparing for the first examination,i insist on running every day, no matter what the weather was like.and just owning to this,i could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.well ,in my spare time ,i like basketball, tennis and chinese chess.also english is my favorate.i often go to english corner to practise my oral english on every thursday,and write compositions to improve my witten ability.but i know my english is not good enough ,i will continue studying.ok, that is all,thank you for your attention.my hometown------luoyang

i am from luoyang,a beautiful city in henan province.it is famous as the “capital of nine dynasties ” and enjoy yhe honer that luoyang peony is the best in the world.luoyang played a very important role in chinese history.so it has a profound cultural background and many great heritagesites have been well reverved.such as longmen grotto, one of the three grottoes in china ang white horse temple, being regarded as the cradle of chnese buddhism.luoyang peony is world-famous.every year, many tourists travel to luoyang to see the beauty of peony.the people in my hometown are friendly, they welcome the travellers from all over the world.i like my hometown very much.考研面試英語口語自我介紹

good morning, my name is jack, it is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, i would like to answer whatever you may raise, and i hope i can make a good performance today, eventually enroll in this prestigious university in september.now i will introduce myself briefly,i am 21 years old,born in heilongjiang province ,northeast of china,and i am curruently a senior student at beijing XX uni.my major is packaging engineering.and i will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in june.in the past 4 years,i spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 with a ease.and i have acquired basic knowledge of packaging and publishing both in theory and in practice.besides, i have attend

several packaging exhibition hold in Beijing, this is our advantage study here, i have taken a tour to some big factory and company.through these i have a deeply understanding of domestic packaging industry.compared to developed countries such

as us, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1978,our packaging industry are still underdeveloped, mess, unstable, the situation of employees in this field are awkard.but i have full confidence in a bright future

if only our economy can keep the growth pace still.i guess you maybe interested in the reason itch to law, and what is my plan during graduate study life, i would like to tell you that pursue law is one of my lifelong goal,i like my major packaging and i won't give up,if i can pursue my master degree here i will combine law with my former education.i will work hard in thesefields ,patent ,trademark, copyright, on the base of my years study in department of p&p, my character? i cannot describe it well, but i know i am optimistic and confident.sometimes i prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but i am not lonely, i like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite

pastime is valleyball,playing cards or surf online.through college life,i learn how to balance between study and entertainment.by the way, i was a actor of our amazing drama club.i had a few glorious memory on stage.that is my pride

英文自我介紹三

General Introduction*

I am a third year master major in automation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P.R.China.With tremendous interest in Industrial Engineering, I am writing to apply for acceptance into your Ph.D.graduate program.Education backgroundIn 1995, I entered the Nanjing University of Science & Technology(NUST)--widely considered one of the China’s best engineering schools.During the following undergraduate study, my academic records kept distinguished among the whole department.I was granted First Class Prize every semester, and my overall GPA(89.5/100)ranked No.1 among 113 students.In 1999, I got the privilege to enter the graduate program waived of the admission test.I selected the Shanghai Jiao Tong University to continue my study for its best reputation on

Combinatorial Optimization and Network Scheduling where my research interest lies.At the period of my graduate study, my overall GPA(3.77/4.0)ranked top 5% in the department.In the second semester, I became teacher assistant that is given to talented and matured students only.This year, I won the Acer Scholarship as the one and only candidate in my department, which is the ultimate accolade for distinguished students endowed by my university.Presently, I am preparing my graduation thesis and trying for the honor of Excellent Graduation Thesis.Research experience and academic activity

When a sophomore, I joined the Association of AI Enthusiast and began to narrow down my interest for my future research.In 1997, I participated in simulation tool development for the scheduling system in Prof.Wang’s lab.With the tool of OpenGL and Matlab, I designed a simulation program for transportation scheduling system.It is now widely used by different research groups in NUST.In 1998, I assumed and fulfilled a sewage analysis & dispose project for Nanjing sewage treatment plant.This was my first practice to convert a laboratory idea to a commercial product.In 1999, I joined the distinguished Professor Yu-Geng Xi's research group aiming at Network flow problem solving and Heuristic algorithm research.Soon I was engaged in the FuDan Gene Database Design.My duty was to pick up the useful information among different kinds of gene matching format.Through the comparison and analysis for many heuristic algorithms, I introduced an improved evolutionary algorithm--Multi-population Genetic Algorithm.By dividing a whole population into several sub-populations, this improved algorithm can effectively prevent GA from local convergence and promote various evolutionary orientations.It proved more efficiently than SGA in experiments, too.In the second semester, I joined the workshop-scheduling research in Shanghai Heavy Duty Tyre plant.The scheduling was designed for the rubber-making process that covered not only discrete but also continuous circumstances.To make a balance point between optimization quality and time cost, I proposed a Dynamic Layered Scheduling method based on hybrid Petri Nets.The practical application showed that the average makespan was shortened by a large scale.I also publicized two papers in core journals with this idea.Recently, I am doing research in the Composite Predict of the Electrical Power system assisted with the technology of Data Mining for Bao Steel.I try to combine the Decision Tree with Receding Optimization to provide a new solution for the Composite Predictive Problem.This project is now under construction.Besides, In July 2000, I got the opportunity to give a lecture in English in Asia Control Conference(ASCC)which is one of the top-level conferences among the world in the area of control and automation.In my senior year, I met Prof.Xiao-Song Lin, a visiting professor of mathematics from University of California-Riverside, I learned graph theory from him for my network research.These experiences all rapidly expanded my knowledge of English and the understanding of western culture.I hope to study in depth

In retrospect, I find myself standing on a solid basis in both theory and experience, which has prepared me for the Ph.D.program.My future research interests include: Network Scheduling Problem, Heuristic Algorithm research(especially in GA and Neural network), Supply chain network research, Hybrid system performance analysis with Petri nets and Data Mining.Please give my application materials a serious consideration.Thank you very much

第四篇：2018年考研政治考點總結(jié)

凱程考研，為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)生引路！

2018年考研政治考點總結(jié)

1、唯物辯證法的發(fā)展觀。

(1)世界是永恒發(fā)展的，發(fā)展是過程的集合體，發(fā)展是前進(jìn)性的運(yùn)動，發(fā)展是一切事物和現(xiàn)象的根本法則。

(2)在唯物辯證法看來，一切事物都處在發(fā)生、發(fā)展和滅亡的過程中，凡是在歷史上產(chǎn)生的都要在歷史上滅亡，任何事物都不可能永恒地存在。歷史上的任何東西，從當(dāng)時的歷史條件來看，都有其存在的根據(jù)和理由，但隨著條件的改變，又會喪失其存在的根本和理由，從而轉(zhuǎn)化為其他事物。一個事物的結(jié)束，意味著另一個事物的開始，如此生生滅滅，循環(huán)不已，構(gòu)成了整個物質(zhì)世界永恒發(fā)展的過程。

2、對立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律或矛盾學(xué)說或矛盾規(guī)律原理。

(1)矛盾即對立統(tǒng)一，是指事物之間或事物內(nèi)部的各要素之間的對立和統(tǒng)一及其關(guān)系。對立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是唯物辯證法的實質(zhì)和核心。

(2)同一性和斗爭性是矛盾的兩種基本屬性或兩種基本性質(zhì)。矛盾雙方相互依存，在一定的條件下共處于一個統(tǒng)一體中，矛盾雙方相互滲透、相互貫通，在一定條件下矛盾的雙方相互轉(zhuǎn)化。

(3)矛盾著的對立面又統(tǒng)一、又斗爭推動了事物的運(yùn)動和變化。

(4)一切事物都是對立統(tǒng)一的，矛盾是事物的普遍本質(zhì)，沒有矛盾就沒有世界，任何事物都包含著矛盾。

3、矛盾發(fā)展不平衡性原理。

(1)矛盾在事物發(fā)展過程中是不平衡的。由于矛盾發(fā)展的不平衡性，構(gòu)成事物的多種矛盾在事物發(fā)展中的地位和作用不同。

(2)主要矛盾、矛盾的主要方面對事物的發(fā)展起決定性作用。因此，在堅持主要矛盾和非主要矛盾、矛盾的主要方面和非主要方面二者辯證統(tǒng)一的前提下，去解決主要矛盾、抓住矛盾的主要方面。

4、整體和部分關(guān)系的原理。

(1)部分依賴于整體，整體由部分構(gòu)成。

(2)脫離了整體的部分就失去了原有的性質(zhì)和功能。

(3)整體是各部分有機(jī)之和。

(4)整體的作用就在于把各個組成部分互相聯(lián)結(jié)起來，發(fā)揮各部分的功能。

(5)整體和部分是可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化的。

5、否定之否定規(guī)律原理。

(1)辯證法的否定觀認(rèn)為：否定是包含肯定的否定;辯證的否定是事物的自我否定，是事物自身肯定因素和否定因素矛盾運(yùn)動的必然結(jié)果;否定是發(fā)展環(huán)節(jié)和聯(lián)系環(huán)節(jié);否定是“揚(yáng)棄”，就是既克服又保留，克服舊事物中的消極因素，保留它的積極因素。

(2)否定之否定是指，事物以其內(nèi)在矛盾為動力，從自我肯定到自我否定，又到否定之否定。從事物發(fā)展過程看，經(jīng)歷兩次否定，三個階段，便形成一個發(fā)展周期;從內(nèi)容上看，這是事物自己發(fā)展自己、自己完善自己的過程;從表現(xiàn)形態(tài)上看，是螺旋式上升或波浪式前進(jìn)，即曲折前進(jìn)的過程。

凱程考研，為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)生引路！

(3)否定之否定規(guī)律揭示了事物發(fā)展的方向和道路。事物發(fā)展的總趨勢是前進(jìn)上升的，事物發(fā)展的道路是曲折的，是前進(jìn)性和曲折性的統(tǒng)一。

(4)這一原理對于人們正確認(rèn)識事物發(fā)展的曲折性和前進(jìn)性，具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。由于事物發(fā)展是前進(jìn)性和曲折性的統(tǒng)一，我們就不能奢望什么事情都是一帆風(fēng)順的，要善于洞察事物發(fā)展中的各種可能性，充分估計其困難和曲折，經(jīng)得起困難和挫折的考驗，堅定信心，知難而上，開辟前進(jìn)的道路。

6、偶然性在事物發(fā)展中的作用。

(1)在事物發(fā)展過程中，必然性起決定作用，它決定事物的發(fā)展方向。但偶然性對事物的發(fā)展不是可有可無，它對事物的發(fā)展起加速或延緩的作用。

(2)必然性存在于偶然性之中，并通過大量的偶然性表現(xiàn)出來，偶然性背后隱藏著必然性，偶然性是必然性的表現(xiàn)形式和補(bǔ)充，偶然性為必然性的發(fā)展開辟道路。

(3)要重視機(jī)遇的作用，敏銳地發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)遇、抓住機(jī)遇，實現(xiàn)發(fā)展。

7、真理及其客觀性、具體真理、實踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定性(絕對性)和不確定性(相對性)。

(1)真理是指人們對客觀事物及其規(guī)律的正確反映。是標(biāo)志著主觀同客觀相符合的范疇。真理的內(nèi)容是客觀的，真理的形式是主觀的，真理體現(xiàn)了主觀與客觀的統(tǒng)一。

真理是客觀的，這是因為：真理內(nèi)容是客觀的。真理的內(nèi)容來源于不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀實在;檢驗真理的社會實踐是客觀的。

(2)真理的具體性或具體真理是指，任何真理都是在一定時間、地點、條件下主觀與客觀的符合，它要受條件的制約，并隨著條件的變化而變化;離開地點和條件，真理就是抽象的、無意義的。從真理的相對性看，任何真理都有自己適用的范圍和條件，超出這個范圍和條件，真理就會轉(zhuǎn)化為謬誤。離開具體條件，無法確定認(rèn)識的真理性。

(1)實踐作為檢驗真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)既是絕對的，又是相對的，是絕對與相對的辯證統(tǒng)一，這就是真理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題上的辯證法。

(3)實踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定性是指：檢驗認(rèn)識是否具有真理性的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只能是實踐，這是無條件的、絕對的。實踐對一切認(rèn)識最終都能作出檢驗，沒有實踐檢驗不了的認(rèn)識，這一點也是無條件的、絕對的。實踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相對性是指：具體的實踐活動不能把所有的真理都證明完畢;實踐對認(rèn)識的檢驗不是一勞永逸的，是一個過程。因此，一定歷史階段的實踐對認(rèn)識真理性的檢驗是有條件的、相對的。

8、價值觀原理。

(1)作為哲學(xué)范疇的價值，是指客體以自身屬性滿足主體需要或主體需要被客體滿足的效益關(guān)系。(2)價值具有客觀性和主體性。價值的客觀性表現(xiàn)在：價值必須以客觀事物本身所具有的屬性為現(xiàn)實基礎(chǔ);人的需要不是主觀隨意的，而是受社會實踐和歷史條件制約的。價值的主體性表現(xiàn)在：對同一客體不同主體的評價不同;同一客體對于不同主體的價值是不同的，帶有主體的個性特征。(3)價值觀是人們關(guān)于價值本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識以及對人和事物的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、評價原則和評價方法的觀點和體系。價值觀對人的行為起著規(guī)范和導(dǎo)向的作用。正確的價值觀是先進(jìn)的社會集團(tuán)或階級在實踐中形成的，反映了人民群眾的要求，對歷史發(fā)展和社會進(jìn)步起著促進(jìn)作用。

社會主義價值觀體現(xiàn)了社會主義精神文明所倡導(dǎo)的為中國特色社會主義和共產(chǎn)主義而奮斗的社會政治理想、為人民服務(wù)的人生觀、崇尚科學(xué)追求真理的科學(xué)觀、集體主義的道德觀、真善美相統(tǒng)一的積極健康的審美觀等。樹立社會主義價值觀和建設(shè)社會主義核心價值體系，對于我國社會主義事業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，對于當(dāng)代青年的健康成長具有重要的意義。

9、社會基本矛盾是社會發(fā)展的根本動力，生產(chǎn)力是社會發(fā)展的最終動力。

(1)社會基本矛盾是生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系、經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和上層建筑的矛盾。

2頁共2頁

凱程考研，為學(xué)員服務(wù)，為學(xué)生引路！

(2)社會基本矛盾的運(yùn)動以生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展為最終動因。生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到一定階段，使相對穩(wěn)定的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系越來越不適應(yīng);生產(chǎn)力進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的要求，引起生產(chǎn)關(guān)系相應(yīng)的變革;生產(chǎn)關(guān)系(經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ))變革的客觀要求又導(dǎo)致上層建筑領(lǐng)域的變革。

(3)整個社會基本矛盾的運(yùn)動從生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到生產(chǎn)力解放的循環(huán)，實質(zhì)上是生產(chǎn)力——生產(chǎn)關(guān)系——上層建筑的層層決定和層層反作用的關(guān)系。社會基本矛盾是社會發(fā)展的根本動力和源泉，其中生產(chǎn)力是整個社會發(fā)展的最終動力和源泉。

10、經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和上層建筑的辯證關(guān)系、社會存在和社會意識的辯證關(guān)系、意識形態(tài)的相對獨立性。

(1)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)決定上層建筑，上層建筑反映經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，并反作用于經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ);適合經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的上層建筑就促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)展，相反就阻礙社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)展。

(2)社會存在決定社會意識，社會存在決定社會意識的產(chǎn)生、決定社會意識的性質(zhì)、決定社會意識的發(fā)展變化。社會意識反作用社會存在，先進(jìn)的社會意識促進(jìn)社會存在的發(fā)展，落后的社會意識就阻礙社會存在的發(fā)展。

(3)意識形態(tài)具有相對獨立性，表現(xiàn)在：意識形態(tài)和社會存在發(fā)展、變化的不完全同步性;意識形態(tài)的發(fā)展具有歷史繼承性;意識形態(tài)同經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的不平衡性;意識形態(tài)之間相互影響、相互作用;意識形態(tài)對社會存在有反作用。

3頁共3頁

第五篇：考研英語總結(jié)

研英寫作常用100句精選

1．隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展with the rapid development of economy

2．人民生活水平的顯著提高 / 穩(wěn)步增長

the remarkable improvement / steady growth of people’s living standard

3．先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù) advanced science and technology

4．面臨新的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn) be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5．人們普遍認(rèn)為 It is commonly believed / recognized that…

6．社會發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果 the inevitable result of social development

7．引起了廣泛的公眾關(guān)注 arouse wide public concern / draw public attention

8．不可否認(rèn) It is undeniable that… / There is no denying that…

9．熱烈的討論 / 爭論 a heated discussion / debate

10.有爭議性的問題 a controversial issue

11．完全不同的觀點 a totally different argument

12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13.就我而言 / 就個人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally，14．就…達(dá)到絕對的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16．雙方的論點 argument on both sides

17．發(fā)揮著日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18．對…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19．正如諺語所說 As the proverb goes:

20．…也不例外 …be no exception

21．對…產(chǎn)生有利 / 不利的影響 exert positive / negative effects on…

22．利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23．導(dǎo)致，引起 lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in

24．復(fù)雜的社會現(xiàn)象 a complicated social phenomenon

25．責(zé)任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility / sense of achievement 26.競爭與合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27.開闊眼界 widen one’s horizon / broaden one’s vision

28．學(xué)習(xí)知識和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29．經(jīng)濟(jì) / 心理負(fù)擔(dān) financial burden / psychological burden

30．考慮到諸多因素 take many factors into account / consideration

31.從另一個角度 from another perspective

32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33.對…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34．為社會做貢獻(xiàn) make contributions to the society

35．打下堅實的基礎(chǔ) lay a solid foundation for…

36．綜合素質(zhì) comprehensive quality

37．無可非議 blameless / beyond reproach

39．致力于 / 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40.應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn) Admittedly，41．不可推卸的義務(wù) unshakable duty

42.滿足需求 satisfy / meet the needs of…

43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44．寶貴的自然資源 valuable natural resources

45．因特網(wǎng) the Internet（一定要有冠詞，字母 I 大寫）

46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47．在人類生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48．環(huán)保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49．社會進(jìn)步的體現(xiàn) a symbol of society progress

50．科技的飛速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 51．對這一問題持有不同態(tài)度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52．支持前 / 后種觀點的人 people / those in fovor of the former / latteropinion

53．有 / 提供如下理由/ 證據(jù) have / provide the following reasons / evidence

54．在一定程度上 to some extent / degree / in some way

55.理論和實踐相結(jié)合 integrate theory with practice

56.…必然趨勢 an irresistible trend of…

57．日益激烈的社會競爭 the increasingly fierce social competition

58．眼前利益 immediate interest / short-term interest

59．長遠(yuǎn)利益.interest in the long run

60．…有其自身的優(yōu)缺點 … has its merits and demerits / advantages and disadvantages

61．揚(yáng)長避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62．取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．對…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to

64．交流思想 / 情感 / 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information

65．跟上…的最新發(fā)展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …

66．采取有效措施來… take effective measures to do sth.67．…的健康發(fā)展 the healthy development of …

68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69．對…觀點因人而異 Views on …vary from person to person.70．重視 attach great importance to…

71．社會地位 social status

72．把時間和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73．?dāng)U大知識面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

74．身心兩方面 both physically and mentally

75．有直接 /間接關(guān)系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76.提出折中提議 set forth a compromise proposal

77.可以取代 “think”的詞 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief that

78．緩解壓力 / 減輕負(fù)擔(dān) relieve stress / burden

79．優(yōu)先考慮 / 發(fā)展… give(top)priority to sth.80．與…比較 compared with… / in comparison with

81.相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替 replace / substitute / take the place of

83．經(jīng)不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84．提供就業(yè)機(jī)會 offer job opportunities

85.社會進(jìn)步的反映 mirror of social progress

86．毫無疑問 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87．增進(jìn)相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding

88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

89．承受更大的工作壓力 suffer from heavier work pressure

90．保障社會的穩(wěn)定和繁榮 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society

91．更多地強(qiáng)調(diào) put more emphasis on…

92．適應(yīng)社會發(fā)展 adapt oneself to the development of society

93．實現(xiàn)夢想 realize one’s dream / make one’s dream come true

94.主要理由列舉如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

95.首先 First，F(xiàn)irstly，In the first place, To begin with

96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

97.再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore

98.最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly，99.總而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word，100．我們還有很長的路要走 We still have a long way to go.考研英語作文八類常用高頻詞匯

第一篇：詞匯篇

1、經(jīng)濟(jì)：

economic globalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）sustainable development（可持續(xù)發(fā)展）unfair competition（不正當(dāng)競爭）

crack down on fake commodities（打假）boom（繁榮）

fierce competition（激烈競爭）credit crisis（信用危機(jī)）stabilize prices（穩(wěn)定物價）

2、文化：

great and profound（博大精深的）integration and interaction（融合交匯）crash（碰撞）

charming（極具魅力的）splendid（壯麗輝煌的）English fever（英語熱）

3、環(huán)保：

environment-friendly（生態(tài)型的，環(huán)保的）threat of global warming（全球變暖的威脅）

promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth（促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式的轉(zhuǎn)變）

curb environmental pollution/ bring the pollution under control（治理環(huán)境污染）develop renewable resources（開發(fā)可再生資源）a low-carbon economy（低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)）

4、科技：

science and technology（科學(xué)技術(shù)）web-addiction（沉迷網(wǎng)絡(luò)）computer crime（電腦犯罪）e-commerce（電子商務(wù)）virtual life（虛擬生活）information era（信息時代）cyber romance（網(wǎng)戀）surf the Internet（網(wǎng)上沖浪）

5、就業(yè)：

applicant（申請人）

position available/ vacant position（空缺職位）competent（能勝任的）be qualified for（合格的）proficiency（熟練程度）

job arrangement and benefit（工作待遇和福利）promotion(晉升)gender-biased（性別歧視的）appearance-biased（相貌歧視的）

6、大學(xué)生活/教育：

cultivate（培養(yǎng)）

further one’s study（深造）quality education（素質(zhì)教育）foster abilities（培養(yǎng)能力）

relieve the burden on students（減輕學(xué)生負(fù)擔(dān)）be occupied with so much schoolwork（忙于功課）place emphasis on（以…為重心）comprehensive（全面的，廣泛的）practical capability（實際能力）duck-stuffing（填鴨式）

7、社會現(xiàn)象：

enlightening（富有啟發(fā)的）

cause alarm and attention（引起了警惕和重視）set good example for（為…樹立榜樣）dedicate（做貢獻(xiàn)）take action（采取行動）

ensure implementing activities（確保執(zhí)行）vulnerable（易誘惑的，易受影響的）be supposed to（應(yīng)該）

8、人物特征、情感描寫：

strong-minded（堅強(qiáng)的）industrious（勤奮的）promising（有前途的）dynamic（有生氣的）responsible（有責(zé)任心的）influential（有影響力的）profound（淵博精深的）devoted（忠實的，投入的）warm-hearted（熱心的）第二篇：句型 詞組搭配

1.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮 with the booming of the economy 2.隨著人民生活水平的顯著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard 3.先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù) advanced science and technology 4.為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钤鎏砹饲槿?add much spice / flavor to our daily life 5.人們普遍認(rèn)為 It is commonly believed that…

6.我同意前者（后者）觀點 I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了廣泛的公眾關(guān)注 sth.has aroused wide public concern./ sth has drawn great public attention.8.利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.9.開闊眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision 10.考慮到諸多因素 take many factors into consideration 11.從另一個角度 from another perspective 12.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

13.日益激烈的社會競爭 the increasingly keen social competition 14.…有其自身的優(yōu)缺點 … has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons 15.對…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 16.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information 17.跟上…的最新發(fā)展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of… 18.…的健康發(fā)展 the healthy development of…

19.把時間和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on… 20.導(dǎo)致很多問題 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems 21.可以替代think的詞 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that 22.優(yōu)先考慮/發(fā)展… give(top)priority to sth.23.與…比較 compared with…/ in comparison with 24.提供就業(yè)機(jī)會 offer job opportunities

36句諺語考研寫作

1.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

2.God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。3.Easier said than done.說起來容易做起來難。4.Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。5.One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘，謬之千里。

6.Slow and steady wins the race.穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打無往而不勝。7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.吃一塹，長一智。8.Experience is the mother of wisdom.實踐出真知。9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.只工作不休息，聰明孩子也變傻。

10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.無德之美猶如沒有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。11.More hasty,less speed.欲速則不達(dá)。12.It’s never too old to learn.活到老，學(xué)到老。13.All that glitters is not gold.閃光的未必都是金子。14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

15.Look before you leap.三思而后行。

16.Rome was not built in a day.偉業(yè)非一日之功。17.Great minds think alike.英雄所見略同。18.well begun,half done.好的開始等于成功的一半。19.It is hard to please all.眾口難調(diào)。

20.Out of sight,out of mind.眼不見，心不念。21.Facts speak plainer than words.事實勝于雄辯。22.Call back white and white back.顛倒黑白。23.First things first.凡事有輕重緩急。24.Ill news travels fast.壞事傳千里。

25.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。26.live not to eat,but eat to live.活著不是為了吃飯，吃飯為了活著。

27.Action speaks louder than words.行動勝過語言。28.East or west,home is the best.金窩銀窩不如自家草窩。29.It’s not the gay coat that makes the gentleman.君子在德不在衣。

30.Beauty will buy no beef.漂亮不能當(dāng)飯吃。31.Like and like make good friends.趣味相投。32.The older, the wiser.姜是老的辣。33.Do as Romans do in Rome.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。

34.An idle youth,a needy age.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。35.AS the tree,so the fruit.種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。

36.To live is to learn,to learn is to better live.活著為了學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)為了更好的活著。