第一篇：2014英語六級翻譯必備技巧之綜合法

有些句子單獨(dú)使用一種翻譯方法是很難翻譯好的，需要用幾種方法進(jìn)行綜合處理，然后再按照時間順序，主從結(jié)構(gòu)或邏輯關(guān)系等重新排列，即進(jìn)行句子重組。

我們先來看一句漢譯英：

例1 除了服務(wù)于說本族語者的需要外，英語也是科學(xué)、技術(shù)和其他領(lǐng)域一些重要著作編撰時所使用的語言，這些著作并非總是由以英語為母語的人所編撰的。

這句話雖然很長，但其實只說明了一個問題--英語是一個什么樣的語言?由句子可知，英語有以下功能：服務(wù)于以母語的人;在科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域編撰著作時使用。英語還具有一個特征：用于科學(xué)等領(lǐng)域的書籍編撰時，并非總是由以英語為母語的人來擔(dān)綱。而在英語的兩個功能中，本句尤其突出他的第二個功能，所以在翻譯本句時要注意重點(diǎn)和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的重組，有些部分可以處理成修飾語成分。

譯文：English is a language in which some of important works in science,technology and other fields are being produced, not always by native speakers,besides serving the needs of its native speakers.我們再來看一個由英文轉(zhuǎn)換到中文的例子：

例2 The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.譯文：對人們來說，知識的技能及其應(yīng)用是同樣必不可少的，并且也是至關(guān)重要的，因為它們也有助于對人類本身下定義，同時允許人類追求日益真實的人的生活。

第二篇：英語六級翻譯

2012年6月

《孫子兵法》（The Art of War）是中國古代最重要的一部軍事著作之一，是我國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分。孫子（Sun Tzu），即該書的作者，在書中揭示的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規(guī)律，不僅受到軍事家門的推崇，還在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)、人生追求甚至家庭關(guān)系等諸多方面，具有廣泛的指導(dǎo)作用?！秾O子兵法》中的許多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意義深遠(yuǎn)，在國內(nèi)外廣為流傳。如今，《孫子兵法》已被翻譯成多種語言，在世界軍事史上也具有重要的地位。

The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world.2012年12月

京劇

京?。≒eking Opera）已有200多年的歷史，是中國的國劇。與其他地方戲相比，京劇享有更高的榮譽(yù)，但其實京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜（facial make-up）和戲服都很精美，相比之下舞臺布景則十分簡單。表演者主要應(yīng)用四種技能：唱、念、做、打。京劇較擅長于表現(xiàn)歷史題材的政治、軍事斗爭，故事大多取自于歷史演義和小說話本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京劇大多是在戶外演出的，因此演員們形成了一種有穿透力的唱腔，以便每個人都能聽到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas.The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain.During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat.Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories.In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.2013年6月

中國衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督部門決定在未來三到五年之內(nèi)建立一個全國性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，用以監(jiān)測空氣污染對人類健康的影響。這一目標(biāo)于國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會(National Health and Family Planning Commission)針對空氣污染的一份工作文件中披露，根據(jù)這份文件，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將搜集不同地區(qū)空氣中的PM2.5數(shù)據(jù)和主要空氣污染物濃度變化的數(shù)據(jù)。這將為分析和評估空氣污染對健康的影響提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。這一文件提到，缺乏長期而系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測使國家無法揭示空氣污染和人類健康之間的聯(lián)系。

China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years.The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission.According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants.That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health.The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health.2013年12月第一套

中國人自古以來就在中秋時節(jié)慶祝豐收。這與北美地區(qū)慶祝感恩節(jié)的習(xí)俗十分相似。過中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗于唐代早期在中國各地開始流行。中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷八月十五，是人門拜月的節(jié)日。這天夜晚皓月當(dāng)空，人們合家團(tuán)聚，共賞明月。2006年，中秋節(jié)貝類為中國文化遺產(chǎn)，2008年又被定位公共假日。月餅被視為中秋節(jié)不可或缺的美食。人們將月餅作為禮物饋贈親友或在家庭聚會上享用。傳統(tǒng)的月餅上帶有“壽（longevity）”、“?！被颉昂汀钡茸謽?。

Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America.The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China.The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon.During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together.In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday.The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival.People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings.Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “l(fā)ongevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”.2013年12月第三套

聞名于世界的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中國古代的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。正式通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)這四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器(porcelain)也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需求。

The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West.The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade.The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word.Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.2013年12月第二套

中國園林（the Chinese garden）是經(jīng)過三千多年演變而成的獨(dú)具一格的園林景觀（landscape）。它既包括為皇室成員享樂而建造的大型花園，也包括學(xué)者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構(gòu)成了一種意在表達(dá)人與自然之間應(yīng)有的和諧關(guān)系的微縮景觀。典型的中國園林四周有圍墻，園內(nèi)有池塘、假山（rock-work）、樹木、花草以及各種各樣由蜿蜒的小路和走廊連接的建筑。漫步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設(shè)計的景觀猶如山水畫卷（scroll）一般展現(xiàn)在面前。

The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years.It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world.These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature.Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls.In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors.When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll.2014年6月

北京計劃未來三年投資7,600億元治理污染，從減少PM2.5排放入手。這一新公布的計劃旨在減少四種主要污染源，包括500多萬輛機(jī)動車的尾氣（exhaust）排放、周邊地區(qū)燃煤、來自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。另有850億元用于新建或升級城市垃圾處理和污水（sewage）處理設(shè)施，加上300醫(yī)院投資未來三年的植樹造林（forestation）。

市政府還計劃建造一批水循環(huán)利用工廠，并制止違章建筑，以改善環(huán)境。另外，北京還將更嚴(yán)厲地處罰違反限排規(guī)定的行為。

Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions.The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts.Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years.The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment.In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation.4

第三篇：英語六級翻譯

From Nov.3 to 12, Beijing will restrict the use of private vehicles based on even-and odd-numbered license plates, and 70 percent of cars belonging to local governments, public institutions, social groups and state-owned enterprises will not be allowed to be used during the period.11月3日至11月12日，北京市將按照機(jī)動車車牌單雙號對私家車實行限制措施，同時，政府機(jī)構(gòu)、事業(yè)單位、社會組織以及國有企業(yè)70%的車輛都不允許在此期間上路行駛。

”拼車“ 用英語怎么說

Carpooling has become a popular choice for Beijing's white-collar workers as the limit on the number of cars on roads during the APEC meeting took effect on Monday.北京在APEC期間的車輛限行措施周一開始實施，拼車成為北京白領(lǐng)們的熱門選擇。”

取消死刑“和”刑法“用英語怎么說

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is considering reducing by nine the number of crimes subject to the death penalty through revising the Criminal Law.全國人大常委會擬通過《刑法》修正案減少九個適用死刑的罪名。”邪教“用英語怎么說

Liu Jinguo, vice-minister of public security, has been appointed deputy head of the 610 Office, the central government agency responsible for combating cults and handling cult-related issues.公安部副部長劉金國被任命為中央防范和處理邪教問題領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組610辦副組長。

“出柜”用英語怎么說？

蘋果CEO提姆·庫克周四宣布出柜，并表示他在用自己小心守護(hù)的隱私換取民權(quán)進(jìn)步的機(jī)會，他也由此成為出柜的美國公司首腦中最有影響力的一位

Apple Inc CEO Tim Cook on Thursday became the most prominent American corporate leader to come out as gay, saying he was trading his closely guarded privacy for the chance to help move civil rights forward.“低碳出行”英語怎么說？

Shanghai marked World Car-Free Day on September 22nd with a series of publicity campaigns to promote low-carbon transportation, but didn't prevent cars from entering certain downtown areas as it had in the past.It was the seventh year Shanghai participated in World Car-Free Day along with 150 other cities around the country.Officials used the theme “Greener Traffic, Cleaner Air” to encourage car owners to take public transportation more often and help ease road congestion and contribute to better air quality.9月22日是“世界無車日”，滬上并未像過去一樣在市區(qū)某些區(qū)域設(shè)置“車輛禁行區(qū)”，而是通過一系列豐富多彩的宣傳活動，倡導(dǎo)市民低碳出行。

這是上海第七年參與“世界無車日”的活動，一同參與的還有全國其他150個城市。此次活動的官方主題為“綠色交通?清新空氣”，旨在鼓勵有車一族多乘坐公共交通出行，從而緩解交通擁堵，提升空氣質(zhì)量。

“廣場舞”用英語怎么說？

A recent survey found that Shanghai residents have more tolerance for public square dancing, or guangchangwu, which has become a national controversy in recent years.最近的一項調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，上海居民對廣場舞的容忍度有所提高。近年來廣場舞一直是飽受民眾爭議的一個話題。

“窮游”英語怎么說？

Traveling is a priority for many people during the National Day holiday, and college students are no exception.But with landmarks swamped with tourists, and transportation and accommodation costs even higher during Golden Week, how to travel on a budget is a tricky question.對于許多人而言，在過去的國慶假期里，旅行可是頭等大事。大學(xué)生們自然也不例外，但是，鑒于黃金周各大景點(diǎn)人山人海，交通、住宿費(fèi)用水漲船高，如何“窮游”成為了一個棘手的問題。

”依法治國“英語怎么說？

中國共產(chǎn)黨第十八屆中央委員會第四次全體會議10月20日起至23日在北京召開，將首次以全會的形式專題研究部署全面推進(jìn)依法治國。以往的四中全會多聚焦于黨風(fēng)建設(shè)，本次會議以依法治國為主題，反映出中國改革已進(jìn)入攻堅期，將通過完善法治實現(xiàn)改革目標(biāo)。

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committeewill deliberate on a draft decision of the CPC Central Committee on “major issues concerning comprehensively advancing rule of law”.”封殺劣跡藝人“用英語怎么說？

Watchdog bans broadcasts of works by tainted stars 廣電總局下令封殺“劣跡藝人”

The country's top press and media watchdog has ordered TV stations and other outlets to stop broadcasting material featuring stars who use drugs or visit prostitutes.廣電總局日前下令，各大衛(wèi)視和其他媒體機(jī)構(gòu)停止播出“有吸毒、嫖娼等違法犯罪行為者”參與制作的節(jié)目。

全面禁煙（可能性大）China is mulling

a

ban

on

all

forms

of

tobacco advertising,sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, according to adraft regulation on Monday.據(jù)周一發(fā)布的一份條例草案規(guī)定，中國擬全面禁止任何形式的煙草廣告、贊助活動以及煙草產(chǎn)品促銷。

此次公開征求意見的控?zé)煑l例明確，所有室內(nèi)公共場所一律禁止吸煙（smokingis banned in all kinds of indoor public places）；體育、健身場館的室外觀眾座席、賽場區(qū)域（outdoor seating areas and venues of stadiums and fitness centers）、公共交通工具的室外等候區(qū)域（outdoor waiting areas of public transportation）等也全面禁止吸煙。

送審稿還規(guī)定，新聞出版廣電總局負(fù)責(zé)對電影、電視劇及其他節(jié)目中的吸煙鏡頭（smokingscenes in films and TV shows）進(jìn)行監(jiān)督管理，違者最高罰款3萬元。

這樣的禁煙令堪稱carpet（地毯式，全面）smoking ban。駕照自學(xué)自考

Under the reform, if someone wants toobtain a driver's license, they can learn the necessary skills on their own andregister online for an examination, said Huang Ming, vice-minister of publicsecurity.公安部副部長黃明表示，按照改革，人們可以自行學(xué)習(xí)駕車技能然后上網(wǎng)登記報考駕照。

此次reform on the issuing of driver's licenses（駕照改革）的目的是curb corruption in vehicle management departments（杜絕車管部門的腐?。?。改革有望實現(xiàn)眾人期盼已久的“駕照自學(xué)自考”。根據(jù)現(xiàn)行規(guī)定，想考取駕照的人必須上至少64小時的driving classes held by training schools（駕校課程），包括兩門driving theory（駕照理論）課和兩門driving practice（駕照實踐）課。駕校學(xué)費(fèi)從5000元到1萬元不等，而且逐年上升。考生不能register for tests themselves（自行報考），而是由trainingagency registers on behalf of applicants（培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)代為報考）。

APEC的亞太一體化

“The development prospect of ourregion hinges on the decisions and actions we take today,” he said.“We are duty-bound to create and fulfill an Asia-Pacific dream for ourpeople.”習(xí)近平指出，亞太發(fā)展前景取決于今天的決斷和行動。我們有責(zé)任為本地區(qū)人民創(chuàng)造和實現(xiàn)亞太夢想。文中的Asia-Pacific dream就是指“亞太夢”。習(xí)近平指出，今天的亞太，在世界格局中的地位不斷上升。也面臨方方面面的挑戰(zhàn)。亞太的未來，正處在關(guān)鍵的路口。

習(xí)近平在演講中還指出，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)呈現(xiàn)出“new normal”（新常態(tài)）。我們正在推行的comprehensivelydeepening reform（全面深化改革），既是liberate theproductive force（對社會生產(chǎn)力的解放），也是對unleash the vitality ofthe society（社會活力的解放），必將成為推動中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大動力。

政府用房標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

The National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly released the 32-pageset of guidelines outlining the construction standards for Party and governmentbuildings and offices on Monday.國家發(fā)展改革委、住房建設(shè)部周一發(fā)布了長達(dá)32頁的黨政機(jī)關(guān)辦公用房建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

“黨政機(jī)關(guān)辦公用房建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”即guidelines outlining the constructionstandards for Party and government buildings and offices，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定minister's office（部級正職的辦公室）不超過54平方米。外面不搞luxurious decorations（豪華裝修），不定位為landmarkbuilding（城市標(biāo)志性建筑）。

自2012年12月4日中國中央政治局通過的eight-point code to cutbureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people（關(guān)于改進(jìn)工作作風(fēng)、密切聯(lián)系群眾的八項規(guī)定），就要求官員消除hedonism（享樂主義）。

藥價改革

Prices of more than 2,700 drugs willsoon be determined by the market, rather than the government, as China getsready to roll out its ambitious drug pricing reform plan, industry sources said on Thursday.據(jù)業(yè)界消息周四透露，中國已準(zhǔn)備好施行大規(guī)模的藥價改革計劃，今后超過2700種藥品價格將由市場而不是政府來決定?！八巸r改革”英文就是drugpricing reform，根據(jù)改革方案，國家擬取消藥品最高零售限價或出廠價格，從完善藥品采購機(jī)制、強(qiáng)化醫(yī)?？刭M(fèi)作用、強(qiáng)化醫(yī)療行為監(jiān)管、強(qiáng)化價格行為監(jiān)管等四方面加強(qiáng)監(jiān)管，發(fā)揮醫(yī)保支付基準(zhǔn)價的引導(dǎo)作用，使藥品市場價格保持在合理的水平。

現(xiàn)階段government-priced drugs（由政府定價的藥品）占據(jù)了整個藥品市場的23%。從明年一月份開始，政府不再設(shè)定藥品的maximumretail price（最高零售限價）或factory price（出廠價）。

第四篇：英語六級翻譯

一隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和國際地位的提升，中國逐漸成為各國留學(xué)生的熱門留學(xué)目的地。到2020年，中國將力○爭成為亞洲最大的留學(xué)目的國。除了漢語之外，中國藝術(shù)、飲食、民俗、中醫(yī)(Traditional Chinese Medicine)等頗具中國特色的專業(yè)也深受金發(fā)碧眼的洋學(xué)生們熱捧。同時，中國為進(jìn)一歩擴(kuò)大外國留學(xué)生規(guī)模，不斷增加政府獎學(xué)金的投入；另一方面，為吸引更多優(yōu)秀的國際生源，各院校也增設(shè)了不少獎學(xué)金項目。參考翻譯: With the rapid economic development and thepromotion of international status, China hasgradually become a popular destination country foroverseas students.China strives to be the hottestdestination country for overseas study in Asia bythe year 2020.Besides the Chinese language, the overseas students with blond hair and blueeyes are also interested in the majors with Chinese characteristics like Chinese art, food,folklore, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.Meanwhile, to expand the scale of overseasstudents, Chinese government constantly invests more to offer scholarships on the otherhand, to attract more excellent overseas students, universities also add many scholarshipprograms.1.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展和國際地位的提升:表達(dá)“隨著”的含義，可采用with加分詞短語的形式。

2.力爭成為亞洲最大的留學(xué)目的國:其中“力爭”可用striveto表達(dá)；“最大的”即 “最熱門的”，可譯為 hottest。3.金發(fā)碧眼的洋學(xué)生們:其中“金發(fā)碧眼”可譯為blond hairand blue eyes;“洋學(xué)生”可譯為overseas students,文中“外國留學(xué)生”、“國際生源”均可用該詞組表達(dá)。

4.擴(kuò)大規(guī)模:可譯為expand the scale of或increase the number of。

5.不斷增加政府獎學(xué)金的投入:可譯為Chinese government invests more to offer scholarships。6.增設(shè)了不少獎學(xué)金項目:可譯為add many scholarship programs。

醫(yī)生該如何學(xué)習(xí)誠實對待他們的病人呢？進(jìn)行更多關(guān)于如何與病人溝通其健康狀況的培訓(xùn)是極其重要的——尤其是在告知（deliver）壞消息時。如果檢查結(jié)果對病人的健康沒有影響的話，醫(yī)生們可能不會把略有異常的實驗室檢查結(jié)果告訴給焦慮的病人。相反地，醫(yī)生也許會夸大（exaggerate）正常的結(jié)果，希望能刺激病人更好地照顧自己。而病人們也需要清楚并確定他們所期望的醫(yī)生的誠實度。畢竟，即便在醫(yī)生的辦公室里，交流也是雙向的。參考譯文：

How can doctors learn to be honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with patients about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news.Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.Conversely, they might exaggerate a normal result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.Patients also need to be clear and certain about how honest they want their doctors to be.Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor’s office.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1、極其重要的 critical

2、尤其是在告知（deliver）壞消息時 when it comes to delivering bad news.（注：注意come to的用法。come to sth.其中的一個意思就是“當(dāng)達(dá)到某種狀況（尤指不好的狀況）時”。）

3、如果檢查結(jié)果對病人的健康沒有影響的話，醫(yī)生們可能不會把略有異常的實驗室檢查結(jié)果告訴給焦慮的病人。Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.（注：注意這句話的翻譯順序，及檢查結(jié)果重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時，翻譯時可譯為it。）

4、希望能刺激病人更好地照顧自己 in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself

5、清楚并確定 be clear and certain

6、雙向的 a two-way street

信用卡(credit card)是由銀行發(fā)行的卡，持卡人可以憑卡賒購(buy on credit)商品和服務(wù)。使用信用卡最大的好處就是能給持卡人帶來極大的方便。人們可以 使用信用卡賒購他們需要的東西，并在一段時期內(nèi)付淸欠款,而不必隨身攜帶大量的現(xiàn)金。但如此的便利也帶來了一些問題，如惡意透支(malicious overdraft)。還會剌激使用者超前消費(fèi)，容易產(chǎn)生月光族。在消費(fèi)的時候，使用信用卡會促使消費(fèi)者更加沖動地購物，甚至購買一些平時不怎么用的商品。參考譯文：

A credit card is a card issued by a bank,allowing its holder to buy goods and services on credit.The most obvious advantage of credit card is the huge convenience it brings to card holders.People can use the cards to buy what they want on credit and pay off the debt over a period of time instead of carrying a large sum of cash with them.But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft and overconsumption which will easily reduce the card users to“moonlight group”.When shopping,consumers with credit cards will buy goods more impetuously.They will even buy something that is not often used in daily life.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.賒購商品和服務(wù):賒購可用短語buy...on credit來表達(dá)。故此處可譯為buy goods and services on credit。2.最大的好處:“大的好處”即“明顯的好處”，故此處可譯為the most obvious advantage。其中obvious意為“顯著的”。3.但如此的便利也帶來了一些問題，如惡意透支…:可譯為But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft"其中，使用“such+n.+as...”這個結(jié)構(gòu)可以達(dá)到清晰列舉事例的效果。例如，我們買了蘋果、香蕉、葡萄等水果，即We bought such fruits as apples,bananas,grapes,etc.4.惡意透支和超前消費(fèi):分別可譯為名詞短語malicious overdraft和over-consumption。

傳統(tǒng)的中國婚俗被視為中國傳統(tǒng)文化禮儀的基礎(chǔ)。通常，婚禮是隆重場合，有很多的禮節(jié)?；槎Y有八大程序，包括求婚、生辰匹配、合婚（marriage divination),下聘禮（betrothal gifts presenting)、確定婚期、置辦嫁妝（dowry urging)、迎娶新娘、舉行正式的結(jié)婚儀式。在中國傳統(tǒng)的婚禮中，新娘由新郎牽著。她頭頂紅蓋頭，全程都垂在肩上。傳統(tǒng)的中國婚俗已經(jīng)實行了幾千年。它們可能會因時間和地點(diǎn)而異，但在中國人的生活中一直占據(jù)著重要地位，對中國人的生活方式產(chǎn)生著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。參考譯文：

Traditional Chinese wedding customs are considered as the foundation of rites in traditional Chinese culture.A wedding is usually a grand occasion with so many formalities.There are eight major procedures of a wedding,including proposal making,birthday matching,marriage divination,betrothal gifts presenting,wedding date fixing,dowry urging,welcoming the bride to the wedding and performing the formal wedding ceremony.During the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony,the bride is led by her groom.Her head is covered by a red veil which is Ming down to her shoulder during the whole period.Traditional Chinese wedding customs have been running for thousands of years.They may vary from place to place and from time to time,but they have been holding an important position in the life of Chinese people,having a far-reaching impact on Chinese people's lifestyle.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.隆重場合:可譯為a grand occasion。grand意為“重大的，盛大的 2.求婚:可譯為名詞結(jié)構(gòu)proposal making。3.生辰匹配:可譯為birthday matching。

4.合婚:八字合婚是中國民間的一種舊俗，即婚前男女雙方交換庚帖，以卜八字是否相配來確定婚姻是否幸福美滿。故此處譯為marriage divination,divination意為“預(yù)測，占卜”。

5.下聘禮:可譯為betrothal gifts presenting。betrothal是名詞，意為“訂婚”，betrothal gifts意為“聘禮”。6.置辦嫁妝:可譯為dowry urging。

7.紅蓋頭:可譯為red veil。veil意為“頭巾；面紗”。

8.因...而異:可譯為vary。vary是常見詞，常用詞組有vary from(與...不同),vary with(隨...而不同)，vary in(在...方面有差異)。

地球表面超過70%是水，水無疑是地球上最寶貴的自然資源。若非這些看似毫無價值的氫氧化合物(compound of oxygen and hydrogen)，地球上的生命將不復(fù)存在，因為萬物的生長繁榮都依存于此。盡管人類承認(rèn)這個現(xiàn)實，但是我們對此漠視，依然在污染我們的江河湖海。久而久之，地球確實深受其害，生物正以驚人的速度死亡。除了無辜生命的死亡外，我們的飲用水和水上娛樂活動也收到了極大的影響。為了應(yīng)對水污染，我們必須理解癥結(jié)所在，并參與解決。

請看下面的漢譯英段落翻譯：

【參考譯文】：

Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.Without the seemingly invaluable compound of oxygen and hydrogen, life on Earth would be non-exist: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans.Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our abilities to use water for recreational purposes.In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.在當(dāng)今社會，相差三歲，就會有“溝”，即所謂的:“三歲一代溝”。以前，在人們的思維里，代溝(generation gap)所表示的時間長度是10到20年。而到了21世紀(jì)，隨著全國各地的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，人們文化知識的增長，思想意識的提髙，每個人的個性化和自我意識逐漸增強(qiáng)，人與人之間的交流出現(xiàn)了障礙，人與人之間的想法、觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)了分歧，很難找到共鳴(resonance)。這種現(xiàn)象與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)程度有關(guān)，經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)達(dá)的地方，代溝的時間差距越小。參考譯文：

In modern society,there will be a generation gap if the gap of ages reaches 3 years.This is the so-called“Each three-year age gap,one generation gap”.In the past,people thought that generation gap appeared when the age gap reached 10 to 20 years.But in the 21st century,with the national economic development,the growth of people's cultural knowledge and the improvement of their thought and consciousness,people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened.Communication barriers among people appear;ideas and viewpoints begin to differ from person to person,making it hard for one to find resonance with other people.This phenomenon is related to the level of economic development-the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.相差三歲，就會有“溝”:這里的“溝”指代溝。

2.三歲一代溝:可譯Each three-year age gap,one generation gap,意為“每差三歲，就有代溝”。英文譯成對仗的形式顯得較為工整。

3.思想意識的提高:可譯為the improvement of thoughts and consciousness。

4.每個人的個性化和自我意識逐漸增強(qiáng):可譯為people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened。

5.很難找到共鳴:該句其實是“交流出現(xiàn)了障礙”、“想法、觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)了分歧”的結(jié)果，故譯為非謂語形式making it hard for one to find resonance with other people作結(jié)果狀語。6.經(jīng)濟(jì)越發(fā)達(dá)的地方，代溝的時間差距越小:翻譯時可使the more…the more…句式，即the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be。

打車難已經(jīng)成為大城市人們生活中較為普遍的問題。城市人口規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，人類社會活動的不斷多元(diversification)化都增加了對出租車的需求。隨著城市交通擁堵狀況不斷加劇，為避免堵車影響收人，上下班高峰時段很多司機(jī)不愿意跑擁堵路段和主城區(qū)，導(dǎo)致市民在一些交通樞紐、商業(yè)中心、醫(yī)院附近很難打到出租車。城市建設(shè)影響了出租車的使用效率。出租車行業(yè)不規(guī)范，拒載行為屢屢發(fā)生，這也是導(dǎo)致打車難的人為因素 參考譯文：

It has been a common problem in large city residents' life that it's hard to take a taxi.The increase of urban population and diversification of social activities make the demand for taxi rise.As the traffic jam becomes worse in cities，to guarantee personal income, many taxi drivers refuse to drive on busy roads and main urban areas, which makes it difficult for many citizens to take a taxi near some transportation junctions, commercial centers and hospitals.City construction affects the efficiency of taxi.Being not standard in the taxi industry and taxi drivers' often refusing to take passengers are the human factors that make it difficult to take a taxi.詞句點(diǎn)撥

1.打車難:可譯為it's hard to take a taxi,作為problem的同位語，意義表達(dá)清楚自然。

2.增加了對出租車的需求:可譯為make the demand for taxi rise。

3.為避免堵車影響收入:可靈活地譯為to guarantee personal income。采用逆向譯法，上下文反復(fù)出現(xiàn)“堵車”這個詞，所以可以省略。

4.出租車行業(yè)不規(guī)范，拒載行為屢屢發(fā)生:這里是說明原因，為了句式簡明，可以處理為動名詞和獨(dú)立主格的形式，直接充當(dāng)句子主語。

5.人為因素:可譯為human factor。

聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6，000多公里，得名于古代中國的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要作用。正是通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)等四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器（porcelain）也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需求。

【翻譯】

The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China‘s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.中國將加速節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，使其到2015年成為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。國務(wù)院(the State Council)曾在一份聲明中承諾要推進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,擴(kuò)大人們對節(jié)能產(chǎn)品的需求，推動壞保服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。國務(wù)院表示,節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)出價值到2015年將達(dá)到4.5萬億元,平均年增長15%。政府將起主導(dǎo)作用，并允許非國有資本投資節(jié)能項目。中國已承諾到2020年，將每單位GDP的碳排放量在2005年的基礎(chǔ)上減少40%—45%?！窘馕觥?/p>

1.加速節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展:“節(jié)能產(chǎn)業(yè)”可譯為energy saving industry。2.國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè):可譯為a pillar of the national economy。

3.承諾要推進(jìn)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，擴(kuò)大人們對節(jié)能產(chǎn)品的需求，推動環(huán)保服務(wù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展:此處“承諾”可譯為vow;“推進(jìn)”可翻譯為spur;“妒大”可翻譯為 expand;“推動”可翻譯為boost。

【參考答案】

China will speed up development of the energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015.The State Council vowed in a statement to spur technological innovation，expand demand for energy-saving products and boost the environmental-protection service industry.According to the State Council, the value of the energy-saving industry’s output will reach 4.5 trillion yuan by 2015,with an average annual growth rate of 15 percent.The govemment will play a leading role and allow the non-state capital to invest in energy-saving projects.China has committed to reducing its carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared with the number in 2005.有些國家為了處理他們與中國的貿(mào)易，建立了專門的機(jī)構(gòu)。CCBC是加中貿(mào)易理事會，該機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)助處理兩國間的貿(mào)易項目。另外一個有此功能的機(jī)構(gòu)是英中貿(mào)易協(xié)會(the China-BritainBusiness Council)。該機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)立的目的是協(xié)助中英兩國間的貿(mào)易。同時，中國也幫助國內(nèi)的年輕人在商業(yè)上搶占先機(jī)。中國青年創(chuàng)業(yè)國際計劃旨在幫助年輕人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)業(yè)。另外，中國還發(fā)行了一些商業(yè)雜志，來幫助中國人跟進(jìn)國際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展。

【解析】

1.專門的機(jī)構(gòu):可譯為special organization。

2.中國青年創(chuàng)業(yè)國際計劃旨在幫助年輕人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)業(yè):“中國青年創(chuàng)業(yè)國際計劃”是專有名詞，譯為Youth Business China;“創(chuàng)業(yè)”就是“開創(chuàng)一番事業(yè)”，因此可譯為start a business。

3.跟進(jìn)國際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展:“跟進(jìn)”可用keep track of表達(dá)，“國際商業(yè)領(lǐng)域”可翻譯為internationalcommercial areas?！緟⒖即鸢浮?/p>

Some countries have special organizations set up for dealing with their business with China.CCBC isthe Canada China Business Council which helps with the trade between the two countries.Anotherorganization of the same function is the China-Britain Business Council.This organization has beenestablished to facilitate the trade between the UK and China.At the same time, China serves for theyoung people to grab the favorable business opportunities.Youth Business China aims at helpingyoung people to start a business.China also publishes several business magazines to help theChinese people to keep track of the development in the international commercial areas.make a living 謀生

make it 成功

make the best / most of 充分利用 many a 許多

mark the papers 批改考卷

mayor / minor in

meet one's needs 滿足要求

might as well 不妨

mistake a for b 認(rèn)錯

more or less 或多或少，有點(diǎn)

my treat 我請客

narrow escape 九死一生

necessary to /for 必要的 next door 隔壁的，在隔壁

next to 下一個，其次

no doubt 無疑地

no less than 不少于……;不亞于

no longer 不再

no more than 至多，同……一樣不

no more 不再

none other than 不是別的，正是

nothing but 只有，只不過

now and then 時而，偶爾

off and on 斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，間歇地 hand 一方面

on a large/small scale 大/小規(guī)模地 on account of 由于

on behalf of 代表

on board 在船(車/飛機(jī))上

in turn 依次,輪流;轉(zhuǎn)而

in vain 徒勞,白費(fèi)力

indifferent to無興趣,不關(guān)心

indignant with sb.憤慨

inferior to級別低于,不如

innocent of無...罪,無辜

instead of 代替,而不是

intent on專心于

invisible to不可見的 jealous of嫉妒

just now 眼下;剛才

keep one's eyes on關(guān)注

keep on愛好,很喜歡

keep track of 留心

kind of / sort of有點(diǎn)somewhat

lay off 下崗

off duty 下班

on(the)one

in touch 聯(lián)系,接觸

leave alone別說

let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密 liable for對...有責(zé)任 liable to易于

little by little 逐漸地

look for / hunt for 找工作 lost the point弄錯 lots of 許多 loyal to忠于

mad about/on狂熱迷戀 mad at/with sb.生氣,憤怒 mad with因...發(fā)狂

make(both)ends meet收支平衡

第五篇：翻譯研究綜合法總結(jié)

《翻譯研究——綜合法》總結(jié)

瑪麗·斯奈爾—霍恩比在 1988 年出版的 《翻譯研究：綜合法》(Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach)中，全面考察了翻譯研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀，提出將翻譯研究作為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的見解；吸收語言學(xué)派和文學(xué)派翻譯理論的長處，以格式塔整體理論為基礎(chǔ)，倡導(dǎo)翻譯研究的綜合法；并以全新的視角看待文本在文化語境中的作用，提出了翻譯是一種跨文化活動的觀點(diǎn)。斯奈爾—霍恩比在書中闡發(fā)了場景一框架語言學(xué)、言語行為、格式塔語言學(xué)、原型學(xué)等這些語言學(xué)相關(guān)理論對翻譯研究的啟示和作用，拓寬了翻譯工作者的視野，引發(fā)了他們對翻譯研究的進(jìn)一步審視和思考。

在本書的引言部分，斯奈爾—霍恩比首先回顧并分析了翻譯研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀，并指出本書的目的是：“This study is an attempt to bridge the gap…, it is rather an attempt to present recently developed concepts and methods, both from translation theory and linguistics, in such a way that they could be usefully employed in the theory, practice and analysis of literanl translation.”之后變提出“translation studies should be viewed as an independent discipline”的獨(dú)特見解，即應(yīng)該把翻譯研究作為一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科，然后簡單介紹了本書中主要章節(jié)內(nèi)容。

在本書第一章中，斯奈爾—霍恩比首先分析了西方傳統(tǒng)的語言研究主要分為兩派：the study of literature and the study of language，并指出了這兩種研究的變化以及出現(xiàn)的問題；然后介紹了兩種不同的翻譯方向：literary and linguistic orientations，前者將翻譯歸為比較文學(xué)的分支，后者將翻譯歸為應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的分支，在此部分作者著重對歐洲翻譯研究的兩個流派：萊比錫學(xué)派和操縱學(xué)派進(jìn)行了比較和研究，前者視翻譯研究為應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的一個分支，后者則把翻譯研究歸于比較文學(xué)之下。通過對萊比錫學(xué)派理論的考察，斯奈爾—霍恩比發(fā)現(xiàn)這些理論過于強(qiáng)調(diào)語言因素在翻譯中的作用，其研究的視角較為狹窄，因而無法滿足翻譯研究的需要。此外，她在考察操縱學(xué)派翻譯研究理論的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一學(xué)派所討論的內(nèi)容囿于文學(xué)翻譯，也具有狹隘性。她認(rèn)為，翻譯研究的對象不僅僅包括文學(xué)文本，也要包括普通文本和特殊語言文本，因而，操縱學(xué)派也同樣不能滿足翻譯研究的需要。接著，斯奈爾—霍恩比又介紹了翻譯研究綜合法的理論基礎(chǔ)：格式塔理論（Gestalt Theory）和原型范疇理論（Prototype Theory），格式塔整體 原理是心理學(xué)的一個范，它強(qiáng)調(diào)整體不等于各部分的總和，而是各部分的有機(jī)關(guān)聯(lián)，所以不能僅僅通過對部分的分析來理解整體。同樣，原型學(xué)注重的是聚焦和細(xì)微的差異，斯奈爾—霍恩比運(yùn)用原型框架，強(qiáng)調(diào)各種翻譯文本是不可分割的連續(xù)體。最后，她在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了翻譯的綜合研究方法，并做了詳細(xì)地介紹。

在第二章中，斯奈爾—霍恩比提出了“翻譯作為一種跨文化活動”的觀點(diǎn)，因此，她首先對語言和文化之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析，并給出了有關(guān)文化概念的三個重要特點(diǎn)：firstly, the concept of culture as a totality of knowledge, proficiency and perception;secondly, its immediate connection with behaviour(or action)and events, and thirdly, its dependence on expectations and norms, whether those of social behaviour or those accepted in language ueage.由此得出：稱職的譯者不但要有雙語基礎(chǔ)（bilingual），而且要有源語和目的語雙文化背景（bicultural）；之后斯奈爾—霍恩比又介紹了翻譯理論研究方面的一些新趨向，比如把翻譯視為文化轉(zhuǎn)換而非單純的語際轉(zhuǎn)換、把翻譯視為交際行為而非符碼轉(zhuǎn)換、目的論等；接著，斯奈爾—霍恩比又探討了索緒爾的語言兩分法，進(jìn)而總結(jié)出了系統(tǒng)（system）、范式（norm）和文本（text）三者之間的關(guān)系：the polarized dichotomy is once again resolved into a spectrum or cline, with the abstract concept of system at the one end and the concrete reality of text at the other, between these two outer areas there is the language prototype or unmarked norm.最后，斯奈爾—霍恩比從層次（dimension）與視角（perspective）兩方面探討有關(guān)隱喻翻譯的問題，指出隱喻不能由一個單獨(dú)的詞構(gòu)成，而是在impact、object和sense中構(gòu)成的，還介紹了三種隱喻：the “dead” metaphor;the “original” or “individual” metaphor;the “faded” metaphor，繼而用例子來進(jìn)行解釋，她認(rèn)為隱喻翻譯的核心問題就是文化差異，由于不同文化有不同的概念轉(zhuǎn)換方法與隱喻投射取向，隱喻意義通常是與文化息息相關(guān)的。

在第三章中，斯奈爾—霍恩比主要圍繞翻譯、文本與語言這三個方面進(jìn)行了一系列的探討，首先她探討了語言學(xué)中的一些理論和概念與翻譯研究的潛在關(guān)系，指出語言存在反常性還語言學(xué)中比較常見的四種教條，同時也揭示出了機(jī)器翻譯的局限性、人與機(jī)器相結(jié)合翻譯的局限性，并指出目前發(fā)展比較完善的翻譯方法是以人為主的機(jī)器輔助翻譯方法，另外，她認(rèn)為翻譯研究不能拋棄語言學(xué)，盡管有些語言學(xué)教條阻礙了翻譯的發(fā)展，但是一些語言學(xué)成果可以應(yīng)用到翻譯中 2 去，是值得借鑒的，并給出了翻譯與語言學(xué)相結(jié)合的事例。其次，她又探討了篇章語言學(xué)與翻譯過程中的文本分析問題，并給出了“由上而下”的文本分析思路：textual analysis, which is an essential preliminary to translation, should proceed from the “top down,” from the macro to the micro level, from text to sign；同時，斯奈爾—霍恩比也給出了文本分析的詳細(xì)步驟：the translator?s text analysis should begin by identifying the text in terms of culture and situation, as “part of a world-continuum”, the next step is the analysis of the structure of the text, proceeding down from the macro-structure to the level of lexical cohesion and including the relationship between the title and the main body of the text, and finally strategies should be developed for translating the text, based on conclusions reached from the analysis；之后她就給出了實例對英語文本與德語譯本進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)地分析和對比，從而對德語譯本進(jìn)行了批判，并指出譯者在翻譯過程中應(yīng)該自己決定要保留哪些內(nèi)容，另外還揭示出了對文學(xué)文本分析的重要性。第三，斯奈爾—霍恩比還探討了查爾斯·菲爾莫爾的場景—框架語義學(xué)與翻譯之間的關(guān)系問題，因為在翻譯研究中創(chuàng)造性過程經(jīng)常被忽視了，所以查爾斯·菲爾莫爾提出了場景—框架語義學(xué)，菲爾莫爾指出原形在本質(zhì)上是經(jīng)歷性的（prototypes are essentially experiential），他還分別介紹了frame和scene的來歷，指出：scenes and frames constantly activate each other，語言認(rèn)知的場景、框架是通過交流得以激活并得到推進(jìn)的；在場景-框架語義學(xué)理論下，譯者應(yīng)該首先接觸文本的框架，然后從文本的框架中依據(jù)自己的經(jīng)歷和知識來建構(gòu)自己的場景并激活這些場景，最后在他激活的這些場景的基礎(chǔ)上找到合適的譯入語的框架。因此，斯奈爾—霍恩比還給出了德語文本跟英語譯本進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)地對比與分析。第四，斯奈爾—霍恩比又探討了言語行為理論在公共告示（public directives）翻譯中的運(yùn)用及翻譯此類告示時要考慮的幾個因素，還介紹了并列文本了作用等，并給出了例子進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié)。最后，斯奈爾—霍恩比主要通過實例來探討了詞義的動態(tài)特性和翻譯活動中詞典（單語、雙語）的使用等問題，她認(rèn)為翻譯不可能是直接將詞典中的詞條放入譯文中的，是需要譯者進(jìn)行綜合考慮的，而且翻譯研究的對象不應(yīng)該局限于文學(xué)文本，還應(yīng)包括普通語言文本和特殊語言文本（法律、經(jīng)濟(jì)、醫(yī)學(xué)、科技等）。

在第四章中，斯奈爾—霍恩比對“從特殊語言文本翻譯到文學(xué)文本翻譯”這 3 個方面進(jìn)行了討論，該部分也是本書的重點(diǎn)。首先，她從原文的地位（the status of the source text）開始探討，介紹了翻譯理論家門最近提出的一些觀點(diǎn)，如Vermeer提出“dethroning of the source text”，從Paepcke到Newmark、Holz-manttari，他們都強(qiáng)調(diào)“the situation of the source text and the function of the ttranslation”，另外還有一部分人認(rèn)為“the ?reale Situation? is not present in a literary text”，然后斯奈爾—霍恩比提出了她自己的觀點(diǎn)：“I would support this premise that a literary text does not exist in a vacuum;while it is not bound to a single, specific situation as is a road sign or a legal contract, it has its own situation relationship to reality”，同時，她也給出了原因；之后她又指出文學(xué)翻譯有三個功能維度：one is the function of intra-textual coherence, second dimension is “functional interaction”, and thirdly, the literary translation is as much as an act of communication as any other translation，也給出了一些例子，并提出了四種假設(shè)，對四個不同的文本從“situation of source text”、“function of target text”、“status of the source text”這三個方面進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析和總結(jié)，最后，她概括到：從文學(xué)文本到普通文本，再到特殊語言文本，譯者的態(tài)度和使用的策略都是漸變的。其次，斯奈爾—霍恩比又討論了翻譯中的風(fēng)格問題（the factor of style），給讀者介紹了風(fēng)格在翻譯中的重要性，以及不同的翻譯理論家對待風(fēng)格的不同觀點(diǎn)，同時也指出文本的體裁分析仍舊要遵循由上而下的分析步驟，在語義分析的微觀層面上，有兩種不同的風(fēng)格即“opaque and transparent style”；之后，斯奈爾—霍恩比又探討了“style” 與“convention”之間的關(guān)系，“the more specialized the text, and the more specific the situation, the more the individual style recedes to make way for group convention”，Leech和Short也曾指出：“style，as a system of choices in language use by an individual writer”，因此，“for translation purposes, conventions can easily be studied and compared in several languages on the basis of parallel texts.”之后，斯奈爾—霍恩比又選擇了四個文本從“syntax”、“semantics and lexis”、“formal text presentation”、“translation strategies and methods”這四個方面進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析。最后，斯奈爾—霍恩比再次提出了翻譯研究的綜合方法。

第五章為全書的結(jié)尾，作者通過對本書第一版和再版的簡單回顧，從而對翻譯研究作為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的前景作了一些預(yù)測和展望。

斯奈爾—霍恩比借鑒、吸收語言學(xué)派和文學(xué)派翻譯理論的長處，提出建立翻譯研究為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的見解；并運(yùn)用格式塔整體原理倡導(dǎo)翻譯研究的綜合方法；強(qiáng)調(diào)文化背景對翻譯研究的重要作用，提出翻譯是一種跨文化的活動的觀點(diǎn)。所有這些都有利于開闊翻譯研究者的視野，并為翻譯研究提供了可資借鑒的理論依據(jù)，對我國翻譯研究具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。