第一篇:英文文章題目的大小寫(xiě)問(wèn)題
一般實(shí)詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞等)首字母大寫(xiě),虛詞(介詞、冠詞、連詞、感嘆詞)首字母小寫(xiě)。標(biāo)題第一個(gè)單詞、最后一個(gè)單詞無(wú)論詞性首字母應(yīng)該大寫(xiě)。超過(guò)5個(gè)字母的虛詞,如between、without、alongside、underneath等應(yīng)該大寫(xiě)。如果是重要提示性標(biāo)題,或者是專(zhuān)有名稱(chēng)標(biāo)題,可以全部字母都用大寫(xiě),但這種用法應(yīng)慎重。附:英文:標(biāo)題 內(nèi)容提要關(guān)鍵詞參考文獻(xiàn)
1.英文題名(標(biāo)題)
1)題名的結(jié)構(gòu)。英文題名以短語(yǔ)為主要形式,尤以名詞短語(yǔ)(noun phrase)最常見(jiàn),即題名基本上由一個(gè)或幾個(gè)名詞加上其前置和(或)后置定語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。例如: Discussion About the Envy of Children an the Aged(兒童與老人之妒論略),Principles to Follow in Enrolling Talents in Higher Education Institutions(高校人才引進(jìn)應(yīng)遵循的原則)。短語(yǔ)型題名要確定好中心詞,再進(jìn)行前后修飾。各個(gè)詞的順序很重要,詞序不當(dāng),會(huì)導(dǎo)致表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)。題名一般不應(yīng)是陳述句,因?yàn)轭}名主要起標(biāo)示作用,而陳述句容易使題名具有判斷式的語(yǔ)義;況且陳述句不夠精練和醒目,重點(diǎn)也不易突出。少數(shù)情況(評(píng)述性、綜述性和駁斥性)下可以用疑問(wèn)句做題名,因?yàn)橐蓡?wèn)句可有探討性語(yǔ)氣,易引起讀者興趣。例如: Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化能離開(kāi)石油嗎 ?)。
2)題名的字?jǐn)?shù)。題名不應(yīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)。總的原則是,題名應(yīng)確切、簡(jiǎn)練、醒目,在能準(zhǔn)確反映論文特定內(nèi)容的前提下,題名詞數(shù)越少越好,一般不宜超過(guò) 10 個(gè)實(shí)詞。專(zhuān)家建議不要超過(guò) 15 個(gè)字,根據(jù)人的記憶特點(diǎn),最好不超過(guò) 12 個(gè)字,否則不易記憶,最大限度一般不超過(guò) 20 個(gè)字。外文題名
3)中英文題名的一致性。同一篇論文,其英文題名與中文題名內(nèi)容上應(yīng)一致,但不等于說(shuō)詞語(yǔ)要一一對(duì)應(yīng)。在許多情況下,個(gè)別非實(shí)質(zhì)性的詞可以省略或變動(dòng)。
4)題名中的大小寫(xiě)。題名字母的大小寫(xiě)有以下三種格式。A.全部字母大寫(xiě)。例如: DISCUSSION ABOUT THE ENVY OF CHIDREN AND THE AGED。B.每個(gè)詞的首字母大寫(xiě),但三個(gè)或四個(gè)字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫(xiě)。例如: From “Go-back-to-history” to Non-history----A Criticism of New Historicism。C.題名第一個(gè)詞的首字母大寫(xiě),其余字母均小寫(xiě)。例如: Topographic inversion of interval velocities .一般采用 B.格式。
2.作者與作者單位的英譯
1)作者。中國(guó)人名按漢語(yǔ)拼音拼寫(xiě)。中國(guó)作者姓名的漢語(yǔ)拼音采用如下寫(xiě)法:姓前名 后,中間為空格,例如: Li Ping(李平)Li Xiaoping(李小平)。
2)單位。單位名稱(chēng)要寫(xiě)全(由小到大)。例如: No.152, Xingan West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong。地名的拼寫(xiě)方法是:第一個(gè)字的頭字母大寫(xiě),后面的字緊跟在后面小寫(xiě),例如: Beijing, Nanhai。
3.英文摘要
原則上講,中文摘要編寫(xiě)的注意事項(xiàng)都適用于英文摘要,摘要的內(nèi)容主要是 ① 點(diǎn)明主題,解析文章的目的或意圖; ② 介紹主要內(nèi)容,使讀者迅速了解文章或書(shū)籍的概貌; ③ 提出結(jié)論或建議,以供讀者參考。但是,英語(yǔ)有其自己的表達(dá)方式、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣,最主要的是中譯英時(shí)往往造成所占篇幅較長(zhǎng),同樣內(nèi)容的一段文字,若用英文來(lái)描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰寫(xiě)英文摘要更應(yīng)注意簡(jiǎn)潔明了,力爭(zhēng)用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指內(nèi)容方面的一致性。對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)存在兩個(gè)誤區(qū),一是認(rèn)為兩個(gè)摘要的內(nèi)容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中隨意刪去中文摘要的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,或隨意增補(bǔ)中文摘要所未提及的內(nèi)容,這樣很容易造成文摘重心轉(zhuǎn)移,甚至偏離主題。二是認(rèn)為英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性對(duì)譯,對(duì)中文摘要中的每一個(gè)字都不敢遺漏,這往往使英文摘要用詞累贅、重復(fù),顯得拖沓、冗長(zhǎng)。英文摘要應(yīng)嚴(yán)格、全面的表達(dá)中文摘要的內(nèi)容,不能隨意增刪,但這并不意味著一個(gè)字也不能改動(dòng),具體撰寫(xiě)方式應(yīng)遵循英文語(yǔ)法修辭規(guī)則,符合英
文專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)規(guī)范,并照顧到英文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),是使摘要符合英文語(yǔ)法修辭規(guī)則的前提。通常情況下,摘要中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)都不是通篇一律的,而應(yīng)根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容而有所變化,否則容易造成理解上的混亂。但這種變化又并非無(wú)章可循,其中存在著如下一些規(guī)律:
1)英文摘要的時(shí)態(tài)。英文摘要時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用以簡(jiǎn)練為佳,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí),少用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí),進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和其他復(fù)合時(shí)態(tài)基本不用。
A.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。用于說(shuō)明研究目的、敘述研究?jī)?nèi)容、描述結(jié)果、得出結(jié)論、提出建議或討論等。例如: This study(investigation)is(conducted, undertaken)to…,The result shows(reveals)that…,It is found that…,The conclusions are…,The author suggests that… .涉及到公認(rèn)事實(shí)、自然規(guī)律、永恒真理等,也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
B.一般過(guò)去時(shí)。用于敘述過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻(時(shí)段)的發(fā)現(xiàn)、某一研究過(guò)程(實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、調(diào)查等過(guò)程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 2005.需要指出的是,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)描述的發(fā)現(xiàn)、現(xiàn)象,往往是尚不能確認(rèn)為自然規(guī)律、永恒真理的,而只是當(dāng)時(shí)如何如何;所描述的研究過(guò)程也明顯帶有過(guò)去時(shí)間的痕跡。
C.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)。完成時(shí)少用,但不是不用?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過(guò)去發(fā)生的或過(guò)去已完成的事情與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái),而過(guò)去完成時(shí)可用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的事情,或在一個(gè)過(guò)去事情完成之前就已完成的另一過(guò)去行為。例如: Concrete has been studied for many years.Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.2)英文摘要的語(yǔ)態(tài)。采用何種語(yǔ)態(tài),既要考慮摘要的特點(diǎn),又要滿足表達(dá)的需要。一篇摘要很短,盡量不要隨便混用,更不要在一個(gè)句子里混用。在多數(shù)情況下采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況主要有:說(shuō)明事實(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí),某件事是誰(shuí)做的,無(wú)須一一證明;為強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者;有些情況必須用強(qiáng)調(diào)的事物做主語(yǔ),例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.在某些情況下,特別是表達(dá)作者或有關(guān)專(zhuān)家的觀點(diǎn)時(shí),又常使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是鮮明有力。而且有時(shí)摘要中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有助于文字清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔及表達(dá)有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 語(yǔ)感要強(qiáng)。
3)英文摘要的人稱(chēng)。摘要的首句多用第三人稱(chēng) This paper… 等開(kāi)頭,或采用更簡(jiǎn)潔的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),一般不用第一人稱(chēng)。)遣詞造句。掌握一定的遣詞造句技巧,簡(jiǎn)單、準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn),減少讀者的誤解。
A.用詞力求簡(jiǎn)單,在表達(dá)同樣意思時(shí),盡量用短詞代替長(zhǎng)詞,以常用詞代替生僻詞。但是當(dāng)描述方法、步驟時(shí),應(yīng)該用狹義詞代替廣義詞。例如,英文中有不少動(dòng)詞 do, run, get, take 等,雖簡(jiǎn)單常用,但其意義少則十幾個(gè),多則幾十個(gè),用這類(lèi)詞來(lái)描述研究過(guò)程,讀者難免產(chǎn)生誤解,甚至?xí)恢?,這就要求根據(jù)具體情況,選擇意義相對(duì)明確的詞諸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于讀者理解。
B.造句。盡量使用短句,長(zhǎng)句容易造成語(yǔ)義不清;但要避免單調(diào)和重復(fù)。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:盡管英文的句型種類(lèi)繁多,豐富多彩,但摘要的常用句型卻很有限,而且形成了一定的規(guī)律,大體可歸納為(1)表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is……(2)表示研究的對(duì)象與方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied…(3)表示研究的結(jié)果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that…(4)表示結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)或建議: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that…。二是盡量采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語(yǔ),少用關(guān)系
代詞 which , who 等引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。由于摘要的時(shí)態(tài)多采用一般過(guò)去時(shí),使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句不但會(huì)使句式變得復(fù)雜,而且容易造成時(shí)態(tài)混亂(因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)和它所修飾的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)之間有時(shí)存在一定的 “時(shí)間差”,而過(guò)去完成時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等往往難以準(zhǔn)確判定。采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語(yǔ),在簡(jiǎn)化語(yǔ)句的同時(shí),還可以減少時(shí)態(tài)判定的失誤。
5)注意事項(xiàng)。在英文摘要的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中應(yīng)避免一些常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。A.冠詞。主要是定冠詞 the 易被漏用。the 用于表示整個(gè)群體、分類(lèi)、時(shí)間、地名以外的獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物、形容詞最高級(jí)等較易掌握,用于特指時(shí)常被漏用。這里有個(gè)原則,即當(dāng)我們用 the 時(shí),聽(tīng)者或讀者已經(jīng)確知我們所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new machine.The machine is operated with solar energy.由于現(xiàn)在縮略語(yǔ)越來(lái)越多,要注意區(qū)分 a 和 an,如 an X ray.B.數(shù)詞。避免用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字作首詞,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要寫(xiě)成 300.C.單復(fù)數(shù)。一些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不易辨認(rèn),從而造成謂語(yǔ)形式出錯(cuò)??傊?,多看英文文獻(xiàn),積累經(jīng)驗(yàn),摸索規(guī)律,提高英文寫(xiě)作水平,才能寫(xiě)好英文摘要。英文摘要常見(jiàn)句型
1)This paper deals with...2)This article focuses on the topics of...3)This essay presents knowledge that...4)This thesis discusses...5)This thesis analyzes...6)This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on...8)This article gives an overview of...9)This paper provides a method of...10)This paper considers...11)The writer of this paper discusses...12)This paper strongly emphasizes...13)This article explores...14)This paper tries to describe...15)This article covers the role of chemicals in...16)This paper presents up to date information on...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper includes discussions concerning...19)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23)This paper addresses important topics including...24)This paper expresses views on...25)This paper reports the latest information on...26)This paper provides an analysis of...27)This paper gives an account of...28)The aim of this paper is to determine...29)The objective of this paper is to explore...30)The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate
4.關(guān)鍵詞
關(guān)鍵詞是反映文章最主要內(nèi)容的術(shù)語(yǔ),對(duì)文獻(xiàn)檢索有重要作用。關(guān)鍵詞一般用名詞,而且從標(biāo)題或摘要中選取,每篇文章可選 3 ~ 8 個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,文章題名中的人名、地名也可作為關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)出。應(yīng)標(biāo)注中英文關(guān)鍵詞。中、英文關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。中文關(guān)鍵詞前應(yīng)冠以“關(guān)鍵詞:”,英文關(guān)鍵詞前冠以“ Key words :”作為標(biāo)識(shí)。多個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞之間應(yīng)以分號(hào)分隔,以便于計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)切分。將關(guān)鍵詞擴(kuò)展成詞組 / 短語(yǔ),毋用單一詞匯,而是在單一詞匯基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,如:營(yíng)銷(xiāo)→網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)→網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)管理。切記避免關(guān)鍵字堆砌。
5.英文參考文獻(xiàn)
英文參考文獻(xiàn)的順序按作者(編者)姓名的字母依次排列。作者(編者)為一人或多人中的第一作者,其姓寫(xiě)在前面,并用逗號(hào)與名字隔開(kāi);非第一作者的姓名仍然把名寫(xiě)在前,姓寫(xiě)在后面。同一作者的不同著作按照出版時(shí)間先后順序排列,其著作一律排在論文前面。同一作者的其他著作,用橫線代替作者名字。沒(méi)有作者(編寫(xiě))的按文獻(xiàn)名稱(chēng)的字母順序排列。著作的出版信息,如出版地、出版社不再用括號(hào)括起,出版時(shí)間寫(xiě)在作者(編者)姓名后,用括號(hào)括起來(lái),用逗號(hào)與文獻(xiàn)名稱(chēng)隔開(kāi)。期刊雜志中的文章要標(biāo)明起止頁(yè)碼,頁(yè)碼前不必加 p.或 pp.。首行頂格。當(dāng)文獻(xiàn)信息超過(guò)一行時(shí),從第二行起,縮進(jìn)兩個(gè)字母的距離。例如:
Aron, Raymond(1966), Peace and War , New York: Doubleday.Baldwin, David(ed.)(1993), Neorealism and Neoliberalism : The Cotemporary Debate, New York: Columbia University Press.Blechman, Barry M.and Stephen S.Kaplan(1978), Force without War , Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
第二篇:英語(yǔ)文章標(biāo)題大小寫(xiě)原則
英語(yǔ)文章標(biāo)題大小寫(xiě)原則
1.題目的第一個(gè)單詞,最后一個(gè)單詞要大寫(xiě);
2.冠詞都不需要大寫(xiě);
3;一般實(shí)詞(名詞、動(dòng)詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞)首字母大寫(xiě),虛詞(介詞、冠詞、連詞)和不定式中的to首字母小寫(xiě)。
3.字母多于三個(gè)(不含三個(gè))的介詞、連詞首字母要大寫(xiě),如between、without、alongside、underneath等;
4.名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、感嘆詞首字母;
5.大寫(xiě)所有英語(yǔ)中要求大寫(xiě)的單詞。如月份、人名、地名等等。
6.復(fù)合詞,如:well-known的大寫(xiě)形式應(yīng)為Well-Known.7.標(biāo)題末一般不加標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),但如果標(biāo)題是直接問(wèn)句,需要加問(wèn)號(hào)。
8.文章中引用書(shū)刊標(biāo)題時(shí)應(yīng)用斜體,引用文章標(biāo)題應(yīng)加引號(hào)。
這幾條原則的優(yōu)先性是遞減的,也就是說(shuō),如果幾條原則之間出現(xiàn)了矛盾的情況,應(yīng)優(yōu)先實(shí)用前面的原則。如:如果題目的第一個(gè)單詞是冠詞或不多于三個(gè)字母的介詞時(shí)也應(yīng)該大寫(xiě)。
英文字母大寫(xiě)規(guī)則
1.句子開(kāi)頭的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)?!癐(我)”在句中任何位置都要大寫(xiě)。例如:What's her name?Mary and I are teachers.
2.地名、國(guó)名和人名等專(zhuān)有名詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。例如:Russia(俄羅斯),Youyang(酉陽(yáng)),Chengdu(成都),Jack(杰克)。
3.一些親屬關(guān)系(如mother,sister,mum,dad等)用作稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)時(shí)第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。例如:Thank you,Granny.謝謝你,姥姥。
4.人名前的稱(chēng)呼或頭銜第一個(gè)字母應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。例如:Mr.Smith,Dr Wang,Miss Mary.5.表示語(yǔ)種、民族的名詞或形容詞第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。例如:Russian俄語(yǔ)、俄羅斯人(的),Chinese漢語(yǔ)、中國(guó)人(的)。
6.直接引語(yǔ)中,句首字母要大寫(xiě)。例如:“Then,”I said,“You have been making a mistake,and the letter is not in the apartment.”“那么,”我說(shuō),“你準(zhǔn)弄錯(cuò)了。這封信并不在那棟房子里。”
7.星期、月份名稱(chēng)的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě),但季節(jié)第一個(gè)字母不大寫(xiě)。例如:Sunday星期天,August八月,winter冬天,spring春天。
8.一些大型節(jié)日名稱(chēng)的第一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一字母都要大寫(xiě)。如:Children's Day兒童節(jié),National Day國(guó)慶節(jié), Teachers' Day教師節(jié)。
9.由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞詞組,除其中的冠詞、較短的介詞和連詞外,每個(gè)詞的第一字母都要大寫(xiě)。例如:the Great Wall長(zhǎng)城,the United States美國(guó)。
10.1)大型會(huì)議、文件、條約名稱(chēng)的每個(gè)實(shí)詞(虛詞:副詞、介詞、連詞、助詞、嘆詞和擬聲詞則不用大寫(xiě))的第一個(gè)字母都要大寫(xiě)。2)書(shū)名、報(bào)刊名應(yīng)大寫(xiě)首字母,文章標(biāo)題中的每一個(gè)實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。如:China Daily《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》,New York Times《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》,Their Class《他們的班級(jí)》(文章標(biāo)題),the Warsaw Treaty《華沙條約》, 實(shí)例:English Coaching Paper《英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)報(bào)》。
11.詩(shī)歌的每一行的第一個(gè)單詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)。
12.表示稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)或職務(wù)的詞首字母要大寫(xiě)。
實(shí)例:Mr.Green格林先生, Dr Li李博士
13.大多數(shù)的縮略詞要大寫(xiě)。
實(shí)例:CCTV(中國(guó)中央電視臺(tái)), ID(身份證), CD(光盤(pán))
14.“I”和“OK”在句中的任何位置都應(yīng)大寫(xiě)。實(shí)例:Tom and I are students.湯姆和我是學(xué)生。That's OK.不用謝。
第三篇:英文文章
Explore Nanjing, host of 2014
Youth Olympics
The 2014 Summer Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing are only a few days away.As the world tunes in to the international event, the host city has a chance to highlight its unique charm and fascinating history.Nanjing, capital of East China's Jiangsu province, does not see the flow of international travelers that Beijing and Shanghai do.With a blend of the modern and traditional, Nanjing has a proud history of being “the ancient capital of six dynasties”.Royal summer retreats of Chinese emperorsTaking a summer escape away from hot and stuffy air is not a modern idea.At a time when air conditioning and the refrigerator were not even a summer dream, traveling to a place for milder weather and cooler water seemed more important to people, including for the emperors.Like clockwork, many emperors would stay at a summer resort with their concubines and ministers during the hottest months each year.Here we take a look at some of the summer resorts lived by the royal families, which now can be enjoyed by ordinary people.Boeing 787 to serve Xiamen Air A Boeing 787, the first of its kind for Xiamen Air, will land at Xiamen Airport in Fujian province on Aug 31 after completing its first test flight on Aug 12 in Seattle, US.The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the first mid-sized long-range airliner in aircraft history.As Xiamen Air’s first wide-bodied aircraft, the Boeing 787 can fly 14,232 kilometers and enable Xiamen Air to open more non-stop air routes.Xiamen Air has ordered six Boeing 787 planes.The second one will be delivered in October and the other four are scheduled for delivery next year.Xiamen Air is the third airline company in China to introduce the Boeing 787, following China Southern and Hainan airlines.Xiamen Air currently has 106 planes.The new Boeing 787 will initially be used for domestic flights and later serve international routes, as the airline hopes to expand its international service.The new plane will first fly between Fuzhou and Beijing in September, and then fly to North America and Europe after approval.
第四篇:感恩節(jié)文章(英文)
Theology 2 D 11.17 Yuxuan Li Theology Newsletter for Thanksgiving/Advent
I’d like to spend the next few days focusing on Thanksgiving.That’s right, Thanksgiving.Yes, I know that the official American holiday falls on the fourth Thursday in November, not the third Monday.So, yes, I know that I’m a week early.But I’d like to begin to offer some thoughts on Thanksgiving, even though we won’t be sitting down to a Turkey dinner for another 240 hours or so.Why start a conversation about Thanksgiving now? I do not mean in any way to undermine the specialness of the traditional holiday.I think it’s great that the United States continues to set apart a day a year for giving thanks.And I think it’s doubly great that most of us still believe that Thanksgiving is a day for actually giving thanks to God, not just a time for feeling nebulously thankful while filling our faces with a Turkey dinner and watching football on TV.My hope is that by writing about Thanksgiving a week and a half early, I might actually enhance your celebration of Thanksgiving, not detract from it.Thus, today’s post will be the first of several on giving thanks.There is a danger, I believe, in identifying one day a year as Thanksgiving Day.It’s the danger of implying that thanks is due on this day, but not on others.We face a similar danger, for example, when we designate the second Sunday in May as Mother’s Day.Shouldn’t children honor their mothers more than once a year? Similarly, shouldn’t we be thankful more often than once a year on the fourth Thursday of November? As a Christian, I would argue that giving thanks to God is important because it honors God.I would also argue that Scripture calls for consistent gratitude among God’s people.But, there is also case for gratitude that doesn’t depend on biblical theology.In fact, it appeals to common sense and even self interest.To put the matter bluntly: Gratitude will improve your life.Gratitude magnifies our experience of the good things in life, enabling us to enjoy them more thoroughly.Gratitude also helps us to endure the hard things in life with dignity, perhaps even with humor.Gratitude is like savoring a fine meal, enjoy every bite, rather than racing through a meal as if it’s some sort of race.Let me offer a person example of what I’m talking about here.I was able to go to college because I received generous financial aid.My father had been unemployed for several years so our family resources were limited.Harvard expected me to earn a fair amount of money through working, both during the summers and the school years.I was also required to take out a reasonable loan.But the majority of my tuition, room, and board was covered by a grant from the school.This was not a merit-based scholarship, I might add.I’m not bragging here.Harvard’s assistance was based on financial need, of which I had plenty.
第五篇:英文論文題目
小組成員:韋曉穎
呂子慧
馬超穎
小組論文題目:The choice of package design in economical society 英文論文題目十個(gè):
1.Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy(戰(zhàn)略要素市場(chǎng):期望、運(yùn)氣和市場(chǎng)要素)
2.Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage(企業(yè)資源和可持續(xù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì))
3.Research on the Immobility of Ethnic Cultural Tourism Resources’Inheritance and Tourism Economic Performance--the cases of Tongdao Dong Autonomous County and Liannan Yao Autonomous County(不可移動(dòng)的民族文化旅游資源傳承與旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)績(jī)效研究——以通道侗族自治縣和連南瑤族自治縣為例)
4.A Resource-Based View of the Firm(企業(yè)資源基礎(chǔ)觀)5.Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?(組織文化:能否成為持續(xù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的資源?)6.ASSET STOCK ACCUMULATION AND SUSTAINABILITY OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE(資產(chǎn)積累和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的可持續(xù)性)7.IS THE RESOURCE-BASED “VIEW” A USEFUL PERSPECTIVE FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH? YES(基于資源的觀點(diǎn)是戰(zhàn)略管理研究的有用視角嗎?是的)8.Uncertain Imitability: An Analysis of Interfirm Differences in Efficiency under Competition(不確定的模仿性:競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中效率的相互間差異分析)9.Strategic Management and Economics(戰(zhàn)略管理和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))10.The resource-based Theory of Competitive Advantage Implications for Strategy Formulation(基于資源的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論對(duì)戰(zhàn)略制定的影響)