第一篇:托福寫作技巧:常見問題解析(推薦)
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托福寫作技巧:常見問題解析
1、怎樣決定文章的模版結構?
大家都習慣于托福作文5段式,我認為這個觀點是有道理的,但不是絕對。為什么大多數(shù)情況下5段式最好?因為結構清晰。5個段落,開頭引出話題,綜述觀點;結尾收束加升華;中間3個邏輯支撐點,可以支撐出一個相對比較豐滿和復雜的邏輯關系。但之所以不是絕對,少數(shù)情況下,寫的好的4段式議論文也可以得高分;有些題目甚至更適合4段式來寫。但總體來說,如果時間夠,思維夠,5段式是比較穩(wěn)妥的拿高分的方式,即便句子簡單,但邏輯夠完滿,分數(shù)一樣不會低。
2、是不是一定要選擇一邊倒的論點呢?
記得某專家說過只要有邏輯,均衡論一樣能拿高分。但一個現(xiàn)實的考慮是,考官在看你卷子的幾分鐘里未必有耐心從頭看到尾去找你的觀點,因為均衡論的觀點通常會不那么明顯,特別是老外沒那么喜歡中國人的中庸之道,喜歡直白。那么為了降低誤判風險,能寫成觀點鮮明的作文還是鮮明點好,讓別人一眼看上去就知道你在說什么,接下來就是看你怎么說的問題了,只要過“觀點鮮明”這一關就OK,為啥不選簡單點兒的方式呢?
3、怎么樣選擇3個支撐段的論點呢?
我認為比較好的邏輯是并列-遞進,遞進-轉折這兩種,很符合我們的思維方式。拿這次大作文來說,我采取的就是遞進-轉折模式,作文題是“孩子應該做家務,還是應該只學習和玩”?我的觀點是應該承擔家務,分論點一是做家務能培養(yǎng)孩子的很多好習慣,分論點二是做家務能樹立孩子在家庭生活中的獨立地位和責任感,分論點三是在良好的監(jiān)督下做家務不會傷害孩子。分論點一到二,是一個遞進,一說的是對孩子的好處,二說的是不僅對孩子個人有好處,而且在整個家庭中,對孩子和家長都有好處,這是觀點二在觀點一的拓展(當然你也可以說這是一個并列,但我認為我在連接詞上的選擇讓這個關系變成了強化遞進);分論點二到三,是一個轉折,前面分析了優(yōu)點,那么后面分析有人會說這個也有缺點,但我認為缺點是完全可以避免的。于是這樣一個邏輯結構就非常的完整,考官一看就知道我在說什么,我為什么會支持孩子做家務。
4、怎么舉例子?
特別對于3段式的中間部分,各段的例子一定要多樣化;版上的牛人也說過,即使論證一個觀點,例子也要多,要多多泛舉。對于上面的三個分論點,我是從各個方面舉的很多例子:分論點一,我用的是
personalexample,舉了自己在家從小洗碗的例子,我學到了什么?要參與家庭勞動,理解父母的辛苦,因為刷碗我從小了解了衛(wèi)生常識養(yǎng)成了很好的衛(wèi)生習慣。分論點二,我用的是情境概括,說孩子參與了父母就會尊重他們,孩子可以參加家庭事務的討論,家庭關系更和諧,孩子更成熟獨立,不會選擇叛逆,父母更舒心。分論點三,我用的則是研究報告之類的,表明家務本身很安全,表明參與家務的孩子會更organized.然后說父母的supervise可以降低危險,等等。這樣例子類型不同,內容也就足夠豐富了。
5、怎么開頭和結尾?
一句話,能簡單則簡單,但不要突兀。句子要簡單,內容要緊貼文章大意,不要每一篇都是“在當今科技高速發(fā)達的社會里,人們在熱烈討論著。。話題”,考官會審美疲勞的。但不要太突兀,要逐漸過
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渡到你要說的話題,英語本質上是個很羅嗦很麻煩的語言,用簡單的話把每個point之間的邏輯空缺都填滿,文章字數(shù)自然就夠了。比如我這篇的開頭,我的大意就是:我的童年很美好,有很多關于愛的回憶。相信這個世界上大多數(shù)人都認為童年應該是最美好的,像我的童年那樣。但是有些家長太愛自己的孩子了,以至于竟然說只有孩子遠離家務,只學習、只玩,才是足夠美好的。我卻認為家務活該是童年美好回憶的一部分,因為他。。(概述各分論點)。我認為我的開頭是有點俗套的,但過渡的不突兀,特別是第一個分論點直接用我自己的經歷照應了這個開頭,是很能在情感上打動人的。
6、怎樣在規(guī)定時間內寫夠字數(shù)?
我覺得我上面說的方法已經足夠讓你Develop一篇500字的作文了,我這次也確實寫了500多字。首先要很快的定文章結構,5段式(不要考慮,不需要時間),3個分論段的觀點(先看能不能或者要不要駁反面觀點,如果要,直接轉折-遞進,然后把常用point往里填,不超過1分鐘),然后想開頭和各段首句(開頭最多5min,3-4句足夠,不要太長),各段展開(各5min左右,3-4句,不超過6句),結尾3min,3句足夠。留夠時間檢查語法錯誤和完善用詞,注意首段和各段首句一定不能有錯。??ú缓脮r間的同學可以對開頭,結尾,分論點展開進行小的練習,卡時間5min寫到100字左右??梢韵扔米詈唵蔚脑~和句子,等你修改的時候想到好詞好句式再填進去,晚上或者過幾天再來看看,把一些高級詞匯和句子慢慢用熟,考試時適當用幾個就夠。字數(shù)和完整性是高分的必要條件,實在不行大家買個鍵盤多練練打字吧。
第二篇:托福寫作技巧
新托福綜合寫作是一個比較新的題型,考生需要先閱讀一篇250詞左右的學術文章,然后文章隱去,此時考生則會聽到一段時長約1分半的聽力材料。最后,考生需要根據(jù)閱讀和聽力材料中給出的信息點完成一篇大約300字的作文。這就要求考生除了要具備一定的英文寫作能力以外,還要擁有相應的閱讀和聽力技巧,能夠在考試規(guī)定的時間內把握住閱讀和聽力材料中所涉及到的重要信息點,并將其用另一種表達方式展現(xiàn)出來。
一、閱讀技巧新托福綜合寫作中的閱讀材料大多是節(jié)選自一些學術類文章,其結構和內容通常都有較好的邏輯性,對于這類風格的文章,可采用 “結構閱讀法”,快速找到核心的句子和關鍵信息。一般來說,文章的首句就會開門見山的提出文章的主題,然后接下來則會圍繞這一主題進行一些細節(jié)性的展開和討論。同時,大家也不要忽略文章的最后一段,因為文章最后往往也會有一些重要觀點和信息的展現(xiàn)。至于中間段落,大多數(shù)的學術性文章采取的無非是以主題句開頭,后面進行論證的結構,或是先進行論證后歸納觀點的模式,大家應該多注意表示因果、轉折關系的連詞,以便確定作者對該問題的態(tài)度如何。
二、聽力技巧雖然聽力部分是新托福綜合寫作中的一個難點,但考生通過閱讀前面的文章,想必已經對聽力材料的主題有了一定的了解和把握,因此在聽的過程中,應該將重點放在兩個材料觀點的判斷比較上,要弄清楚兩者的觀點是相互支持還是相互對立,而其對觀點的表述又是用何種論證手段來證明的。同時,鑒于聽力材料的難度和長度,且聽力不像閱讀材料那樣在寫作時還會復現(xiàn),所以建議大家在聽的過程中做好筆記,把關鍵的句子和信息詞記下來,為下面的改寫做好準備。
三、寫作技巧在掌握了閱讀和聽力材料給出的核心信息之后,我們該如何將這些信息清晰準確的重新整合成一篇結構完整的文章呢? 首先,第一段可以分別將聽力和閱讀材料中的主要觀點和內容展現(xiàn)出來,并點明兩者的觀點是否相互支持或是對立。其次,在第二段中,要分別從不同角度展開論述聽力和閱讀材料各自的分論點,列舉出兩個材料觀點相互支持或對立的證據(jù)。最后,第三段是一個總結段落,在這一段中要重新總結一下全文的主要意思,并再次重申兩份材料的核心內容以及觀點上的異同,但注意不要加入自己的態(tài)度和觀點。另外,對于在綜合寫作中常用的固定表達,諸如“閱讀材料就某某問題主要從某個角度展開了論證”,“對于閱讀材料中提出的某個觀點,在聽力材料中利用反證的方法提出了反駁”,“對于閱讀材料中提出的某個觀點,在聽力材料中通過幾個方面的論證予以了支持”等等這些在寫作過程中必定會用到的表述,大家應該事先做好準備,這樣在考試時就可以拿來直接用,而不必再匆忙思考了。
第三篇:托福寫作技巧:怎樣提高分數(shù)
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托福寫作技巧:怎樣提高分數(shù)
技巧
一、句式多樣化。這其實是我們我們在25分之前沒有意識到的問題,我們在此之前總是在努力的將自己的作文加入很多的長句,同時也希望將自己的作文多寫幾十字,但是其實這些東西都是非常無益的。優(yōu)秀的作文一個很重要的特征就是讓人有很強的可讀性,也就是讓人讀下去,如果我們全篇都是句式單一,再加上很多的長難句,可以說看半篇我們的作文就讓人頭痛欲裂,更不要說有很好的分數(shù)了。因此,有意識的調整句型,加入非謂語動詞,同位語,介詞等修飾限定成分,就會立即讓我們的作文增色不少。技巧二、習語的使用。習語在作文當中的使用,往往是一個地道的寫作者與一個中等的寫作者之間的很大的差別,雖然有些人在強調幽默在作文當中十分的重要,但是現(xiàn)實情況是,很多人都無法控制自己的作文之中的幽默夠準確,因此也就很難去使用幽默了。但是習語卻不一樣,其實我們可以在考試之前定向的積累一些習語。只要我們可以很好的分清哪些習語是適用于口語的,哪些習語是適用于書面語的,那么這些習語就能夠立即為我們的作文增色不少。
技巧
三、動詞的名詞化。這其實是寫出地道英語作文的一個不錯的小妙招,就是將動詞名詞化,因此在這里也將其單獨列出。比如說 which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?這句話,我們寫的時候是不是會將其寫成Why did the Mediterranean’s waters evaporate?再比如說As a result of crustal adjustments,我們是不是會說Because the crust adjust??梢哉f動詞的名詞化,可以極大的提升我們的寫作效率和單位時間內的信息含量,這是一個很重要的技巧!技巧
四、用詞準確。比如說affect與shock有什么區(qū)別?affect只是影響,但是沒有幅度上的差別。shock相應的就是很劇烈的影響的含義,這就是用詞的準確性。再比如and與so有什么差別?so,表示的是一個因果性很強的連接,要是沒有前面的原因,則必定沒有后面的so之后的內容的發(fā)生。and則是頗有水到渠成之意,由于前面的事情的發(fā)生,因此自然而然的,就出現(xiàn)了and后面的事情。這都是用詞的準確性。OK,那么最后考你一下standard與quality有什么差別?
技巧
五、避免中式英語。其實我們在寫作文的時候,第一個最為顯著的問題就是如何避免中式英語,其實我們想說出什么是中式英語,有些難,但是我們可以很明確的知道,托福閱讀的文章都是非常地道的英語,因此,我們在看托福閱讀的時候,一定總是在思考我們自己會怎么寫,這是一個非常重要的過程。
第四篇:托福獨立寫作技巧方法講解
獨立部分作文筆記(原創(chuàng))一.TWE 評分過程
(1)不必在意的四件事——破除原有誤解 ①不必在意英語和美語的差異; ②不必在意口語與書面語的差異; ③不必在意任何文化差異; ④不必在意語言是否地道。(2)6 分評分標準
Readers should focus on what the examinee does well.Scores6 Demonstrates clear competence in writing on both the rhetorical and syntactic levels, though it may have occasional errors.A paper in this category ––effectively addresses the writing task ––is well organized and well developed ––uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas ––displays consistent facility in the use of language ––demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice 二.評分標準的分析
評分標準一:effectively addresses the writing task(1)簡單說明文(Explanation)
(I)Background Information,Thesis Statement——1 段(II)Supporting——2-3 段。例:
21.In general, people are living longer now.Discuss the causes of thisphenomenon.Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.Supporting:A、食物改善;B、技術進步;C、社會和經濟環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。
Topic Sentence:Among various factors that have made people live longer are A, B and C.①A is very important factor.粗糧、細糧,肉食,牛奶,水質(自來水、礦泉水)…… ②Equally important is B.醫(yī)療技術使很多過去的絕癥輕易獲得治療,如百日咳,肺結核等。③Matching A and B is another essential factor, C.戰(zhàn)爭,社會動蕩,經濟動蕩都會影響人們的壽命。
主題句的寫法: ①盡量不要只使用抽象名詞;
②盡量暗示文章將來結構,主題句寫好了可以沒有結論句; ③主題句應該值得解釋、值得證明。(2)對比、對照(Compare & Contrast)(I)Background Information(II)Compare & Contrast √ √√ A √√×OrA√B √× ×B × ××√B×A ×(III)Topic Sentence / Conclusion(3)立論文(Argumentation)①本身有爭議;
③不能用right/wrong 來修飾,而是who is more reasonable.例:
41.Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry aremore important than saving land for endangered animals.Do you agree ordisagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons andexamples to support your answer.立場:反對盲目地保護瀕臨滅絕動物。(I)Background Information(II)Supporting ×××
(III)Rebuttal 駁證——選擇一個對立立場辯駁(最重要的部分)beautiful? necessary? money?
(IV)Topic Sentence 審題立論的注意事項:
①以讀者為導向;②想好了再寫;③說服讀者而不僅是表達;④順序很重要;⑤結論不重要。評分標準二:is well organized and well developed
1、元素排列
(1)二分法:①簡單→復雜;②已知→未知;③次要→重要(說明說服為目的)。(2)邏輯關系:①并列;②遞進;③轉折。有力模式:
有力模式I 有力模式II 有力模式III A ↓ 并列遞進轉折 B ↓ ↓ ↓
↓ 遞進轉折遞進 C 例:
43.Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or otherdangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.先想一個例子,在按照有力模式的構成去思考其他例子。本例采有力模式II。(1)the drive of money…………………(material)①特技演員(stunt man); ②Photography;正面 ③Law breaker。
遞進→(2)the desire pursuer happiness.(spiritual)人的本性對危險的追求
轉折→(3)無知(ignorance)…………………………………………負面
評分標準三:uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesisor illustrate ideas 一個反例——講義P156。
教訓:(1)不僅要列大綱,還要落實具體細節(jié),然后查字典。前兩步用平時使用的、樸素的、沒有修飾的中文完成。中文英文英文解釋 …… …… ………… …… …… ………… …… …… …………
(2)考場上在表達時永不輕言放棄。一旦忘記例子,千方百計解 釋清楚。
解釋方法:中文,同位語從句+定語從句
評分標準四:displays consistent facility in the use of language 思維貧乏的人才會用華麗的辭藻。
評分標準五:demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriateword choice 邏輯思維 語言文字
三.185 題庫的處理
壓縮題庫:TWE 寫作的準備是系統(tǒng)工程,考驗資源整合能力。
1、相關題目歸類整理材料,整合論點。㈠86→89→90→91;
㈡6→52→141(因此52 選擇why 而不是how)→165evironment 例:
52.What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Among diverse aspects that I want to change about my hometown is its environment.→(why & how?此處選why)
①A good environment will make people happier.(100 words)②A nice environment will make people healthier.(100 words)
③A perfect environment will make people more productive.(100 words)
Topic Sentence:TS, the improvement of which will make people happier, healthier, and even moreproductive.(主題句應當盡量暗示文章未來結構)㈢36→70 例:
70.Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life.Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems.What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.主題句應當值得解釋、值得證明,故:
①汽車之類現(xiàn)代交通工具使市場上商品數(shù)量增多,方便流通; ②使商品價格降低;(運輸成本降低,同種商品種類增加、競爭加?。凵踔粒嚱煌üぞ邔ξ覈鴭D女地位獨立有很大幫助。最初想到:convenient & efficient,不值得解釋、證明; 進一步問:so what?→人們活動范圍增加,但仍不夠; 進一步問:so what?→商品的活動范圍增加→商品數(shù)量增加 因此,多想幾步即可得到有效結論。
㈣15→18→46→179→93→62→103,基于ETS 出題的人群普適性和文化普適性。① To be a good _____ , one should have the intelligence.happier, healthier, ②To be a good _____ , one should be humor.more productive ③To be a good _____ , one should be reliable.理由、例子、思路的反復運用。
2、一些用母語都難寫的題目的處理。
(1)最好不要同意的。往往是一些絕對的立場,觀點要從絕對詞出發(fā)。選反對或中間模式。例: 37.Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.本例選中間模式,組織采有力模式III。方法是修正部分絕對化的表達和詞匯。①It’s true that progress is usually good.如交通、溝通、書寫工具。②However, it’s hardly true that progress is always good.③In fact, progress in itself is nether good or bad.技術的運用在人不再技術本身。例:
53.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most importantaspect of a job is the money a person earns.Use specific reasons and examples 不能同意。絕對詞:the most important。其他重要原因如stability。例:
54.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should neverjudge a person by external appearances.Use specific reasons and details tosupport your answer.①確實有時會犯錯;
②但有時也確實可以根據(jù)外表得到信息,如判斷誠信; ③甚至,有時必須通過外表判斷一個人。(2)最好同意的。
沒有絕對詞,而且往往還有想關限定詞。例:
27.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People shouldsometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing.Use specific reasons andexamples to support your answer.兩種分類:喜歡的/不喜歡的;有益成功的/無益成功的。需要做不喜歡但有益成功的。另外的例子還有63、42 題等。(3)只能反對的。
主要有第8、88、119、120 題。
分析方法:How come they have such an opinion? 即A→B 的因果關系是否過分簡單化? ①A 不見得是B 的理由; ②A 不見得是B 的唯一理由; ② A 不見得是B 最重要的理由。例:
8.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television hasdestroyed communication among friends and family.Use specific reasons andexamples to support your opinion.It’s true that people attend to spend lots ① of time in watching television.②It’s also true that people spend less time in communication.③However, it’s hardly true that television destroyed people’s communication.④再寫一個真正的理由,如工作壓力、經濟壓力等: It’s working stress rather than television… 例:
88.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and emailhave made communication between people less personal.Use specific reasonsand examples to support your opinion.Personal 有兩種理解:①親密;②個性化。只要前后理解一貫即可。
相比第8 題,可以忽略前3 點而擴張第4 點,如溝通成本的降低。例:
119.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behavedifferently when they wear different clothes.Do you agree that different clothesinfluence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer.①有時候會影響人們的行為。服裝影響心理;服裝影響他人對你的態(tài)度。②然而,服裝不必然影響人們行為。
③什么是最重要的理由,如價值觀(value system)。例:
120.Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought.Doyou agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that peoplemake quickly are always wrong.Use reasons and specific examples to supportyour opinion.①通常迅速作出的決定是錯誤的;
②不是生活當中每一個決定都是值得認真思考的; ③甚至很多人就是擅長短時間內作出正確決定。(4)不能同意也不能反對的。It depends.例:
20.It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city.Do youagree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay.It depends the child’s age.歲之前,最重要的是家庭內部環(huán)境; 小學時,鄉(xiāng)村更好一些; 高中時,城里更好一些。
慎用I think…,in my opinion 等詞組: ①是廢話;②不要站在讀者對立面。只有當你確知有不同觀點時才可使用,然后必須用細節(jié)支持,如本文。例:
32.Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save yourmoney for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to supportyouropinion.It depends the money you earn.2000/月,想存也impossible; 20000/月,基本花不完; 200000/月,花掉。例:
35.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a liveperformance(for example, a play, concert, or sporting event)is more enjoyablethan watching the same event on television.Use specific reasons and examples tosupport your opinion.要看是什么演出,不同情況作不同選擇。例:
49.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-facecommunication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email,or telephone calls.Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.要看與誰溝通,老板、顧客、同事等均不同。五.TWE 考試的準備
1、改寫階段。挑5-10 篇話題不重復的范文進行改寫。①改詞。
②改句:簡單句、并列句互改;句子成分、從句互改;正常語序,倒裝互改。③換一種說法。
④換個理由,換個例子。
改寫的順序:上午寫,下午改,晚上背,第二天默。
2、創(chuàng)作階段。寫5-10 篇。
不限時完成,借助一切可以借助的力量。順序與第一階段相同。注重句法、時態(tài)等。
3、沖刺階段。寫5-10 篇。
限時25 分鐘完成,最好早上9:00 寫。下午用大量時間改寫、背,第二天默寫。
附錄三句法多樣性專題(Syntactic Variety)1.并列
a)并列大量名詞: n1, n2, n3, …, and n i.A, B, C, … and other Xs… ii.X, such [Y] as A, B, C…, …
History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, and other abstract subjectshave to be learned from books, or primarily from books.Some knowledge, such abstract subjects as history, philosophy, fundamentalmathematics/calculus, has to be learned from books, or primarily from books.It is necessary for everyone to read imaginative literature, such as poetry, novels, ormythology.It is necessary for everyone to read poetry and other types of imaginative literaturesuch asnovels and mythology.b)并列名詞性成份: n.+ what/how/whether/if… [并列復雜句] i.what = something that ii.how = the way/manner in which
Most parents educate their children merely by instinct rather than by proper pedagogy,and usually do not care about their relationship with children and how such neglectinfluences the future development of their children.Most students are eager to obtain knowledge, but they lack the sense of what is good, orwhat is necessary and how such a deficiency in the concept of viewing the situation as awhole would mislead them.c)并列形容詞性成份 i.a1 and a2 + n ii.a1 + yet/but + a2 + n iii.a1, a2 + n + that… iv.a1, a2, so a3 that/as to…
a small town a small and peaceful town a good teacher a good and very impressive teacher a stupid decision a stupid and incorrigible decision …
simple yet effective method a direct and simple yet magically effective method an irrational yet understandable decision a fair and balance, yet undesirable decision obvious yet not the most significant reason expensive yet worthy course slow yet indispensable process A weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one canrecognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their usefullife.[T0105-P02-L3] Most students can hardly stand for his typically dry and dull lectures that would normallycontinue at least several quarters without giving any essential information.The impact that technology has had on our daily life and society in general, is undeniable.It will become even greater as computers get faster, smaller, smarter, and soinexpensive that virtually everyone will be able to own one.A class led by a lethargic teacher could be extremely dull, dry, and so boring that driveseverybody in the class into sleep.Learning in essence is a process that is time-consuming, painstaking, and so hard thatvirtually only persistent few can finally have a sense of real achievement.1.并列
d)并列副詞性成份 i.ad1 and ad2 ii.ad1 + yet/but + ad2 iii.ad1, ad2, prep.iv.ad1, ad2, so ad3 that/as to…
A conscientious teacher always prepares his lecture carefully, intelligently, and with thefull consideration of all possible aspects concerning the subject.1.并列 e)并列動詞 i.并列動詞
a)…v1…, v2-ing…, v3-ing… ii.并列句子
b)…, and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequently… c)not only/simply/merely… but also/…as well/even… d)neither… nor… e)not that… but that…
f)并列從句: … that…, and that…[并列復雜句] iii.that引導的賓語從句 iv.that引導的定語從句 v.that 引導的主語從句
An absent-minded teacher lacks drive to make class intensely focused, often preparingnothing in advance, wandering among random topics, thus wasting and killing times ofindustrial students.主語相同的兩個句子并列,―and‖對應的中文應該是―也‖。
Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are the major source from which peopleobtain knowledge.書本記錄著思想和理念,也.是人們獲取知識的主要來源。
Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are therefore the major source fromwhich people obtain knowledge.書本記錄著思想和理念,所.以.也.是人們獲取知識的主要來源。
History has to be vague and ambiguous, and is therefore/thus so interesting that many areobsessed, because people always cannot help trying to know the truth.歷史必然模糊含混,也正是如此,它才那樣有趣以至于很多人都被深深的吸引,因為人們總是忍不住要追尋真理。
Chinese children unfortunately have few rights to make their own decisions, andsubsequently often have to do things that they do not enjoy doing at all.很不幸孩子們很少有自作主張的權利,也因此常常只能去做自己不喜歡做的事情。
Modern vehicles have extended the range of people’s activity, and thus made much moregoods available to local markets.現(xiàn)代交通工具延伸了人們活動的范圍,也因此使市場上的商品數(shù)量增加了。
It is the nature of human that determines that people tend to trust themselves rather thanothers, and consequently they often misguide by their own feelings rather than reasons.這是人性所決定的:人們傾向于相信自己而不是相信別人,也因此常常被自己的感覺所誤導,而不是遵循理智。
Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will evenmake people more productive.Modern transportation vehicles such as automobiles have not only made more goodsavailable in the local markets, but they have also lowered the price of the products in themarkets.3.元素并列的其他手段
肯定句: also;as well;too;equally;of equal importance… 否定句: either, neither;nor A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will also make people healthier.A poor environment will not make people happier.A bad environment will not make people healthier either.或Nor a bad environment will make people healthier.4.not… but
計算機不僅給人們帶來了方便,還是人們學得更多。
Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.補充: 分割效果 1)主語和謂語動詞之間 2)助動詞和實意動詞之間 3)系動詞和表語之間 only also…
not simply but … as well.merely even… not that… but that…
Not that emails or telephones have made people less personal, but that peoplethemselves have become less personal.One of several possible reasons is that peopleusually lack of adequate communicating skills.A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will make people healthier as well.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it willeven make them more productive.2.重復成分 a)重復形容詞
iii.… a.…, so a.that/as to… b)重復名詞 iv.… n., n that…
In fact, history is interesting, so interesting that many are obsessed by it, because peoplealways cannot help knowing the truth.Parents or other adults often give merely a casual answer to a serious question from acurious child, an answer that makes no sense at all, and might have unforeseeablenegative consequence in the future.3.從句
a)whether/if/what/how 做賓語 a)when/whenever;while +-ing/-ed b)if/whether + adj.c)what/how/when/where + to… d)…, n + of + which… 深入研究轉折 1.形容詞的轉折并列 simple yet effective method a simple, direct, practical yet magically effective method irrational yet understandable decision a fair and balance, yet undesirable decision obvious yet not the most significant reason expensive yet worthy course slow yet indispensable process A weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....2.包裝(反復取非)History is useful.History is not useful.It is commonly believed that history is not useful.However, this is a prevailingmisunderstanding.Hypocrites lie.Hypocrites do not tell the truth.Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so theycan benefit.Hypocrites have many forms, but they have one thing in common: Hypocrites do tell thetruth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit.Although most people were hostile to the hypocritical behaviors, and believeprofoundly in the sacredness of truth and the inviolable freedom of those who dare to tellthe truth, they often betray their principle, dignity, and in effect become accompanies ofother hypocrites.Hypocrites have many forms, but always have one thing in common: theyessentially have no principle at all.They tell the truth when and only when they feel thetruth is on their side, otherwise they would refuse rather than accept the truth, or remainsilence even choose to lie for the sake of their own safety if they find they arethreatened,even when that threat is at most potential.It’s fortunate that our society always has a small portion of citizens who always tryto insist their principles and struggle to defend even when tremendous cost isanticipated.When nearly everyone in this society had learnt to remain silence, Doctor Jiang Yan Yongstood out and shouted the truth about SARS.When nobody in this country is not afraid ofAIDS, Doctor Gao Yao Jie is rushing around to help the helpless.When most people in thiscountry believe money is everything, and should be made by whatever means is possible,Zhou Li Tai, as a lawyer, is persistently fighting for the weakest group who might beincapable of paying his consultant fee.附錄四例證表達法
大家最熟悉的當然是 “for example” 和 “for instance” 了。這兩個表達 法后面可以接名詞性成分或者句子。還可以說 “take … for example”,比 如: “Let's take an extreme case for example.…” 用來修飾 “example” 的形容詞很多,應該熟練掌握:
characteristic;classic;prime;representative;typical | excellent;fine;good;impressive;magnificent;outstanding;perfect;superb;wonderful | fascinating;interesting;intriguing;notable;remarkable;striking;graphic;vivid;dramatic;extreme;spectacular;clear;obvious;simple;straightforward;blatant;flagrant;glaring | familiar;famous;well-known;notorious;common;rare;much-quoted;oft-quoted;often-quoted | illustrative;helpful;illuminating;instructive;useful;practical | concrete;hypothetical 這里面要是你有哪個詞不認識,那就一定要背下來,然后寫作文的時候用上,這樣你就用了一些―別人可能不用的詞匯‖,顯得稍微superior 了一點。能夠對 “example” 發(fā)出的動作有 : give;provide;contain;include;cite;draw;take(sth.a s);f i n d。而 “example” 能夠發(fā)出的動作有 : abound;demonstrate;illustrate;show 等等。
也可以直接讓― 例子‖ 發(fā)出動作,比如這樣的情況: The behavior ofMeerkats giving alarm calls clearly/well exemplifies the existence ofaltruism.有很多個例子的時候,用這樣的表達法: “A, B, C, and so on.” 或者 “A, B, C, and etc..”如果是口語表達,比較常用的有“..., and something like that.”或者“...a n d s t u f f l ike that.” 有的時候,你可能在舉了很多個例子之后想說―...就更不用提了。‖ 或 者― 更不消說… … ‖,那用的表達法是:“ not to men t i o n...” 或者 “l(fā)et alone...”。
舉例子的時候,可以先舉幾個例子然后再概括一下;或者反過來,先概括 之后列舉幾個實例。所使用的結構分別是: “A such(B)as X, Y and Z” ; 或者 “X, Y, Z, and other A”。例如:
History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics, and other abstractsubjects can be learnt mainly from books.Some subjects, such abstract ones as history, philosophy, andfundamental mathematics, can be learnt mainly from books.有的時候,舉例子可能需要做出限定或者指定,那可以用 “as” 這個詞,例如:“ A narrow, confining room, as in a prison or convent, wouldmake anyone nuts.” 能夠用豐富的例子說明問題其實是一種能力,關鍵在于平時的刻意積累。如果你有能力舉出很多例子,那就需要這樣的句型: Examples abound in history/our daily life that… Examples /instances are countless/innumerable/numerous Stories abound of alcoho l i c s who flush their daily pill down the t o i l e t or “cheek” it, only to dispose of it later.Similar examples of “nuptial gifts” abound throughout the anima l world.History/Our daily life/This world abounds in examples which demonstrate… The list will go on.The list would be endless if we try to make an inventory of such examples.The litany of drug damage goes on and on.The list of profit-making, instinct-exploiting products is long.Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits.如果你舉的例子非常經典,又顯而易見,不妨使用這個句型: Remember that...(相當于― 記得… … 吧? ‖)
If we want to predict how aggressively a man will guard his wife, we need look no further than age.(… 想想 / 看看就可以了)Success requires a tenacious spirit and a drive to achieve.Nowhere is this more apparent in the entertainment business.Thousands of actors and actresses work tenaciously to have a career in the movies.But without beauty or talent, tenacity i s n ' t always rewarded, and only a few become stars.用最近發(fā)生的事情做例子:
An instance occurred recently in which…
如果舉的例子是― 軼事‖、― 傳說‖、― 某個學說‖ 之類的,那可以用這 樣的句型: Legend/Gossip/Rumor/Words/A theory/A saying has it that...;As story goes:...;That's how the story goes.;或者Story goes...(g o e s 后面接完整的句子。例如: Story Goes Viral Alex Jones appears on CNN, poll says three-quarters plus support Sheen.)有的時候要用一些想象出來的例子說明問題,那用這些詞開頭: Consider;Imagine;Suppose;Say;Assume;或者在這些詞后面直接 加上一個賓語或者一個賓語從句,比如 “Imagine a person who is worrying about his future.” 或者 “Suppose a person is worrying about his future.” 這樣想象出來的 case,還可以用 sometimes , in some cases, in some specific cases 開頭開始講述。也可以用條件句型,“If…, ….” 或 者 “When…, ….” 以及,There are many cases in which…(有些情況 下… …); There are moments when …(有些時候… …);We all have met the cases in which…(我們都會遇到… … 的情況); We all have moments when…(有些時候我們都會… …)… …
第五篇:托??谡Z提醒解析
托??谡Z提醒解析 托福口語考試是國內考生的一大難點之一,要備考托??谡Z考試,了解新托??谡Z題型并對其歷年的出題規(guī)律有一定的掌握是很有必要的,本文就此做簡要分析。
新托??谡Z題型為兩大部分共有6道題目,考試時間15分鐘,總時間約為20分鐘。分為兩道獨立題和四道綜合體。
第一部分是獨立題
準備時間為15秒,回答問題時間為45秒。題型要求考生就某一話題闡述自己的觀點。問題會被朗讀出來,同時會出現(xiàn)在屏幕上。第一道題要求考生根據(jù)題目表達自己的觀點并解釋原因。第二道題要求考生在兩個相反的事物中選擇一個并解釋原因。
第二部分是四項綜合題
第3題和第4題以考試中的閱讀和聽力材料為基礎,要求考生先閱讀一段文字然后再聽一段與閱讀文字在內容上相關的聽力材料,要求考生回答相關問題。通常一道題是情景題,另一道是學術題,具體步驟是首先讓考生在45秒內閱讀一篇短文,一般只含一個自然段,隨后短文隱去,播放一段與短文相關的對話或課堂演講,其長度大約為1分半鐘??忌梢栽诼犱浺舻倪^程中做筆記來幫助答題。最后,要求考生根據(jù)先前閱讀的短文和播放的對話或課堂演講回答相關問題,考生有30秒鐘的準備時間,然后進行60秒鐘的回答。
第五題和第六題集合了聽、說的形式。相比第三、四題少了一份閱讀材料。聽力時間為60秒-120秒,準備時間為20秒,回答時間為60秒。
在準備和答題時,屏幕上會顯示倒計時的時鐘。每個回答的得分是0-4分。考查綜合語言技能的題目的評分以回答的質量、完整性和準確性為依據(jù)。
以上就是口語題型的簡要介紹,希望可以幫助大家更好地了解托??谡Z考試。
編輯推薦: 托??谡Z考試得高分的關鍵 托福口語怎樣提高技能 托??谡Z考試要盡量避免的問題 托福口語中常見的女性稱呼詞匯 托??谡Z考試常用語匯總