第一篇：鐵路專(zhuān)業(yè)部分常用詞匯中英文對(duì)照表

鐵路專(zhuān)業(yè)部分常用詞匯中英文對(duì)照

一、職務(wù)名詞

1.路局

MD(Managing Director): 總局長(zhǎng)

DMD(Deputy Managing Director): 副總局長(zhǎng) CS（Corporate Secretary）: 公司秘書(shū)

MPCA（Manager Planning and Corporate Affairs）: 企劃部經(jīng)理 CME(Chief Mechanical Engineer)：機(jī)輛總工 CCE（Chief Civil Engineer）：工務(wù)總工 FM(Finance Manager)：財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理 MM（Marketing Manager）：市場(chǎng)經(jīng)理 TM（Traffic Manager）：運(yùn)輸經(jīng)理 SM（Supplies Manager）：物資經(jīng)理 SM（Safety Manager）：安全經(jīng)理 HRM（Human Resources Manager）：人事經(jīng)理 HPR（Head Public Relations）：公關(guān)部主管 HIT（Head Information Technology）：信息部主管 CIA（Chief Internal Auditor）：內(nèi)審主管 Chief Pension Officer：退休金主管 Chief Controller ：調(diào)度長(zhǎng) 2.分局、站段及工廠

RGM(Regional General Manager): 分局總經(jīng)理 RME（Regional Mechanical Engineer）：分局機(jī)輛總工 RCE（Regional Civil Engineer）：分局工務(wù)總工 S&T(Signaling & Telecommunication)Engineer: 電務(wù)（信號(hào)與通信）工程師 Head Commercial ：商業(yè)主管

Head Human Resources ：人事主管 Chief Administration Officer：行政主管 Area Manager：區(qū)域經(jīng)理

WM（Workshop Manager）: 工廠經(jīng)理 SM（Station Master）：站長(zhǎng)

Senior Passenger Officer ：客運(yùn)主管

DPC（District Police Commander）: 地區(qū)警察指揮官

二、部門(mén)和組織名詞或慣稱 Head Office ：路局或總部

CRET（Chinese Railway Expert Team）：中國(guó)鐵路專(zhuān)家協(xié)調(diào)組 Regional Office：分局 Area Office：區(qū)域辦事處 Workshop：工廠

CSP(concrete Sleeper Plant)：軌枕廠 Quarry ：采石場(chǎng)

TTC（TAZARA Training Center）：坦贊鐵路局培訓(xùn)中心 Locomotive Depot：機(jī)務(wù)段 Rolling Stock Depot：車(chē)輛段 Marshalling Yard：編組場(chǎng) Construction Unit：房建隊(duì) Board of Directors:董事會(huì) Board Committee：董事會(huì)委員會(huì)

Committee meeting： 委員會(huì)會(huì)議或預(yù)備會(huì) Council of Ministers: 部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì) Union：工會(huì)

三、設(shè)備名稱 1.機(jī)車(chē) Locomotive Mainline/shunting locomotive: 干線/調(diào)車(chē) 機(jī)車(chē) DFH Locomotive：東方紅機(jī)車(chē) Diesel Engine：柴油機(jī) Traction Motor：牽引電機(jī) Wheel set：輪對(duì) Bogie：轉(zhuǎn)向架

Running Part：走行部 Axle: 車(chē)軸 Coupler：車(chē)鉤 Valve：閥 Bearing: 軸承 Brake shoe：閘瓦 Cow Catcher：排障器 Vacuum horse：真空軟管 Air pipe：風(fēng)管

Control system：控制系統(tǒng) Battery：蓄電池

DE（Diesel Electric）：柴油電傳 DH（Diesel Hydraulic）：柴油液傳 Driver’s Cab：駕駛室 Crank Shaft：曲軸

Locomotive failure：機(jī)故 2.Wagon：貨車(chē)

DSO（Down Side Open wagon）: 低幫車(chē)

CDSO(Container Down Side Open wagon): 低幫集裝箱貨車(chē) HSO(High Side Open):高幫車(chē) Co(Covered wagon)：棚車(chē) F(Flat wagon)：平板車(chē)

FT(Flat Tank wagon)：平板罐車(chē) JTW(Jumbo Tank wagon)：大型罐車(chē) CF(Container Flat wagon)：集裝箱平車(chē) WW(Well Wagon)：井型車(chē) BV(Brake Van)：守車(chē)

LS(Livestock wagon)：牲畜車(chē) B(Ballast wagon)：石渣車(chē)

R(Refrigeration wagon)：冷藏車(chē) 3.Coach：客車(chē)

1st Class Coach：一等車(chē)廂（軟臥）2nd Class Coach：二等車(chē)廂（硬臥）3rd Class Coach：三等車(chē)廂（硬座）MD’s Coach: 總局長(zhǎng)專(zhuān)用車(chē) Super Seat：軟座車(chē)廂 Dining/buffet Car：餐車(chē) Lounge Car：酒吧車(chē) Luggage Van：行李車(chē) 4.其它設(shè)備 Gantry crane：龍門(mén)吊 Trolley：軌道車(chē) Reversing Gear：換向機(jī)構(gòu) Rescue crane：救援吊車(chē)

Re-railing Equipment：復(fù)救設(shè)備 Forklift：叉車(chē)

Mobile crane：汽車(chē)吊 Air compressor：空壓機(jī) Mono block：輪餅 Coupler knuckle：鉤舌 Wooden sleeper：木枕

Concrete sleeper：混凝土軌枕 Bridge sleeper：橋枕 Turnout：道岔

Semaphore signal：臂板信號(hào)機(jī) Interlocking equipment: 聯(lián)鎖設(shè)備

Semi-automatic block system：半自動(dòng)閉塞 Head Crane：橋式吊車(chē) Drop Table：落車(chē)臺(tái)

Flaw detection machine：探傷儀 Triple valve：三通閥 Generator：發(fā)電機(jī) Shop ：車(chē)間

Second crusher：二級(jí)破碎機(jī)

四、運(yùn)輸詞匯

Financial year：財(cái)政年度 Passenger train：客車(chē) Freight train: 貨車(chē)

Commuter train：通勤車(chē) Up train:上行列車(chē) Down train：下行列車(chē) Fuel：燃油

Locomotive routing：機(jī)車(chē)交路

Locomotive availability：機(jī)車(chē)完好率 Timetable：時(shí)刻表 Arrival time：抵達(dá)時(shí)間 Departure time：出發(fā)時(shí)間 Freight traffic：貨運(yùn)量

Passenger ridership： 客運(yùn)量 Parcel：行包

tonne-km：噸公里

turnaround time：周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間 punctuality：正點(diǎn)率 interchange：過(guò)軌

level crossing：平交道口 good shed：貨場(chǎng) weighbridge：軌道衡 copper：銅 manganese：錳 coal：煤

fertilizer：化肥 timber：木材 maize：玉米

wheat flour：面粉 molasses：糖稀 container：集裝箱 sulphur：硫磺

general cargo：雜貨 accident：事故 derail：脫軌 capsize：傾覆

五、其它專(zhuān)有名詞或短語(yǔ)

Ministry of transport: 交通部 Immigration office：移民局 Exemption: 豁免證/工作許可 PS（Permanent Secretary）：常秘 cemetery：公墓 Protocol：議定書(shū)

Concession：特許經(jīng)營(yíng)

Concessionaire：特許經(jīng)營(yíng)者/特許經(jīng)營(yíng)單位 Manpower position：?jiǎn)T工人數(shù) Clearance：清關(guān)

Shipping documents：海運(yùn)文件 Bill of Lading: 提貨單 Packing List：裝箱單 Insurance：保險(xiǎn)

Commercial Invoice： 商務(wù)發(fā)票 Production meeting：生產(chǎn)交班會(huì) minutes：會(huì)議記錄

MOU（Memorandum of Understanding）：諒解備忘錄 Invitation letter：邀請(qǐng)函

Motor vehicle license: 機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛證/上路許可 financial statement：財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表 quarter：季度 Turnover：營(yíng)業(yè)額 Revenue： 收入 Expenditure：支出 Pension：退休金 Rates: 費(fèi)率

Freight tariff: 貨運(yùn)價(jià)格 Passenger fare：客車(chē)票價(jià) Permanent way：工務(wù)線路

speed restricted area：限速地段 land slide: 滑坡

tamping machine：搗固機(jī)

light/heavy motor trolley: 輕型/重型軌道車(chē) ballast：道砟 curve: 曲線 culvert：涵洞 tunnel：隧道 gradient: 坡度 gauge：軌距/限界

motive power：動(dòng)力（設(shè)備）

single locomotive operation：?jiǎn)螜C(jī)牽引 MU(multiple unit)operation：多機(jī)牽引 axle load：軸重 Cummins：康明斯

Transmission type：傳動(dòng)類(lèi)型 Hydraulic transmission：液力傳動(dòng) Piston：活塞

Air brake: 空氣制動(dòng)

Vacuum brake：真空制動(dòng)

H.F.(High Frequency)radio: 高頻電臺(tái) Microwave： 微波 Optic fiber：光纖 Light repair: 小修 Medium repair：中修

Rehabilitation/overhaul：大修 Spare part：零配件

Kilimanjaro passenger train：乞力馬扎羅號(hào)客車(chē) Mukuba passenger train：姆庫(kù)巴號(hào)客車(chē)

Compartment：客車(chē)包廂 VIP lounge：貴賓室 Control order：調(diào)度令 Booking office：售票處

第二篇：中國(guó)商標(biāo)法專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照表

商標(biāo)法專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照表

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.全國(guó)人大常委會(huì)第三十次會(huì)議

the 30th Session of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress 商標(biāo)注冊(cè) trademark registration 商標(biāo)注冊(cè)的審查和核準(zhǔn) examination and approval of trademark registration 注冊(cè)商標(biāo)的續(xù)展、轉(zhuǎn)讓和使用許可 renewal, assignment and licensing of registered trademarks 注冊(cè)商標(biāo)爭(zhēng)議的裁定 the determination of disputes concerning registered trademarks 商標(biāo)使用的管理 the administration of the use of the trademarks 注冊(cè)商標(biāo)專(zhuān)用權(quán)的保護(hù) the protection of the Right to Exclusive Use of a registered trademark 總則 general provisions 附則 supplementary provisions 10.生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)者 the producers and operators 11.社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì) the Socialist market economy 12.國(guó)務(wù)院工商行政管理部門(mén)商標(biāo)局 the Trademark Office of the administrative department for industry and commerce under the State Council 13.商標(biāo)評(píng)審委員會(huì) the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board 14.商品商標(biāo) the commodity trademark 服務(wù)商標(biāo) the service trademark 集體商標(biāo) the collective trademark

證明商標(biāo) the certification trademark 15.商標(biāo)注冊(cè)人享有商標(biāo)專(zhuān)用權(quán)，受法律保護(hù) the trademark registrants shall be entitled to the right to exclusive use of their trademarks and protected by law.16.(重復(fù)前面提到的)該組織

the said organization 17.監(jiān)督能力 the supervising power 18.限期提出答辯 to reply within the specified period 19.該組織以外的單位或者個(gè)人 the units and individuals apart from the said organizations 20.自然人、法人或者其他組織對(duì)其生產(chǎn)、制造、加工、揀選或者經(jīng)銷(xiāo)的商品，需要取得商標(biāo)專(zhuān)用權(quán)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)向商標(biāo)局申請(qǐng)商品商標(biāo)注冊(cè)。Any natural person, legal person and other organization that needs to acquire the right to exclusive use of the trademark for the commodities it produces, manufactures, processes, selects or markets shall file an application for commodity trademark registration with the Trademark Office.21.適用于…,對(duì)….有適用性

be applicable to 22.共同享有和行使該商標(biāo)專(zhuān)用權(quán) to enjoy and exercise the right to exclusive use of their trademark jointly 23.關(guān)于、至于 with respect to / in respect of 24.國(guó)家規(guī)定必須使用注冊(cè)商標(biāo)的商品 the commodities that the State has designated as requiring the use of a registered trademark

25.各級(jí)工商行政管理部門(mén) the administrative departments for industry and commerce at all levels 26.欺騙消費(fèi)者的行為 practices that deceives the customers 27.有顯著特征，便于識(shí)別 have distinctive characteristics easy to identify 28.中央國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān) the central government agencies 29.標(biāo)志性建筑物 the symbol buildings 30.與…相同或相近的be identical with or similar to …

31.不易誤導(dǎo)公眾的商標(biāo) trademarks unlikely to mislead the public 32.帶有民族歧視性的 trademarks having the nature of discrimination against any nationality

33.夸大宣傳并帶有欺騙性的商標(biāo) trademarks that constituting exaggerated advertising and are deceitful 34.有害于社會(huì)主義道德風(fēng)尚或者有其他不良影響的商標(biāo) trademarks detrimental to socialist morality and 1 customs, or having other harmful influences 35.縣級(jí)以上行政區(qū)劃 the administrative districts at the level of county or above 36.馳名商標(biāo) the well-known trademark 37.委托人/被代理人

the principal 38.被代表人

the represented 39.提出異議 raise an opposition 40.已經(jīng)善意取得注冊(cè)的繼續(xù)有效 trademarks that have been registered in good faith shall continue to be valid 41.人文因素 human cultural factors 42.對(duì)等原則 the principle of reciprocity 43.一國(guó)和中華人民共和國(guó)簽訂的協(xié)議或者共同參加的國(guó)際條約 any agreement concluded between a foreign country and PRC, or any international treaty to which both countries are parties 44.委托國(guó)家認(rèn)可的具有商標(biāo)代理資格的組織代理 to entrust an organization certified by the Chinese Government as having the qualification for trademark agency to act on its behalf 45.商品類(lèi)別和商品名稱 the class and the designation of the commodities 46.變更申請(qǐng) an application to make the change 47.相互承認(rèn)優(yōu)先權(quán)的原則 the principle of mutual acknowledgement of the right of priority 48.書(shū)面聲明 a written declaration 49.中國(guó)政府主辦的或者承認(rèn)的國(guó)際展覽會(huì) any international exhibition sponsored or acknowledged by the Chinese Government 50.符合…，與…一致

in conformity with

51.初步審定 make a preliminary examination and approval of sth.52.予以公告

publicly announce sth.53.向人民法院起訴 file an action to the people’s court / bring a suit before a people’s court/ to institute legal proceedings in people’s court 54.控告某人 to bring an action against sb.55.做出裁定 make a ruling 56.生效 to take effect 57.異議成立 the opposition is upheld [uphold 維持，批準(zhǔn) e.g.: The judge upheld the lower court's decision.] 58.公告期滿 the period of public announcement expires 59.通知當(dāng)事人 to notify the parties 60.注冊(cè)商標(biāo)的有效期為十年，自核準(zhǔn)注冊(cè)之日起計(jì)算 the period of validity of a registered trademark shall be 10 years, counted from the day the registration is approved.61.轉(zhuǎn)讓人 the assignors 受讓人 the assignees 62.授權(quán)，批準(zhǔn) to authorize 許可人 the licensors 被許可人the licensees 63.商標(biāo)使用許可合同應(yīng)當(dāng)報(bào)商標(biāo)局備案 the trademark licensing contract shall be submitted to the Trademark Office for the archivist purpose.64.不正當(dāng)手段 the illicit means 65.對(duì)惡意注冊(cè)的，馳名商標(biāo)所有人不受五年的時(shí)間限制 the owner of a well-known trademark shall not be subject to the limit of 5 years to request the revocation of bad-faith registration.66.限期提出答辯 to reply within the specified period 67.商標(biāo)裁定程序 the trademark ruling proceedings 68.責(zé)令限期改正 to order rectification of the situation within a specified period 69.自行…的（未經(jīng)允許的…）without authorization 2 70.連續(xù)三年 three consecutive years 71.粗制濫造，以次充好的商品 crudely manufactured commodities that are passed off as being of high quality 72.予以通報(bào)或者處以罰款 to circulate a notice on the matter or impose a fine 73.冒充注冊(cè)商標(biāo) to falsely represent a trademark as being a registered one 74.遵守規(guī)定，履行決定

to comply with a decision 75.強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行 a compulsory enforcement of(the decision)76.侵犯注冊(cè)商標(biāo)專(zhuān)用權(quán) be an infringement upon the right to exclusive use / infringe upon the right to exclusive use 77.侵權(quán)行為成立 an infringement is constituted 78.沒(méi)收、銷(xiāo)毀侵權(quán)商品 to confiscate and destroy the infringing commodities 79.《中華人民共和國(guó)行政訴訟法》the Administrative Procedure Law of the PRC 80.《中華人民共和國(guó)民事訴訟法》the Civil Procedure Law of the PRC 81.就賠償數(shù)額進(jìn)行調(diào)解 to conduct mediation over the amount of compensation for sth.82.有權(quán)依法查處 to have the right to investigate into and punish the acts…

83.涉嫌犯罪的行為，應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)移送司法機(jī)關(guān)依法處理 if a crime is suspected to be constituted, the case shall be promptly transferred to the judicial departments for handling according to law.84.違法嫌疑證據(jù)或者舉報(bào) the evidence for suspicion of illegal acts or the report made by other people 85.行使下列職權(quán)

to exercise the following powers 86.調(diào)查有關(guān)情況 to investigate the information relating to …

87.查閱有關(guān)的合同、發(fā)票、賬簿以及其他有關(guān)資料 to consult the contracts, vouchers, account books and other relevant materials 88.實(shí)施現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查 to conduct on-spot examination 89.查封或者扣押 to seal up or seize the relevant articles 90.通過(guò)…所獲得的利益 the proceeds obtained from … 91.由于…所受到的損失

the losses suffered by …

92.根據(jù)侵權(quán)行為的情節(jié) according to the circumstances of the infringing acts 93.承擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任 to bear the liability for compensation 94.難以彌補(bǔ)的損害 irreparable damages 95.財(cái)產(chǎn)查封 attachment of property 96.責(zé)令停止有關(guān)行為和財(cái)產(chǎn)保全的措施 an order of the measures for stopping relevant acts and for attachment 97.保全證據(jù) to preserve the evidence

98.裁定立即開(kāi)始執(zhí)行 the ruling shall be executed immediately 99.提供擔(dān)保 to provide security 100.駁回申請(qǐng) to reject the application 101.解除保全措施 discharge the measures for preservation 102.依法追究刑事責(zé)任 to investigate into for the criminal responsibilities according to law 103.國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員必須秉公執(zhí)法，廉潔自律，忠于職守，文明服務(wù) the functionaries of state organs must handle the cases justly, be incorruptible and self-disciplined, be devoted to their duties and serve in a courteous and honest way 104.從事…活動(dòng) to undertake the activities of …

105.建立健全內(nèi)部監(jiān)督制度 to establish and improve the internal supervision system 106.玩忽職守 to neglect one’s duties 濫用職權(quán) to abuse one’s powers 徇私舞弊 to practice favoritism / to engage in malpractice for personal gain 3 107.牟取不正當(dāng)利益 to seek improper profits 108.給予行政處分 give sb.administrative punishment 109.生效，（法律、法規(guī)）施行 go into effect / enter into force 110.同時(shí)廢止 to be repealed simultaneously 111.公布法律條例 to promulgate a law / regulation 112.《中華人民共和國(guó)商標(biāo)法》the Trademark Law of the PRC

第三篇：市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照表2

第2部分：

maintenance strategy 保持戰(zhàn)略 management overhead 管理費(fèi) mandatory adaptation 強(qiáng)制性適應(yīng) manufacturer brand 制造商/全國(guó)性品牌 manufacturers' agents/representatives 生產(chǎn)商的代理商/銷(xiāo)售代表

manufacturers' export agents(MEA)制造商出口代理

manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生產(chǎn)商的銷(xiāo)售辦事處/分支機(jī)構(gòu)

market aggregation strategy 整體市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略 market attractiveness factors 市場(chǎng)吸引力因素

market attractiveness 市場(chǎng)吸引力

market attractiveness/business position matrix 市場(chǎng)吸引力/業(yè)務(wù)地位矩陣 market circumstances 市場(chǎng)環(huán)境

market demorgraphics 市場(chǎng)人口分布/統(tǒng)計(jì)特征

market dimension 市場(chǎng)量度 market entry strategies 市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略 market exclusion 市場(chǎng)排斥

market expansion strategy 市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略 market factors 市場(chǎng)因素 market growth rate 市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)率 market hirarchy 市場(chǎng)等級(jí) market inclusion 市場(chǎng)納入 market measurement 市場(chǎng)測(cè)量

market opportunity analysis 市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)分析 market position factors 市場(chǎng)地位因素 market positioning analysis 市場(chǎng)定位分析 market potential measurements 市場(chǎng)潛力測(cè)度

market segment 細(xì)分市場(chǎng) market segmentation 市場(chǎng)細(xì)分 market targeting 目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)選擇

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marketability 市場(chǎng)開(kāi)拓能力 market-entry strategies 市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略 marketing action plan 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃 marketing audit 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)審計(jì) marketing channel 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)渠道

marketing codes of conduct 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)行為規(guī)范 marketing communication 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)溝通/傳播 marketing concept 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)觀念 marketing control 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)控制

marketing decision support systems(MDSS)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)決策支持系統(tǒng)

marketing environment audit 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)環(huán)境審計(jì) marketing flows and functions 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)過(guò)程和職能

marketing function area audit 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)功能領(lǐng)域的 審計(jì)

marketing implications of 對(duì)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)的影響 marketing information system 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)信息系統(tǒng) marketing institutions 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)機(jī)構(gòu) marketing management 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)管理 marketing message 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)信息 marketing mix 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)組合 marketing policy 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)策略

marketing productivity area audit 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)生產(chǎn)力領(lǐng)域的審計(jì)

marketing program components 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)計(jì)劃內(nèi)容

marketing program 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)計(jì)劃/方案 marketing relationship 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)關(guān)系 marketing research 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)研究 marketing strategy 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)戰(zhàn)略

market-management organizational structure 市場(chǎng)管理組織結(jié)構(gòu)

mark-up price 產(chǎn)品/溢價(jià)價(jià)格 Marlboro 萬(wàn)寶路 Marriott Hotel 萬(wàn)豪酒店 mass-market penetration strategy 大規(guī)模市場(chǎng)滲透戰(zhàn)略

mass-market strategy 大市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略 matrix organizational structure 矩陣組織結(jié)構(gòu)

Matsushita 日本松下電子

mature conformists 成熟的隨大流者 mature markets 成熟市場(chǎng)

mature stage of product life cycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期的成熟階段 McDonald's 麥當(dāng)勞

McDonnell Douglas 麥道公司 MCI電訊公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS(Marketing-Decision Support System)市場(chǎng)決策支持系統(tǒng) measurability 可測(cè)度性 measure or index 測(cè)量指標(biāo) measurement criteria 計(jì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn) media audiences 媒體受眾

medical and health services 醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù) Medico Containment Services memory of consumers 消費(fèi)者記憶 Mercedes-Benz 梅賽德斯-奔馳

Mercer Management Consulting 美國(guó)美智管理顧問(wèn)公司 merchandising 推銷(xiāo)

merchant middlemen 國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易中間商 merchant wholesalers 商業(yè)批發(fā)商 message structure 信息結(jié)構(gòu) Michael Porter 邁克爾-波特 micro risks 微觀風(fēng)險(xiǎn) microsegmentatioin 微觀細(xì)分

Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案 minging 礦業(yè)

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing 2 / 10

Company(3M)明尼蘇達(dá)礦業(yè)和制造公司 Minolta 美能達(dá)

miscellaneous sources 多方面來(lái)源 mission 宗旨

missionary selling 推銷(xiāo)式銷(xiāo)售 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工 modified rebuy 調(diào)整再購(gòu)

monosegment positioning 單一細(xì)分市場(chǎng)定位

Monsanto 孟山都農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)公司 moral appeals 倫理/道德訴求 morals 道德 Motorola 摩托羅拉

multichannel distribution 多渠道分銷(xiāo) multidimensional scaling 多維等級(jí)法 multilevel selling 多級(jí)銷(xiāo)售

multinational coporations(MNCs)跨國(guó)公司 multiple test markets 多測(cè)試市場(chǎng) multiple-brand strategy 多品牌戰(zhàn)略 multiple-factor index 多因素指數(shù)法 multisegment positioning 多重細(xì)分市場(chǎng)定位national account management 全國(guó)性客戶管理

national market 國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)

National Semiconductor 美國(guó)國(guó)家半導(dǎo)體公司

net sales 凈銷(xiāo)售額

network computer(NC)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī) new business selling 新業(yè)務(wù)銷(xiāo)售 new buy 購(gòu)入新產(chǎn)品 new entrants 新進(jìn)入者

New Prod screening model 新普羅德篩選模型

new-product ideas 新產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)意 Newsweek 《新聞周刊》

new-task buying 全新采購(gòu)

new-to-the-world products 世界性新產(chǎn)品 niche penetration strategy 壁龕/機(jī)會(huì)市場(chǎng)滲透戰(zhàn)略

niche-market strategy 壁龕市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略 no-brand brand name 無(wú)品牌的品牌名稱 no-frills product 無(wú)虛飾產(chǎn)品

noise in communication system 傳播系統(tǒng)中的噪音

non-financial rewards 非物質(zhì)性獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)措施 non-probability sampling 非概率抽樣 non-store retailing 無(wú)店鋪零售業(yè) number of stockouts 遲滯數(shù)目 object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目標(biāo)-任務(wù)促銷(xiāo)預(yù)算法 objectives and strategy area audit 目標(biāo)與戰(zhàn)略領(lǐng)域的審計(jì) objectives 具體目標(biāo) observation 觀察法

occupancy costs 房屋占用成本 occupation/position 職業(yè)/職位 odd pricing 奇/余數(shù)定價(jià)法 oeverall quality 總體質(zhì)量

off-invoice discounts 發(fā)票之外的折扣 offsets 抵消交易 on-air testing 廣播測(cè)試

OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)歐佩克（石油輸出國(guó)組織）opening relationships 建立關(guān)系 operating supplies 生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)品 operational excellence 運(yùn)作管理水平opinion leaders 意見(jiàn)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 opportunity cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本 opportunity identification 機(jī)會(huì)識(shí)別 opportunity/threat matrix 機(jī)會(huì)/威脅矩陣

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order cycle time 訂貨周期 order processing 訂單處理 organisational level 組織層次

organizaitonal requirement planning 組織需求計(jì)劃

organization area audit 組織領(lǐng)域的審計(jì) organization buying center 組織采購(gòu)中心 organizational customer 組織顧客 organizational direct selling 組織直銷(xiāo) organizational markets 組織市場(chǎng) organizational purchasing 組織采購(gòu) organzational structure 組織結(jié)構(gòu) outdoor enthusiasts 戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)愛(ài)好者 out-of-home media 戶外廣告媒體 overall cost leadership 全面成本領(lǐng)先 overheads 日常開(kāi)支

ownership of new product 新產(chǎn)品所有權(quán) panel of experts 專(zhuān)家小組 parentage 淵源

parties involved 交換中的各方 payment terms 支付條款 pay-off control 支出控制 penetration pricing 滲透定價(jià)

perceived customer value 顧客感知價(jià)值 perceived quality 感知到的質(zhì)量 perceived value 感知到的價(jià)值 percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 銷(xiāo)售額百分比促銷(xiāo)預(yù)算法 perceptions of consumers 消費(fèi)者感知/理解 perceptual(product)pisitioning 感知（產(chǎn)品）定位

perceptual map 感知圖

perceptual organization 感知組織 perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕 performance dimension 業(yè)績(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) performance evaluation 業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)估 performance measures 表現(xiàn)/業(yè)績(jī)測(cè)度 performance objective 績(jī)效目標(biāo) performance standards 績(jī)效標(biāo)準(zhǔn) performance 功能 perishability 非持久性 personal selling 人員推銷(xiāo) personal sources 個(gè)人的信息來(lái)源 personnel development 人力資源開(kāi)發(fā) pharmaceuticals industry 醫(yī)藥行業(yè) physical(product)positioning 物理（產(chǎn)品）定位

physical descriptors 物理變量 physical distribution 實(shí)物分銷(xiāo) Pillsbury 皮爾斯博瑞 place utility 地點(diǎn)效用

planning and control system area audit 計(jì)劃與控制系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域的審計(jì)

point of sale information 銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)信息 point-of-purhcase(POP)promotion 采購(gòu)點(diǎn)促銷(xiāo)

point-of-sales(POS)data 銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù) pontificator 保守派 popularity 通用性 population trends 人口趨勢(shì)

portfolio models for resource allocation 資源配置的資產(chǎn)組合模式

position intensity 地位集中程度 possession utility 擁有效用

post-purchase dissonance 購(gòu)買(mǎi)后的不協(xié)調(diào) post-purchase evaluation 購(gòu)買(mǎi)后評(píng)估 power in distribution 分銷(xiāo)權(quán)力 power of buyers 購(gòu)買(mǎi)者能力 power of suppliers 供應(yīng)商能力 predatory pricing 掠奪性定價(jià)法

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pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺資源 preferential treatment 特惠待遇 premiums 額外獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)

present competitors 現(xiàn)有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者 presenting sales message 提供銷(xiāo)售信息 pre-test market research 測(cè)試前市場(chǎng)研究 price discrimination 價(jià)格歧視

price elasticity of demand 需求的價(jià)格彈性 price fixing 價(jià)格設(shè)定 price leaders 價(jià)格領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 price lining 價(jià)格排列定價(jià)法 price/earnings ration 價(jià)格/收益比 price-off promotions 降價(jià)促銷(xiāo) price-setting process 定價(jià)過(guò)程 pricing adjustments 定價(jià)調(diào)整 primary demand 基本需求 primary sources 第一類(lèi)/主要數(shù)據(jù) print media 印刷媒體

private/for-profit organization 私營(yíng)/盈利性組織

PRIZM(Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets)按郵政區(qū)劃為基礎(chǔ)的潛力等級(jí)指數(shù)

proactive new-product development strategy 進(jìn)取型新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略 probability sampling 概率抽樣 problem formulation 界定問(wèn)題 problem identificatioin 確定問(wèn)題 process management 過(guò)程管理 Procter & Gamble(P&G)寶潔公司 product availability 產(chǎn)品的可獲得性 product category 產(chǎn)品類(lèi)別 product class 產(chǎn)品類(lèi)別 product decisions 產(chǎn)品決策 product design 產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì) product dimension or attributes 產(chǎn)品維度/屬性

product evolution 產(chǎn)品演變 product features 產(chǎn)品特征 product intent share 產(chǎn)品傾向份額 product leadership 產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力 product life cycle(PLC)產(chǎn)品生命周期 product life cycle curve 產(chǎn)品生命周期曲線 product manager audit 產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理審計(jì) product offering 供應(yīng)品

product organizaiton of salesforce 按產(chǎn)品組織銷(xiāo)售隊(duì)伍

product policies 產(chǎn)品策略 product scope 產(chǎn)品范圍 product space 產(chǎn)品位置 product systems 產(chǎn)品體系 product type 產(chǎn)品類(lèi)型 product usage 產(chǎn)品用途

product(ion)-oriented organization 產(chǎn)品/生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)向型組織

product-line pricing adjustments 產(chǎn)品線定價(jià)調(diào)整

product-management organizational structure 產(chǎn)品管理組織結(jié)構(gòu)

product-market entry control 產(chǎn)品－市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入控制

product-related behavioral descriptors 與產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的行為變量

product's market characteristics 產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)特征

product-use testing 產(chǎn)品使用測(cè)試 pro-environment 環(huán)保

profit impact of market strategy(PIMS)市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略的利潤(rùn)影響

profitability analysis 盈利性分析 profitability 盈利性/盈利能力

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profitable survivor strategy 有利可圖的生存者戰(zhàn)略

project-company resource compatibility 項(xiàng)目與公司資源的協(xié)調(diào)性

projected profit-and-loss statement 預(yù)計(jì)損益表

projective tests 投影測(cè)試 promotion decisions 促銷(xiāo)決策 promotion mix 促銷(xiāo)組合 promotion policies 促銷(xiāo)策略 promotional allowance 促銷(xiāo)折讓 promotional effort 促銷(xiāo)努力 promotional pricing 促銷(xiāo)定價(jià) promptness 及時(shí)性

propector strategy 探索型戰(zhàn)略 prospecting for customers 尋找顧客 psychographics 心理統(tǒng)計(jì)特征 psychological cost 心理成本 psychological pricing 心理定價(jià)法 public utilities 公共設(shè)施 publicity 公共宣傳

pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分銷(xiāo)渠道控制的拉式戰(zhàn)略 pupil dilation 瞳孔擴(kuò)張

purchase predisposition 購(gòu)買(mǎi)傾向 purchasing agent 采購(gòu)代理

purchasing power perity(PPP)購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)指數(shù)

push money/spiffs 傭金

push stragtegy for control of distribution channels 分銷(xiāo)渠道控制的推式戰(zhàn)略 qualifying prospects 審查潛在顧客資格 quality dimensions 質(zhì)量維度 quantity discount 數(shù)量折扣 question marks 問(wèn)題類(lèi) questioning 詢問(wèn)法 quotas 定額

R & D expenditure 研究開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略 race and ethnic origin 種族和民族 rack jobbers 供應(yīng)超級(jí)市場(chǎng)的批發(fā)商 rank ordering 排序 rate of adoption 采購(gòu)率

rate-of-return/target return pricing 回報(bào)率/目標(biāo)回報(bào)定價(jià)法

rational appeals 理性訴求 rationale 基本原理

reactive and proactive responses 反應(yīng)及前攝策略

reactive new-product development strategy reactor strategy 反應(yīng)型戰(zhàn)略 rebates 回扣 recall tests 記憶測(cè)試 receiver 接收者 reciprocity 利益互惠

recognition of problem/need 發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題/需求 recognition tests 認(rèn)知測(cè)試 recreation 娛樂(lè)業(yè)

recruitment and selection 招聘與選拔 recycling of packaging 包裝回收（利用）reference group 參照群體 referent power 參照權(quán) refocus 鞏固 refunds 退款

refusal to deal 拒絕經(jīng)營(yíng) regression analysis 回歸分析法 regulation 管制

related/concentric diversification 相關(guān)/同心多元化

relational VMSs 相關(guān)式垂直營(yíng)銷(xiāo)系統(tǒng) relative attractiveness of declining markets 衰 6 / 10

退市場(chǎng)的相對(duì)吸引力

relative market potential 相對(duì)市場(chǎng)潛力 relative market share 相對(duì)市場(chǎng)份額 reliability 可靠性

repeat purchase behavior 重復(fù)購(gòu)買(mǎi)行為 repetition 重復(fù)

repositionings 重新定位產(chǎn)品 requirements planning 需求計(jì)劃 reseller 中間商

resident buyers 常駐采購(gòu)員

resource allocation/deployment 資源配置 response strategies 反應(yīng)策略 response to communication 傳播響應(yīng) responsive strategy 反應(yīng)型新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略 responsiveness 響應(yīng)性

retail coverage strategy 零售范圍戰(zhàn)略 Retail Index 零售指數(shù) retail sales 零售額

retailer co-operatives 零售商合作社 retailer 零售商

retailing trends 零售趨勢(shì)

Return on Equity(ROE)權(quán)益回報(bào)率 Return on Investment(ROI)投資回報(bào)率 Return on Net Assets(RONA)凈資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率

reverse engineering 反向工程 reward systems 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)系統(tǒng) rivalry determinants 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)決定因素 rivalry 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手 roster 名冊(cè)

sales agents 銷(xiāo)售代理商

sales analysis by customer 顧客銷(xiāo)售分析 sales analysis by order size 訂貨規(guī)模的銷(xiāo)售分析

sales analysis by product 產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售分析 sales analysis by territory 區(qū)域銷(xiāo)售分析 sales forcasting 銷(xiāo)售預(yù)測(cè) sales force estimates 銷(xiāo)售人員估計(jì) sales force size 銷(xiāo)售隊(duì)伍規(guī)模 sales force 銷(xiāo)售隊(duì)伍 sales forecasting 銷(xiāo)售預(yù)測(cè) sales management 銷(xiāo)售管理 sales organization 銷(xiāo)售組織

sales personnel incentives 銷(xiāo)售人員激勵(lì) sales personnel 銷(xiāo)售人員 sales potential 銷(xiāo)售潛力 sales territory 銷(xiāo)售地區(qū) sales trends 銷(xiāo)售趨勢(shì)

sales/price reduction 銷(xiāo)售/價(jià)格下降 sample design 樣本設(shè)計(jì) sample size 樣本大小 sampling 抽樣 sampling 提供樣品 scale efficiency 規(guī)模效率 scaled measures 比例測(cè)度 scoring models 評(píng)判模型 screening of ideas 創(chuàng)意篩選 sealed bidding 招標(biāo)

secondary sources 第二類(lèi)/次要數(shù)據(jù) second-but-better new-product development strategy 后者居上型新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略 security 證券業(yè)

segmentation and targeting 細(xì)分與目標(biāo)選擇 segmentation criteria 細(xì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) segmentation descriptors 市場(chǎng)細(xì)分變量 selective demand 選擇性需求 selective distribution 選擇分銷(xiāo) selective exposure 選擇性接觸 selective perception 選擇性感知/理解 selective retention 選擇性保留

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self-employed person 獨(dú)立經(jīng)營(yíng)的個(gè)人 self-managing teams 自我管理團(tuán)隊(duì) self-oriented 自我導(dǎo)向型 selling groups 銷(xiāo)售團(tuán)隊(duì)

selling proposition 銷(xiāo)售計(jì)劃/提議 selling 推銷(xiāo)/銷(xiāo)售

service guarantees 服務(wù)保證 serviceability 服務(wù)能力 serviceability 適用性 services channels 服務(wù)渠道 servicing products 服務(wù)產(chǎn)品 servicing the account 客戶服務(wù) setting quotas 確定定額 shake-out stage 動(dòng)蕩階段

shared programs/facilities 分享計(jì)劃/設(shè)備 share-growth strategies for followers 追隨者的市場(chǎng)份額增長(zhǎng)戰(zhàn)略 shareholder value 股東價(jià)值 share-maintenance 份額保持 Sherman Act, USA 美國(guó)謝爾曼法案 signal vehicle/carrier 信號(hào)載體 simulated test marketing 模擬市場(chǎng)測(cè)試 single-factor index 單因素指數(shù)法 single-line mass-merchandiser stores 單一類(lèi)型產(chǎn)品專(zhuān)營(yíng)連鎖店

skimming and early withdrawal 撇脂與盡早撤離戰(zhàn)略

skimming pricing 撇脂定價(jià)法

sleepwalker/contented underachievers 夢(mèng)游者/很容易滿足的人

slotting allowance 安置津貼 social acceptability 社會(huì)可接受性 social class 社會(huì)階層 social objectives 社會(huì)目標(biāo)

sociocultural environment 社會(huì)文化環(huán)境 soft goods 非耐用品 soft technology 軟技術(shù)

sole ownership entry strategy 獨(dú)享所有權(quán)的進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略

source credibility 信息來(lái)源的可信度 source 廣告信息來(lái)源

sources of new-product ideas 新產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)意來(lái)源

speciality goods 特殊品 speciality retailers 專(zhuān)營(yíng)零售商 speciality stores 專(zhuān)營(yíng)商店 specialization 專(zhuān)門(mén)化

Standard Industrial Classification(SIC)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工業(yè)分類(lèi)代碼

standardization strategy 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化戰(zhàn)略 standby positioning 備用定位 staple goods 日常用品

statement of job qualifications 工作要求說(shuō)明stock levels 庫(kù)存水平

stockless purchase arrangement 無(wú)存貨采購(gòu)計(jì)劃

store brands 零售商品牌

straight commission compensation plan 純傭金制薪酬方案

straight rebuy 直接再購(gòu)

straight salary compensation plan 純薪金制薪酬方案

strategic control 戰(zhàn)略控制 strategic fit 戰(zhàn)略協(xié)調(diào)性 strategic group 戰(zhàn)略組 strategic inertia 戰(zhàn)略慣性 strategic intent/objective 戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo) strategic marketing program 戰(zhàn)略營(yíng)銷(xiāo)計(jì)劃 strategic pricing objectives 戰(zhàn)略定價(jià)目標(biāo) strategic withdrawal 戰(zhàn)略撤退

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strategy constraints 戰(zhàn)略影響因素 strategy formulation and implementation 戰(zhàn)略制定和實(shí)施

strategy implementation 戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施 strategy reassessment 戰(zhàn)略重估 subculture 亞文化 subfactor 次級(jí)因素 substitute goods 替代品

substitution threat 替代產(chǎn)品的威脅 Sumitomo 住友商事

Sun Microsystems 太陽(yáng)微系統(tǒng) supplementary media 輔助性廣告媒體 suppliers' bargaining power 供應(yīng)商的討價(jià)還價(jià)能力

surrogate products 替代產(chǎn)品 survival pricing 生存定價(jià)法

sustainable competitive advantage 可持續(xù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)

sweepstakes 彩票抽獎(jiǎng) switching cost 轉(zhuǎn)換成本 synergy 協(xié)同作用 tabulation 制表 tangibility 有形性 target audience 目標(biāo)受眾

target level of product quality 產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn) target or hurdle level 目標(biāo)或難度水平target return price 目標(biāo)回報(bào)價(jià)格 targeting strategy 目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)選擇戰(zhàn)略 targeting 目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)選擇 team selling 團(tuán)隊(duì)銷(xiāo)售 technical selling 技術(shù)銷(xiāo)售

television audience measurement 電視觀眾測(cè)量

television home shopping 電視家庭購(gòu)物 territorial restrictions 地區(qū)限制

territories 區(qū)域

territory design and deployment 區(qū)域設(shè)計(jì)及部署

territory inventory 地區(qū)存貨 test marketing 市場(chǎng)測(cè)試 testing new product 測(cè)試新產(chǎn)品

the American Association for Public Opinion Research 美國(guó)公共意見(jiàn)研究協(xié)會(huì) the Council of American Survey Research Organization 美國(guó)調(diào)查研究組織委員會(huì) the Fishbein Model 菲什賓模型

the Marketing Research Association 營(yíng)銷(xiāo)研究協(xié)會(huì)

theatre tests 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)試

threat of new entrants 新進(jìn)入者的威脅 three order-hierarchy models 三階段層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)模型

time frame 時(shí)間框架/要求 time pricing 時(shí)間定價(jià) time utility 時(shí)間效用 Timex 天美時(shí) title 所有權(quán) total cost 總成本

total quality managemnt(TQM)全面質(zhì)量管理

Toys 'R' Us 美國(guó)著名玩具零售商 tracking and monitoring 跟蹤與監(jiān)控 trade promotion 貿(mào)易促銷(xiāo) trade selling 貿(mào)易銷(xiāo)售

trade/functional discounts 貿(mào)易/職能折扣 trade-in allowance 以舊換新折讓 transactiional efficiency 交易效率 transaction cost analysis(TCA)交易成本分析

turnkey construction contract 監(jiān)督建筑契約

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turnover 人員流動(dòng)

two-sided presentations 雙向信息陳述 tying contracts 附帶條件的合同 types of adverstising 廣告種類(lèi) types of brand 品牌種類(lèi) types of costs 成本種類(lèi)

ultimate customers/end users 最終顧客/用戶 underlying dimension 基本組成要素 uniform delivered pricing 統(tǒng)一運(yùn)費(fèi)定價(jià)法 Union Pacific Railroad 聯(lián)合太平洋鐵路 unit sales 單位產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售額

unitary price elasticity 單位需求價(jià)格彈性 Universal Product Code(UPC)統(tǒng)一商品編碼

universe（樣本）總體

unrelated/conglomerate diversification 復(fù)合多元化

unsought goods 非渴求產(chǎn)品 usage 用途 use tests 使用測(cè)試

utility/price relationship 效用/價(jià)格關(guān)系 VALS2 價(jià)值與生活方式體系2 value-based planning 價(jià)值基礎(chǔ)計(jì)劃 variability 變化性 variable costs 可變成本 variable incentive 可變激勵(lì)措施 VCR(video cassette recorder)錄像機(jī) vending sales 自動(dòng)售貨業(yè)

vending-machine operators 自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)經(jīng)營(yíng)商

vendor analysis 供應(yīng)商分析 vertical integration 垂直/縱向一體化 vertical marketing systems(VMS)垂直營(yíng)銷(xiāo)系統(tǒng) want 欲求 warranty 質(zhì)量保證 wholesale clubs 批發(fā)俱樂(lè)部

wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains 批發(fā)商發(fā)起的自愿連鎖

wholesaling trends 批發(fā)趨勢(shì) win-back program 贏回（顧客）方案 working capital investment 周轉(zhuǎn)資金投入 workload approach 計(jì)算工作量方法 zero defect 零缺陷 zone pricing 分區(qū)定價(jià)法

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第四篇：數(shù)學(xué)中英文詞匯對(duì)照表

集合 set

非負(fù)整數(shù)集the set of all non-negative integers 自然數(shù)集 the set of all natural numbers 整數(shù)集 the set of all positive integers 有理數(shù)集 the set of all rational numbers 實(shí)數(shù)集 the set of all real numbers 元素 element 屬于 belong to

不屬于 not belong to 有限集 finite set 無(wú)限集 infinite set 空集 empty set 包含 inclusion ,include 包含于 lie in 子集 subset 真子集 proper subset 補(bǔ)集（余集）complementary set 全集 universe 交集 intersection 偶數(shù)集 the set of all even numbers 奇數(shù)集 the set of all odd numbers 含絕對(duì)值的不等式 inequality with absolute value 一元二次不等式 one-variable quadratic inequality 邏輯 logic 邏輯聯(lián)結(jié)詞 logical connective 或 or 且 and 非 not 真 true 假 false 真值表 truth table 原命題 original proposition 逆命題 converse proposition 否命題 negative proposition 逆否命題 converse-negative proposition 充分條件 sufficient condition 必要條件 necessary condition ……的充要條件是……

…if and only if… 函數(shù) function 自變量 argument 定義域domain 值域 range 區(qū)間 interval 閉區(qū)間 closed interval 開(kāi)區(qū)間open interval 函數(shù)的圖像 graph of function 映射mapping 象 image 原象 inverse image 單調(diào)monotone 增函數(shù) increasing function 減函數(shù) decreasing function 單調(diào)區(qū)間 monotone interval 反函數(shù) inverse function 指數(shù) exponent N次方根 nth root 根式 radical 根指數(shù) radical exponent 被開(kāi)方數(shù) radicand 指數(shù)函數(shù) exponential function 對(duì)數(shù)logarithm 常用對(duì)數(shù)common logarithm 自然對(duì)數(shù)natural logarithm 對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù) logarithmic function 數(shù)列 sequence of number 項(xiàng) term 通項(xiàng)公式 the formula of general term 有窮數(shù)列 finite sequence of number 無(wú)窮數(shù)列 infinite sequence of number 遞推公式 recurrence formula 等差數(shù)列 arithmetic progression 公差arithmetic series 等差中項(xiàng)common difference 等比中項(xiàng) arithmetic mean 等比數(shù)列 geometric progression, geometric series 公比 common ratio 等比中項(xiàng) geometric mean 三角函數(shù) trigonometric function 始邊 initial side 終邊 terminal side 正角 positive angle 負(fù)角 negative angle 零角zero angel 象限角 quadrant angle 弧度radian 弧度制 radian measure 角度制 degree measure 正弦sine 余弦cosine 正切 tangent 余切 cotangent 正割 secant 余割 cosecant 誘導(dǎo)公式 induction formula 正弦曲線sine curve 余弦曲線cosine curve 最大值maximum 最小值minimum 周期 period 最小正周期minimal positive period 周期函數(shù) periodic function 振幅 amplitude of vibration 頻率frequency 相位 phase 初相 initial phase 反正弦 arc sine 反余弦 arc cosine 反正切arc tangent 有向線段directed line segment 向量 vector

零向量 zero vector 單位向量 unit vector 平行向量 parallel vectors 相等向量 equal vectors 共線向量 collinear vectors 實(shí)數(shù)與向量的積 multiplication of vector by scalar 基底 base 數(shù)量積 translation 正弦定理 inner product 余弦定理 sine theorem 算術(shù)平均數(shù) arithmetic mean 幾何平均數(shù) method of compare 比較法 method of compare 綜合法 method of synthesis 分析法 method of analysis 傾斜角 gradient 斜率 point slope form 點(diǎn)斜式 gradient intercept form 截距 general form 斜截式 included angle 兩點(diǎn)式 two-point form 一般式 general form 夾角included angle 線性規(guī)劃 linear programming 約束條件 constraint condition 目標(biāo)函數(shù) objective function 可行域 feasible region 最優(yōu)解 optimal solution 曲線 curve 坐標(biāo)法 method of coordinate 解析幾何 analytic geometry 笛卡兒 Descartes 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程 standard equation 一般方程 general equation 參數(shù)方程 parameter equation 參數(shù) parameter 圓錐曲線 point conic 橢圓 ellipse 焦點(diǎn) focus, focal points 焦距 focal length 長(zhǎng)軸 major axis 短軸 minor axis 離心率 eccentricity 雙曲線

hyperbola 實(shí)軸 real axis 虛軸 imaginary axis 漸近線 asymptote 拋物線

parabola 準(zhǔn)線 directrix 直線 line平面 plane 幾何體 geometric solid平面圖形 plane figure 立體圖形 slid figure 相交直線 intersecting lines平行直線 parallel lines 異面直線 skew lines 垂線 perpendicular line 垂足 foot of a oblique line 垂線段 perpendicular line segment 公垂線 common perpendicular line 公垂線段 common perpendicular segment 垂面 perpendicular plane 射影 projection 斜線 oblique line 斜足foot of a oblique line 斜線段 oblique line segment 半平面 semi-plane 二面角 dihedral angle平面角 plane angle 直二面角 right dihedral angle 棱柱 prism 底面base 頂點(diǎn) vertex 面 face 棱 edge 側(cè)面 lateral face 側(cè)棱 lateral edge 斜棱柱 oblique prism 直棱柱 right prism 正棱柱 regular prism平行六面體 parallelepiped 長(zhǎng)方體 rectangular prism 正方體 cube 棱錐pyramid 正棱錐 regular pyramid 多面體 polyhedron 凸多面體 convex polyhedron 正多面體 regular polyhedron 簡(jiǎn)單多面體 simple polyhedron 球 solid sphere, spheroid 球心 center of a solid sphere 球面 sphere 分類(lèi)計(jì)數(shù)原理 classified enumeration principle 分步計(jì)數(shù)原理 fractional enumeration principle 排列 arrangement, permutation 排列數(shù) number of arrangements 全排列 total arrangement 階乘 factorial 組合 combination 組合數(shù) number of combination 二項(xiàng)式定理 binomial theorem 二項(xiàng)式系數(shù) binomial coefficient 二項(xiàng)式展開(kāi)式 binomial expansion 必然事件 certain event 不可能事件 impossible event 隨機(jī)事件 random event 試驗(yàn) trial 頻率 frequency 等可能事件 equiprobability event 基本事件 elementary event 概率 probability 互斥事件 exclusive events 對(duì)立事件 complementary events

相互獨(dú)立事件 mutually independent events 獨(dú)立重復(fù)試驗(yàn) independent repeated trials 概率 probability 統(tǒng)計(jì) statistics 隨機(jī)變量 random variable 離散型隨機(jī)變量discrete random variable 概率分布 probability distribution 分布列 distribution series 數(shù)學(xué)期望 mathematical expectation 方差 variance 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 standard deviation 抽樣方法 sampling method 簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣 simple random sampling 系統(tǒng)抽樣 systematic sampling 總體分布 population sampling 估計(jì) estimation 正態(tài)分布 normal distribution 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正態(tài)分布 standard normal distribution 線性回歸 linear regression 相關(guān) correlation 回歸分析 regression analysis 散點(diǎn)圖 scatter diagram 回歸直線 regression straight line 線性回歸分析 liner regression analysis 相關(guān)系數(shù) correlation coefficient 假設(shè)檢驗(yàn) hypothesis testing 歸納法 induction 數(shù)學(xué)歸納法 mathematical induction 完全歸納法 complete induction 不完全歸納法 incomplete induction 極限 limit 無(wú)窮大 infinitely great 無(wú)窮等比數(shù)列 infinite geometric sequence 左極限 left limit 右極限 right limit 連續(xù)（的）continuous 連續(xù)函數(shù) continuous function 導(dǎo)數(shù) derivative 可導(dǎo)的 differentiable 變化率rate of change 導(dǎo)函數(shù)derived function 復(fù)合函數(shù) composite function 極大值 maximum value 極小值 minimum value 極值 extreme value 虛數(shù)單位 imaginary unit 復(fù)數(shù) complex number 復(fù)數(shù)集 set of complex numbers 虛數(shù)imaginary number 純虛數(shù) purely imaginary number 復(fù)數(shù)的代數(shù)形式 algebraic form of complex number 實(shí)部 real part 虛部 imaginary part 復(fù)平面 complex plane 實(shí)軸 real axis 虛軸 imaginary axis 模 modulus 輻角 argument 復(fù)數(shù)的三角形式 trigonometric form of complex number 棣莫弗公式 De Moivre’s Formula 分式

fraction 通分

changing fractions to a common denominator 約分 reduction of a fraction 分式方程 fractional equation 反比例函數(shù) inverse proportional function 雙曲線 hyperbola 定理 theorem平行四邊形 parallelogram 矩形 rectangle 菱形 rhombus 正方形 square 梯形 trapezium 等腰梯形 isosceles trapezium 重心 barycenter 加權(quán)平均數(shù) weighted average 權(quán) weight 中位數(shù) median 眾數(shù) mode 極差 range 方差 variance平面圖形 plane figure 展開(kāi)圖 net 體 solid 面 surface 線 line 點(diǎn) point 相交 intersection 交點(diǎn) point of intersection 中點(diǎn) center 距離 distance 角 angle 度 degree 角的平分線 angular bisector 余角 complementary angle 補(bǔ)角補(bǔ)角 supplementary angle

第五篇：部分養(yǎng)豬專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照

養(yǎng)豬專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照

一、不同階段的豬專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯 boar（公豬）gilt（后備母豬）sow（經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬）piglet（乳豬）：特指尚沒(méi)有斷奶的小豬，國(guó)內(nèi)稱為仔豬的實(shí)際上包括未斷奶的和已經(jīng)斷奶的，分別稱為“哺乳仔豬”和 “斷奶仔豬”，用“仔培豬”這樣的名稱更是少見(jiàn)。weaning（斷奶）weaner（斷奶豬）：斷奶后的豬只——一般是18-24日齡直到30公斤。Pre-starter（斷奶前仔豬）Starter（斷奶仔豬）grower（生長(zhǎng)豬）：指大于30公斤的豬只——也稱為feeder pig。finisher（育成豬）：指大于60公斤的豬只，故稱為肥育豬或育肥豬是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

mummified piglet（木乃伊豬）：在懷孕期間死亡的胎兒以木乃伊的狀態(tài)被產(chǎn)出。有些文獻(xiàn)上稱“產(chǎn)木乃伊”是不正確的，應(yīng)該是“產(chǎn)木乃伊胎”。Yorkshire 大白 Duroc 杜洛克 Hampshire 漢普夏 Landrace 長(zhǎng)白

Farrow to wean出生到斷奶 Wean to feeder斷奶到育肥 Farrow to feeder出生到育肥 Feeder to finish 育肥到育成 Farrow to finish出生到育成

二、養(yǎng)繁殖中常用專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯

farrowing（產(chǎn)仔）：母豬產(chǎn)小豬的過(guò)程-即分娩（parturition）。Introducing control 引種控制

Segregated early weaning 早期隔離？斷奶 lactating（泌乳）：母豬產(chǎn)生乳汁的過(guò)程。gestating（懷孕期）：從斷奶后配種到產(chǎn)仔的一段時(shí)間（即干乳期）。litter（窩）：從同一頭母豬一次產(chǎn)出的一群仔豬。parity（胎次）：每個(gè)胎次就是指每一次分娩。如：第三胎是指母豬產(chǎn)的第三窩。

stillborn（死產(chǎn)）：產(chǎn)出死亡的胎兒。fostering（寄養(yǎng)）：將仔豬在不同的母豬間飼喂以獲得更多的乳汁。colostrum或colostral milk（初乳）：分娩后最初幾天產(chǎn)生的乳汁——含有較多抗體和其它因子。processing（產(chǎn)后處理）：對(duì)仔豬進(jìn)行的各種處理過(guò)程——去勢(shì)、斷尾、剪牙、剪耳缺和注射鐵劑等。

pre-weaning mortality（斷奶前死亡率）：仔豬在分娩舍內(nèi)的死亡數(shù)目。post-weaning mortality（斷奶后死亡率）：斷奶豬/生長(zhǎng)豬到育成豬直到屠宰前死亡的數(shù)目。

breeding/service（配種）：公母豬交配的過(guò)程，現(xiàn)也包括人工授精。weaning to breeding interval（斷奶到配種間隔）：母豬斷奶至下一次配種的天數(shù)。

repeat（返情）：經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬或后備母豬配種后未能懷孕的情形，不一定出現(xiàn)再次發(fā)情。

conceive（懷孕）：母豬孕育胎兒的狀態(tài)。farrowing rate（分娩率）：真正分娩的母豬數(shù)目與配種母豬數(shù)目的比值。culling（淘汰）：將某些豬只從農(nóng)場(chǎng)（豬場(chǎng)）里剔除出去的過(guò)程。Breed purity 品種純度

Carcass Lean Percentage 胴體瘦肉率 Carcass &Meat Quality 胴體與肉質(zhì) Genetic profile 遺傳標(biāo)記 Genetic programs 育種計(jì)劃 Genetic pyramid 遺傳金字塔 Total herd reporting 全群測(cè)定

Specific performance testing 特定性能測(cè)定 Pig carcass grading and classification 胴體等級(jí) Boar semen 公豬精液

Artificial insemination(AI,人工授精)Sow Productivity Index(SPI)母豬繁殖指數(shù)

Genetic traits for terminal sires終端父系遺傳性狀 growth rate 生長(zhǎng)速度 Lean meat 瘦肉 Soundness 健壯 Uniformity 一致性

Feed efficiency 飼料利用率

Genetic traits for maternal lines 母系遺傳性狀 born alive 出生活仔數(shù) Weaning weight 斷奶重 Number weaned斷奶豬數(shù) Sow longevity母豬使用年限 Farrowing interval 分娩間隔 Geneticist 育種師

Heat exchangers 熱交換器

Less dust and ammonia 較少的灰塵和氨氣 Filter training pathogen barrier 空氣過(guò)濾系統(tǒng) Outbreak 爆發(fā)

Screen for the virus 病毒監(jiān)控

Electronic sow feeding 母豬電子飼喂 Genetic improvement 良種繁育技術(shù) Nutrition and feeding 營(yíng)養(yǎng)飼養(yǎng)技術(shù) Production management 生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù) Environment control 豬舍環(huán)境控制技術(shù) Disease control 疫病防治技術(shù)

Environment management 環(huán)境保護(hù)技術(shù)

Conventional and molecular breeding technology 常規(guī)育種和分子育種技術(shù) Performance testing：ultrasonic technology（B-mode ultrasound），automatic feeding system性能測(cè)定：超聲波技術(shù)、種豬自動(dòng)飼喂系統(tǒng) Back fat thickness 活體背膘厚 Loin eye muscle area 眼肌面積

Genetic evaluation：animal model BLUP

遺傳評(píng)估：動(dòng)物模型BLUP Maker-assisted selection分子標(biāo)記輔助選擇

New breeds and specialized lines 新品種和配套系 AI technology人工授精技術(shù)

階段生產(chǎn)工藝：配種妊娠、產(chǎn)仔哺乳、斷奶保育、生長(zhǎng)育肥

Stage production procedure：service and pregnancy，farrowing and lactation，weaning and nursing，growth and finishing

三、豬場(chǎng)相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯

pig husbandry 養(yǎng)豬業(yè)

Construct farm：site selection 建場(chǎng)：場(chǎng)址選擇 body condition score（體況記分）：估測(cè)豬只身體肥瘦（尤其是母豬）的一種5分制方法，即1——5分。growth rate（生長(zhǎng)速度）：豬只每天體重增加的克數(shù)。farrowing house（產(chǎn)仔舍，產(chǎn)房）：母豬從產(chǎn)仔到泌乳的欄舍，亦稱產(chǎn)房。gestation barn/dry sow house（懷孕舍）：母豬懷孕的欄舍。nursery（保育舍）：飼養(yǎng)斷奶到30公斤豬只的欄舍。grow/finish（生長(zhǎng)/育成舍）：飼養(yǎng)30公斤到出欄豬的欄舍。wean to finish（斷奶到育成舍）：飼養(yǎng)斷奶到屠宰豬的欄舍。all in/all out（全進(jìn)全出制）：一批豬從豬舍出來(lái)后，欄舍經(jīng)徹底清潔后空欄數(shù)天再重新引入新豬群的飼養(yǎng)方式。batch（批次）：一群日齡、大小相近的豬的總稱。depopulation（清群）：一種凈化疾病的策略，就是將豬舍內(nèi)的所有豬只清空的做法。

repopulation（建群）：一種凈化疾病的策略，就是將引進(jìn)的健康豬只放回清空的豬舍的做法。Herd closure（閉群）：一種凈化疾病的策略，即將整個(gè)豬群封閉飼養(yǎng)一段時(shí)間，使豬群的健康狀態(tài)保持一致的做法。batch farrowing（批次產(chǎn)仔）：一批母豬作為一個(gè)組群進(jìn)行同期的配種和產(chǎn)仔。three site production（三點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)）：在三個(gè)不同的地點(diǎn)養(yǎng)豬的生產(chǎn)體系——總體上是懷孕/分娩在一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)；保育在另外一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)；而生長(zhǎng)/育成在另外一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)。two site production（兩點(diǎn)生產(chǎn)）：在兩個(gè)不同的地點(diǎn)養(yǎng)豬的生產(chǎn)體系——總體上有兩種形式-a）懷孕，分娩和保育在一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)，而生長(zhǎng)/育成在另外一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)；b）懷孕，分娩在一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)，而斷奶到育成在另外一個(gè)場(chǎng)/點(diǎn)。Multiple-site-production 多點(diǎn)式生產(chǎn) crates/stall（畜欄), ESF，Electronic sow feeding（電子母豬飼喂）, trickle feeding(少喂多餐)Automatic feed自動(dòng)給料

Automatic drink water 自動(dòng)飲水 Slatted floor 漏糞地板

Ventilation and reduce the humidity indoor 室內(nèi)通風(fēng)降溫系統(tǒng) Natural ventilation 自然通風(fēng)

Mechanical ventilation：negative pressure ventilation，positive ventilation機(jī)械通風(fēng)：負(fù)壓通風(fēng)、正壓通風(fēng)

Lateral ventilation，roof ventilation 水平通風(fēng)、屋頂通風(fēng) Reduce temperature in summer 夏季降溫技術(shù) Curtain 卷簾 Cooling pad 水簾

Heating system in winter 冬季保暖技術(shù)

Central heating，incubator，thick litter 暖氣、保溫箱、厚墊料

pressure